Jet Velocity is the velocity of a jet that can be the exit velocity of fluid after it accelerates through bit

nozzles.
In aviation, airspeed is the speed of an aircraft relative to the air it is flying through (which itself is usually moving relative to the ground
due to wind).
This equation contains two terms. Aerodynamicists often refer to the first
term (m dot * V)e as the gross thrust since this term is largely associated
with conditions in the nozzle. The second term (m dot * V)0 is called the
ram drag and is usually associated with conditions in the inlet. For clarity,
the engine thrust is then called the net thrust. Our thrust equation
indicates that net thrust equals gross thrust minus ram drag. If we divide
both sides of the equation by the mass flow rate, we obtain an efficiency
parameter called the specific thrust that greatly simplifies the performance
analysis for turbine engines.
CLASSIFICATION
OF
ROCKETS
Basic parts of a rocket engine: (a) solid-propellant rocket and (b) liquid-propellant rocket
 Principle OF
ROCKET Propulsion
The principle of rocket propulsion works
on the 'Newton's Third Law of Motion'.
It states that for every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction'. As a
reaction, the gases apply equal and
opposite force on the rocket in the
upward direction. This is how a rocket
takes off from earth.
The rocket propulsion is based on the principle of linear momentum
conservation as initially the rocket is at rest but when the rocket is
ready to take off the momentum of small mass of gas ejected at high
speed is compensated by increased momentum of the rocket with the
remaining fuel.
MULTISTAGING OF ROCKETS

 Most modern, high performance rockets

particularly those used in space
applications are multistage rockets.
 The Saturn-V, moon rocket is a perfect
example of a multistage vehicle.
 This rocket uses three distinct stages in
order to send its payload of astronauts
and equipments towards the moon
REASONS FOR MULTISTAGING

 To improve performance by
eliminating dead weight
during powered flight.
 To maintain acceleration
within reasonable limits by
reducing thrust in mid flight.
MULTISTAGING OF ROCKETS
STAGE:
A stage (which is also known as a step), is a
complete propulsion unit with motor, propellant
feed system, tanks, propellant together with
control equipment, which is discarded
completely when all the propellant of that
stage is consumed.
SUB ROCKET:
A sub rocket is a complete rocket vehicle,
consisting of one or more stages together with
a payload and the guidance and control system.
MULTISTAGING OF ROCKETS

 The figure shows a three stage rocket.

 In this stage we have three stages and three sub rockets.
 The first sub-rocket is the complete rocket vehicle.
 The second sub-rocket is the first sub rocket minus the first stage.
 The third sub-rocket, finally, is the second sub rocket minus the second
stage, or equivalently the payload plus the third stage
MULTISTAGING OF ROCKETS

 In general for a N-stage rocket,

 Sub rocket 1 = complete rocket
 Sub rocket (i+1) = sub rocket i- stage
i, where i = 1.........N-1
 Payload sub rocket N = actual
payload
TYPES OF MUTISTAGE
ROCKETS
 There are two fundamental
types of rocket staging. They
are,
1. Series staging
2. Parallel staging
TYPES OF MUTISTAGE
ROCKETS
1.SERIES STAGING:
Series staging is also known as vertical
staging. In a series staged rocket, the
second stage fires after the first stage is
finished.
The series staging is also known as tandem
staging. Some of the best examples of
series rockets are, Explorer I and Saturn
V.
TYPES OF MUTISTAGE
ROCKETS
2.PARALLEL STAGING:
 Parallel staging is defined as staging a
vehicle such that the upper stage
engines are also used during lower stage
operation.
 This is usually accomplished by
arranging the stages alongside one
another, hence the name parallel
staging. The perfect example of parallel
staging is Titan III C
TYPES OF MUTISTAGE
ROCKETS
ADVANTAGES:
1. Reduction of gravitational losses.
2. In a gravitational field, the parallel staging is always
advantageous to consume the propellant as fast as
possible.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. The disadvantage of parallel staging is that the rocket is
likely to be bulky and for the flight through the atmosphere
the drag penalty may be large.
2. The second disadvantage of parallel staging is the
reduction in nozzle efficiency of the engine of the thrust
stage.
STAGE SEPARATION DYNAMICS

 In multistage launch vehicles the stage separation

process is broadly classified into two categories. They
are
1. SEPARATION OCCURING WITHIN THE ATMOSPHERE.
2. SEPARATION OCCURING OUT OF ATMOSPHERE
SEPARATION OCCURING WITHIN THE ATMOSPHERE:
Separation within the atmosphere is otherwise known as
booster separation/lower stage separation/strapton
separation.
STAGE SEPARATION DYNAMICS

 The burn out of the first stage

generally occurs within the
upper regions of the atmosphere
(i.e) 45km to 60km, to minimize
the energy lost due to the
aerodynamic forces.
 The ignition of the second stage
must be done as quickly as
possible after the first stage
burnout.
SEPARATION OUT OF
ATMOSPHERE (IN SPACE):
 Separation occurring out of
atmosphere is also known as
vacuum/space/upper stage
separation.
 The separation of subsequent
stages takes place either at
extreme high altitudes in space
SEPARATION OUT OF
ATMOSPHERE (IN SPACE):
 The problem of separation is
relatively simplified when occurs
in space because of absence of
aerodynamic forces but it does
not mean as soon as burn out of
lower stage occurs the ignition of
upper stage is initiated