Synopsis

‘‘Assessment of Food security in Sargodha District by using

Geospatial techniques’’

Submitted to:

Dr. Maria Ali

Submitted by:

UME SALMA

MS Environmental Science

Session 2020-2022.

Department of Environmental Sciences

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Contents
1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................3
1.1. Overview of Pakistan climate.....................................................................................3
1.2. Population....................................................................................................................3
1.3. Purpose of the study....................................................................................................4
1.4. Problem Statement......................................................................................................4
1.5. Aims and objectives.....................................................................................................4
2. Literature review.................................................................................................................4
3. Study Area...........................................................................................................................6
1.1. Population....................................................................................................................7
1.2. Administrative divisions.............................................................................................7
1.3. Topography..................................................................................................................8
1.4. Climate.........................................................................................................................8
2. Data Collection and Methodology......................................................................................8
3. Data Collection..................................................................................................................11
3.1. Primary Data Collection...........................................................................................12
3.2. Secondary Data Collection........................................................................................12
3.1. Significance................................................................................................................14
4. References..........................................................................................................................14

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‘‘Assessment of Food security in Sargodha District by using Geo-
spatial techniques’’

1. Introduction
‘‘Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access
to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences
for an active and healthy life’’( World Food Summit, 1996. )

Food security in many low-income, developing countries is projected to intensify unless

steps are taken to reverse the performance trend of key factors. Agricultural
productivity, foreign exchange earnings, and population growth all influence a country’s
food security. For the developing countries, an increase of agricultural productivity is
the key to improving food security. In these countries imports play a small role in
domestic food supply because of limited foreign exchange availability. As Pakistan is
developing country and also face these food problems. The role of agricultural
production can change the nature of food insecurity.

1.1. Overview of Pakistan climate

Pakistan is also located in the tropical region. Therefore the effects of increase in
temperature and decrease in precipitation affect different areas of Pakistan. The land
cover pattern of Pakistan getting affected by it. Some of the crops production increases
by these changes i.e. wheat and some of the crop production is decreasing by it i.e rice.
In this study selected district Sargodha and its major crop productions are wheat, rice,
maize, bajra, sugarcane etc. This study projects Food security probabilities under
population growth trend in Sargodha.

1.2. Population
Population can be define as the number of individuals in a particular specie. According
to year 2019 the population of Pakistan is 217,528,162 And population of Sargodha
district is 12,188,196 as well.

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1.3. Purpose of the study
The main purpose of the study is to map the distribution of different crops in selected
areas and to check the Production according to demands/Consumption. Also to Suggest
the future prediction for crops varieties, seeds and suitable methods for cultivation.

The results of this study will be helpful for identifying the crops that are threatening or
effected by population increase and environment. Also find out the possible ways and
solutions in relation to the crop management in Pakistan. The fundamental purpose of
the study was to provide the best means of sustainable management of crop production
and also to outline future strategies to preserve crops in the fertile land of Punjab.

1.4. Problem Statement

Food security is expected to have an intense impact on earth’s environment and
vegetation, affecting both the distribution and abundance of the food. Food is basic need
for every specie, the availability of food is blessing, but due to the population increase
the consumption of food become high. On the other hand productions remain constant
for previous few years.

1.5. Aims and objectives

 To access the impacts of population increase on food availability
 To check the ratio between production and consumption of wheat
 To suggest future crop varieties to secure the availability of food

2. Literature review
During World Food Summit (1996), 182 countries committed to eradicate hunger and
reduce the undernourished population by 2015. The efforts and policies were made
worldwide to combat the hunger stress and provide the basic fundamental right to every
individual alive. In 2000, members of the United Nations collectively formulated
Millennium Development Goals which targeted the reduction of chronically hungry
population to half (FAO et al., 2015). As we observe the history behind the development
of concept of food security we realize that this concept originated in 1970s due to the
social, economic and climatic circumstances. Occurrences of famine, lack of resources
and economic and social disparity were identified as reasons for the macro-nutrient
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deficient population. Definition of food security has evolved from the concept of
availability, accessibility and utility to stability, safety and nutritional quality (Berry et
al., 2015).
The multifaceted concept of food security is depicted in the following chart:
Multifaceted concept of food security
Food security is multi-faceted idea and is expected to be attained when “everyone (each
individual beyond any racial or economic discrimination) and always” (throughout the
year without being affected by the seasons and climatic factors) has Food Security,
Availability, Accessibility, Sufficiency, Nutrition, Quality and Safety access (no
hindrance of transportation or distribution) to “sufficient (supplying all macro and micro
nutrients required) and safe” (free from contaminants, pathogens and/or toxins) food to
lead healthy and active life (FAO and WHO, 2011; Berry et al., 2015; FAO et al., 2015).
It is important to have a balanced diet having all the nourishment. Vegetables are
important portion of platter because of nutritional benefits that are attained from all sorts
of vegetables.
2.1. Vegetables: Nutrition or Poison?
Consumption of vegetables in both raw and cooked forms is an essential part of diet
throughout the world. Vegetables not only provide the micro-nutrients and trace
elements but also act as buffering agents in the process of digestion (Maleki and
Zarasvand, 2008; Jolly et al., 2013). Vegetables add colour to platter and thus also
trigger the salivating glands. It has been reported that the consumption of vegetables in
cooked or raw form, significantly lower the cancer instances especially gastric cancers
(Link and Potter, 2004). According to WHO/FAO, consumption of 400 g of vegetables
by an individual per day is essential to combat various cardiac problems, cancer and
obesity (Kanungsukkasem et al., 2009; National Institute of Nutrition, 2011). WHO
(2003) claims that globally, 2.7 million lives can be saved annually by consuming
sufficient vegetables. Various parts of plants i.e., inflorescences, leaves, fruits, tubers are
consumed as the vegetable. A closer view of literature suggests that the average
consumption of vegetables per capita per day in India, Mali and Pakistan is mere 100 g
or less, while in Australia, Europe and USA is 300 g (Kanungsukkasem et al., 2009).
Low consumption of vegetables is attributed to less availability or less production

