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M. Arentoft S. Bruschi
IPU Innovative Factory University of Padova
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ABSTRACT: The measurement of friction in the industrial metal working operations is a complex
problem because the friction test must impose at the tool/metal interface conditions similar to those in the
industrial operations. So in the European Network VIF (Virtual Intelligent Forging), a workshop (WP3) was
held to evaluate friction condition in cold forging by using numerical simulation and experimental methods. It
was chosen an industrial cold extrusion operation, in which a low carbon steel bar, covered with phosphate
layer and soap, was drawn, cropped and then formed by extrusion. In order to know the friction condition in
this industrial extrusion operation, four kinds of friction tests, forward extrusion, double-cup extrusion,
upsetting-sliding test and T-shape compression were carried out in four labs, IPU, DIMEG, LAMIH and
CEMEF, respectively. In a first preliminary step we simulate the drawing and extrusion operations in order to
estimate the contact conditions in extrusion along the container and the die surfaces. Then by numerical
simulation we estimate the contact conditions in the friction tests and define the parameters of the tests which
insure the better similarity with the industrial operation. In the next step experiments will be performed in
order to compare the results of these various friction tests.
Key words: Friction test, Extrusion, Cold Forging, Low Carbon Steel.
The material of specimen used in the simulation is The operation is performed by a conical die with
low carbon AISI 1010 steel in drawn state. The 29.6 deg semi-angle and the extrusion ratio λ
relationship between strain and stress has been equals to 1.96. The loading curve of forward
obtained by uniaxial compression test (Fig.1). For extrusion is sensitive to the friction coefficient along
accurate simulation, several points on the the die and along the container. So the force can
strain/stress curve were chosen to input into the FE decrease with decreasing the length of workpiece in
code, and we assume that the stress is constant, for the container, whereas the die region has been filled
strain higher than 0.7. with the metal. However, usually the friction
There are two important laws, Coulomb and coefficients on container and die are considered as
(Tresca) shear stress friction law, which are applied equal despite the fact that some factors along
widely to calculate the tangential stress between container and die are different such as material,
specimen and tool in metal forming processes. roughness, pressure and lubricant film thickness. For
Coulomb friction law was used in this work. It is deeply investigating the friction on the extrusion,
because Coulomb friction law can be used in the two different friction coefficients are assigned to
contact pairs of die/workpiece and container/ in order to determine the friction coefficient by
workpiece (See Fig 1 (a)), double cup extrusion, the material property,
Fig. 3 shows the effect of friction coefficients of die especially the strain/stress relationship, should be
and container on the extrusion loading curves. It is well-known and carefully assigned to FE model.
seen that the extrusion load changes by assigning
different friction coefficient on die and container in 6
simulation. After the extrusion experiment, the
5
friction coefficient of container can be defined by Without strain hardening
4
the slope of the loading curve and that of die can be
H1/H2
3
defined by the maximum load.
2
35 With strain hardening
1
µDie = 0.07 µContainer = 0.05
30
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
25
Stroke (mm)
Load (KN)
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Stroke (mm)
The basic methodology of upsetting-sliding test is
similar to the sliding indentation test. However it is
Fig. 3 Effect of friction coefficients of die and container on the special to simulate the real contact conditions of the
extrusion loading curve
drawing and extrusion processes [3]. As shown in
4.2 Double-cup extrusion Fig.1 (c), this test includes two main components:
indenter and specimen. A cylindrical indenter plays
Double cup extrusion test includes four parts: upper a role of drawing or extrusion die, so the indenter is
punch, lower punch, container and specimen, as made with the same material and surface roughness
shown in Fig. 1 (b). In the test, the upper punch than the die. The specimen with coating was fixed in
moves down with the press ram while the lower the special device. Before test, the position of
punch and container are stationary [2]. After indenter is adjusted to induce the penetration
extrusion, a part with two cups was formed. The depth p of the indenter in the specimen. Then the
height of upper cup H1 is larger than that of lower indenter moves up with a constant tangential speed
cup H2, because the container has relative velocity and scratches the surface of specimen. The forces in
with respect to the upper punch, then the friction both normal ( Fn ) and tangential ( Fτ ) directions are
force from container promotes the metal flow into measured with load sensors and recorded in a
the upper cup. So the ratio of the upper cup height to computer to evaluate the friction condition between
the low cup height (H1/H2) was defined as cup indenter and specimen [3].
