Chapter 5 – Morphology in Flowering Plants

Important Questions: -

1. Describe the Various types of Placentation Found in flowering Plants & represent
them diagrammatically.
2. What is Aestivation and its types describe with examples.
3. What is venation and its type describe with examples.
4. Describe the parts of a typical angiospermic leaf.
5. What is a flower? Describe the parts of a typical angiospermic flower with the
help of a diagram.
6. Draw a well-labelled diagram of monocotyledon seed.
7. What are the characteristics of a stem and root?
8. Draw the floral formula and write the economic importance of the Solanaceae
and Liliaceae families.
9. Differentiate between:
i. True and False fruits
ii. Simple and compound leaf
iii. Monocotyledon and dicot seeds.

Short Answer Questions: -

1. Give a reason to justify that the onion bulb is a modified stem.

2. “Flower is a modified shoot”. justify this statement.
3. “Underground parts of a plant are not always roots”. Justify the statement.

Very short Answer Questions: -

1. Name two plants where seeds do not have endosperm.

2. Name the two layers of the seed coat.
3. Why is the root system poorly developed in aquatic plants?
4. What is a term used for a plant bearing both male & female flowers give an
example.
5. Name one monocot & dicot in which endosperm is present?
6. What is rhizome? Give two examples.
68
05
Morphology of
Flowering Plants
Quick Revision
l Morphology deals with the study of external
features, forms and relative position of plant
organs.
l Plants adopt various morphological features
according to the surrounding environment.
The two main plant parts are the underground
root system and the above ground shoot
system.
Inflorescence
It is the arrangement of flowers on the floral axis of
stem.
The inflorescence can be of following three types
l Racemose inflorescence In this type of
inflorescence, the main axis continues to grow
and the flowers are borne laterally in an
acropetal or centripetal succession.
l Cymose inflorescence In this inflorescence,
the tip of the main axis terminates in a flower
and further growth continues by one or more
lateral branches, which also behave like the
main axis. The flowers are borne in a
basipetal order. Hence, it is limited in growth.
l Special inflorescence It mainly involves
highly modified and densely crowded
inflorescence. It can be divided into following
types, i.e. cyathium, verticillaster
and hypanthodium (Ficus relegiosa).
CBSE New Pattern Biology XI ~ (Term-I)
The Flower
Flower is the reproductive unit in the angiosperms. It is
meant for sexual reproduction. Morphologically, it is
considered as a shoot bearing nodes and modified floral
leaves.
l A flower arises in the axil of a leaf-like structure
called bract. Flowers with bracts are called
bracteate and those without bracts are called
ebracteate.
l The terminal and swallen part of the axis of the
flower is the receptacle or thalamus. The
receptacle contains sepals, petals, stamens and
carpels. If the leaves are present on the pedicel,
they are called bracteoles.
l Flowers that do not have distinct calyx and corolla
are called perianth.
l A flower is either unisexual (having either stamen
or pistil) or bisexual (having both stamen and
pistil).
l On the basis of the number of floral appendages
present, a flower may be trimerous, tetramerous
or pentamerous.
l Insertion of floral parts (forms of thalamus)
Based on the position of ovary with respect to
other floral whorls (calyx, corolla and androecium),
the flowers are of following three types
n
Hypogynous flower Ovary is present at the top of
thalamus.
CBSE New Pattern Biology XI ~ (Term-I)
n
Perigynous flower Margin of thalamus grows
upwards forming a cup-like structure.
n
Epigynous flower Having fused thalamus and
ovary.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Position of floral parts on thalamus : (a) Hypogynous,
(b) and (c) Perigynous, (d) Epigynous
l Symmetry of a flower The symmetry of a
flower depends upon the shape, size and
arrangement of the floral parts. On the basis of
this, it can be actinomorphic (radial symmetry,
e.g. Datura) or zygomorphic (bilateral symmetry,
e.g. Cassia).
l Placentation is the arrangement of ovules inside
an ovary. Placenta refers to the parenchymatous
cushion present inside the ovary where ovules are
borne. These may be marginal (e.g. peas), axile
(e.g. China rose), parietal (e.g. Cucurbita),
free-central (e.g. Dianthus) and basal (e.g. Aster).
Parts of a Flower
l A typical flower consists of four distinct parts, i.e.
the calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium.
The calyx and corolla are accessory or
non-essential parts and the androecium and
gynoecium are essential parts.
l Different parts of flowers are as follows
1. Calyx is the outermost, green in colour, leaf-like
whorl that protects the bud stage of flower. The
individual members are sepals. The calyx may
be gamosepalous (sepals united) or
polysepalous (sepals free).
2. Corolla is the whorl of brightly coloured petals
to attract insects for pollination. Petals are also
either fused (gamopetalous) or free
(polypetalous).
l Aestivation It is the arrangement of sepals or
petals in relation to one another in a floral bud.
n
Valvate Units in a whorl just touch at
margin, without overlapping, e.g. Calotropis.
n
Twisted One margin of unit overlaps that of
the next one, e.g. Hibiscus.
69
n
Imbricate Both margins of one petal/sepal
overlaps and another petal/sepals are
overlapped, rest other are twisted, e.g.
Cassia.
n
Vexillary/Papilionaceous Large petal
(standard) overlaps the two lateral petals
(wings), which in turn overlap the two
smallest anterior petals (keel), e.g. Pisum.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Types of aestivation in corolla : (a) Valvate,
(b) Twisted, (c) Imbricate, (d) Vexillary
3. Androecium (stamen) male reproductive part
of flower. Each stamen consists of a filament
and an anther. The anther contains pollen sacs
where pollen grains are formed.
n
On the basis of cohesion and adhesion of their
parts, stamens may be monadelphous
(filaments united to form one bundle, e.g.
Hibiscus), diadelphous (filaments united to
form two bundles, e.g. Pisum), polyadelphous
(filaments united to form more than two
bundles, e.g. Citrus), syngenesious (only
anthers are united in bundle, e.g. Helianthus),
synandrous (both anthers and filament united
to form bundle, e.g. Cucurbita).
n
When stamens are adhered to petals the
conditions is known as epipetalous (e.g.
Solanum) and when stamens are attached to
perianth the condition is called epiphyllous,
e.g. lily. If stamens or anthers are attached to
gynoecium condition is known as
gynandrous (e.g. Calotropis).
4. Gynoecium (pistils or carpels) female
reproductive part of flower consisting of the
receptive and sticky stigma, the elongated
stalk style and the enlarged base ovary that
bears ovules. When more than one carpels are
present they may be apocarpous (free) as in
Viscum or syncarpous (united) as in Hibiscus.
70 CBSE New Pattern Biology XI ~ (Term-I)

