Blue Food Assessment for Indonesia:

A Concept Note

Ministry of National Development Planning/Bappenas

And
EU-Indonesia Cooperation Facility

Jakarta, 2 September 2023

1
Table of Content

1. Background ...................................................................................................................... 3
2. Blue Food Assessment ..................................................................................................... 4
2.1. Nutrition .................................................................................................................... 5
2.2. Environment .............................................................................................................. 6
2.3. Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture ...................................................................... 8
2.4. Justice ...................................................................................................................... 10
3. Blue Food Assessment in the Context of Blue Transformation .................................... 11
4. Introducing Country Characteristics for Blue Food Assessment in Indonesia.............. 11
4.1. Nutrition .................................................................................................................. 11
4.2. Environment ............................................................................................................ 15
4.3. Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture .................................................................... 18
4.4. Justice ...................................................................................................................... 20
4.5. Productivity, value creation and export ................................................................. 22
5. Assessing Blue Food for Indonesia: Conceptual Methodology and Indicators ............ 26
5.1. Building the set of blue food indicators ................................................................. 29
5.1.1. Drawing from IBEI .......................................................................................... 29
5.1.2. Generating indicators to complete the BFI ................................................... 31
6. Engagement with Development Partners ..................................................................... 34
7. Timeline and Expected Outcome of the Assessment.................................................... 35
Annex 1. Law and regulations on Blue Economy Indonesia, as of September 2023 ........... 37

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 Blue Food Assessment for Indonesia: A Concept Note

1. Background
Indonesia recently launched its Indonesia Blue Economy Roadmap. It sets out a pathway
towards a diversified and sustainable maritime economy for Indonesia, based on ensuring the
health and resilience of ocean ecosystems and securing benefits for current and future
generations.1 The detail of the roadmap provides an overarching structure to realize the
Indonesia’s blue economy agenda, covering all necessary elements and steps. The roadmap
is regarded as one essential components in economic transformation towards Indonesia’s
Vision 2045, presenting ways to increase productivity as an emerging source of growth.

Pursuing blue economy development for Indonesia provides an avenue to increase economic
growth through productivity enhancement while achieving other benefits in terms of
inclusivity, sustainability, and social justice. Blue food comes as an important part to manifest
this idea, by improving the quality of human capital through an increased consumption in
highly nutritious food. Significantly better quality in human capital increases absorptive
capacity for knowledge or technology adoption as well as the capability to process them for
creation of idea, products, or services.

Assessing blue food for Indonesia is an initiation into the implementation of the Indonesia
Blue Economy Roadmap. As outlined in the Roadmap, the Indonesia Blue Economy is
envisioned to come about in phases (five phases). After the consolidation in the first phase,
the second and third phase promote and increase the investment in all factors that matter
for blue development. Productivity enhancement and product diversification are the key
themes in these phases. The fourth phase aims at strengthening competitiveness of the blue
food by further investing in capital, including human capital, and by improving the wellbeing
of coastal or small actors’ communities as well as the health and quality of the natural
environment as the backbone of the sector. The fifth phase advances all aspects of the blue
food development and especially furthering on the actions to sustain it and to ensure
inclusivity of the development.

It is important to note that blue food has become an integral part of the forthcoming national
long-term development plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional, RPJPN) 2025-
2045. In the plan, the blue food is designed to contribute to the long-term development of
social and cultural resiliency. The blue food is incorporated as one of policy directions to
support the transformation toward a sustainable economic region, healthy, and robust food
system based on natural resources and local wisdom. The inclusion of the blue food in RPJPN

1
Ministry of National Planning/Bappenas (2023), Indonesia Blue Economy Roadmap. Jakarta, Ministry of
Natonal Planning/Bappenas.

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2025-2045 also provides the basis and input for the more refined level of development
planning over this period, through the phases of medium-term national development
planning (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional, RPJMN) or the strategic plan
(Rencana Strategis) at the level of ministry and local government.

The development of blue food is also in line with the partnership development under the blue
food pillar in the National Blue Agenda Actions Partnership (NBAAP), which is coordinated by
the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs and Investment with the support of United
Nations agencies. The NBAAP was launched on the margins of G20 Summit in November 2022.
NBAAP provides a platform for the Government of Indonesia (GoI), United Nation agencies,
and a number of international development partners to support the Indonesia’s sustainable
development in accordance with blue agenda. NBAAP will facilitate the engagement with
development partners in working together with the GoI to achieve the development targets
set by the national development plans and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Besides the blue food pillar, NBAAP also defines the blue health, blue innovation, and blue
finance pillars to guide the partnership.

This concept note puts forward the proposal to assess blue food sector in Indonesia. The
assessment is necessary before all detailed actions are implemented, especially for
stakeholders to fully understand the current status and hence to fully understand the gaps
vis-à-vis the targets in blue food development as outlined by the Indonesia Blue Economy
Roadmap. The assessment is also important for the stakeholders to understand the dynamics
of all prevailing issues in Indonesia.

2. Blue Food Assessment 2

Blue food is defined as aquatic foods that derived from animals, plants, and algae cultivated
and captured in freshwater and marine environment.3 It is scientifically proven that blue
foods provide various nutrients richer than domesticated terrestrial animal-source foods such
as beef, poultry, and pork. As a source of essentials nutrients, blue foods improve human
health through reducing micronutrients deficiencies, provide high DHA+EPA which may
reduce the risk of heart disease and promote brain and eye health, as well as displace the
consumption of red and processed meat. In environmental perspective, blue food
consumption also lowers global greenhouse gas emissions as they have lower carbon
footprints than land-based foods. Produced in a wide variety of systems, ranging from large
industrial fishing vessels on the high seas to small fishponds integrated within agricultural

2
See more publications on BFA from the project’s website: http://bluefood.earth/. One useful article that
explains about the project and summarize it is presented by Tigchelaar, M. et al. (2022), ‘The Vital Roles of
Blue Foods in the Global Food System’, Global Food Security, 33, pp.1-11.
3
Golden, C. D., Koehn, J. Z., Shepon, A., Passarelli, S., Free, C. M., Viana, D. F., Matthey, H., Eurich, J. G.,
Gephart, J. A., Nyboer, E. A., Lynch, A. J., Kjellevold, M., Bromage, S., Charlebois, P., Barange, M., Vannuccini,
S., Cao, L., Kleisner, K. M., Rimm, E. B., . . . Thilsted, S. H. (2021). Aquatic foods to nourish nations. Nature,
598(7880), 315-320. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03917-1

4
systems, blue food provides livelihoods for many people worldwide and support many rural
and national economies.

With the objective to integrate blue foods into the future food systems, the Blue Food
Assessment (BFA) is established as the scientific foundation for decision-makers to make blue
foods part of an improved food system, from local to global scales, that benefits people and
the planet. As an international joint initiative between Stockholm University, Stanford
University, EAT (the science-based global start-up/platform for food system transformation),
and other 25 institutions around the world, BFA is set out in 2019 to (i) fill important gaps in
the understanding of the blue foods role in global food systems; and (ii) inform and drive
change in the policies and practices that will shape future food systems. Studies produced by
BFA underlines the following key features or dimension of blue food, namely nutrition,
environment, small-scale fisheries and aquaculture, and justice.

2.1. Nutrition
Nutrition feature underlines the rich nutrients content available in every species produced by
fisheries and aquaculture sector including the accessibility and affordability of the fishery
commodities. The nutrient-rich blue food comes from widely diverse species. Data shows that
there are more than 2,300 species/species group are captured for food and over 600
species/species groups are farmed. By volume, accounted for 97 million tons of blue foods
are harvested from wild, and 82 million tons are produced from aquaculture.

Blue foods have rich critical nutrients such as protein, iron, omega-3, vitamin, and minerals,
in which the nutrient concentration is higher than the terrestrial food (Figure 1)4. In Indonesia,
fish consumption is encouraged particularly to prevent stunting on children that caused by
chronic nutritional deficiency, especially on protein and iron intakes5.

Implicit in the discussion of nutrition is the role of consumption or demand. Interesting facts
are worth putting forward.6 Blue food consumption pattern varies by regions or locations and
much of it depends on the society’s diet pattern and culture at the same time, in addition to
other standard consumption factors such as income, price, and other elements in consumer
preference. Moreover, intervention to increase production of some particular types of blue
food evidently has been able to change the food demand, and hence the consumption of
these particular food types. In fact, export revenue evidently has also been able to increase
because the intervention.

4 Golden, C.D., Koehn, J.Z., Shepon, A. et al. (2021) Aquatic Foods to Nourish Nations. Nature 598, 315–320.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03917-1
5 The Ministry of Health. (2023). Cegah Stunting pada Anak dengan Protein Hewani. Sehat Negeriku Sehatlah Bangsaku.

https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/umum/20230125/5042277/cegah-stunting-pada-anak-dengan-protein-hewani/
6
Naylor, R.L., A. Kishore, U.R. Sumaila et al (2021), ‘Blue Food Demand across Geographic and Temporal
Scales. Nature Communication (12)5413. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25516-4

5
Figure 1. Nutrient Diversity of Aquatic Animal-source Foods in Relation to Terrestrial
Animal-source Foods

Source: Golden, C.D., Koehn, J.Z., Shepon, A. et al. (2021)

2.2. Environment
Environmental aspect of blue food demonstrates the environmental footprint of blue-food
systems, key environmental stressors, as well as the potential blue-food inclusion in a country
nationally determined contribution (NDC) including its adaption strategies. Research shows
that blue food from aquaculture is known as the most efficient type of food in terms of feed
utilization. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of blue food is around 60 percent compared to
just around 10 percent of FCR for terrestrial food (beef meat in this case).7 Other researches
also indicate that blue food from aquaculture generates very small extent of CO2 emission of
1,6 kg while terrestrial food (beef meat) generate around fifteen-time higher size of CO2
emission of around 25 kg.8

7
Our World in Data (https://ourworldindata.org/less-meat-or-sustainable-meat?country=).
8
Our World in Data (https://ourworldindata.org/less-meat-or-sustainable-meat?country=).

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In 2015, Indonesia pledged to reduce emissions from 2020-2030 by 29 percent
(unconditional) up to 41 percent (conditional) against to business-as-usual (BAU) scenario
wherein the unconditional commitment is slightly increased compared to 2010 first NDC
pledge of 26 percent.9 In 2022, the NDC is revisited into enhanced NDC responding to recent
Paris Agreement’s urgency to limit 1.5oC global warming threshold.10 In the updated
commitment, Indonesia increased the emission reduction target to 31.89 percent
unconditionally and 43.2 percent conditionally, compared to BAU scenario. To promote
climate resilience in food, water, and energy, the enhanced NDC document states that
Indonesia will improve the management of natural resources by protecting and restoring key
terrestrial, coastal, and marine ecosystems.11

Blue food production is closely connected with the environment and resource system, and
the production of it therefore is susceptible to changes in environment. In this respect, studies
done by BFA initiative have documented the extent and impact of key environmental
stressors on the production sustainability of many types of fish.12 While data at local levels
typically are needed to localize the picture, the studies suggest marine environments, capture
fisheries are generally more vulnerable than aquaculture, while the opposite is true in
freshwater environments.13

Inversely, a different study assesses the environmental impact of blue foods production,
measured by gas emission, freshwater, and land stressors.14 Across the diversity of blue foods,
the study reveals that the lowest emissions are generated by farmed bivalves and seaweed,
followed by small pelagic capture fisheries, while flatfish and crustaceans fisheries produce
the highest emissions. In regard to land and water use, farmed finfish and crustaceans ranks
the highest in water use yet the level of gas emission generated by them is among the lowest.
In contrast, the least land water use exists in farmed salmon and trout species. Related to
Indonesia preparation for implementing the blue foods strategy, the environmental appraisal
of blue foods production can be undertaken by identifying wastewater and gas emissions
generated by fisheries leading commodities, both in aquaculture and capture fisheries
production.

9
Republic of Indonesia (2016), ‘First Nationally Determined Contribution’.
https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-
06/First%20NDC%20Indonesia_submitted%20to%20UNFCCC%20Set_November%20%202016.pdf
10
UNFCCC (n.d), ‘The Paris Agreement’. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement.
Accessed on 24 July 2023.
11
Republic of Indonesia (2022), ‘Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution’,
https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-09/23.09.2022_Enhanced%20NDC%20Indonesia.pdf
12
Cao, Ling, B.S. Halpern, M. Troell et al. (2023), ‘Vulnerability of Blue Foods to Human-induced Environmental
Change’, Nature Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-023-01156-y
13
Ibid., p.5.
14
Gephart, J. A., Henriksson, P. J., Parker, R. W., Shepon, A., Gorospe, K. D., Bergman, K., Eshel, G., Golden, C.
D., Halpern, B. S., Hornborg, S., Jonell, M., Metian, M., Mifflin, K., Newton, R., Tyedmers, P., Zhang, W., Ziegler,
F., & Troell, M. (2021). Environmental performance of blue foods. Nature, 597(7876), 360-365.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03889-2

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Inevitable climate change and its compound risks have evoked substantial threats in blue
foods system sustainability, from production to consumption.15 A study by BFA highlights
that, without mitigation, climate hazards pose high risks to many aspects in aquatic foods
systems; including the nutritional, social, economic, and environmental outcomes; thus
driving an urgency to set national climate-risk-reduction pathway. In Indonesia, the
development of lower-hazard mariculture and land-based aquaculture system is considerably
not viable as climate-risk-reduction pathway, due to its high cost but large benefits gained
from existing mariculture sector. Nonetheless, the hazard reduction strategies such as
improving water resource management, mangrove and wetland restoration; facilitating shift
in the fishing ground; and advancing post-harvest technologies are need to be carried out.
Apart from that, Indonesia also faces a challenge to achieve climate-resilient aquatic food,
thus fit measure is needed, particularly the measures that able to strike economic
development aspirations as well as propel food security in local and national level.

2.3. Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture

Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture (SSFA) are the heart of blue food production. SSFA is
known to have produced more than half of the global fish catch and two-thirds of aquatic
foods for human consumption, and they are also support the value chains in the sector that
have created over 100 million jobs globally. Their presence and role therefore are non-
negligible, although it is often inadequately recognized.

The diversity and dynamism surrounding SSFA is the major challenges faced by stakeholders
globally to fully supporting the development of the group.16 Studies by BFA presents the
diversity across SSFA actors globally in four key underpinning dimensions i.e., engagement
with markets and demand, specializations, inputs and assets, as well as management and
institutions (Figure 2).

First, for engagement with markets and demand, the study explains that SSFA actors provide
aquatic foods across multiple market scopes; from local, low value-added, and lower grade
fish markets to the wider global market with high-value addition export products. In addition,
the dimension reveals that SSFA supply different value of product for diverse socioeconomic
consumers. Some SSFA may only produce aquatic foods used for poultry feed or consumed
as poor household’s basic meals; while the other actors can offer high-quality or special
aquatic foods for exceptional consumers.