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causing the increase in price of food commodities. The availability of crop is dependent
mainly upon the production which in turn is dependent upon the environmental factors
i.e., natural resource availability and climatic conditions. Climatic factors are micro-
scale conditions and thus the affect is generally not of large spectrum. The major factor
responsible to increase the production is resource availability i.e., availability of arable
land and water for irrigation. As discussed in Chapter 1 there has been decrease in net
arable land but increase in crop production. Similar is the case with water resources, the
decline in availability of fresh water has been observed in many parts of the world. But,
in spite of lack of availability of resources United Nations admit that the implementation
of Millennium Development Goals has resulted in 50% decrease in the undernourished
population in the developing nations from 1990 to 2015 (UN, 2015). The question
arises, “how this was achieved?” Use of improper agricultural practices, excessive use of
fertilizers, cultivation on land not suitable for food crops and use of wastewater for
irrigation were the steps that helped in increasing the food production and availability
(Nabulo et al., 2012).

3. Study Area
The study area is Sargodha district of northern Punjab. This is the most populous city of
Punjab as well. Sargodha is situated between the Jhelum and Chenab River.

Location:

Sargodha is a city found in Punjab, Pakistan. It is located 32.08 latitude and 72.67
longitude and it is situated at elevation 190 meters above sea level.

Sargodha has a population of 542,603 making it the 7th biggest city in Punjab. It
operates on the IST time zone, which means that it follows the same time zone as
Lahore.

Geographical Conditions:

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Sargodha District, is a district of Punjab, Pakistan. The capital of the district is
Sargodha. It is an agricultural district, wheat, rice, and sugarcane being its main crops.
The Sargodha district and region is also famous for citrus fruit including Kinnow,
orange and lemon. The district has an area of 5,864 km².Sargodha enjoys air, rail & road
connections with rest of the country.

1.1. Population
According to the Census of 1998 population of Sargodha is 3.704 million and area is
5854 km sq. Sargodha is the most populated city of Punjab province with the density of
3566 persons per square kilometer.

1.2. Administrative divisions

According to Pakistan Bureau of Statistics selected district consist on the following
administrative divisions.

District Sargodha consist of the seven tehsils which are Sargodha city, Shahpur,
Sillanwali, Kotmomin, Sahiwal, Bhalwal, and Bhera. The boundaries of Sargodha in the
east, north, west and south touches Hafizabad, MandiBahaudin district, Khushab and
Jhang respectively.

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Figure 1: Study Area Map

1.3. Topography
The selected district comprises a level plain land. It is the land of fertile soil because of
rivers. Sargodha is the part of Chaj Doab.

1.4. Climate
According the Koopen’s classification of the climatic regions the climate of this area is
semiarid with hot summer and mild winters (BSh). While according to the classification
of Dr. Kazi S. Ahmad this climatic region is sub-tropical low lands. The summers are
long in time. Early summers are with high temperature while at the end late summer
(monsoon) rain. Therefore, the annual temperature remains high.

2. Data Collection and Methodology

Data collection

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 Data collection is a very important part in doing research work, the sort of

information found and reality of the information is boss since it decides the yield of the

data acquired. The information that will be procured with the end goal of this work will

be optional information.