Semi-Technical Description of a Typical Flowering Plant

l Flower is the distinct identifying feature of a plant. To describe the characteristics of a flower in brief,
floral formula and floral diagram are used. They use some specific symbols as
Br – Bracteate P – Perianth (Unit-tepals)
Ebr – Ebracteate A – Androecium (Unit-stamens)
⊕ – Actinomorphic or regular flower G – Gynoecium (Unit-carpels)
% – Zygomorphic or irregular flower G – Superior ovary
%
& – Bisexual flower G – Inferior ovary
– Female flower 1, 2, 3, 4, … ∞ – Number of units
&
% – Male flower () – Fused
K – Calyx (Unit-sepals)
C – Corolla (Unit-petals) CA – Epipetalous condition

Description of Some Important Families

Characteristics Solanaceae Liliaceae

General Commonly known as potato family. It Commonly called as lily family. It is a
description is distributed in tropics and subtropics. representative of monocots.
Plant structure Herb, shrub and small trees. Perennial herb.
Stem structure Herbaceous, rarely woody, hairy, hollow, Stem may be underground partially.
underground (potato).
Inflorescence Solitary, axillary or cymose. Solitary/cymose often umbellate clusters.
Flower Bisexual and actinomorphic, rarely Bisexual and actinomorphic.
zygomorphic.
Calyx Sepal five united, persistent, valvate. Perianth [6 tepals arranged in two whorls
( 3 + 3). Free or rarely united, valvate].
Corolla Five united, valvate. —
Androecium Stamens five, epipetalous. Stamens 6 (3 + 3), epipetalous
Gynoecium Bicarpellary, syncarpous and superior. Tricarpellary, syncarpous and superior.
Fruit Berry or Capsule. Capsule and rarely berry.
Seed Many and endospermic. Endospermic.
Floral formula ⊕ %K ( 5)C( 5) A ( 5) G ( 2) Br⊕ % P( 3 + 3) A 3 + 3G ( 3)
+ +
Economic Plants of this family are source of food Plants of this family are used as ornament
importance (potato underground stem), tomato and and medicines Aloe, vegetable (Asparagus)
brinjal, spices (chilli), medicines and colchicine (Colchicum autumnale).
(Belladonna), fumigatory (tobacco).
Floral diagram
CBSE New Pattern Biology XI ~ (Term-I) 71

Objective Questions
Multiple Choice Questions 6. Identify the given diagram and choose
1. A flower is a modified shoot because the incorrect option.
(a) certain flowers have well-developed nodes
and internodes
(b) it arises in the axile of plants
(c) the growing point of thalamus may give rise
to shoots
(d) All of the above
(a) The main axis terminates into a flower
2. When a shoot tip transforms into a (b) Flowers are basipetally arranged
flower, it is always (c) Growth of the peduncle is determined
(a) solitary (d) Older flowers are towards the base and
(b) axillary younger at the apex
(c) racemose 7. In an inflorescence, where flowers are
(d) cymose borne laterally in an acropetal
3. Inflorescence is the arrangement of succession, the position of the youngest
(a) leaves on the floral axis floral bud shall be (NCERT Exemplar)
(b) buds on the floral axis (a) proximal (b) distal
(c) flowers on the floral axis (c) intercalary (d) any where
(d) petioles on the floral axis 8. A typical flower has four different kinds
4. Depending on whether the apex gets of whorls arranged on end of the stalk
converted into a flower or continues to or pedicel called
grow, how many major types of (a) peduncle (b) thalamus
inflorescences are defined? (c) receptacle (d) Both (b) and (c)
(a) Two (b) Three 9. Perianth is the condition in which
(c) Four (d) Five (a) calyx and corolla are not distinct
5. In racemose inflorescence, (b) calyx is present, but corolla is absent
(c) corolla is present, but calyx is absent
I. the main axis continues to grow into a
flower. (d) calyx and corolla are not present
II. flowers are borne in acropetal manner. 10. I. When flower has both an androecium
III. young flowers are present towards the and gynoecium, it is called ... A.... .
base and older at the apex. II. When flower has either stamens or
only carpel, it is called ... B.... .
Choose the correct option to complete
the statement. Fill up the blanks by choosing
(a) Only I
appropriate options for A and B.
(b) II and III (a) A–bisexual, B–unisexual
(b) A–unisexual, B–bisexual
(c) Only III
(c) A–bisexual, B–hermaphrodite
(d) I and II
(d) A–hermaphrodite, B–bisexual
72 CBSE New Pattern Biology XI ~ (Term-I)