15
Tigchelaar, M., Cheung, W. W., Mohammed, E. Y., Phillips, M. J., Payne, H. J., Selig, E. R., Wabnitz, C. C.,
Oyinlola, M. A., Frölicher, T. L., Gephart, J. A., Golden, C. D., Allison, E. H., Bennett, A., Cao, L., Fanzo, J.,
Halpern, B. S., Lam, V. W., Micheli, F., Naylor, R. L., . . . Troell, M. (2021). Compound climate risks threaten
aquatic food system benefits. Nature Food, 2(9), 673-682. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00368-9
16
Short, R.E., S. Gelcich, D.C. Little et al. (2021), ‘Harnessing the Diversity of Small-scale Actors is Key to the
Future of Aquatic Food Systems. Nature Food (2), p. 733–41. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00363-0

8
Second, for specializations, the study highlights that SSFA deliver aquatic foods in a wide
range of product specifications from generalists/mixed aquatic foods, selected fish species,
processed commodities, to highly niche aquatic food products. The SSFA also engages in
broad business activities from a single role as a full-time producer then outsources the
marketing to multiple roles as a producer and independent self-trader.

The diversity across SSFA covers input and institutional aspects. Several SSFA may only be
able to access local equipment and technology with low skill and social capital; while the other
actors have the potential to secure high technology and investment as well as access to
engage in knowledge exchanges or trade networks.

As for institutional aspect, the exclusivity of rights and access explains the variation among
SSFA in which the exclusivity; either to market or resources; can be driven by government
regulation or under formal arrangements between SSFA to businesses such as processing
plants. Formality in aquatic resources also contributes to dynamism surrounding SSFA
wherein access to resources can be enforced through norms, concession, or law and policy.

Figure 2. Diversity Across SSFA and Their Contribution to A Sustainable and Equitable
Aquatic Food Supply

Source: Short, R.E., S. Gelcich, D.C. Little et al. (2021), p.736.

The framework that explains the wide range of activities and characteristics of SSFA presented
in Figure 2 provides the basis for the generation of survey questionnaire that will be
conducted to support the BFA for Indonesia.

It is also important to underline the essence of the trade-off between different intervention
objectives for policy implemented on SSFA. For instance, maximizing the value of captured
fish for the interest of export reduces the supply of the fish for local or home consumption
which may have implications to the effort to reduce stunting or nutrition deficiency. In this

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regard, BFA should be able to enlighten the extent of benefit or cost involved in the trade-off
using the detailed relevant data and analysis.

For national development, blue foods sector plays critical role particularly on Indonesia’s food
resiliency, job market, and national income. Therefore, improvement in fisheries
management, sustainable aquaculture, and equitable national and regional trade networks
are needed with the objective to strengthen blue foods supply chain in Indonesia. To improve
blue food consumption especially among vulnerable populations living in particular regions,
the diversity of nutrient-rich aquatic foods in sustainable aquaculture systems should be
promoted, parallel with encouragement in national dietary guidelines for blue foods and
public-health interventions. In addition, affordable price for consumers along with
consumption-oriented policies can be formulated to enhance blue foods accessibility in
Indonesia. To urge a rise in national blue foods consumption, prioritizing or adhering blue
foods to social protection programs can be undertaken.

Growing recognition for the inclusion of the highly nutritious aquatic food into food system
in the midst of geographic patchiness in fishery and aquaculture production globally gives rise
to the utilization of trade for meeting demands across different regions globally. In fact,
seafood has increasingly been globalized in the past few decades and has now become one
of the most highly traded commodities in global food system.17

2.4. Justice
The last key feature of blue food, which is justice, assess inequalities of blue food benefits
distribution and participation in domestic blue-food governance. Research done by BFA found
that the benefits arising from blue food production and consumption are distributed highly
unequally between countries, and it seems to depend on country development level.18 Few
rich countries are found to gain high labour productivity despite they are not the largest
fishery-sector produced countries. The same pattern is observed in terms of the benefit from
exports of fishery sector. The unequal pattern also applies in terms of consumption, although
the extent of it is not as severe as in production. The research indicates that economic
barriers, defined by the level of human capital or other development indicator, are the reason
behind the highly unequal benefit distribution. In fact, it reveals that increases in fish
consumption is often attributed to increases in income.

In respect to gender, a study by BFA underlines that female labour participation in blue food
system remains underappreciated.19 Women’s roles in land and resource tenure are

17
Naylor, R.L., A. Kishore, U.R. Sumaila et al (2021), ‘Blue Food Demand across Geographic and Temporal
Scales’, Nature Communication (12)5413, p.2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25516-4
18
Hicks, C.C., J.A. Gephart, J.Z. Koehn et al. (2022), ‘Rights and Representation Support Justice across Aquatic
Food Systems’, Nature Food (3), p.851–61. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00618-4
19
Short, R.E., S. Gelcich, D.C. Little et al. (2021), ‘Harnessing the Diversity of Small-scale Actors is Key to the
Future of Aquatic Food Systems. Nature Food (2), p. 733–41. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00363-0

10
frequently excluded, impacting high involvement in post-harvest and trading stages.
Structural disadvantages faced by women in blue food system also exacerbate existing
inequality and barriers in enhancing women’s inclusion.

3. Blue Food Assessment in the Context of Blue Transformation

Blue Transformation is an a roadmap for the activities of FAO on aquatic food system. It was
introduced to follow the FAO’s Strategic Framework 2022-2031 guiding narrative for a
transformation toward more efficient, inclusive, resilient and sustainable agri-food systems
for better production, better nutrition, a better environment, and a better life with leaving no
one behind.20

BFA corroborates the Blue Transformation roadmap, as it is an effort by which agencies,

countries or communities use knowledge, tools, and practices to secure and sustainably
maximize the contribution of aquatic food systems to food security, nutrition and affordable
healthy diets.21 All knowledge and available tools and practices are utilized in BFA to analyze
all issues concerning the areas defined by the ‘four-betters’ of the FAO’s strategic framework.
In this respect, the four features or pillars of BFAs can be aligned with the ‘four-betters’ of
FAO.

4. Introducing Country Characteristics for Blue Food Assessment

in Indonesia

In conducting a country-level BFA, country-specific factors or characteristics are important to

be considered. The following presents the key characteristics and key message of the current
situation pertaining to the identified blue food features. It is important to point out that the
BFA for Indonesia will eventually postulate recommendations in accordance with the FAO
four-betters strategic framework.

4.1. Nutrition
Indonesia is a country with a growing and young population. Represented by Figure 3, the
population structure in the last decade is mainly concentrated in the very young population
(0-14 years old) by about a third of the total population. The population structure shows a
shift pattern from a small decline in 0-14 age group to a slight growth in the 15-64 age group
population in 2020. In the further decades, the projection of Indonesia population structure
is then forecasted to gain a heavy concentration in the working ages population, indicating a
demographic dividend potential.

20
FAO (2022), Blue Transformation - Roadmap 2022–2030: A vision for FAO’s work on aquatic food systems.
Rome: FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0459en
21
FAO (2022), Blue Transformation - Roadmap 2022–2030: A vision for FAO’s work on aquatic food systems.
Rome: FAO, p.4.

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 Figure 3. Demographic Pattern, Indonesia overtime from 2010 to 2035 (Predicted)
Number of Population by Age Number of Population by Age Number of Population by Age
Group, 2010 (in Thousand) Group, 2020 (in Thousand) Group, 2035 (in Thousand)

75+ 75+ 75+

70-74 70-74 70-74
65-69 65-69 65-69
60-64 60-64 60-64
55-59 55-59 55-59
50-54 50-54 50-54
45-49 45-49 45-49
40-44 40-44 40-44
35-39 35-39 35-39
30-34 30-34 30-34
25-29 25-29 25-29
20-24 20-24 20-24
15-19 15-19 15-19
10-14 10-14 10-14
5-9 5-9 5-9
0-4 0-4 0-4
15000,0010000,005000,00 0,00 5000,0010000,0015000,00 15000,0010000,005000,00 0,00 5000,0010000,0015000,00 15000,0010000,005000,00 0,00 5000,0010000,0015000,00

Women Men Women Men Women Men

Source: Statistics Indonesia.

The young population characteristic presents a robust demand for blue food for the future,
creating a well-justified respond from its supply side through various expansion and
diversification strategies formulated by the Roadmap of Indonesia Blue Economy.

Table 1 presents the diversity of nutrition content of some marine fish from the ocean in
Indonesia. It shows that the highest content of protein is mainly found in snapper, skipjack
tuna, and herrings while the rich content of iron is sourced from oysters, shrimp, and
anchovies.

Table 1. Nutrition Content of Indonesia’s Blue Food (per 100 Grams), 2018
Blue foods Energy Protein Fat Calcium Phosphor Iron Vit. A Vit. B1 Vit. B2 Vit. B3
(cal) (gram) (gram) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mcg) (mg) (mg) (mg)
Snapper 92 20 0.7 20 200 1.0 9 0.05 n/a n/a
Squid 75 16.1 0.7 32 200 1.8 n/a 0.08 n/a 2.5
Skipjack 107 19.6 0.7 23 242 2.9 386 0.17 0.05 21.7
tuna
Clams 70 10.8 0.7 53 72 2.0 401 0.22 0.05 5.8
Herrings 109 19.9 1.8 95 597 1.3 195 0.26 0.03 4.4
Anchovies 74 10.3 1.4 972 253 3.9 13 0.24 0.10 1.9
Mackerel 100 13.7 1.5 92 606 1.7 181 0.35 0.03 6.6
tuna
Crab 151 13.8 3.8 210 250 1.1 61 0.05 n/a n/a
Oyster 101 14.4 2.6 321 270 15.6 n/a 0.01 n/a n/a
Shrimp 91 21 0.2 136 170 8 18 0.01 0.40 3.7
Source: Summarized from Indonesia Food Composition Data by the Ministry of Health (2018).22

Nationally there is a positive trend of fish consumption over the time. Data from the Ministry
of Marine Affairs and Maritime (2022) reveals that the annual fish consumption per capita in
Indonesia increases significantly over the past decade, from 33.89 kg per capita in 2012 to

22 The Ministry of Health. (2018). Indonesian Food Composition Data. https://www.panganku.org/en-EN/beranda

12
56.48 kg per capita in 2022.23 Nonetheless, the fish consumption pattern by region is still
unequal. The highest fish consumption is mainly concentrated in eastern region such as
Maluku and North Maluku by 77.49 and 75.75 kg per capita, respectively, while the lowest
one is Yogyakarta by 34.82 kg per capita24. By commodity, fresh marine fish such as mackerel
and skipjack have highest consumption rate amounted to 16.45 percent, followed by
processed fish products such as meatballs, sausage, nugget by 9.02 percent, and fresh inland
fish such as catfish by 7.92 percent, and milkfish by 5.43 percent. 25

The finding is aligned with data from National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas) 2022, which
revealed the calorie and protein intake of fish consumption both by region and types of food.
26
The highest calorie and protein intake of fish consumption in Indonesia is mostly located in
eastern region of Indonesia (Maluku and Sulawesi) while the lowest value occurs in Java
islands specifically in Central Java and Yogyakarta. By volume, the highest monthly
consumption of fresh fish and shrimp is North Maluku by 3.75 kg per capita while the lowest
one is Yogyakarta amounted to 0.69 kg per capita. Low production capacity in local marine
fisheries and a broad range of protein sources (e.g., chicken meat, tofu/tempeh, and eggs)
are some of the possible factors affecting the small rate of blue food consumption in Java
islands27. Low capacity of fish production in Java islands may be induced by environmental
conditions such as water contamination arising from coastal urbanisation and industrial
development, high-risk fishing activities especially in southern sea zones, as well as over-
fishing and over-exploited due to high population growth.

In terms of calorie and protein intake across types of food, the average daily calorie intake
from fresh marine fish in Indonesia is around 41.06 kcal per capita and this value is below
other protein food such as chicken meat (66.27 kcal). As for protein, the intake from fresh
marine fish is substantially higher than other protein foods wherein the protein intake from
fish is 7.72 grams while chicken meat, tempeh/tofu, and eggs are 3.99 grams, 2.57 grams, and
2.12 grams, respectively.

In the context of affordability, in 2022, the average monthly spending of fish consumption in
Indonesia is around IDR 59,300 (USD 3.92), contributing to 8.5 percent of total food spending
and 4.3 percent of total consumption spending (food and non-food). By province, the highest
monthly spending occurs in Bangka Belitung Islands by IDR 123,880 (USD 8.19) per capita

23 Pratiwi, F. S. (2023). Angka Konsumsi Ikan RI Naik Jadi 56,48 Kg/Kapita pada 2022. https://dataindonesia.id/sektor-
riil/detail/angka-konsumsi-ikan-ri-naik-jadi-5648-kgkapita-pada-2022
24 The Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Affairs. (2022). Sepuluh Provinsi dengan Angka Konsumsi Ikan Tertinggi tahun 2021.

https://kkp.go.id/brsdm/sosek/artikel/41211-angka-konsumsi-ikan-per-provinsi
25 Trihusodo, P. (2022). Indonesia, Ayo Gemar Ikan! Indonesia.go.id.

https://indonesia.go.id/kategori/budaya/4483/indonesia-ayo-gemar-ikan?lang=1
26 Statistics Indonesia. (2023). Pengeluaran untuk Konsumsi Penduduk Indonesia per Provinsi, September 2022.

https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2023/06/23/b5e2f48c33b00f1fcb7515e4/pengeluaran-untuk-konsumsi-penduduk-
indonesia-per-provinsi-september-2022.html
27 Sabandar, S. (2022). Bukan Tidak Doyan, Ini Alasan Konsumsi Ikan di Bantul Masih Rendah. Kompas TV.

https://www.kompas.tv/regional/275858/bukan-tidak-doyan-ini-alasan-konsumsi-ikan-di-bantul-masih-rendah

13
while the lowest one is Central Java by IDR 20,747 (USD 1.37) per capita. This spending
variation across province is likely to have been affected by food consumption pattern and
local supply of fish commodities.

It is important to highlight that in attempt to improve national fish consumption, since 2004,
the government has initiated a movement of eating fish (Gemarikan) in all provinces in
Indonesia, with the location target is malnutrition and stunting areas. The government
involves all national stakeholders; e.g., central government, local government, private sector,
education institutions, and community; to build awareness in improving national fish
consumption.28 The program educates Indonesian community to understand the importance
of fish consumption as a protein source alternative besides protein-based terrestrial meats
and plants. Gemarikan campaign is carried out in various levels of community, including
young students, to promote the substantial content of fish as nutrient-rich foods with
immense diversity in the ecosystem yet relatively affordable at a price.29 Moreover, in
Gemarikan program, GoI also provides fish-based food package for community, reusable
shopping bag to promote plastic-diet habit, and stimulus package to support local SMEs. In
addition, various efforts to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing are also
carried out including improvement in national fisheries management and promoting ocean
diplomacy. GoI also made a substantial progress in expanding marine protected areas (MPAs)
and implementing scorecard system across MPAs which focuses on socio-economic and
environmental outcomes.

Gemarikan campaign is a better approach to increase protein intake which is an essential

toward achieving the goal in the nutrient dimension of food security, and to battle the issue
of stunting that is still prevalence in Indonesia at this moment. In the past decades, the
government has been focusing on promoting consumption of terrestrial food, especially beef
meat, as the main strategy to increase protein intake by households or individuals.30 This
strategy proved to be ineffective as beef meat is not abundant domestically and relatively
more expensive than the other type of protein sources. In addition, securing the availability
of beef meat tends to creates incentives that can distort the beef market and to make the
government to rely heavily on import.