height ratio, which can be used to determine the In simulation, the radius of indenter was 5 mm.
friction coefficient. Numerical simulation demonstrates that for a given
For the studied configuration, the ratio of the penetration depth p , the force ratio Fτ / Fn increases
container diameter to the punch diameter is 1.66. As
in [2], we verified that the friction at the punch/billet with the friction coefficient µ , but the contact
interface has no significant influence on H1/H2. pressure and the equivalent strain do not change
Two kinds of material were chosen to simulate significantly. Fig. 5 shows that the force ratio and
effect of strain hardening on cup height ratio, one is the equivalent strain increase with increasing the
AISI 1010 (see Fig.2) and another is AISI 1010 penetration depth. The penetration depth of indenter
without strain hardening. Simulation results in experiment can be decided depending on the
illustrate the material strain hardening reduces equivalent strain of extrusion parts. Because
significantly the cup height ratio (see Fig.4). It is equivalent strain in industrial extrusion part is 2, the
because the difference in strain between both metal penetration depth of indenter should be chosen as
flows increases with the cup height ratio and so the p =0.5 mm (see (Fig. 5).
strain hardening promotes its reduction. Therefore,
0.35
3.5 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Tangential force / Normal force
Fτ / Fn 3.0
0.30
According to simulation of four kinds of friction
Equivalent strain
2.5
0.25
2.0 tests, testing conditions of them are shown in table 1.
0.20
Equivalent strain 1.5 Table 1 Testing conditions for cold forging
0.15 1.0
Types of Maximum Maximum New surface
0.10 0.5 testing Pressure equivalent generation
0.05 0.0 (MPa) strain
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Penetration depth (mm)
Forward 1800 (die) 1.6 (die) 40 % (die)
extrusion ≈500 (cont.) 0 (cont.) 0 (cont.)
Fig. 5 Effects of the penetration depth of indenter on the force Double-cup 800 (cont.) 1.9 (cont.) 44 % (cont.)
ratio and the equivalent strain (µ=0.02, R=5mm) extrusion
Upsetting- 1900 2.6 6.1 %
4.4 T-shape compression sliding test
T-shape 1900 3 50 %
T-shape compression, a new method to determine compression
friction coefficient in cold forging, is developed. The *Industry 2500 (die) 2 (die) 61 %
extrusion 850 (cont.) 0.15 (cont.) 0 (cont.)
die in this test, is machined as a flat-topped die with
hal-00510192, version 1 - 18 Aug 2010
80
µ = 0.10 3.0 for each test and industry extrusion. So experiments
µ = 0.15
60
2.5 will demonstrate which contact parameters have
µ = 0.05
Load (KN)
2.0
40 1.5
significant influence on friction.
1.0
20
0.5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
0 0.0
0 20 40 60 80
0 1 2 3
Stroke (mm)
4 5
Load (KN)
The authors want to thank the VIF (Virtual
(a) Load (b) Height of extrusion part
Intelligent Forging - CA) project for financing the
Fig. 6 Effects of friction coefficient on load and height of research of friction condition in forging.
extrusion part
REFERENCES
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height of extruded part. It is seen that the height of Mater. Process. Technol, 46 (1994) 19-40
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coefficient. Therefore, we can determine the friction evaluation of the double cup extrusion test for selection
of cold forging lubricants, J. Mater. Process. Technol,
condition in the T-shape compression by using
189 (2007) 36-44
compression load the deformed part shape. 3. L. Lazzarotto, L. Dubar, A. Dubois, et. al A selection
methodology for lubricating oils in cold metal forming
processes, Wear, 215 (1998) 1-9