11. Choose the incorrect match. (a) the margin of thalamus grows upwards
enclosing
(a) Actinomorphic flower — Mustard
(b) ovary is said to be inferior
(b) Zygomorphic flower — Gulmohar
(c) the flower is said to be perigynous
(c) Asymmetrical flower — Bean
(d) it is seen in the flowers of guava and
(d) All of the above cucumber
12. Which of the following statement is 16. Match the following columns.
correct?
(a) Actinomorphic are bilaterally symmetrical Column I Column II
flowers (Parts of flower) (Description)
(b) Zygomorphic are radially symmetrical A. Calyx 1. Female
flowers reproductive part
(c) Asymmetric are irregularly symmetrical B. Corolla 2. Male
flowers reproductive part
(d) All of the above
C. Androecium 3. Outermost whorl
13. Which of the following represents of flower
hypogynous condition? D. Gynoecium 4. Composed of
petals
Codes
A B C D
(a) 4 1 3 2
(b) 3 2 1 4
(a) (b)
(c) 3 4 2 1
(d) 2 1 3 4
17. Read the following statements and
choose the option with correct
statements.
I. Generally sepals are green, leaf like
(c) (d) and protect the flower in the bud stage.
II. Petals are usually bright coloured to
14. Select the correct match with respect to attract insect pollinators.
the position of floral parts on thalamus.
III. The shape and colour of corolla vary
(a) Hypogynous — Half inferior — Guava
greatly in plants.
(b) Epigynous — Superior — Cucumber
(c) Perigynous — Inferior — Ray florets of IV. Corolla may be tubular, bell-shaped,
sunflower funnel-shaped or wheel-shaped.
(d) Hypogynous — Superior — China rose (a) I and II (b) III and IV
15. All statements are correct with respect (c) I, III and IV (d) I, II, III and IV
to the figure given below, except. 18. Match the following columns.
Column I Column II
A. Sepals free 1. Gamopetalous
B. Petals united 2. Gamosepalous
C. Petals free 3. Polysepalous
D. Sepals united 4. Polypetalous
CBSE New Pattern Biology XI ~ (Term-I) 73

Codes 23. Find out the pairs, which are correctly

A B C D
matched with respect to aestivation of
(a) 3 1 2 4
(b) 3 4 1 2
petals.
(c) 2 1 4 3 I. Valvate – Calotropis
(d) 3 1 4 2 II. Twisted – Bean
19. The mode of arrangement of sepals or III. Imbricate – Cassia
petals in a floral bud with respect to the IV. Vexillary – China rose
other members of same whorl is known (a) II and IV (b) I and II
as (c) I and III (d) III and IV
(a) aestivation (b) cohesion
(c) placentation (d) adhesion 24. Staminode is a fertile stamen.
(a) True
20. Which type of aestivation occurs when (b) False
sepals or petals in a whorl just touch
(c) Cannot say
one another at the margin without
(d) Partially true or false
overlapping?
(a) Imbricate aestivation 25. The technical term used for the
(b) Valvate aestivation androecium in a flower of China rose
(c) Twisted aestivation (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) is
(d) Vexillary aestivation (a) monadelphous (b) diadelphous
(c) polyandrous (d) polyadelphous
21. Arrange in correct order according to
the given figures. 26. Match the following columns.
Column I Column II
A. When stamens 1. Epipetalous
unite into more
A B C D than two bundles
(a) A – Imbricate, B – Vexillary, C – Valvate, B. When stamens 2. Epiphyllous
D – Twisted are attached to
(b) A – Vexillary, B – Valvate, C – Twisted, the petals
D – Imbricate
C. When stamens 3. Diadelphous
(c) A – Valvate, B – Twisted, C – Vexillary are attached with
D – Imbricate perianth
(d) A – Valvate, B – Twisted, C – Imbricate,
4. Polyadelphous
D – Vexillary
Codes
22. Aestivation of petals in the flower of A B C A B C
cotton is correctly shown in (a) 3 1 2 (b) 4 1 2
(c) 3 2 1 (d) 4 2 1
(a) (b) 27. Select the incorrect pair out of the
following.
(a) Epipetalous – Brinjal
(b) Diadelphous – Cucurbita
(c) (d) (c) Polyadelphous – Citrus
(d) Epiphyllous – Lily
74 CBSE New Pattern Biology XI ~ (Term-I)