Nonetheless, while expanding to the other terrestrial food such as poultry or fish should give
more positive outcome, the more fundamental change that is needed perhaps is to modify
the mindset underlying the current direction. That is, instead of targeting different kind of
animal-source of protein, it is more useful and probably more effective if the target is set at

28
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (n.d.), ‘Gemarikan: Tentang Kami’.
https://gemarikanofficial.id/tentang-kami. Accessed on 24 July 2023
29
KKN Universitas Diponegoro (2022), ‘Gerakan Memasyarakatkan Makan Ikan (Gemarikan) untuk Cegah
Stuntung di Menganti, Jepara. http://kkn.undip.ac.id/?p=315506
30
Ariani, M., A. Suryana, S.H. Suhartini, H.P. Saliem (2018), ‘Keragaman Konsumsi Pangan Hewani Berdasarkan
Wilayah dan Pendapatan di Tingkat Rumah Tangga’, Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian (16)2, p.147-63.

14
achieving a certain level of protein intake. In other words, the direction should focus on the
outcome (i.e., protein intake) instead of on the types of the animal (as the protein source).

It is important to highlight that before the Gemarikan campaign, Indonesia has long
introduced another campaign (‘Pedoman Gizi Seimbang’, or formerly ‘4 Sehat 5 Sempurna')
for people to be cognizant of the importance to have a complete set of nutrients from their
food intake. In this respect, viewed from blue food point of view, the campaign promotes not
only protein intake, but also the other rich nutrients offered by blue food, such as iron,
omega-3, vitamins, and minerals.

4.2. Environment
In establishing a resilient and sustainable blue-food sector, comprehending the
environmental opportunity and threats is necessary to prepare future strategies. As the
largest archipelago country in the world, Indonesia has the world’s second longest coastline31,
the largest mangroves in the world (contributing to 22.6 percent of the world’s mangrove)32,
and the second-largest area of coral reefs in the world (about 18 percent to world’s total coral
reefs)33. These marine and coastal ecosystems are a home of rich marine biodiversity that
provide great food resources for national blue food sectors.

Behind this untapped marine resource abundance, there are however issues that some, or if
not many, has not been able to be resolved, including human activity (in regard of mangrove
deforestation, water pollution, and destructive fishing exploitation) and non-human factors
such as disease and climate change can bring adverse effect to blue-food sector development.

First, Indonesia has a significant mangrove loss over the past decade by around 182,091 ha,
in which the mangrove deforestation in coastal area—as a result of the area expansion of
agriculture or aquaculture practices—may disrupt the mangrove ecosystem functions as a
reproduction and nursery ground thus impacting on the marine food chain.34 As an ecosystem
that provide food availability and protection from predators, mangrove areas support the
survival rate of young fish before they migrate to the other offshore habitats when they
mature. In addition, a study estimates that the fish catch is up to 70 percent higher in
mangrove areas than in non-mangrove areas.35

31 World Bank. (2023). Healthy Oceans, Healthy Communities: New Project Will Boost Coastal Resilience and Strengthen
Blue Economy in Indonesia.
32 Giri et al., (2011). Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data. Global

Ecology and Biogeography, 20 (1), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00584.x

33 UNEP-WCMC, (2014). UNEP-WCMC Annual Report. https://www.unep-wcmc.org/en/news/2014-unep-wcmc-annual-

report
34 Arifanti, V. B., Novita, N., Subarno, & Tosiani, A. (2021). Mangrove deforestation and CO2emissions in Indonesia. IOP

Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 874(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/874/1/012006

35 Das, S. (2017). Ecological Restoration and Livelihood: Contribution of Planted Mangroves as Nursery and Habitat for

Artisanal and Commercial Fishery. World Development, 94, 492-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.010

15
Second, water pollution caused by inadequate wastewater management in aquaculture and
fish processing sector, as well as huge amounts of plastic debris, jeopardizes water habitat
sustainability. A study reveals that most of the Indonesia’s aquaculture farmers discharge
their wastewater into the same waterbody from which they obtain their freshwater, thus
impacting on polluting the water body. 36 This situation is also exacerbated by weak law
enforcement and no clear standard for discharging aquaculture ponds wastewater.
Furthermore, in the processing stage of fish commodity, the wastewater management is also
underdeveloped. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry’s program called PROPER (or
Program for Pollution Control, Evaluation, and Rating) assesses Indonesia companies’
pollution management performance and reveals that fish processing industry performs at the
lowest level in terms of environmental performance.37 Limited access to wastewater
management technology and difficulty to scale up the existing wastewater treatment
technologies, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises, explain the high level of
water pollution caused by this industry. Another crucial concern of water pollution is huge
amounts of plastic debris in this country ocean. It is estimated that plastic debris in Indonesia
has damage its ocean economy exceed USD 450 million per year.38

Third, Indonesia also deals with increasing number of IUU fishing cases that are not only
carried out by foreign vessel but also by domestic vessel, both in the exclusive economic zones
(EEZ) and in the high seas adjacent to its EEZ39. The number of illegal fishing vessel arrested
by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries shows a substantial decline during 2016-2019
from 163 to 91 vessels; however, the number increases again until 2021, reaching to 140
vessels.40 The usage of illegal fishing equipment, which commonly are destructive, can
certainly harm the marine ecosystem, thus obstructing the potential fish stock level in the
future. The additional environmental cost that may arise also include the increasing carbon
footprint from the fishing vessels. Prior studies estimated that around 60 to 90 percent of
carbon footprint of blue food supply chains are generated from the combustion of fishing
boats’ diesel fuel in harvesting nodes41.

36 Napitupulu, L., S. Tanaya, I. Ayostina, I. Andesta, R. Fitriana, D. Ayunda, A. Tussadiah, K. Ervita, K. Makhas, R. Firmansyah,
and R. Haryanto. (2022). ‘Trends in Marine Resources and Fisheries Management in Indonesia.’ Report. Jakarta: World
Resources Institute Indonesia. Available online at doi. org/10.46830/wrirpt.20.00064
37 Gómez-Sanabria, A., Zusman, E., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Klimont, Z., Lee, S., Akahoshi, K., & Farzaneh, H. (2020).

Sustainable wastewater management in Indonesia's fish processing industry: Bringing governance into scenario analysis.
Journal of Environmental Management, 275, 111241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111241
38 Ministry of National Development Planning / National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) & OECD. (2021). Blue

Economy Development Framework for Indonesia’s Economic Transformation

39 Naibaho, N. (2017). Strengthening the Role of Ports in Combating Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing in

Indonesia. https://www.un.org/oceancapacity/sites/www.un.org.oceancapacity/files/nicolaus_naibaho_-
_final_thesis_121217.pdf
40 Leonardo, A., & Deeb, N. (2022). Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in Indonesia: Problems and Solutions.

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1081(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1081/1/012013

41 Anggawangsa, R. F., Hargiyatno, I. T., Suryanto, & Widodo, A. A. (2023). Estimation of carbon footprint of longline and

lines fisheries in the Indonesia FMA 573-Indian Ocean based at Palabuhanratu Fishing Port. IOP Conference Series: Earth
and Environmental Science, 1137(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1137/1/012049

16
Non-human factors such as disease outbreak and climate change also potentially deplete blue
food resources. In Indonesia, diseases in fishery include white spot syndrome virus in shrimp,
ice-ice disease in seaweed, and lake virus in tilapia species wherein the disease transmission
is driven by ecological condition, unhygienic equipment used for fishing, and failure to provide
adequate water circulation.42 Climate change also takes part in blue food sustainability
through sea level rise, changes in storm patterns, thermal stress, and ocean acidification. A
study reveals that rising sea level in Indonesia puts 82 percent of Indonesia’s coral reefs at
risks43. The risk includes increasing in sedimentation in reefs that will disrupts fish’ natural
food availability, thus will impacting on fish populations growth.

Compared to other countries, Indonesia’s health of ocean is considerably poor indicated by

low rank in ocean health index score (OHI) (Table 2). The performance of Indonesia has also
been fluctuated with the latest score of 62.7 in 2022, or higher than the score in 2012, but
lower than the highest performance so far in 2018 (Table 2).

Table 2. Ocean Health Index (OHI)

Rank Country 2012 2015 2018 2021 2022 Average
1 Macquarie Island 93.0 92.9 93.0 90.9 90.9 92.2
2 Howland Island and Baker
Island 91.3 91.0 91.0 89.8 89.7 90.5
3 Jarvis Island 91.4 90.8 90.1 89.0 89.0 90.1
4 Ile Europa 83.8 89.6 88.2 89.0 88.9 87.9
5 Seychelles 82.2 84.9 83.8 85.3 85.1 84.3
6 Palmyra Atoll 84.7 84.3 84.4 83.2 83.1 83.9
7 Sint Maarten 85.0 82.6 82.4 82.0 82.2 82.8
8 Clipperton Island 75.9 75.3 84.9 82.6 81.7 80.1
9 Bahamas 78.8 81.7 81.9 80.6 80.9 80.8
10 New Zealand 80.6 83.1 82.4 80.5 80.6 81.4
…
97 Global average 69.4 70.6 70.5 69.1 69.3 69.8
…
182 Indonesia 58.3 63.8 66.7 63.1 62.7 62.9
Source: Ocean Health Index

By sub index (Figure 4), the food provision component shows a slight decline index from 2012
to 2022, representing the state of unsustainability of harvesting fish stock and aquaculture
production. This finding is aligned with other index i.e., Marine Trophic Index (MTI) that also
shows a low value in 2020 by 16.3 out of 100 (ranked 56 in the world). The low MTI index

42 Napitupulu, L., S. Tanaya, I. Ayostina, I. Andesta, R. Fitriana, D. Ayunda, A. Tussadiah, K. Ervita, K. Makhas, R. Firmansyah,
and R. Haryanto. (2022). ‘Trends in Marine Resources and Fisheries Management in Indonesia.’ Report. Jakarta: World
Resources Institute Indonesia. Available online at doi. org/10.46830/wrirpt.20.00064
43 Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS). (2023). Indonesia Blue

Economy Roadmap.

17
indicates a decline in the abundance of fish in high trophic level relatives to those in low
trophic levels thus bring significance consequences for ecosystem and blue-food chains.

Figure 4. OHI for Indonesia

2012 2022
92,5 93,0
80,980,9 81,2
74,074,0 70,4 75,2
67,0
58,362,7 62,1
56,357,9 57,1
51,8
36,8
25,224,0 22,127,0
Overall OHI

opportunities

Natural products

Livelihoods and

Tourism and

Biodiversity
Food provision

Sense of place
Coastal protection
Carbon storage

Clean water
recreation
economies
Artisanal

Source: Ocean Health Index

4.3. Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture

Indonesia fishery sector ranked a second position in the world, after China. Worth around
USD 27 billion to GDP, this sector provides 7 million jobs and fulfil over 50 percent of the
animal-based protein needs in the country.44 In addition, in 2018, the fisheries sector also
contributed to national export earnings by over USD 4.8 billion, supplying 3 percent of the
global market for exported blue-food.45 Nonetheless, COVID-19 pandemic brought a
substantial adverse effect to the export, shown by 70 percent of export decline to key market
destinations such as China, USA, and Europe. Moreover, the high-value commodity in fresh
market, e.g., tuna, were also affected due to reductions in air transport availability.46

For employment, Indonesia fishery sector employs approximately 2.7 million and 3.3 million
workers in wild capture fisheries and aquaculture sectors, respectively, and there are over 1
million workers in the processing and marketing of fisheries products. 47 Women participation
in fishery sector contributes around 10 percent to total fishery employment in which most of
the women in fishery employment worked as inter-port trader and fish trader.48

44 World Bank (2021). Oceans for Prosperity: Reforms for a Blue Economy in Indonesia. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
45 BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik). (2019). Statistics of Marine and Coastal Resources 2019. Badan Pusat Statistik.
https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2019/12/13/b4a2bdc6c65fd6fa57fe47ea/statistik-sumber/daya-laut-dan-pesisir-
2019.html.
46World Bank (2021). Oceans for Prosperity: Reforms for a Blue Economy in Indonesia. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
47 CEA (California Environmental Associates). (2018). Trends in Marine Resources and Fisheries Management in Indonesia:

A 2018 Review. https://www.packard.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Indonesia/Marine-Full-Report-08.07.2018.pdf.

48The Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Affairs. (2022). Semangat International Women’s Day melalui Pemberdayaan.

https://kkp.go.id/brsdm/sosek/artikel/38656-pelaku-usaha-perikanan-berdasarkan-gender

18
Fishery sector in Indonesia is mainly dominated by small-scale commercial fisheries who are
particularly vulnerable to poverty. Recent data reveals that one fifth of Indonesia’s poor are
from fishing households49 wherein the poverty may be caused by environmental degradation,
low productivity, and high economic rent that caught by middlemen. Middlemen as collectors
are almost inevitable in local fishery supply chain especially in the first to third stage of fishery
value chain (i.e., catching/farming, collecting, and marketing to processing industry). They
possess critical capacity from input and equipment provision, source of funds, logistic
transportation, and market networks, in which all of those are substantial for small-scale
fishermen’s commercial activity. In the end, the high dependence between fishermen and
middlemen brought negative consequences such as poor financing options, one-set price
without pricing transparency, and reluctance to improve product quality (or, the product
quality just follows the requirements of middlemen).

The analysis of SSFA in Indonesia needs to anchor to the diversity framework of SSFA as
presented in Figure 2. That is, the analysis needs to consider the wide range of the possible
outcome along the four major characteristics, namely engagement with markets and
demand, inputs and assets, management and institutions, and specialization. Much of these
variations reflect the difference in the sophistication of knowledge possessed, adopted
technology, or capital owned by the small-scale actors. For example, lack of capital or lack of
knowledge about market value of fish often lead to overselling of the captured fish at the
price below market level and thereby reducing the extent of the rich nutritious fish for
household consumption. Further, in the context of a heterogenous cultural society like
Indonesia as well as the archipelagic character of the country, it is possible to observe many
or several type of small-actors groups across the country.

The next stage of fishery supply chain is marketing the raw fish to exporters, domestic
markets, or local processing industry. Analysed from Indonesia Regional Input Output Table
2016, the food processing industry in almost all provinces in Indonesia obtains their raw
fishery input from their own local fishery sector, except Jakarta, Banten, and Bali (Figure 5).50
Considering the geographical landscape across provinces and inadequate logistic or storage
infrastructure in Indonesia, supplying raw fishery input from local fishery sector is more time
and cost-efficient, but this will not likely to be efficient given the dynamics of supply and
demand of fishery sector output within and between regions or provinces. The domestic
outsourcing reflected in Figure 5 suggests an inefficient distributional performance between
provinces or islands and, at the same time, underlines the overly concentrated manufacturing
activities in Java island.

49 Samora, R. (2018). Akses keuangan bagi kaum nelayan. detiknews (online). https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-
3979437/akses-keuangan-bagi-kaum-nelayan
50 In Jakarta, Banten, and Bali, around 24 percent, 39 percent, and 46 percent of raw fishery input are supplied from

Southeast Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, and West Nusa Tenggara, respectively.

19
Figure 5. Fishery sector Input for Food and Beverage Industry, Indonesia, 2016

Source: Indonesia Regional Input Output Table 2016, Statistics Indonesia.