Secondary data collection method

Different methods will be used in this type of data collection

 Satellite images

 Food department

 Primary data

Satellite Images
Two satellite images Google Pro and Landsat will be used in this work consistent

to different time periods. The manipulation of data will be done through Arc GIS (10.5)

and ERDAS IMGINE. The following steps will be chased:

Data downloading

Data download from Google pro and Landsat

Software used

Various softwares are employed to comprehend, evaluate and process the data
suitable for the aims of present research. Following softwares are employed in this
study:
 Arc GIS 10.5

Arc GIS software provides numerous significant tools for composing map layouts. In
this respect, Arc GIS 10.5 is used for composing and analyzing map layouts. This

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 software is vital as it presents statistical tools and geometrical calculations in order
to calculate the area selected for this research.

 Microsoft Excel 2016

The tables and graphs are generated through using statistical data in MS Excel 2016
software.

 Microsoft word 2016

The presentation and arrangement of this study is accomplished using

Microsoft word software.
Image Processing

Researcher put great emphasis to pre-process the collected data to avoid errors while
recording, scanning and transmitting the data before it is classified for further analysis.
Image processing refers to an important function which is performed for improvement of
radiometric quality and geometric refinement of images gathered.
Professionals commonly use following image processing steps:
 Radiometric Correction for compensating atmospheric effects.
 Geometric correction is followed for image registration for the purpose of
making images suitable to be used along with applied reference system or maps.
 Last step is noise removal from the images collected in order to avoid any noise
recorded with data during recording and transmission.
Image enhancement
The technique of image enhancement is vital for enhancing important classes and
distinct features of the image. In this technique, the pixel value of the images gathered is
enhanced and increased for obtaining high definition and clear images. Moreover, image
enhancement technique is employed after accomplishing pre-processing of the images.
There is wide range of choice to use enhancement technique depending upon the
required results. In this regard, contrast stretching technique is used for image
enhancement.

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The choice of enhancement technique depends upon the features to be used for
extracting from the image. Contrast stretching techniques is also employed for effective
image enhancement.

Map composition

After the composition of classification process, Arc Map 10.5 will used in order to get

the final outputs of all land use maps. The maps will be transported to photographic

format JPEG to get hard copy output.

GPS

Data display

Data will be displayed in the form of charts, tables, maps and graphs etc.

3. Data Collection
Data collection involves the collection of primary, secondary and spatial type of data.
All the three types of data have been collected from different sources. The data
collection is then followed by data preparation. The collected data is stored, arranged
and then prepared for further processing for the production of final maps.

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Figure 2: Data Framework

3.1. Primary Data Collection

The data which is never published before is termed as primary data. The primary type of
data is collected by following methods:
 Field Photos

3.2. Secondary Data Collection

The secondary data is that type of data which is published before. This is usually second
hand information. The secondary data collected:
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 Satellite imagery(USGS)
 Census record (Population and Food)

Data Processing and Analysis

Census Data LANDSAT (30m)

Statistical Analysis Subset/ AOI

Graphical Presentation Image Processing

Results Geo-Referencing

Image Enhancement

Intropolation

Food Pop. Data

Overlay

Thematic Maps

Spatial and Temporal change in land-

Analysis use and land-cover

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3.1. Significance
This selected district is considered as the productive areas for different crops in the
northern Punjab. This study aims to show the crop production cover variations under
different climatic changes. Therefore, to avoid these effects and cope up with these
problems, different suggestions will be given. Under the previous conditions future
analysis will be given in the form of pictorial diagrams or models. This study through
various applications of RS and GIS will provide the classification of land cover pattern.
The result will helpful for the management of Food.

4. References
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distribution of terrestrial ecosystem complexes. Climatic change, 7(1), pp.29-43.
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Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Geneva 2,
Switzerland: Cambridge University Press.
 O'Neill, B., Oppenheimer, M., Warren, R., Hallegatte, S., Kopp, R., Pörtner, H.,
Scholes, R., Birkmann, J., Foden, W., Licker, R., Mach, K., Marbaix, P., Mastrandrea, M., Price,
J., Takahashi, K., van Ypersele, J. and Yohe, G. (2017). IPCC reasons for concern regarding
climate change risks. Nature Climate Change, 7(1), pp.28-37.
 Carvalho, D., Rocha, A., Gómez-Gesteira, M. and Silva Santos, C. (2017). Potential
impacts of climate change on European wind energy resource under the CMIP5 future climate
projections. Renewable Energy, 101, pp.29-40.
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pp.3829-3842.
 Abbas, A., Amjath-Babu, T., Kachele, H. and Muller, K. (2016). Participatory
adaptation to climate extremes: an assessment of households willingness to contribute labor for
flood risk mitigation in Pakistan. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 7(3), pp.621-636.
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the Effects of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Soil Properties and Plant Diversity in Sugar
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Maple–Beech–Yellow Birch Hardwood Forests in the Northeastern United States: Model
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 Rosenzweig, C., Iglesias, A., Yang, X., Epstein, P. R., & Chivian, E. (2001). Climate
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