28. In a carpel, …A… is the enlarged basal 34. Match the following columns.
part, on which lies the elongated tube,
…B… . The …C… is the tip of carpel, Column I Column II
(Placentations) (Examples)
which is receptive for pollen grains.
(a) A–stigma, B–style, C–ovary A. Basal 1. Mustard
(b) A–ovary, B–style, C–stigma B. Axile 2. China rose
(c) A–style, B–stigma, C–ovary C. Parietal 3. Dianthus
(d) A–stigma, B–ovary, C–style
D. Free-central 4. Sunflower
29. The expression ‘gynoecium is Codes
apocarpous’ implies that the
A B C D
(a) gynoecium comprises only one pistil which (a) 2 3 4 1
is fused with the stamen (b) 1 2 3 4
(b) gynoecium comprises more than one (c) 4 2 1 3
carpel, all of which are free (d) 3 4 1 2
(c) gynoecium comprises only one carpel
which is free 35. In a multicarpellary syncarpous
(d) gynoecium comprises more than one carpel unilocular ovary, if the ovules are borne
which are fused on the central axis and septa are absent
30. Gynoecium with fused carpels is called this is defined as
(a) marginal placentation
(a) syncarpous (b) apocarpous
(b) parietal placentation
(c) syngenesious (d) None of these
(c) axile placentation
31. Placentation can be defined as an (d) free-central placentation
arrangement of
(a) ovules within the ovary
36. In the diagram of types of placentation
given below, A, B, C and D,
(b) synergids within the ovary
respectively represent
(c) carpels in a flower
(d) pistils in a flower
32. In marginal placentation, the ovules are
arranged
(a) along the inner wall of carpel in a
syncarpous ovary A B
(b) along the margin of single carpel
(c) in the middle of the ovary
(d) to the base of the ovary
33. Axile placentation is found in
syncarpous ovaries. In this placentation,
C D
the ovules are arranged along the
(a) base of the ovary (a) A–Basal, B–Axile, C–Parietal, D–Free-central
(b) margin of the ovary (b) A–Free-central, B–Parietal, C–Basal, D–Axile
(c) axis in the centre of the ovary (c) A–Axile, B–Basal, C–Parietal, D–Free-central
(d) None of the above (d) A–Parietal, B–Axile, C–Free-central, D–Basal
CBSE New Pattern Biology XI ~ (Term-I) 75

37. When both essential floral organs 42. Brinjal, datura and tobacco belong to
(stamens and carpels) are present in a family
flower, we write …… in its floral (a) Liliaceae (b) Fabaceae
formula. (c) Solanaceae (d) Leguminosae
%
(a) & (b) %
43. The correct floral formula of chilli is
(c) & (d) ⊕
(a) r&
% K2 +2 C4 A2 + 4 G(2)
38. & stands for ...A... . (b) Br %K4C4A1G1
⊕ stands for ...B... . % K(5) C(5) A5 G(2)
(c) r &
% stands for ...C... . (d) r &
% P3 + 3 A3 + 3 G(3)
Here, A to C refer to 44. I. Plants belonging to the family…A…
(a) A–Female, B–Actinomorphic, possesses a persistent calyx.
C–Zygomorphic II. The family …B… mainly contains
(b) A–Male, B–Actinomorphic, C–Zygomorphic monocotyledonous plants.
(c) A–Male, B–Zygomorphic,
C–Actinomorphic Choose the correct option to fill in the
(d) A–Female, B–Zygomorphic, blanks ‘A’ and‘B’.
C–Actinomorphic A B
(a) Fabaceae Poaceae
39. What would we interpret if % is given
for a flower in its floral formula? (b) Solanaceae Fabaceae
(c) Solanaceae Liliaceae
(a) Any vertical section passing through its
(d) Asteraceae Solanaceae
centre divides it into two equal vertical
halves 45. Bicarpellary obligated placed
(b) Only one vertical section divides it into syncarpous ovary with axile
equal vertical halves placentation is found in
(c) Cannot be divided into equal vertical halves
(a) potato family (b) lily family
by any vertical section
(c) pea family (d) mustard family
(d) Only one vertical section passing through
its centre divides it into two equal vertical 46. Given are two floral diagrams A and B.
halves
40. Give the symbol of bicarpellary
syncarpous, inferior ovary
(a) G (2 ) (b) G0
(c) G2 (d) G (2 )
41. Which of the following statements is
correct with reference to the flowers of A B
family–Solanaceae? The correct floral diagram of the family
(a) Pentamerous, actinomorphic, unisexual, to which tulip and tomato belongs are
hypogynous …… and ……, respectively.
(b) Pentamerous, zygomorphic, bisexual, (a) A, B (b) B, B (c) B, A (d) A, A
epigynous
(c) Pentamerous, bisexual, actinomorphic, 47. Tricarpellary, syncarpous gynoecium is
hypogynous found in flowers of Solanaceae.
(d) Trimerous, actinomorphic, bisexual, (a) True (b) False
hypogynous (c) Cannot say (d) Partially true or false
76
48. Familiar examples of family-Liliaceae
are
(a) Allium cepa, Aloe vera and Tamarindus indica
(b) Saraca indica, Allium cepa and Aloe vera
(c) Allium sativum, Allium cepa and Aloe vera
(d) Tamarindus indica, Allium cepa and Allium
sativum
49. Gynoecium having three fused carpels
with a single ovule containing chamber
is
(a) Tricarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular
(b) Tricarpellary, apocarpous, unilocular
(c) Tricarpellary, syncarpous, trilocular
(d) Tricarpellary, apocarpous, trilocular
50. Perianth occurs in family-Liliaceae.
(a) True
(b) False
(c) Cannot say
(d) Partially true or false
51. The floral characters of Liliaceae are
(a) Six tepals, zygomorphic, six stamens,
bilocular ovary, axile placentation
(b) Tetramerous, actinomorphic, polyphyllous,
unilocular ovary, axile placentation
(c) Bisexual, actinomorphic, polyandrous,
superior ovary, axile placentation
(d) Bisexual, zygomorphic, gamophyllous,
inferior ovary, marginal placentation
Assertion-Reasoning MCQs
Direction (Q. Nos. 52-61) Each of these
questions contains two statements
Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Each of
these questions also has four alternative
choices, any one of which is the correct
answer. You have to select one of the codes
(a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
CBSE New Pattern Biology XI ~ (Term-I)
52. Assertion (A) Type of inflorescence in
Sphaeranthus is cyathium.
Reason (R) In cyathium type
inflorescence, the flowers are
achlamydeous.
53. Assertion (A) In racemose type of
inflorescence, the main axis grows
indefinitely.
Reason (R) Main axis is not
terminated by flower.
54. Assertion (A) Monadelphous stamens
are found in China rose.
Reason (R) When the stamens are
united into one bunch or bundle the
condition is said to be monadelphous.
55. Assertion (A) In some flowers like lily,
perianth is a term used when calyx and
corolla are not distinct.
Reason (R) Calyx and corolla are the
reproductive organs.
56. Assertion (A) Monadelphous stamens
are found in pea.
Reason (R) In pea, stamens are united
into two bunch or bundles.
57. Assertion (A) Epiphyllous condition is
found in the flowers of lily.
Reason (R) In lily, stamens are
attached to the perianth.
58. Assertion (R) Parietal placentation is
observed in pea plant.
Reason (R) In pea plant, the placenta
forms a ridge along the ventral suture
of ovary and ovules are borne on this
ridge forming two rows.
59. Assertion (A) G 2 is the symbol for
inferior ovary.
Reason (R) Fusion is indicated by
enclosing the number within bracket.
CBSE New Pattern Biology XI ~ (Term-I) 77