4.4. Justice
The element of justice in blue food development in Indonesia still need a lot of attention from
stakeholders in the blue economy sector. Most of around 3,7 of Indonesians that work in
fishery production sector are small-scale producers or fishers, and most of them living in
coastal communities. The general picture about these communities is that they are
considered as marginal groups of society with limited access to capital or resources. There
are issues that have been identified surrounding the welfare of the communities including
the following key ones.51

The first concerns the tenure related to the utilization of sea space. The typical issue stems
from the ambiguity of the maritime property regime. Issues at practical level typically results
in conflicting area for the sea space utilized by fishers and the big commercial interest such
as tourism or other industrial industry. The ambiguity issue persists although it has been
addressed by the Law No. 1 of 2014 on Coastal Areas and Small Islands, by affirming
community participation in the determination of zoning for fishing as in the Zoning Plan for
Coastal Areas and Small Islands (RZWP3K). Specifically, these issues are either the idea for the
determination of fishing zone under the RZWP3K typically are not well socialized among fisher
communities or the determined fishing zones are located side by side or very close to the
commercial zones such as SEZ for tourism. Deeper consultation and/or socialization among
stakeholders, and further engaging a wider coastal or fisher communities are typically needed
to resolve this issue.

The second is the characteristics of high poverty incidence among coastal fisher communities,
along with the related social and economic issues such as lack of education or financing
capabilities. A number of contributing factors have already been identified, such as uneven
optimization and lack of understanding about the maritime resources surrounding the area

51
Indonesia Ocean Justice Initiative (2022), Fishers and Ocean Justice: A Study on the Implementation of the
Fishers Protection Law and the Coastal Areas and Small Islands Management Law in Seven Locations in
Indonesia, Jakarta: IOJI.

20
of the coastal communities, and inequality in the access to capital, technology, and
infrastructure. Policy to resolve this issue is complex one, involving various types of supports
or capacity building activities and effective coordination between institutions. Consequently,
implementing all these at working level is very challenging.

The third is on governance. In this respect, inclusive governance in blue-food sector is

essential, notably to enhance equality in distribution of blue-food benefits. In the context of
demographic, optimizing blue-food consumption in current young and children population is
certainly crucial as it should be able to reduce national stunting prevalence. Besides that,
building awareness of nutritional benefits contained in blue food is also important to be
nationally encouraged particularly to induce blue-food consumption across region. Apart
from promoting equality among blue-food consumers, encouraging equality among blue-food
producers specifically to small-scale fishermen is essential, for the reason that it enables a
better prosperity and lower poverty in marine and coastal community.

Participation in blue-food governance is executed by wide range of stakeholders. For

instance, local institutions such as cooperatives can take part as an agency that disseminate
information regarding market opportunity, standardization, and product development. With
the objective to improve business capacity, cooperatives can provide financial or business
training for fishermen, aiming to understand procedures in accessing loan from financial
institution. To some extent, strong financial capacity in cooperatives can also be a source of
funds that provide loan with low interest rate for local fishermen.

More on governance, one major reform introduced in the country so far is the renewal of the
idea for the tenure access for fishers to sea space for fishing activities. The Law No. 1 of 2014
on Coastal Areas and Small Islands replaces the substance of the old zoning system (i.e.,
Coastal Waters Concession Rights, or Hak Pengusahaan Perairan, HP3) by RZWP3K and also
replaces the instruments for location permits and sea space management permits with
special provisions for local and traditional communities under the new zoning system.52 As
noted, RZWP3K allows participation of small-scale fishers to take part in the decision making
process to determine the fishing area. One implication of the new approach is a delegation of
authority to conduct the determination of RZWP3K to subnational (province) level, which
could generate another challenge. In addition to the socialization issue noted earlier,
deliberation of zoning system at province level has its own challenges due to the different
level in the capability or readiness across provinces in the country, including challenges in the
issuance of permits or licences to conduct fishing activities.

52
Indonesia Ocean Justice Initiative (2022), Fishers and Ocean Justice: A Study on the Implementation of the
Fishers Protection Law and the Coastal Areas and Small Islands Management Law in Seven Locations in
Indonesia, Jakarta: IOJI.

21
Digitalization is another factor that can be a significant contributor to improve the welfare
and justice for many small-scale actors in fishery. In recent years, digital-based start-ups (e.g.,
eFishery, Aruna, and Jala) take significant initiatives to support local fishermen. These start-
ups provide various services such as technical assistance, community empowerment, and
creating marketing platform for local fish commodity. Research from the Statistics Indonesia
(Badan Pusat Statistik, BPS) and University of Indonesia reveals a jump in income experienced
by fishermen after joining Aruna and the trend is currently still increasing. That is, the income
grew significantly annually by 70 percent in 2021, which is much higher than the annual
growth of 56 percent recorded in 2016.

eFishery also provides an example of how value chains in fishery sector can be done in the
most efficient way. eFishery provides a one-stop-shop for all services needed by aquaculture
fishers across all value chains in aquaculture production from upstream to downstream and
connects aquaculture farmers to the consumers in wholesale markets. The business services
provided by eFishery is a complete one in that it also provides access to the elements in the
ecosystem such as financial institutions, knowledge and technology, and mentorship for the
farmers, and logistics services. The business of eFishery increases efficiency significantly as it
reduces the transaction costs in the intermediary between aquaculture farmers and market
provides logistics services at the most efficient possible price owing to the gain from
economies of scale in the logistics services.

4.5. Productivity, value creation and export

Indonesia Blue Economy Roadmap envisions blue economy as an engine of growth for the
Indonesian economy that will help Indonesia achieve the status of high-income economy by
2045. The Indonesia ‘s Vision 2045 calls for economic transformation from a natural resource-
dependent economy to a competitive manufacturing- and modern service-based economy
with high added value to secure prosperity and social justice for all Indonesians. This means
that blue economy development is expected to improve productivity and create added value
from sustainable coastal and ocean resources for the improvement of Indonesian people’s
welfare. Blue food development is put in the context of this vision, in which it is expected to
be able to improve productivity and productivity growth (competitiveness) toward more
value creation across all activities within the scope of blue food development.

There are ample opportunities to generate more added value within blue food subsectors or
industries. The extent to which added value is created in Indonesian blue food sector is still
relatively low at this moment, and the blue food downstream industries are not yet fully
developed to their maximum extent or capability. This is reflected by the low share of ‘non-
food’ of blue-food products relative to processed blue-food products in the Indonesia’s blue
food export structure as shown in Table 3, which is 13 percent relative to 87 percent of the
total blue food exports, respectively. The ‘non-food’ of blue-food products are defined as
those that use blue food raw materials to produce non-food products, such as cosmetic input

22
products (mostly are defined under agar-agar) that use seaweed, or health supplements and
other input materials that use various parts of fish (e.g. collagen, chitin, pharmaceutical
coatings, shoe leather).

Table 3. Indonesia processed blue-food exports by type of products, average 2017-2021

Export value
Share
(million USD)
Processed blue food (overall) 1.418,0 87%

Non-food from blue-food raw materials 206,2 13%

Fish fats, oil (excl liver) & fractions 1,9
Fish-liver oils & fractions 0,5
Mixtures of odoriferous substances used in food & drink 144,0
Fish cuts, fresh 31,0
Flours of fish or crustaceans 9,5
(Modified) natural polymers, chemical derivatives 6,1
Leather further prepared after tanning/crusting 1,5
Peptones, albuminous substances, hide powder 0,6
Agar-agar 11,0

Total blue food exports 1.624,2

Source: ITC Export Potential Map

Figure 6 presents the export potential and realization of Indonesian blue food exports by
types of products, namely raw products (Figure 6.a) and processed products (Figure 6.b). Two
notable facts are observed.

First, there is rather large unrealised export potential blue food exported products across blue
food products, especially for the group raw products (Figure 6.a). The extent of unrealized
potential in general is larger than half (50 percent) of the total export potential value for many
products in this group. Second, as for the processed products, Indonesia’s exports are
dominated by processed food, while the ‘non-food’ of blue-food products are still marginally
important (Figure 6.b). The exports of agar-agar for example, which mostly are used in
cosmetics or pharmaceutical industry, was only valued at USD 11 million on average over the
period 2017-2021, or less than one percent of the total blue food exports over the period.

These observables reflect the interaction of a number of factors including high domestic
consumption. However, relatively low competitiveness of the Indonesian blue food products
(raw and processed) due various factors, including costly transportation or logistics within the
country, likely contributes to the large untapped potential or limited number of products
being exported, or even being produced domestically for that matter.

23
Figure 6. Indonesian blue food exports potential and realization
a. Raw products

b. Processed products

Source: ITC Export Potential Map

Notes:
1. Realized exports use the average of export value over the period 2017-2021, expressed in USD.
2. Potential export is the projected value in 2027 based on projections of supply, demand, market access
conditions and bilateral ease of trade, expressed in USD.

24
Toward the longer-term development framework up to 2045, there would be much higher
flow of raw materials, such as fish, salt, seaweed, and other raw, entering processing zone.
Obviously, this presents great opportunity for the expansion or deepening of downstream
industries in blue food manufacturing. However, realization of it requires substantial
investment in production capacity of the industries, which includes investment in human
capital and adoption of advanced and green technology. The expansion in the downstream
industries would increase the extent of products being created by the domestic economy and
improve productivity at the same time.

The downstream industries also require a strong and integrated supply chains involving small-
scale suppliers and fishers to support operation and increase production capacity sustainably.
This is a unique challenge in the effort to increase productivity where most of captured or
aquaculture fish are supplied by small-scale fishery actors (SSFAs). They are in the supply-
chains of the production of processed products, and most still use traditional way of doing
business. The integration of SSFAs with the modern, large-scale, and sophisticated production
model of large enterprises in processing sector needs to be nurtured to secure reliable and
timely supply.

There are two dimensions along this challenge that are important to note, that is, the quality
of raw materials supplied by SSFAs and the methods of connecting SSFAs with the large-scale
manufacturers. The quality dimension is a function of production technology or techniques,
while the dimension of connection method gives rise to the existence of collectors (or
aggregators) who collects raw materials from SSFAs and sell them to the manufacturers. The
collectors are evident in many countries especially those of the developing ones.53 As an
example, Figure 7 presents the value chain of seaweed that exists in Indonesia and put this
unique challenge in the picture.

Productivity improvement could be enhanced along the value chain through improved
efficiency and increased investment. While needed, the collectors could be one source of
inefficiency because the transaction cost charged by collectors typically are high, eroding the
resource rent initially captured by SSFAs. In this respect, intervention could reduce the extent
of the inefficiency, and the example of involvement of digital start-up Aruna mentioned
earlier supports this proposition. As for the increase in investment, it helps SSFAs in upgrading
their production or farming technology as well as increasing the capability of manufacturers
to produce higher quality of the final products.

In sum, BFA for Indonesia will cover the five aspects or factors presented above that represent
the characteristics of Indonesia’s blue food landscape. The results are expected to better

53
Apart from Indonesia as reflected by Figure 7, collectors are also exist, for example, in the value chains of
shrimp-based products in Myanmar, reported by International Labor Organization (ILO) Myanmar (2016),
Processed seafood and mariculture value chain analysis and upgrading strategy, Myanmar: ILO Myanmar.

25
describe the food system based on aquatic resources for Indonesia and highlights potential
solutions for improving the system.

Figure 7. Value chain of seaweed in Indonesia

Marketing Marketing
Farming Collecting (Raw Processing (Intermediat
Material) e Product)

Equipment Collectors District Local Processor Local Processor

Nursery
Store Traders (e.g. seaweed to (e.g. carrageenan
carrageenan) to F&B product)

Farmer Cooperative Exporters

s

• Inputs include lines, • Seaweed is commonly • Work closely with • Carrageenan and agar are
ties, buoys, anchors, sold to collectors in collectors, district input for food and
and seedlings. cash-based traders supply beverages industry.
• Smallholders are the transaction. seaweed to local • Seaweed manufacturers
predominant model of • The main challenge is processor and (carrageenan and agar
seaweed farmers. farmers have lack of exporter. companies) obtain raw
• The productivity information on price • Exporters buy dried seaweed from
ranges from 300-400 fluctuation and lack of seaweed from district district traders on a
to 700 kgs of raw dried good practices traders/collectors contract basis.
seaweed per dissemination, based on spot- • Challenges faced by
household. impacting on low purchasing orders processing companies are
• The main challenge is consistency and from the importer. obsolete technology, low
high dependency on improvement. • Export market has quality of human
climate factor with more attractive price resources, instability of
low implementation and quality raw material quality, and
of solar-power requirements than high dependency on
greenhouse for drying domestic market. imported intermediate
the seaweed product.

Source: CBI Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2019; Mulyati & Geldermann, 2016; Nuryartono et al., 2021; Saleh
& Sebastian, 2020; Presidential Regulation No. 33 year 2019.

5. Assessing Blue Food for Indonesia: Conceptual Methodology

and Indicators
The previous sections have laid down some foundation for assessing blue food in Indonesia.
Comprehensive surveys, however, are needed in order for the stakeholders to have a
complete picture and understanding about all factors contributing to blue food development.
The surveys also necessary for the stakeholders to correctly set, or to modify (if necessary),
the target of strategic actions that have already been defined for blue food development as
stated in Indonesia Blue Economy Roadmap.

Methodologically, BFA for Indonesia is approached by conducting two assessments and one
survey. The first assessment is a literature review of all elements necessary for the
assessment. The review is intended to identify initial conditions from which detailed

26
measures or targets will later be defined. This assessment shall capture the macro or
aggregate picture of the current state of blue food development and the likely impact of
interventions on blue food development at macro level. Included in this review is a more
detailed descriptive analysis using secondary-level data on all factors relevant to blue food
development. The review can also be intended to collect all available research output
including data generated by the research in Indonesia across all features of BFA (i.e., nutrition,
environment, SSFA, and justice).

The literature review utilizes all relevant indicators from the Index of Blue Economy Indonesia
(IBEI). These indicators are positioned as the guidance for the secondary data-analysis in the
review. The use of IBEI’s indicators automatically aligns the assessment with the direction set
by the Roadmap of the Indonesia Blue Economy, as the indicators are used as the basis for
the projection of targets set by the roadmap. Other secondary data at macroeconomic levels
and relevant areas will also be included to enrich the discussion and provide more insights to
the scope of analyses.

The second assessment is a regulatory-landscape assessment for all relevant regulations that
can affect the trajectory of all determinants of blue food development. This assessment is
particularly needed for the stakeholders to correctly identify the flows of direction emanating
from all relevant regulations and hence to gain some idea on the likely impact coming from
the implementation of such regulations, or if there are changes being made to the
regulations. All these regulations are derived from several existing regulatory frameworks
that govern the more general theme of blue economy across many line ministries with marine
competence. The regulatory assessment is also important to consider the decentralization
nature of Indonesia’s governing model and to capture the role of subnational governments in
blue food development, especially at province or district level.

The regulatory assessment can utilize the list of law and regulations on blue economy that
have been identified by the Roadmap Blue Economy Indonesia. The list of these regulations
have already been mapped to the institutions (the ministries or agencies) that implement all
or some part of the regulations. The list is provided in Annex 1 of this concept note.

Overall, the regulatory assessment is expected to identify gaps in institutional factor that can
be utilized to generate better and more effective coordination or collaboration between the
relevant institutions across the country.

In order to maximize the benefit from the regulatory assessment, it is useful to complement
the analysis with a review of existing government initiatives or programs relevant to the
development of blue food sector. In this respect, the survey can draw and extend the mapping
of policy implementation currently being mapped by NBAAP.

27
As for the survey, it is done at micro-level on relevant groups of actors or population to gain
knowledge on various pertinent information about factors or determinants of blue food
development (household, SSFA, manufacturers, logistics service provider, institutions (e.g.
fishery ports or universities)), such as consumer preference, consumer knowledge on
nutrition content, gaps in production technology, the size or characteristics of SSFA, etc.
Reflecting on the key characteristics reviewed earlier, it is important for this survey to pay
attention on survey representativeness for choosing its respondents, considering the spatial
nature of country characteristic and development level and the demographic pattern of the
country population.

