Unit One: Formal, Informal and Non-formal

Education

Vocabulary:
education
Types of education:

There are many types of education, but the most frequent ones are: Formal, Non-formal, and informal
education
• Formal education: refers to the types of learning that are taking place in an
educational institution, where there is a syllabus, a teacher and is usually
recognized in a qualification or a certificate.
• Non-formal education: it refers to a learning through program (like formal
education) but it is not usually evaluated, and it does not lead to certification.
• Informal education: it refers to any learning resulted from activities related to our daily life.
• Vocational education: Prepares learners for careers or professions related to a
specific trade, occupation or vacation.
• Special education: Describes an educational alternative that focuses on the teaching of
students with special (behavioral, health academic or physical) needs that cannot be met
using traditional programs or techniques.
• Inclusive education: It is the one that addresses the learning needs of
children, youth and adults especially those who vulnerable to
marginalization and exclusion.
• Gifted education: is a broad term for special practices, procedures and theories used in the
education of children who have been identified as gifted or talented.
• Basic education: The whole range of educational activities taking place in various settings
(formal, nonformal and informal) that aim at meeting the basic learning needs such as
reading, writing and arithmetic.

Examples of Education:
- Formal education: Secondary
school, vocational training
workshop-university studies.
- Non-formal education: Evening classes, literacy classes.
- Informal education:
Theater, television, daily
life in general
Collocations
A collocation is a pair of words that generally goes or occurs together. Here are some related to
education.
Examples:
• Higher education
• University graduate
• Free classes
• Learning needs

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 • Mixed classes
• Cultural background
• Adult illiteracy
• Education system/goals/background
• School subject/year/uniform
• Private lessons/institution/school
• Equal opportunities/rights/status

Functions / communication: making request

A request is asking someone politely either for something or to do something.

Making Request Accepting request Refusing

request

-Could you, please…….? -Yes, sure. -Oh sorry, I can’t.

-Can you ? -Sure. -I just can’t, I am
-Will you ?
-Yes, of course. sorry.
-Do …….(something)…… -Certainly yes. -I am afraid, but I
for me, please. -With pleasure. can’t.
-Is there any chance you
-Sure, don’t worry. -Certainly not.
could…?
-Do …….(something)…… -Sure, no problem.
for me, will you?
-Do you think you
could………?
-Could you possibly…….?
-I wonder if you could
possibly………?
-Do you mind
(verb+ing)………? (it is like
saying: Is there a problem
if….?)
-Would you mind
(verb+ing)………? (it is like
saying: Is there a problem
if….?)

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Examples:

Speaker 1: Could you please help me

with this exercise? Speaker 2: Yes, of
course.

Speaker 1: Do you mind going with me

to the market? Speaker 2: No, I don’t
mind (accepting request)

Speaker 1: Would you mind giving your brother

a lift downtown? Speaker 2: Yes. (refusing
request).

Speaker 1: I wonder if you could

possibly repair this engine? Speaker 2:
Sure, don’t worry

Grammar: Gerund and Infinitive

Examples Rules Explanations

Verb + gerund Often we use the gerund 1- I enjoy myself at the

.1- I enjoy playing for an action that
.2- I denied stealing happens
before or at the same
time as the action of the
main verb.
time of playing.
2. I deny having stolen
anything before.

Verb +infinitive 1- I decided to visit my Often we use the 1-Visiting my uncle was an
Uncle infinitive for actions that action of my decision. It comes
2-I want to go out follow the action of the after.
main verb. 2- What I want (now) is to go
out (after/later)

A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding “-ing.” The gerund form of the verb “read” is
“reading.” You can use a gerund as the subject or the object of a sentence.
Examples:
Reading helps you learn English. (subject of the sentence) I enjoy reading. (object of the sentence)full
infinitive (with to).

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 The Infinitive is the “to” form of the verb. There are two forms of the infinitive: Bare (without to)
and The infinitive form of “learn” is “to learn.” You can also use an infinitive as the subject or the
object of a sentence.
Examples:
To learn is important. (subject of sentence)
He wants to learn. (object of sentence)

Writing: Linking Words

Adding information or emphasizing a statement: and, also as well as,

moreover, furthermore, in addition,
• additionally, next, secondly, thirdly……

• Making comparison: similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally…….

Expressing concession and contrast: although, however, yet, but, despite, whereas,
in contrast, while,
• Conversely….

• Providing reasons: for this reason, To this end, for this purpose, because, since, so that….
• Explaining results: as, as a sequence, as a result, hence, therefore, thus, so…
• Providing examples: for example, for instance, In other words, such as….
Drawing conclusions: as has been noted, finally, in brief, in short, to
summarise, consequently, therefore, In Conclusion, In other words, accordingly …