60. Assertion (A) The floral formula of (iii) A flower which can be divided into two
family–Solanaceae is exactly equal halves by any vertical
plane passing through centre is
% K(5)C(5) A5G(2)
r& (a) zygomorphic (b) actinomorphic
Reason (R) This floral formula tells (c) hypogynous (d) epigynous
that flower is bisexual, sepals five, (iv) Epipetalous is condition of
petals five, stamens five and gynoecium (a) placentation
tricarpellary, trilocular with many (b) position of ovary
ovules. (c) stamens
61. Assertion (A) Seeds of most of the (d) aestivation of petals
members of Solanaceae are (v) Match the following columns.
endospermic.
Reason (R) Endosperm is found in Column I Column II
mature seeds. A. Calyx and 1. Bisexual
corolla

Case Based MCQs B. Androecium 2. Unisexual

and gynoecium
62. Direction Read the following and answer C. A flower 3. Accessory
the questions that follow having either organs
Flower morphology consists of a large only stamen or
only carpels
number of parameters, including the
number and shape of petals, number of D. When a flower 4. Reproductive
has both organs
stamens, petal size and number and androecium
arrangement of styles and ovaries. and gynoecium
Some of these characters, for example,
the size of floral organs, seem to be Codes
controlled by several genes, whereas A B C D
single (five petals) versus double (> 10 (a) 3 4 2 1
petals) was shown to be inherited by a (b) 4 3 1 2
single gene. Wild rose species (with the (c) 1 2 4 3
exception of Rosa sericea and Rosa (d) 2 1 3 4
omeiensis) normally have five petals but 63. Identify the given representation of
a variable number of stamens and flower with its various parts and answer
styles. the questions that follows
(i) A modified shoot wherein the shoot
apical meristem changes into floral
meristem is known as A
(a) inflorescence
B
(b) thalamus C
(c) peduncle
D
(d) flower
(ii) Individual flowers are attached to (i) Choose the incorrect match for the
inflorescence axis by labels A, B, C and D in the above figure.
(a) peduncle (b) petiole (a) A–Androecium (b) B–Gynoecium
(c) pedicel (d) bract (c) C–Pedicel (d) D–Calyx
78 CBSE New Pattern Biology XI ~ (Term-I)