As for the regional coverage of the survey, the survey will cover 12 provinces. Eight provinces
are selected based on their mostly archipelagic features, which are Riau islands, Bangka
Belitung islands, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, North Sulawesi, Southeast
Sulawesi, Maluku, and North Maluku. Five more provinces are added considering their
significance in marine capture fisheries, aquaculture, ocean-based manufacturing, seaweed
production and coastal tourism, which are North Sumatera, West Java, East Java, South
Sulawesi and Bali.

Considering the significance of SSFA and the potentially vast variation in the characteristics
or type of SSFA across regions in Indonesia, it is important for the assessment to devote a
number of case studies about the role of SSFA in contributing to various objectives stemming
from blue food development. The case studies shall be distributed along the distribution of
the regions covered by the survey.

The case studies are aimed at finding how SSFA in Indonesia could contribute to, for example,
improvement in nutrition intake, reduction in stunting, reduction in poverty, increasing
output of fishery sector including exports, etc. The case studies are also useful in finding
whether there are different types of SSFA contributing to all these outcomes between regions
in the country. As for the locations of the case studies, they will be determined by a panel of
experts that supervises and monitors the implementation of the survey.

The two assessments and the micro-level survey set the scope of the overall survey activity
for the Indonesia blue food assessment. That is, all scholarly literature on blue food in
Indonesia (literature review), all regulations pertaining blue food activities or development
(regulatory-landscape assessment), and households, SSFA, manufacturers in food-and-
beverages and pharmaceutical industry, logistics services providers, and institutions (e.g.
fishery ports, universities) (micro-level survey).

Implementation all surveys are discussed separately in other document, which explains in
detail the design of each of the surveys, such as the exact scope, respondent sample sizes, or
locations. The surveys will be conducted by a team of surveyor supported by a panel of

28
experts that consists of scientists or experts from Indonesia and from international
institutions, and supervised by the Bappenas’ Blue Economy Secretariate. The Secretariate
will also invite the member of Blue Food Pillar under NBAAP, representative from other
ministries as well as other institutions/organizations (universities, private sector
representatives, local governments, civil society organizations, etc.) in the process of
developing this concept note, the survey design and the analysis of the data. These ministries
may include but not limited to Coordinating Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Investment;
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries; Ministry of Environment and Forestry; Ministry of
Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration; Ministry of Health;
Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology; Ministry of Industry; Ministry of
Trade; Ministry of Cooperative and Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises; Ministry of
Finance; Ministry of Transportation; National Research and Innovation Agency (Badan Riset
dan Inovasi Nasional, BRIN), and the Agency for Food Security. The invitation to the
Indonesian universities is intended to build the ownership of the blue food assessment by
Indonesian research community and to generate transfer of knowledge from international
research community to the local one.

5.1. Building the set of blue food indicators

An important follow up from the survey is for BFA Assessment for Indonesia to create blue
food indicators (BFI) that consist of indicators from IBEI and from the result of the micro-level
survey. The largest weight probably can be assigned to the micro-level survey for the creation
of the new blue food indicators.

5.1.1. Drawing from IBEI

The approach to create the list of BFI essentially is to complement those that have defined by
IBEI. As outlined in the Indonesia Blue Economy Roadmap, IBEI defined its indicators based
on the three pillars of it, namely economic, environment, and social pillar. The following lists
IBEI’s indictors that are relevant for BFI:

Economic Pillar
Fishery and aquaculture production:
• Contribution of fishery sector to GDP.
• Captured fish.
• Productions in fishery sector.
• Marine aquaculture production.
• Pond cultivation fishery production.
• Salt production.
• Export of fishery products.
• Share of export of fishery products in total exports.
• Captured fish and aquaculture exports.

29
Marine-based manufacturing:
The set of indicators defined in this group aims to measure the scale, including exports, and
the competitiveness of marine-based industries in Indonesian manufacturing.
Competitiveness is defined to consist of productivity and technology adoption. Marine-based
manufacturing is defined to consist of the following three industries at three-digit ISIC,
namely:
• ISIC 1512: Processing and preserving of fish and fish products.
• ISIC 3511: Building and repairing of ships.

The indicators considered are provided below:

• Output produced.
• Exported output.
• Labor productivity
• Technology level.

Environment Pillar
• Good quality of coral reef (in %)
• Good quality of seagrass (in %)
• Good quality of mangrove forest (in %)
• Number of coastal villages by garbage disposal
• Number of coastal villages by defecation site and sewerage

Social Pillar
Employment and welfare:
• Number of fisherman and fish farmers.
• Number of capture fisheries household.
• Monthly income in fishery industry.
• Fisherman exchange rate.
• Income percapita in fishery sector.

Health quality:
• Fish consumption.
• Protein consumption.

Education
• Number of graduates from fisheries school.
• Number of fisheries training participants.

30
5.1.2. Generating indicators to complete the BFI
The following lists the indicators from which the data for their construction can be drawn
from the surveys, especially the micro-level survey. The list is organized by groups of
indicators by the element or factors of blue food assessment.

A. Demand side and consumption

Daily consumption of blue and terrestrial food.
This indicator aims at measuring the extent of blue food consumption and the importance of
it in the consumer or household consumption basket relative to the other/terrestrial type of
food. The indicator shall consider the variation by regions (provinces, districts, coastal
area/fisher community) or by demographic features (eg. age, culture, etc.).

Relative price of blue food to terrestrial food.

This indicator measures the price level of blue food in terms of its relative value to the price
of terrestrial food. The construction of the relativity in the price is intended to capture the
extent of substitutability between the two types of the food. The indicator shall consider the
variation by types of the blue food, for the reason of varying types of fish or aquatic food
products, or by regions.

Availability of blue and terrestrial food in local market.

This indicator measures the access for consumers to blue food. It can be measured as the
existence of the food in local markets as well as in terms of its relative existence to the other
types of the food, generalized here as terrestrial food. The indicator should also consider the
variation by types of the blue food or by regions.

B. Supply side and production

Domestically produced blue food products.
This indicator identifies the types of blue food produced or supplied by fishers or
manufacturers in domestic economy and measures the extent of the supply. The types of
food cover those supplied by fishery and aquaculture and produced by manufacturers,
including healthy or dietary supplements (defined under the classification of pharmaceutical
industry). The indicator should consider the variation by regions.

Aquatic production system.

The assessment constructs a group of indicators pertaining aquatic production system. It is
necessary to capture not only the existence of the production system, but also the
characteristics of them, including the size – especially the size of land or water used by the
system, types of technology being used (including adoption of green technology, etc.), age,
investment portfolio, location, etc.

31
Supporting infrastructure.
This is a set of indicators aim at measuring the existence and the scale of supporting factor
for blue food development. It consists of the following indicators:
• Fishery ports and facilities for wholesale market.
• Cold storage facility at production center.
• Cold storage facility in logistics and distribution.

Cold storage infrastructure at production center is measures separately as captured fish

typically are firstly collected at the fishery hub port before distributed to other location or
being further processed. Cold storage facility at the production site or the hub port can be
considered as the necessary infrastructure integrated in the fishery ports. All these indicators
also need to be measured by regions in Indonesia.

Research and development.

This is also a set of indicators aim at identifying the existence and intensity of research for
blue food development. Given the diversity of blue food, one of the indicators shall be able
to measure the types of species for blue food consumption or processing that have been
identified from ocean in Indonesia. The other indicator measures the intensity of research for
blue food development and this can be proxied by measuring the extent of spending for such
research by research institutions in the country (eg. BRIN, related ministries, universities, and
private sector.

C. Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture

Demographic of SSFA
This set of indicators aim at providing basic profile about SSFA in Indonesia, covering the size,
locational distribution within the country, demographic characteristics (eg. number of
households, by gender, education level, income level, etc.).

Activity characteristics of SSFA

This set of indicators aim at revealing some basic information about the activities of SSFA. It
covers the following topic of indicators:
• Type of blue foods being produced or captured, by aquatic sector (fishery or aquaculture);
• Length of time engaging in the activity;
• Technology being used in the activities;
• Seasonality influence in the activities;
• Marketing and distributional tools or modalities;
• Partnership with larger scale production unit.

Given the vast area of the country and wide variety in cultural background of the small-scale
actors, it is important for the survey to cover sufficient respondents and representative
locations across the islands to reflect these variations.

32
Technical assistance and capacity building programs for SSFA.
This set of indicators aim at detailing the types and extent of support to empower SSFA in the
country. In addition to the size and types, the set also include the size and quality of the
trainers of the programs provided for SSFA. As in the previous set of indicators, this set of
indicators also need to cover the wide variation in very diverse types of SSFA.

Dedicated micro-financing units for SSFA, including cooperatives.

Access to finance is often cited as barrier to growth for many SSFA. This set of indicators aim
at measuring some basic information about it, covering the types of the institutions (e.g.
cooperatives, non-bank private micro-lending units, fintech, etc.), size and cost of financing.

D. Environment
Water-resource management in aquaculture production system.
This set of indicators aims at identifying the practice in the usage of water resource in
aquaculture production system. Indicators that reflect the elements of available water-
resource management are generated for the commonly used models in aquaculture
production.

Fish stock and species variability

This indicator aims at measuring the current status of fish stock in major fishery zones in
Indonesia and the variation of fish species in these zones. Considering potentially different
rate of extraction in the past across fishery regions in Indonesia, as well as its companion of
rate of growth of the fish population, the measurement ideally be done in different various
different fishery zones in the country.

Presence and intensity of anthropogenic stressors.

This indicator aims at identifying the presence and the size of anthropogenic stressors in
fishery and aquaculture sector. Given the vast area of ocean and many islands in the country,
it is important for the survey to have robust sample representativeness in terms of location.
According to BFA research54, there are the following types of major stressors that worth to
survey:
• Climate: warming, acidification, sea level rise, severe weather, and altered precipitation.
• Non-climate: hypoxia, eutrophication, diseases, invasion and parasites.
• Biological: harmful algal bloom toxins, bacteria (non-indigenous or indigenous).
• Chemical: heavy metal (eg. mercury), persistent organic pollutants, pesticides; and
antibiotics.

54
Cao, Ling, B.S. Halpern, M. Troell et al. (2023), ‘Vulnerability of Blue Foods to Human-induced Environmental
Change’, Nature Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-023-01156-y

33
Carbon emission
This indicator is intended to measure the extent of carbon emission produced by extraction
or manufacturing activities in blue food sector. for this reason, the indicator will be built by
combination of survey of energy used by activities in fishery extraction sector, in early stage
of fish processing, and in food manufacturing that uses input from fishery sector.

E. Justice
Before presenting the indicators on justice, it is important to note that all indicators above
that can be measured at regional or demographic level should be able to also serve as
indicators to the group of justice. This follows one of the findings from BFA research that
inequality in the consumption or production of blue food ranges widely between and within
countries.55

Infrastructure development spending or social assistance spending/programs to coastal

fisher communities.
The indicators on this topic proxies the extent of political representativeness for the typically
marginalized groups or actors in the value chains of blue food supply.

Poverty incidence
This indicator aims at measuring the extent of poverty especially in the fishery production
centres or coastal fisher community. This locational focus draws from the analytics that SSFA
typically suffer from this issue and many of them remained or trapped in poverty situation.

Prevalence of Stunting.
This indicator is intended to measure the prevalence of stunting among children in a location.
Given the likely geographical variation within Indonesia, it is important to measure it at more
detail at regional level.

Women participation in blue food system.

This indicator measures the participation of women in activities along the value chains of blue
food supply or production, from the upstream up to the manufacturing as well as up to
distribution level. Given the widely spread activity types across the value chains, it is
important for this indicator to be measured at more detail at regional level as well.

6. Engagement with Development Partners

Blue food assessment for Indonesia is expected to inform the stakeholders with gaps between
the ideal and the current situation, which leaves a room for intervention in order for the blue
food development to move in accordance with the overall targets of blue economy defined
by the Indonesia Blue Economy Roadmap.

55
Hicks, C.C., J.A. Gephart, J.Z. Koehn et al. (2022), ‘Rights and Representation Support Justice across Aquatic
Food Systems’, Nature Food (3), p.851–61. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00618-4

34
Engagement with development partners or institutions is likely to be realized considering the
magnitude and complexity of the issues surrounding blue food development, and models for
the engagement are expected to facilitate the engagement. The engagement so far is
facilitated through NBAAP. BFA as an activity will contribute to the action plan under the Blue
Food Pillar in NBAAP as it involves Bappenas, an EU project (EU-Indonesia Cooperation
Facility), relevant ministries, and expert panels consisting of international and Indonesian
experts. The result from BFA is expected to provide more evidence for better strategies in
developing blue food in Indonesia. In this approach, the blue food assessment for Indonesia
can be utilized to feed NBAAP with recommendations on the area of development towards
achieving the targets beyond 2025. As in the roadmap for the blue economy, successful
implementation of NBAAP is expected to sustain the partnership arrangement between GoI
and its development partners.

Using the NBAAP as the platform, the BFA for Indonesia can also identify projects or programs
that are currently in the pipeline or are potential for execution in the future along with the
stages defined by the Indonesia Blue Economy Roadmap up to the year of 2045. The
identification for the potential projects or programs shall also be consistent with, or serve as
input or references, for the more detailed implementation of the long-term national
development plan (RPJPN) for the period 2025-2045, and for the development of the
medium-term national planning (RPJMN) 2025-2029. It will also provide references for
relevant ministries in preparing their strategic plans, for local government in preparing their
respective development plans, and for private sectors and other stakeholders to engage in
blue food development.

For BFA, development partners could support the GoI with a number of activities defined by
the assessment, especially for the implementation of the surveys and for the formation of the
panel experts that will support the Bappenas Team. The development partners could further
engage with the GoI in realizing development projects or programs derived from these
recommendations. There should be projects or programs that can serve as ‘low-hanging
fruits’ for the government and this will immediately open some room for the engagement.
Implementation of the ‘low-hanging fruits’ project hopefully can set the motion for
continuation of further programs or project implementation in a longer time frame and this
will provide more space for expanded or deepened engagement with the development.
Overall, the participation of development partners from the very beginning, that is from the
assessment stage, should eventually pave the way for a consistently robust actions that can
help to guard the right policy direction for the development of blue food in Indonesia.

7. Timeline and Expected Outcome of the Assessment

BFA for Indonesia reviews and surveys the current state of blue food development in
Indonesia. It covers all elements and aspects of assessment as in the approach and framework

35
 adopted globally with careful adjustment to align with Indonesia context and characteristics.
The assessment and activities to input the results to the policy process are expected for
implementation from October 2023 to January 2025 with the ending of publication of the
blue food assessment Indonesia. The detail schedule is provided by Table 4.