(ii) The term ‘polyadelphous’ is related to (iv) The given floral formula is of plants
(a) gynoecium belonging to
(b) androecium (a) dicots
(c) corolla (b) monocots
(d) calyx (c) Both dicots and monocots
(d) monoecious plants
(iii) Ovary is half-inferior in the flowers of
(a) guava (b) plum
(v) Choose the incorrect match for family in
the floral diagram.
(c) brinjal (d) cucumber
(a) Fruit – Capsule
(iv) The enlarged basal part on which lies (b) Seed – Endospermic
the elongated tube of style is (c) Androecium – Epipetalous
(a) corolla (b) calyx (d) Gynoecium – Inferior ovary
(c) ovary (d) ovule
65. Direction Read the following and answer the
(v) Trimerous, tetramerous and questions that follow
pentamerous are terms related to
Floral formula is a symbolic and
(a) placentation
numerical representation of various floral
(b) position of ovary
parts of a plant family. It helps to
(c) number of floral appendages
ascertain the symmetry, sexuality and the
(d) number of stamens arrangement of various floral parts like
64. Identify the given floral diagram and calyx, corolla, androecium and
answer the questions that follow gynoecium. It also helps to describe the
families of flowering plants in a
sequential, brief and scientific language.
While writing the floral formula, the bract
are represented first, followed by
bracteate, symmetry, sex of flower, calyx,
corolla, androecium and gynoecium. The
number of parts of each structure is
indicated in numerals after their relevant
(i) The given floral formula is of symbol.
(a) Aloe (b) lupin (i) The number of ‘K’ and ‘C’ in
(c) chilli (d) All of these family–Solanaceae is
(ii) Which of the following is the correct (a) 5 and 6, respectively (b) 5 each
(c) 6 each (d) 3 and 6, respectively
representation of floral diagram given
above? (ii) The symbol G ( 3 ) represents
(a) tricarpellary gynoecium
% P(3+3)A3+3G(3)
(a) r & % P6A6G(3)
(b) r & (b) inferior ovary
% P5+5 A(5)G(2) % K(5)C(5) A5G(2) (c) apocarpous ovary
(c) r & (d) r &
(d) All of the above
(iii) Plants having the above given floral (iii) Petunia belongs to the family
diagram are
(a) Liliaceae (b) Fabaceae
(a) leguminous (c) Solanaceae (d) Orchidaceae
(b) dicots
(iv) To represent bracteate and actinomorphic
(c) medicinal and perennial
condition, which symbol is used?
(d) having pinnately compound leaves
(a) Br s (b) Brl % (c) Brl (d) Br r
CBSE New Pattern Biology XI ~ (Term-I) 79

(v) Study and identify the correct I. The calyx has 5 gamosepalous sepals.
conclusions with respect to the floral II. Corolla has 5 gamopetalous petals.
diagram given below. III. Flowers possess radial symmetry.
r
IV. Androecium has 5 polyandrous stamens.
Codes
(a) I and II
(b) III and IV
(c) I, II, III and IV
(d) I, II and IV

ANSWERS
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (d)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (a) 50. (a)
51. (c)

Assertion-Reasoning MCQs
52. (d) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (c) 56. (d) 57. (a) 58. (d) 59. (d) 60. (c) 61. (a)

Case Based MCQs

62. (i) (d), (ii) (c), (iii) (b), (iv) (c) (v) (a) 63. (i) (c), (ii) (b), (iii) (b), (iv) (c), (v) (c)
64. (i) (a), (ii) (a), (iii) (c), (iv) (b), (v) (d) 65. (i) (b), (ii) (a), (iii) (c), (iv) (d), (v) (c)