Table 4. Proposed Timeline for Blue Food Assessment Indonesia

Activity
07/23

08/23

09/23

10/23

11/23

12/23

01/24

02/24

03/24

04/24

05/24

06/24

07/24

08/24

09/24

10/24

11/24

12/24

01/25
1. Blue Food
Assessment (BFA)
Concept Note

2. Development of
Survey

3. Kick of BFA

4. Desk Study:
Secondary Data
Analysisa)

5. Development of
Projection Model
and Impact Study

6. Survey
Preparation

7. Surveyb)

8. Analysis of
Survey Resultsa)

9. Policy
Recommendation
a)

10. Report
Completion

11. Report
Publication
Note: a) meetings, discussions and interviews can be conducted to support the analysis and formulation recommendation; b) timetable for
survey anticipates the period of public election, Ramadhan and public holidays

The assessment is expected to inform stakeholders about the gaps and to recommends area
or issues to be addressed toward achieving the goals or targets specified by Indonesia Blue
Economy Roadmap. In generating these, the assessment generates a set of indicators to
facilitate the assessment. The indicators complement and are as the part of those used by the
IBEI to reflect inseparability of the blue food from the blue economy development agenda of
Indonesia. The assessment therefore is also expected to provide detailed baseline analysis
from which further actions or development can be tracked.

36
 Annex 1. Law and regulations on Blue Economy Indonesia, as of September 2023

Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions

regulations

Capture Law No.11 of 2020 Job Creation ● Coordinating Ministry for Maritime
fisheries and Affairs and Investment (Cross-
aquaculture sectoral coordination) -
Law No. 1 of 2014 Management of Coastal Area and Isles, amending Law No.27 of 2007
(Input/upstream, product
processing/downstream, market
Law No.45 of 2009 Fisheries, amending Law No.31 of 2004, and Law No.11 of 2020 approach)
about Job Creation ● Ministry of Transportation (Support
on navigation) - (Input/upstream)
Law No. 7 of 2016 Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish Cultivators, and Salt
● Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Farmers
Resources (Petrol and Gas) -
Law No. 23 of 2014 Local Government (Input/upstream)
● Ministry of Industry (Shipyard,
Docking industries, Processing
Law No.32 of 2014 The Sea industries) - (Input/upstream, product
processing/ downstream)
Law No. 26 of 2006 Spatial planning ● Ministry of Trade (Trade diplomacy) -
(Market Approach)
● Ministry of Investment (fisheries
Government Business Process in the Maritime and Fisheries Sector
Regulation No.27 of investment) - (Input/upstream,
2021 product processing/ downstream)
● Ministry of Home Affairs (Provincial
Government Procedures for Controlling Imports of Fishery Commodities and Salt Authorization Control) -
Regulation No. 9 of Commodities as Raw Materials and Industrial Auxiliary Materials (Input/upstream)
2018

37
Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

Presidential Indonesia Ocean Policy Action Plan ● Indonesian Agency for

Regulation No. 34 of Meteorological, Climatological and
2022 Geophysics (Weather forecast)
(Input/upstream)
Presidential Acceleration of National Fishery Industry Development ● National Agency of Drug and Food
Instruction No. 7 of Control (Product control) - (Product
2016 Processing/ Downstream)
● National Research and Innovation
Ministry of Marine Capture Fisheries Agency (Research) - (Input/
Affairs and Fisheries Upstream, Product Processing/
Regulation No.58 of Downstream)
2020 ● Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and
Spatial Planning/National Land
Ministry of Marine Aquaculture Villages
Agency (Land Planning) (Input/
Affairs and Fisheries
Upstream)
Regulation No. 47 of
● Ministry of Public Works and Public
2021
Housing (Irrigation infrastructure) -
Ministry of Marine Fish Stock Estimation in Fishery Management Area (Input/ Upstream)
Affairs and Fisheries ● Provincial and Regency Government
Decree No. 19 of (Community Engagement) -
2022 (Input/upstream, product
processing/downstream, market
approach)

38
 Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

Industry Law (UU) Number Basic in industrial development, regulates all activities related to Ministry of Industry
3/2014 concerning industrial activities. The scope of the arrangements in this Law
Industry include:
a. Administration of government affairs in the industrial sector;
b. National Industrial Development Master Plan;
c. National Industrial Policy;
d. Industrial zoning;
e. Industrial resource development;
f. Construction of industrial facilities and infrastructure;
g. Industrial empowerment;
h. Industrial safety and rescue measures National Industry
Committee.

Government Government Regulation (PP) concerning the 2015-2035 National Ministry of Industry
Regulation (PP) Industrial Development Master Plan, including the development of the
14/2015 Fish Processing Industry in the first phase of the development plan
(2015-2019). The 20th year of industry development strategy are as
follows:
1. Develop natural resources-based upstream and intermediate
industry;
2. Control export of raw materials and energy;
3. Improve mastery of technology and quality of human resources in
the industry;
4. Establish the industrial development area (wpi);
5. Develop the industrial growth center area (wppi), region
designation of industries, industrial estates, and small industrial
centers and medium industry;
6. Provide affirmative steps such as policy formulation, strengthening
institutional capacity, and providing facilities to small and medium
industry;

39
Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

7. Build industrial facilities and infrastructure;

8. Carry out the development of green industry;
9. Carry out strategic industrial development;
10.Increase the use of domestic products; and
11.Enhance international cooperation in the industrial sector.

Law (UU) Number Convenience for the public, especially business actors, in obtaining Ministry of Industry
11/2020 concerning Business Licensing and ease of investment requirements from the
Job Creation Industrial sector. Industrial resource development includes:
● Human Resource Development;
● Utilization of Natural Resources;
● Development and Utilization of Industrial Technology;
● Development and Utilization of Creativity and Innovation;
● Provision of Financing Sources; and
● Supply of Raw Materials and/or Auxiliary Materials for Industry.
The Central Government and Regional Governments in accordance
with their respective authorities provide facilities for obtaining raw
materials and/or auxiliary materials in accordance with the planned
industrial needs (including imports).

Implementation of industrial standardization (planning, guidance,

development, and supervision of industrial standardization – SNI,
technical specifications, and/or procedure guidelines).

Regulation of The Regulation of the Minister of Industry concerning the Third Amendment Ministry of Industry
Minister of Industry of to the Regulation of the Minister of Industry Number 27/M-
The Republic of IND/PER/7/2017 concerning the Growth and Development of Small
Indonesia Number
and Medium Industries through the Machine and/or Equipment
33/2020
Restructuring Program. The SMEs may receive a reimbursement
maximum 40 percent from purchasing price for local-made

40
 Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

machinery/equipment and maximum 25 percent from purchasing price

for foreign-made machinery/equipment, with reimbursement range
from Rp 10.000.000 and up to Rp 500.000.000. This can be utilized by
marine-based food industry, marine-based chemicals industry, and
shipbuilding industry.

Presidential Indonesia Industrial Policy is a national medium-term (2020 - 2024) Ministry of Industry
Regulation No. 74 of plan which is a translation of the national medium-term plan and the
2022 elaboration of the National Industrial Development Master Plan
a. Industrial development targets;
b. Industrial development focus;
c. Stages of industrial development achievements;
d. Industrial resource development;
e. Development of industrial facilities and infrastructure;
f. Industrial empowerment;
g. Development of priority industries and small and medium-sized
industries;
h. Industrial zoning development; as well as
i. Fiscal and non-fiscal facilities.

Marine-based Regulation of The Procedures for the control of import of fishery commodities and salt Primary institution regulator: Ministry of
food industry Government of commodities as industrial raw materials and auxiliary materials, which Industry, Directorate General of Agro
The Republic of regulates the import of fishery commodities as follows: Industry.
Indonesia Number
a. The places of entry are stipulated with due consideration of the Other related institution:
9/2018
Industrial location in accordance with the relevant needs. ● Coordinating Ministry for Maritime
b. The types, volumes, and times of entry are stipulated based on the Affairs and Investment (Cross-
results of coordination meetings as held by a ministry that sectoral coordination)
undertakes governmental affairs in economic coordination. ● Ministry of Transportation (Support
c. The quality standards must accord with provisions on sanitary and on navigation) - (Input/upstream)
phytosanitary measures.

41
Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

Minister of Marine Regarding the type of fish management business with a standard 5- ● Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Affairs and Fisheries digit Indonesian business field classification code: Resources (Petrol and Gas)
Regulation Number 5 a. Fish salting/drying industry (10211) ● Ministry of Marine and Fisheries
of 2021 b. Fish smoking/roasting industry (10212) Affairs (Support on value chain)
c. Fish Freezing Industry (10213) ● Ministry of Trade (Trade diplomacy)
d. Fish processing industry (10214) - (Market Approach)
e. Fish fermentation/fermentation industry (10215) ● Ministry of Investment - (Support on
f. Crushed and surimi-based meat processing industry (10216) capital)
g. Fish refrigeration/testing industry (10217) ● National Agency of Drug and Food
h. Other Processing and Preservation Industry for Fish (10219) Control (Product control)
i. Processing and Preservation of Fish and Aquatic Biota (Not ● National Research and Innovation
Shrimp) in Cans (10221) Agency (Research)
j. Canned Shrimp Processing and Preservation Industry (10222) ● Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and
k. Other Water Biota Salting/Drying Industry (10291) Spatial Planning/National Land
l. Other Water Biota Smoking/Roasting Industry (10292) Agency (Land Planning)
m. Other Water Biota Freezing Industry (10293) ● Provincial and Regency
n. Other Aquatic Biota Processing Industry (10294) Government (Community
o. Tourism Industry/Other Aquatic Biota Fermentation (10295) Engagement)
p. Seaweed Processing Industry (10298)
q. Other Processing and Preservation Industry for Other Aquatic
Biota (102999)
r. Fish Oil Industry (10414)
s. Fish sauce industry (10771)
t. Industry Processing of crackers, chips, crackers and the like
(10794).

Government The Quality Assurance System and Safety of Fishery Products and
Regulation of the Increasing the Added Value of Fishery Products.
Republic of Indonesia
Number 57 of 2015

42
 Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

Law Number 11 of Everyone who utilizes the resources of Coastal Waters and waters of
2020 small islands is required to have a Business License for the following
activities: salt production; marine biopharmacology; marine
biotechnology; utilization of sea water other than energy; Marine
tourism; laying of subsea pipelines and cables; and/or lifting of sunken
cargo. Business permits for utilization at sea are granted for the
following activities:
a. Marine biopharmacology,
b. Marine biotechnology
c. Utilization of sea water other than energy;
d. Marine tourism,
e. Lifting of sunken ship cargo objects;
f. Telecommunication;
g. Electricity installation;
h. Fishery;
i. Communication;
j. Oil and gas business activities;
k. mineral and coal mining business activities;
l. Data collection and research;
m. Defense and security;
n. Provision of water resources;
o. Man-made island;
p. Dumping;
q. Disaster mitigation; and other marine space utilization activities.

Marine-based Law No. 3 of 2014 Basic in industrial development, regulates all activities related to Primary institution regulator on
chemicals industrial activities. The scope of the arrangements in this Law Petrochemical: Ministry of Industry,
industry include: Directorate of Chemical,
a. Administration of government affairs in the industrial sector; Pharmaceutical and Textile Industries
b. National Industrial Development Master Plan; Other institutions:
c. National Industrial Policy;

43
Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

d. Industrial zoning; ● Coordinating Ministry for Maritime

e. Industrial resource development Affairs and Investment (Cross-
f. Construction of industrial facilities and infrastructure; sectoral coordination)
g. Industrial empowerment; ● Ministry of Energy and Mineral
h. Industrial safety and rescue measures National Industry Resources (Petrol and Gas)
Committee ● Ministry of Industry (Processing
industries)
Law (UU) Number Convenience for the public, especially business actors, in obtaining ● Ministry of Trade (Trade diplomacy)
11/2020 Business Licensing and ease of investment requirements from the ● Ministry of Investment
Industrial sector. Industrial resource development includes: (Petrochemcial industrial process
a. Human Resource Development; investment)
b. Utilization of Natural Resources; ● Ministry of Home Affairs (Provincial
c. Development and Utilization of Industrial Technology; Authorization Control)
d. Development and Utilization of Creativity and Innovation; ● National Research and Innovation
e. Provision of Financing Sources; and Agency (Research)
f. Supply of Raw Materials and/or Auxiliary Materials for Industry. ● Ministry of Environment and
○ The Central Government and Regional Governments in Forestry (Land Planning)
accordance with their respective authorities provide facilities for ● Ministry of Public Works and Public
obtaining raw materials and/or auxiliary materials in accordance Housing (Support Infrastructure)
with the planned industrial needs (including imports). ● Provincial and Regency
○ Implementation of industrial standardization (planning, Government (Community
guidance, development, and supervision of industrial Engagement)
standardization – SNI, technical specifications, and/or
procedure guidelines).

Government Oil and Gas Downstream Business Activities Government Conducts

Regulation No. 36 of Regulations, fosters, and supervises the implementation of
2004 amended by Downstream Business Activities
Government a. Granting business license
b. Determination of oil and natural gas type, standard and quality

44
Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

Regulation No. 30 of c. Guarantee availability and continuity distribution of oil and natural
2009 gas
d. Utilization of oil and natural gas for domestic needs
e. Oil and gas Strategic Reserves
f. National Oil and Gas Transmission and Distribution Network Master
Plan
g. Utilization of goods, services, technology, and engineering
capabilities and domestic design

Government Additional State Participation of The Republic of Indonesia into Capital

Regulation No.66 of share of PT Tuban Petrochemical Industries in order to support the
2019 development and strengthen the industry national petrochemical
company, the Indonesian government has made additional capital for
the Tuban Petrochemical Industries State-own

Presidential Indonesia Industrial Policy is a national medium-term (2020 - 2024)

Regulation No. 74 of plan which is a translation of the national medium-term plan and the
2022 elaboration of the National Industrial Development Master Plan
a. Industrial development targets;
b. Industrial development focus;
c. Stages of industrial development achievements;
d. Industrial resource development;
e. Development of industrial facilities and infrastructure;
f. Industrial empowerment;
g. Development of priority industries and small and medium-sized
industries;
h. Industrial zoning development; as well as
i. Fiscal and non-fiscal facilities.

45
Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

Ministry of Industry Petrochemical Industrial Cluster Development Roadmap.

Regulation No.14 of Petrochemical industry cluster development roadmap is a national
2010 planning document that contains targets, strategies and policies, as well
as Petrochemical cluster development programs/action plans for a
period of 5 (five) years
a. Operational guidelines for government officials in the context of
complementary and synergistic support for the successful
implementation of the Chemical Industry cluster development
program
b. Guidelines for petrochemical industry cluster players who have
business activities in the sector
c. Guidelines for coordination, planning, and implementation of
activities between sectors, between relevant agencies at the
central and regional levels.