EXPLANATIONS
1. (d) A flower is a modified shoot wherein the
shoot apical meristem changes to floral
meristem. Internodes do not elongate and
axis gets condensed. The apex produces
different kind of floral appendages laterally
at successive nodes instead of leaves.
Thus, option (d) is correct.
2. (a) When a shoot tip transforms into a
flower, it is always solitary, i.e. it is not a
part of an inflorescence.
3. (c) The arrangement and distribution of
flower on the floral axis is called
inflorescence. It is the modified shoot that is
specialised to bear flower.
6. (d) The given diagram shows cymose
inflorescence in which the main axis terminates
into a flower. Flowers are basipetally arranged,
growth of the peduncle is determined and young
flowers are present towards the base and older at
the apex.
7. (b) In racemose inflorescence, younger flowers
are borne at the apex or distal end, while older
flowers are at the base, this type of succession
is acropetal succession. Thus, the position of
youngest flower would be distal.
9. (a) In some flowers like lily, the calyx and
corolla are not distinct and hence, termed as
perianth.
80
10. (a) A—bisexual, B—unisexual
11. (c) Option (c) is incorrect match and can be
corrected as
Canna is an asymmetrical flower and bean plant
flower is zygomorphic.
Rest options are correct matches.
12. (c) Statement in option (c) is correct.
Rest other statements are incorrect and can be
corrected as
n Actinomorphic are radially symmetrical
flowers.
n Zygomorphic are bilaterally symmetrical flowers.
13. (a) In the hypogynous flower, the gynoecium
occupies the highest position, while the other
parts are situated below it.
Thus, option (a) is correct.
15. (c) Statement in option (c) is incorrect and can
be corrected as
The flower is said to be epigynous.
18. (d) A–3, B—1, C–4, D–2
20. (b) In valvate aestivation, the sepals or petals
just touch one another at margin without
overlapping, e.g. Calotropis.
22. (d) Option (d) shows aestivation of petals in
cotton flower. In cotton, China rose and lady’s
finger margins of sepals or petals overlap each
other. This mode of arrangement is called
twisted.
23. (c) Pairs I and III are correct.
n Calotropis shows valvate aestivation, the petals
are arranged close to each other, but do not
overlap each other.
Rest other pairs are not correctly matched with
respect to aestivation of petals and can be
corrected as
n Cassia shows the imbricate aestivation, the
petals are irregularly overlaped.
n Beans show vexillary imbricate aestivation
because of the papilionaceous corolla.
n China rose shows the twisted aestivation, the
petals are regularly overlapped by the next one
and overlapping the previous one.
24. (b) A sterile stamen is called staminode.
25. (a) China rose of Malvaceae family possesses
numerous stamens. The filaments of stamens are
united in one group, thus forming a staminal
tube around the style. Such stamens are called
monadelphous.
CBSE New Pattern Biology XI ~ (Term-I)
27. (b) Option (b) is incorrect pair and can be
corrected as
Diadelphous kind of arrangement, i.e.
( 9 ) + 1 or ( 5) + (5), in which fusion of
filaments produces two groups is seen in
members of family–Fabaceae.
In cucurbits, synandrous condition of
stamens is present in which stamens are
fused by both their filaments as well as
anthers.
Rest options are correct pairs.
29. (b) Apocarpous gynoecium is characterised
by the presence of more than one carpel
that are separate or free. It is a primitive
condition, e.g. strawberry, buttercup, etc.
30. (a) Gynoecium in which two or more
carpels are fused is known as syncarpous.
This phenomenon is found mostly in
Malvaceae family.
34. (c) A–4, B–2, C—1, D—3
37. (a) Bisexual or Hermaphrodite are the terms
used for flowers when both male and female
reproductive (floral) organs are present in
the same flower. Thus, the symbol O ,
denotes a bisexual flower.
38. (a) A–Female, B–Actinomorphic,
C–Zygomorphic
39. (d) The symbol (%) indicates that the flower
is zygomorphic, i.e. it is a term used for a
bilaterally symmetrical flower. Such a
flower can be divided into two equal halves
only in a single vertical plane through its
centre, e.g. pea, etc.
41. (c) Solanaceae family is characterised by
pentamerous, bisexual, actinomorphic and
hypogynous features.
42. (c) Petunia, Datura and Nicotiana belong to
Solanaceae family, i.e. potato family.
43. (c) Chilli is the member of Solanaceae, in
which flowers are bisexual (%+ ),
actinomorphic ⊕; calyx-5 sepals united,
valvate aestivation, corolla-5 petals united,
androecium 5 free, epipetalous; gynoecium
- bicarpellary, syncarpous and superior
ovary.
45. (a) Bicarpellary obligated placed syncarpous
ovary with axile placentation is found in
family–Solanaceae also called potato family.
CBSE New Pattern Biology XI ~ (Term-I)
47. (b) Tricarpellary, syncarpous gynoecium is
found in family–Liliaceae. Bicarpellary,
syncarpous gynoecium is found in
family–Solanaceae. Monocarpellary
gynoecium is found in family–Fabaceae and
family–Poaceae.
50. (a) Perianth occurs in family-Liliaceae.
52. (d) A is false, but R is true. A can be corrected
as
Sphaeranthus belongs to family–Asteraceae, in
which head capitulum inflorescence is found.
Cyathium inflorescence represents the neuter
or sterile flower, which are pedicellate
achlamydeous.
53. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
In racemose inflorescence, the peduncle never
ends in a flower, but continues to grow
indefinitely and bears flower laterally.
54. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Androecium is composed of stamens. The
adelphous stamens are fused by their
filaments only. The anthers are free. When
fusion of filaments produces one bunch or
bundle it is called monadelphous, e.g. China
rose.
55. (c) A is true, but R is false. R can be corrected
as
Sepals or calyx and petals or corolla are
non-essential or accessory floral organs or
floral leaves which do not take any direct part
in sexual reproduction.
56. (d) A is false, but R is true. A can be corrected
as
In pea, stamens are united into two bundles,
i.e diadelphous condition.
58. (d) A is false, but R is true. A can be corrected as
In marginal placentation, one or two alternate
rows of the ovules occur longitudinally along
the ridge in the wall of the ovary in the area of
fusion of its two margins or ventral suture. A
true placenta is believed to be absent.
81
Ovary is unilocular. Marginal placentation is
found in monocarpellary pistils of
Leguminosae (e.g. pea, Cassia, Acacia) and
other plants (e.g. Larkspur).
59. (d) A is false, but R is true and A can be
corrected as
A flower is represented by a floral diagram
and floral formula. The floral formula is
represented by various symbols. G ( 2) is the
symbol for superior ovary. Fusion is indicated
by enclosing the number within bracket.
60. (c) A is true, but R is false because
The floral formula of family–Solanaceae is
% K(5)C(5) A5G(2)
r&
Family–Solanaceae is commonly called potato
family. This floral formula tells that flower is
bisexual, actinomorphic, sepals are five and
united, petals are five and united, stamens are
five, epipetalous and gynoecium is
bicarpellary and syncarpous, ovary is
superior, bilocular and placenta is swollen
with many ovules.
61. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Seeds of Solanaceae, e.g. tomato, brinjal, etc.,
are mostly endospermous. This is because
their endosperm remains in the mature seed
even after embryo development.
62. (i) (d) Flower is a modified shoot wherein the
shoot apical meristem changes into floral
meristem.
(ii) (c) Individual flowers are attached to
inflorescence axis by pedicel.
(iv) (c) Epipetalous is a condition of stamens in
which stamens are attached to the petals.
63. (i) (c) Option (c) is incorrect because part-C is
corolla not pedicel.
(ii) (b) When the filaments are united into more
than two bundles, but anthers are free, such
condition is known as polyadelphous.
Since, anther and filament are parts of
androecium, the term polyadelphous is
related to androecium.
82
(iii) (b) A flower in which floral parts arise from
around the ovary is called perigynous.
In this, the ovary is half-inferior. It can be
seen in the flowers of plum, peach, etc.
(iv) (c) Ovary is the enlarged basal part on
which the elongated tube, the stylelies.
(v) (c) A flower may be trimerous, tetramerous
or pentamerous when the number of floral
appendages are in multiple of 3, 4 or 5,
respectively.
64. (i) (a) The given floral formula is of Liliaceae
family. It includes Aloe, tulip, etc. Lupin
belongs to Fabaceae and chilli belongs to
Solanaceae.
(ii) (a) The floral formula given in option (a) is
correct for the floral diagram that is of
family–Liliaceae. Flowers of the family are
bracteate or ebracteate, actinomorphic
bisexual, trimerous, hypogynous and
pentacyclic. Calyx and corolla are
undifferentiated and called perianth.
Perianth 6, in two alternate whorls ( 3 + 3) .
Androecium 6, polyandrous, arranged in
two whorls, antipetalous, often epipetalous.
Gynoecium is tricarpellary, syncarpous,
ovary trilocular with axile placentation. The
CBSE New Pattern Biology XI ~ (Term-I)
option (a) denotes the correct floral
formula.
(iii) (c) The given floral diagram is of Liliaceae
family.
Most plants of this family are good
ornamentals, source of medicine,
vegetables and colchicine.
(iv) (b) The given floral formula is of Liliaceae
family. This family is a characteristic
representative of monocot plants.
(v) (d) Option (d) is incorrect and can be
correcte as
The ovary of the plants of Liliaceae family
is superior.
65. (i) (b) In family–Solanaceae, the number of
calyx (K) and corolla (C) is 5 each, i.e.
K =C = 5.
(ii) (a) G 3 symbol for gynoecium represents that
it is tricarpellary, syncarpous and possesses
superior ovary.
(iii) (c) Petunia belongs to family–Solanaceae.
(iv) (d) To represent the bracteate condition,
symbol Br is used. Actinomorphic flowers
are represented by the symbol ⊕.
(v) (c) All features are correct.
 Morphology of Flowering Plants