Ministry of Energy Standards of Business Activities and Products in implementation of

and Mineral Resource Risk-Based Business Licenses Energy sectors and Mineral Resources
No. 5 of 2021 for Oil and Natural Gas resource and process:
a. Classification of businesses and activities
b. General and business-specific requirements
c. Conformity Assessment and Monitoring
d. Business management system

Ministry of Waste Water Quality Standards for Business and/or Activities Up

Environment No. 08 Stream Petrochemical Industry
of 2007

Ministry of Waste Water Quality Standards for Business and/or Activities Up

Environment No. 10 Stream oleochemical Industry.
of 2009

46
Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

Ministry of Continuous Monitoring of Wastewater Quality and in system for

Environment No. 08 Business and/or Activities.
of 2019

Law (UU) Number Regulates all activities related to salt industrial activities includes:
Primary institution regulator: Ministry of
3/2014 a. The President has an authority is executed by the Minister to Industry, Directorate General of
undertake governmental matters to conduct regulation, promotion Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Textile
and development of the Industrial Affairs Industry.
b. The Government and Regional Governments shall ensure the ● Coordinating Ministry for Maritime
availability and distribution of natural resources for the domesticAffairs and Investment (Cross-
Industry. sectoral coordination)
c. To enhance domestic Industrial resilience, the Government ● Ministry of Transportation (Support
undertakes Industrial securing measures through securing against on navigation) - (Input/upstream)
the impact of policies, regulations and/or business climates that
● Ministry of Energy and Mineral
threatens resilience and cause injury to the domestic Industry. Resources (Petrol and Gas)
● Ministry of Marine and Fisheries
Law (UU) Number Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands. Regulates about Affairs (Support on value chain)
1/2014 on management in coastal areas for business actors that every person who ● Ministry of Trade (Trade diplomacy)
Amendments to Law exploits coastal and small island waters resources is obligated to has a - (Market Approach)
Number 27 of 2007 Management License for the following activities: ● Ministry of Investment - (Support on
a. Salt Production; capital)
b. Marine Biopharmacology; ● National Agency of Drug and Food
c. Marine Biotechnology; Control (Product control)
d. Exploitation Of Non-Energy Sea Water; ● National Research and Innovation
e. Marine Tourism; Agency (Research)
f. The Laying Of Submarine Cables And Pipelines; And/Or ● Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and
g. Lifting Of Sunken Ship’s Cargo. Spatial Planning/National Land
Agency (Land Planning)
Law (UU) Number Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen Fish Cultivators and
7/2016 Salt Farmers. The scope of regulation includes:

47
Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

a. The central government and local governments control policies and ● Provincial and Regency
strategies for the protection and empowerment of fishery and salt Government (Community
commodities. Engagement)
b. The Central Government and Regional Governments can provide
fishery business infrastructure and salting business which is
prioritized from domestic production.
c. Furthermore, business certainty related to salting business is
regulated in accordance with the authority of the Central
Government and regional governments, including: controlling price,
quality, product availability.
d. The Central Government and Regional Governments provide
protection against the risks faced when conducting salting business
such as: natural disasters, the impact of climate change, and/or
pollution.

Law (UU) Number Job Creation

11/2016

Regulation of The Procedures for the control of import of fishery commodities and salt
Government of commodities as industrial raw materials and auxiliary materials, which
The Republic of regulates the import of salt commodities as follows:
Indonesia Number 9 a. The places of entry are stipulated with due consideration of the
of 2018 Industrial location in accordance with the relevant needs.
b. The types are such types of Salt Commodities which are used as
Industrial Raw Materials and auxiliary materials.
c. The volumes and times of entry are stipulated based on the results
of coordination meetings as held by a ministry which undertakes
governmental affairs in economic coordination.

48
Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

d. The quality standards of salt commodities must contain natrium

chloride of 97% (ninety seven percent) or more or less than 100%
(one hundred percent) if calculated on a dry basis.

Regulation of the Salt Import Terms. The scope of regulation includes:

Minister of Trade a. Industrial salt price
Regulation No. 58/M- b. Amount of imported salt
DAG/Per/9/2012, c. Authority to import the salt (industrial salt and consumption salt)
Regulation of the
Minister of Trade
Regulation No. 125/M-
DAG/PER/12/2015,
Regulation of the
Minister of Trade
Regulation No. 63 of
2019

Regulation of the Road Map for Salt Industry Cluster Development, the development
Minister of Industry period divide into Medium Term (2010-2014) and Long Term (2010-
No 88/M-IND/PER/ 2025)
10/2014

Regulation of the Application of the Indonesian National Qualifications Framework for

Minister of Industry Salt Processing, it regulates about work attitudes, work role, skill for
No. 44 of 2020 seven class qualification.

Regulation of the Amendment to the Regulation of the Minister of Industry No. 10/M-
Minister of Industry IND/PER/2/2013 Regarding the Appointment of a Conformity
No. 59/M-IND/PER/ Assessment Agency in the Context of Enforcement and Supervision of
11/2013 the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for Compulsory Iodized Salt
Consumption

49
 Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

Regulation of the Processing, packaging and labeling of iodized salt

Minister of Industry
No. 42/M-IND/PER/
11/2005

Regulation of the Procedures for Giving Recommendations for the Import of Salt
Minister of Industry Commodities as Raw Materials and Industrial Auxiliaries
No. 34 of 2018

Regulation of Minister Establishment of Goods Classification System and Imposition

of Finance Number Duty Implementation on Imported Goods
6/PMK.010//2017

Decree of Minister of Technical Guidelines for The Development of People's Salt

Marine Affairs and Industry in 2022.
Fisheries No. 9/SJ of
2022

Shipbuilding Regulation of Ministry Utilization of a Special Scheme for the Provision of Goods and Primary institution regulator: Ministry of
industry of Industry 19/2020 Materials for Shipbuilding Industry Companies for Shipbuilding Industry, Directorate General of Metal,
concerning Special Activities that receive import incentives consist of building new ships; Machinery, Transportation Equipment
ship block construction; and ship module building.
Scheme Chapter 98 and Electronics Industry

Presidential Indonesian Marine Policy Action Plan 2021-2025 related to Other related institution:
Regulation of the shipbuilding industry: ● Ministry of Transportation
Republic of Indonesia (regulation on Shipping and port
Number 34 of 2022 a. Maritime transport equipment technology innovation activities in services)
the program 1.21 Improving the governance of science and ● Ministry of Trade (regulation on
technology, developing marine science and technology facilities import raw materials)
and infrastructure, as well as a strategic marine research agenda.

50
Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

b. New/continued/completion of navigational vessels in program 2.8 ● Ministry of Marine Affairs and

to improve shipping security and safety. Fisheries
c. Preparation of the Draft Government Regulation on Maritime ● National Standardization Agency
Industry in program 3.3 of developing a national marine ● National Research and Innovation
governance system that is both transparent and accountable. Agency
d. Preparation of Regulation of the Minister of Industry regarding
Classification of Shipyards in the program 3.3 of the development
of a national marine governance system that is both transparent
and accountable.
e. Preparation of the Regulation of the Minister of Industry concerning
Standardization of Ship Design in the development program of a
good, transparent, and responsible national marine governance
system.
f. Classification and certification of medium to low scale (non-steel)
shipyards, standardization, and certification of ship components,
improvement of manufactured local content level certified products
for shipbuilding components, in the 4.5 Optimization program of
the provision of infrastructure facilities needed by businesses and
marine business actors, especially fishermen.

Government The basis in the administration of the industrial sector, regulates all
Regulation No. 28 of activities related to industrial activities. The scope of the regulation in
2021 concerning the this regulation includes:
implementation of the a. use, ease of obtaining raw/auxiliary materials, guarantee of
industrial sector availability, commodity balance, guarantee of distribution of
raw/auxiliary materials, supervision
b. guidance and supervision of conformity assessment institutions
(standardization)
c. strategic industry

51
Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

d. community participation in industrial development; and procedures

for supervising and controlling Industrial business activities and
Industrial Estate business activities.

Regulation of the Terms of Use of National Sea Transportation and National Insurance
Minister of Trade of for Exports and Imports of Certain Goods.
the Republic of
Indonesia Number 65
of 2020 concerning
Amendments to
Regulation of the
Minister of Trade
Number 40 of 2020

Law (UU) Number Basic in industrial development, regulates all activities related to
3/2014 industrial activities. The scope of the arrangements in this Law
include:
a. Administration of government affairs in the industrial sector;
b. National Industrial Development Master Plan;
c. National Industrial Policy;
d. Industrial zoning;
e. Industrial resource development;
f. Construction of industrial facilities and infrastructure;
g. Industrial empowerment;
h. Industrial safety and rescue measures National Industry
Committee.

Law (UU) Number Convenience for the public, especially business actors, in obtaining
11/2020 Business Licensing and ease of investment requirements from the
Industrial sector. Industrial resource development includes:
a. Human Resource Development;

52
 Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

b. Utilization of Natural Resources;

c. Development and Utilization of Industrial Technology;
d. Development and Utilization of Creativity and Innovation;
e. Provision of Financing Sources; and
f. Supply of Raw Materials and/or Auxiliary Materials for Industry.
- The Central Government and Regional Governments in
accordance with their respective authorities provide facilities for
obtaining raw materials and/or auxiliary materials in accordance
with the planned industrial needs (including imports).
- Implementation of industrial standardization (planning,
guidance, development, and supervision of industrial
standardization – SNI, technical specifications, and/or procedure
guidelines).

Renewable Law No. 30 of 2007 a. In the Fifth Environmental and Safety Section of Chapter III Energy Primary institution regulator: Ministry
energy Management, it is stipulated that every energy management must of Energy and Mineral Resources
prioritize the use of environmentally friendly technology and comply Central Government:
with the laws and regulations governing the environmental sector ● Ministry of
(Article 8) National
b. Chapter V about Energy Management, Part One Provision and Development
Utilization, states that the government and local governments must Planning/Natio
increase the provision of new energy and renewable energy nal
following their respective authorities (Article 20). Development
c. In Chapter VII about Research and Development, it is stated that Planning
research and development are primarily focused on developing new Agency (Policy
energy and renewable energy to support the growth of the direction
independent national energy industry (Article 29). formulation)
● Ministry of
Government In Chapter III about Energy Policy Directions: Marine and
Regulation Number

53
Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

79 of 2014 on a. Increased exploration of energy resources, potential and/or proven Fisheries

National Energy reserves, both from fossil types and New Energy and Renewable (Input/upstrea
Policy Energy, is one way to meet national needs for energy availability m)
(Article 10). ● Ministry of
b. The priority of Energy development is based on the following Industry
principles in order to realize the economic balance of energy: (Input/Upstrea
maximizing Renewable Energy while taking into account the m)
economic level, minimizing the use of petroleum, optimizing the ● Ministry of
use of natural gas and new energy, and using coal as the mainstay Investment -
of the national energy supply. (See Article 11) Investment
c. The Government and/or Regional Governments are directing the Coordinating
use of national Energy Resources, one of which is the use of Board (BKPM)
Renewable Energy sources of the type of energy flow and (Investment)
waterfalls, Geothermal Energy, Energy of movement and ● Provincial and
temperature differences of sea layers, and Wind energy directed Regency
for electricity (see Article 12) Government
d. There are regulations regarding Renewable Energy Prices (Article (Community
20) in the Price, Subsidy, and Energy Incentives section. The Engagement) -
Government and Regional Governments provide fiscal and non- (Input/upstrea
fiscal incentives to encourage the diversification of Energy Sources m, product
and the development of Renewable Energy (Article 22) processing/do
wnstream,
Regulation of The Guidelines for Compiling General Plan on National Energy market
President Number 1 of National Energy General Plan (RUEN): Government policy regarding approach)
2014 the national energy management plan is the cross-sectoral elaboration ○ Department of Energy and
and implementation plan of the National Energy Policy to achieve its Mineral Resources
objectives

54
Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

Regulation of The Guidelines for the Preparation of General Planning for National ○ Department of Marine Affairs
President Number 22 Energy and Fisheries
of 2017 The Central Government prepares, and the National Energy Council
determines RUEN for the period up to 2050. (Article 2) Other related institution:
● National
Government The Implementation of Marine and Fisheries Energy
Regulation Number 27 Criteria and requirements for the establishment, placement, and/or Council:
of 2021 demolition of marine buildings and installations are outlined in Chapter ○ Design and formulate the
III (Article 9) National Energy Policy (KEN) to
In Article 11, Wave energy power plant; wind power plant; floating solar be determined by the
power plant; power plant for ocean thermal energy conversion; tidal government with the approval of
energy power plant; Ocean current energy power plant; power plant the DPR
(mobile power plant); overhead cable support building; overhead line ○ Establishing the General
cable; electricity installation supporting facilities; and other marine National Energy Plan (RUEN)
power plants are examples of buildings and installations at sea. ○ Establish measures to
overcome Energy Crisis and
Regulation of The Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources for Power Supply* Emergency conditions
Minister of Energy This regulation was replaced by The regulation of Minister of Energy (KRISDAREN)
And Mineral and Mineral Resources Number 4 of 2020 on the Use of Renewable ○ Supervise the implementation of
Resources Number 50 Energy for the Provision of Electric Power. cross-sectoral energy sector
of 2017 a. A Motion Power Plant and Sea Layer Temperature Difference or policies
Marine Hydroelectric Power Plant is a type of power plant that
generates electricity by utilizing ocean currents, ocean waves, sea
tides (tidal), or temperature differences in the sea layer (ocean
thermal energy conversion).
b. Utilizing Renewable Energy Sources is Section II. (1) To provide
sustainable electricity, PT PLN (Persero) must purchase power
from facilities that utilise Renewable Energy Sources. (2) The use
of renewable energy sources for electricity generation, as described

55
 Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

in (1), must comply with the National Energy Policy and the General
Electricity Plan (article 2).
c. Among the renewable energy sources under consideration is the
movement and temperature difference between ocean layers.
d. Part 9: Electricity Purchases from Marine Power Plant (PLTA Laut)
(Article 12)

R&D and Law Number 7 of 2016 Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish Cultivators and 1. Primary Institution: National
Education Salt Farmers Research and Innovation Agency
In Articles 46-48 concerning Education and Training, it is stated that: (BRIN)
a. The Central Government and Regional Governments in accordance i. BRIN encourages the blue economy
with their respective authorities are obliged to provide education not only as an effort to improve the
and training to fishermen, fish raisers, and salt farmers including ecosystem but also to boost the
their families. economy of the surrounding
b. The education and training shall at least be in the form of: community. For example, BRIN
○ providing training and apprenticeship in the field of Fisheries or conducts conservation and
Salt; rehabilitation of mangroves on Pari
○ providing scholarships and/or tuition assistance to obtain Island. On the one hand, it will
education in the field of Fisheries or Salt; or increase the number of catches
○ Developing entrepreneurship training in the field of Fishery because it is a breeding ground for
Business or Salt Business. fish. On the other side, it also utilizes
c. In addition to the Central Government and Regional Governments, the conservation and rehabilitation
accredited agencies and/or institutions may carry out education and of mangroves as eco-tourism
training in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations. objects.
ii. In the near future, BRIN will
implement the One Data Indonesia
program (Satu Data Indonesia).

56
Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

Law Number 11 of The National System of Science and Technology This program will become a platform
2019 a. The National Science and Technology System aims to increase the that can be used for various
utilization of science and technology for sustainable national research purposes, including
development, quality of life, and community welfare. economic surveys, demographics,
b. The National Science and Technology System recognizes, measuring changes in sea water
respects, develops, and conserves living and non-biological natural temperature, and pollution data.
resources. The science and technology master plan takes into This means that BRIN will play an
account the potential of natural resources, and so on. important role in providing input to
c. Regulate the implementation, research, and development of ministries/agencies and the private
science and technology to encourage a climate of innovation sector regarding certain
d. Commercialization of technology through technology incubation, themes/issues based on the One
partnerships, and development of science and technology areas. Data Indonesia program.
e. Encouraging science and technology facilities and infrastructure to iii. In The Coral Reef Rehabilitation
promote a sustainable economy and Management Program
(COREMAP), which ran from 2017
to 2022, BRIN utilized the funds
Presidential Indonesian Maritime Policy mandated for three things: 1)
Regulation Number 16 In Chapter 5 on the Indonesian Marine Policy Pillar, it is stated that: strengthening coastal monitoring
of 2017 a. Increased education and awareness of the marine community institutions so that ongoing
which is realized through all channels, types, and levels of monitoring of ecosystems such as
education mangroves, coral reefs, and
b. Development of marine-oriented educational curriculum seagrass beds can take place; 2)
c. Provision of incentives and assistance for marine education and preparation of coastal ecosystem
marine strategic research research so that more policies
based on scientific studies can be
Government The Implementation of the Marine and Fisheries Sector produced; and 3) strengthening
Regulation Number 27 a. Article 156-163 regulates the education and training of fishing institutional capacity through
of 2021 vessel crews, with the following details:

57
Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

b. One of the implementations of education and training for fishery infrastructure and human resource
crews includes education and training for fishing crews, which is development.
held through formal and non-formal channels. iv. Several research infrastructure
c. Education and training on crewing of fishing vessels may be facilities, such as the laboratory that
organized by the Government, Regional Government, state-owned BRIN is building, are the Ecosystem
enterprises, regional-owned enterprises, private enterprises, or the Data Center in Ancol, the Research
public in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations. Center on Pari Island, the marine
d. Every ship crew education and training program organized by an Bio-Industry facility in Lombok, and
educational and training institution must obtain approval from the the Deep Sea facility in Ambon.
Minister based on the results of the audit. BRIN has also collaborated with
various universities to provide
Government Marine Spatial Plan competency test sites. This effort is
Regulation Number 32 The Regulation on the Utilization of Marine Space for Conservation very relevant to the vision of the
of 2019 Areas as referred to in Article 69 letter b number 2 is drawn up by taking Ministry of Education, Culture,
into account: Research, and Technology in
a. Utilization of space in part of the Conservation Area for fishing, fish organizing the Merdeka Campus
cultivation, marine nature tourism, research and education, and/or program.
rehabilitation;
b. Prohibition of utilization activities in the core zone other than for 2. Fisheries and Marine-Related
research and education activities; and Schools and Universities
c. Prohibition of space utilization activities that have the potential to a. Vocational High School Level
reduce the area of coastal vegetation cover or coral reefs in the i. Middle School of Fishery
limited use zone. Business: Located in several
areas in Indonesia, such as Tegal,
Government Empowerment of Small-Scale Fishermen and Small-Scale Fish Ambon, Pontianak, etc.
Regulation Number Farmers In the article 4, it is mentioned that: b. Polytechnic Level (Diploma)
50 of 2015 a. Central government and local government will conduct education
and training activities for fishermen and their families, both for
capture fisheries and aquaculture.

58
Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
regulations

b. The education and training are in the forms of: 1) education i. Polytechnic of Fisheries Business
program for children of fishermen and their family or 2) Expert that are located ini several
entrepreneurship training program for fishermen and their family. areas in Indonesia.
c. University Level (Bachelor)
KKP Ministerial The Statute of the Polytechnic of Fisheries Business Experts i. Padjajaran University
Decree Number 23 of AUP Polytechnic has a development direction plan as follows: 1. Fisheries Department
2020 a. make a center for the development of innovative products capable ii. Bogor Agricultural University
of synergizing and collaborating with higher education and 1. Department of Aquaculture
international industry; Technology and Management
b. develop and utilize the available resources to the fullest to iii. Bandung Institute of Technology
implement the Tridharma of Higher Education; 1. Oceanography Department
c. develop themselves in contributing to the nation and state in the iv. Sepuluh Nopember Institute of
form of discovery, development, combination, or integration of Technology
several technologies in the marine and fisheries sector that already 1. Naval Architecture Department
existed before, into new marine and fishery technologies that bring 2. Marine Engineering Department
the benefit of the community; 3. Ocean Engineering Department
d. improve the quality of graduates through effective and efficient 4. Marine Transportation
management of the quality of education and institutions; Engineering Department
e. improve the quality management of quality marine and fisheries v. Brawijaya University
education with minimum service standards consistently and 1. Fisheries Resource Utilization
continuously; and Department
f. develop facilities and infrastructure to meet the changing demands 2. Fishery Products Technology
of science and technology globally. Department
3. Fisheries Agribusiness
Department
4. Fisheries Socio-Economic
Department
vi. Riau University
1. Fishery Products Technology
Department

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2. Fisheries Resource Utilization

Department
3. Fisheries Socio-Economics
Department
vii. Hasanuddin University
1. Fisheries Resource Utilization
Department
2. Fisheries Agribusiness
Department
3. Fishery Products Technology
Department
viii. Diponegoro University
1. Oceanography Department

Tourism Law No. 10 of 2009 The tourism business includes: Primary institution regulator: Ministry of
a. tourist attraction Tourism
b. tourism area Other related institution:
c. tourist transportation services ● Coordinating Ministry for
d. travel services Maritime Affairs and
e. food and beverage service Investment (Cross-sectoral
f. accommodation provision coordination) -
g. organizing entertainment and recreational activities (Input/upstream, product
h. organizing meetings, incentive trips, conferences and processing/downstream,
exhibitions market approach)
i. tourism information service ● Ministry of Transportation
j. tourism consulting services (Support on navigation) -
k. tour guide (Input/upstream)
l. water travel ● Ministry of Investment
m. Spa (article 14) (marine tourism

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Law Number 1 of Amendments to Law Number 27 of 2007 concerning Management investment) -

2014 of Coastal Areas and Small Islands (Input/upstream, product
In Chapter IV Planning (Article 23) processing/ downstream)
1. Utilization of Small Islands and the surrounding waters is carried
● Ministry of Home Affairs
out based on a comprehensive and integrated ecological and
(Provincial Authorization
economic unit with the nearby large islands. Control) - (Input/upstream)
2. Utilization of Small Islands and the surrounding waters is ● Indonesian Agency for
prioritized for one or more of the following purposes: Meteorological,
a. Conservation
Climatological and
b. education and training
Geophysics (Weather
c. research and development
forecast) (Input/upstream)
d. marine cultivation
● Ministry of Public Works
e. Tourist
and Public Housing (3A
f. fishery and marine business and fishery industry
infrastructure) - (Input/
g. organic agriculture; and/or farm
Upstream)
3. Except for the purposes of conservation, education and training, ● Provincial and Regency
as well as research and development, the use of small islands
Government (Community
and the waters around them must: Engagement) -
a. meet environmental management requirements;
(Input/upstream, product
b. taking into account the capacity of the local water system; as
processing/downstream,
well as
market approach)
c. using environmentally friendly technology.

Government The Master Plan for National Tourism Development (Ripparnas)

Regulation Number Article 14 paragraph 1 letter a
50 of 2011 Natural tourist attractions can be described, including:
1. Natural tourism attractions based on the potential for
diversity and uniqueness of the natural environment in
marine waters, which include, among others:
a. coastal landscapes, for example: Kuta Beach, Pangandaran
Beach, Gerupuk Beach - Aan, and so on.

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b. seascapes, both waters around the coast and offshore that

reach a certain distance that have maritime potential, for
example: the sea waters of the Thousand Islands, the sea
waters of the Wakatobi archipelago, and so on.
water pools and seabed , for example: Bunaken Marine
Park, Wakatobi Marine Park, marine park and small islands
of Raja Ampat, Kakaban Island Atoll, and so on.

Government The Implementation of the Marine and Fisheries Sector

Regulation Number Chapter III Criteria and Requirements for Establishment, Placement,
27 of 2021 and/or Demolition of Marine Buildings and Installations
1. Buildings and installations at sea have certain functions, one of
which is marine tourism. Types of Buildings and Installations at
Sea for marine tourism functions in the form of:
a. Accommodation
b. Driveway
c. tourist pontoon
d. anchor point
e. buildings for culinary, underwater gardens. (Article 8)
2. The technical requirements for the establishment and/or
placement of Buildings and Installations at Sea with the
function of marine tourism must:
a. has a plan for the establishment and/or placement of
Buildings and Installations at Sea, which at least contains:
1. geographical location
2. hydrographic and oceanographic data
3. marine geomorphology
b. compiling a technical feasibility study
c. have a detailed plan that takes into account the threat of
disasters at sea (Article 17)

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In addition to meeting the technical requirements as referred to in Article

17, the establishment must adjust to Article 18 which contains
requirements for the establishment of accommodation, boardwalks,
tourist pontoons, tourist ports, placement of anchor points,
establishment of culinary buildings, and underwater parks.

Government Natural Tourism Enterprises in National Park Wildlife

Regulation No. 36 of Sanctuaries, Grand Forest Parks and Nature Tourism Parks
2010 Chapter II Nature Tourism Business
(Article 4) The exploitation of natural tourism can be carried out in:
1. wIldlife reserve;
2. National Parks;
3. grand forest park; and
4. nature park.
(Article 7)
(1) The exploitation of natural tourism includes:
1. business of providing natural tourism services; and
2. business of providing natural tourism facilities.
(2) The business of providing natural tourism services as referred to in
paragraph (1) letter a may include:
1. tourism information services;
2. tour guide services;
3. transportation services;
4. travel services; and
5. food and beverage services.
(3) The business of providing natural tourism facilities as referred
to in paragraph (1) letter b may include:
1. water tourism;
2. accommodation; and
adventure tourism facility.

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Presidential Foreign Yacht Visits to Indonesia

Regulation Number (Section 2)
105 of 2015 Foreign yachts and their crews and/or passengers including luggage
and/or vehicles that will enter Indonesian waters in the context of tourist
visits are given facilities in the fields of customs, immigration,
quarantine, and ports.

Presidential Marine Waste Management

Regulation Number (Section 2)
83 of 2018 (1) In the context of handling marine waste, it is necessary to set
strategies, programs and activities that are synergistic, measurable,
and directed to reduce the amount of waste in the sea, especially
plastic waste, in the form of the National Action Plan for Handling
Marine Waste for 2018-2025.

Regulation of the Guidelines for Sustainable Tourism Destinations

Minister of Tourism TABLE IV ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY STANDARDS
and Creative a. Types of conservation programs or activities that are
Economy/Head of the integrated in packages or tourist attractions (planting sea pine
Tourism and Creative , mangroves , releasing hatchlings, etc.)
Economy Agency b. Destinations refer to and apply national and international
Number 9 of 2021 standards for tourism activities that involve wildlife on the
sea and on land.

Minister of Marine Marine Tourism Villages

Affairs and Fisheries Chapter III Criteria and Procedures for Determination
Regulation Number (Article 7)
93/Permen-KP/2020 (1) The Maritime Goddess as referred to in Article 2 is determined in
a certain area
(2) Certain areas as referred to in paragraph (1) consist of:
● coastal village

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Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
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● Fishing Port
(3) The coastal village as referred to in paragraph (2) letter a must
have the following criteria:
● potential natural tourism attraction, artificial tourism, and/or
traditionaltourism
● potential tourist visits
Community groups with livelihoods of fishermen, fish cultivators, salt
farmers, and/or tourism managers

Regulation of the General Guidelines for Tourism Development in Small Islands

Minister of Culture Chapter II Development Principles
and Tourism Number The implementation of tourism development in small islands must
KM.67/UM.001/MKP/ use the principle of sustainability , which is economically profitable,
2004 contributes to efforts to conserve natural resources, and does not
conflict with the culture of the local community. Therefore, tourism
development in small islands must adhere to the following basic
principles:
1. Balance Principle
2. Community Participation Principle
3. Conservation Principle
4. Principle of Cohesiveness
5. Law Enforcement Principle

Regulation of the Guidelines for Plastic Waste Management in Marine Tourism

Minister of Tourism Destinations
and Creative (Article 3)
Economy/Head of the (1) Managers are responsible for Plastic Waste Management
Tourism and Creative (2) The responsibilities as referred to in paragraph (1) include:
a. provision of facilities and infrastructure for selected waste bins

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Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
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Economy Agency b. provision of means of transportation for waste management

Number 5 of 2020 c. provision of plastic waste management facilities
(3) In carrying out the responsibilities as referred to in paragraph
(4), the manager may cooperate with ministries/agencies, regional
governments, and Tourism Entrepreneurs

Regulation of the Amendments to the Regulation of the Minister of Forestry No.

Minister of Forestry 48/MENHUT-II/2010 concerning Natural Tourism Business in
Number 4/MENHUT- Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks, Grand Forest Parks and
II/2012 Nature Tourism Parks
(Article 8)
(1) The business of providing natural tourism facilities as referred to in
Article 5 letter b, includes:
1. water travel
2. accommodation
3. transportation
4. adventure travel
5. special interest sports
(Article 27)
(1) Construction of facilities to support water tourism facilities as referred
to in Article 8 paragraph (1) letter a, includes among others natural
baths, meeting places/information centers, storage facilities for
water tourism activities, standard places/anchors for
transportation equipment. water travel

Regulation of the Providing Facilities for Tourists by Using Cruise Ships with
Minister of Foreign Flags
Transportation (Article 3)
Number 121 of 2015 Cruise ships with foreign flags can transport tourists at domestic
ports for tours starting from their domestic ports of origin to tourist

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destinations, to return to the port of origin of departure, as long as the

trip is part of a tourist trip to and from Indonesian waters.

Regulation of the Amendments to the Regulation of the Minister of Transportation

Minister of Number PM 171 of 2015 concerning How to Service Foreign
Transportation Yachts in Indonesian Waters
Number 123 of 2016 (Article 6)
(2) The port of entry and port of exit as referred to in paragraph (1)
can be changed by taking into account:
1. development of foreign yacht visits
2. readiness of facilities and infrastructure to provide services
3. area Development

Regulation of the Technical Guidelines for Supervision of Marine Tourism Activities

Director General of in Coastal Areas and Small Islands
Supervision of Marine CHAPTER IV
and Fishery (Article 4)
Resources Number Supervision of marine tourism activities is carried out in coastal areas
3/PER- and small islands, including the outermost small islands and the
DJPSDKP/2017 waters around them.

Marine Law No.11 of 2020 Job Creation Primary institution regulator on Marine
conservation Conservation: Ministry of Marine and
Law No. 1 of 2014 Management of Coastal Area and Isles, amending Law No.27 of 2007 Fisheries Affairs, Directorate General of
Marine Spatial Management
Other related institutions:
Law No.32 of 2014 Regulation on the Sea ● Coordinating Ministry for Maritime
Affairs and Investment (Cross-
Law No.45 of 2009 Regulation on fisheries, amending Law No.31 of 2004, and Law No.11 sectoral coordination) (Managing
of 2020 about Job Creation and Surveillance, Utilization)

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Sector Regulations/existing Key points Relevant Institutions
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Law No. 23 of 2014 Regulation on Local Government ● Ministry of Environment and

Forestry (National Park
Law No. 5 of 1990 Conservation of the living natural resources and its ecosystem Management) (Managing and
Surveillance)
● Ministry of Ministry of Tourism and
Government Fisheries Resources Conservation Creative Economy (Tourism
Regulation No. 60 of Management) (Utilization)
2007 ● Ministry of Home Affairs (Provincial
Authorization Control) (Managing
Presidential Indonesia Ocean Policy Action Plan
and Surveillance)
Regulation No. 34 of
● Ministry of Social Affairs (Local
2022
Community Engagement)
Ministry of Marine Conservation Area Management (Utilization)
Affairs and Fisheries ● National Research and Innovation
Regulation No. 31 of Agency (Research)
2020 ● Geospatial Information Agency
(research)
Ministry of Marine Marine Protected Areas Utilization ● Provincial Government (Managing
Affairs and Fisheries and Surveillance, Utilization)
Regulation No. 47 of
2016

Ministry of Marine Procedures for Stipulating Marine Protected Areas

Affairs and Fisheries
Regulation No. 2 of
2009

Directorate General of Technical Guidelines for Evaluation of Conservation Area

Marine Spatial Management Effectiveness

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Management Decree
No. 28 of 2020

Local Government Regulation about Coastal and Small Islands Zoning

Plan

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