I. Select the correct answer from the following questions:

Question 1.
Which one of the following is not a characteristic of root?
(a) Absence of buds
(b) Presence of chlorophyll
(c) Presence of root cap
(d) Presence of Unicellular hair

Answer

Answer: (b) Presence of chlorophyll

Question 2.
Roots that grow from any part of the plant body other than the radicle are called
(a) Tap roots
(b) Adventitious roots
(c) Modified roots
(d) Aerial roots

Answer

Answer: (b) Adventitious roots.

Question 3.
The place on stem or branch form where one or more leaves arise is called
(a) Apex
(b) Bud
(c) Internode
(d) Node

Answer

Answer: (d) Node

Question 4.
Which one of the following underground, fleshy structure is a stem?
(a) Carrot
(b) Potato
(c) Turnip
(d) Sweet Potato

Answer

Answer: (b) Potato

Question 5.
Phyllode is a modification of
(a) Root
(b) Flower
(c) Petiole
(d) Bud

Answer

Answer: (c) Petiole

Question 6.
Potato tubers are formed at the tips of
(a) Primary roots
(b) Adventitious roots
(c) Petiole
(d) Stolons

Answer

Answer: (d) Stolons

Question 7.
Mesocarp and endocarp is the edible part of the fruit of
(a) Apple
(b) Mango
(c) Banana
(d) Litchi

Answer

Answer: (c) Banana

Question 8.
Drupe is recognised by
(a) Stomy mesocarp
(b) Fleshy seed coat
(c) Thin seed coat
(d) Stony endocarp

Answer

Answer: (d) Stony endocarp

Question 9.
What do you eat in coconut?
(a) Mesocarp
(b) Fruit wall
(c) Entire seed
(d) Embryo
 Answer

Answer: (c) Entire seed

Question 10.
The positions of shoot apex in monocot embryo is
(a) Lateral
(b) Basal
(c) Sub-terminal
(d) Terminal

Answer

Answer: (a) Lateral

Question 11.
In which one of the following plants the oil is stored in endosperm
(a) Coconut
(b) Ground nut
(c) Seasame
(d) Soyabean

Answer

Answer: (a) Coconut

Question 12.
In maize, the flower are
(a) Bisexual
(b) Unisexual but on the same plant
(c) Absent
(d) Unisexual but on different plants

Answer

Answer: (b) Unisexual but on the same plant

Question 13.
Epipetalous is condition of
(a) Aestivation of petal
(b) Placentation
(c) Stamens
(d) Position of ovary

Answer

Answer: (c) Stamens

Question 14.
A characteristic of angiosperm is
(a) Flower
(b) Root
(c) Seed
(d) All of these

Answer

Answer: (d) All of these

Question 15.
An aspect of flower shown in floral formula but not in floral diagram is
(a) Aestivation
(b) Floral symmestry
(c) Position of ovary
(d) Cohesion of floral parts

Answer

Answer: (c) Position of ovary

Question 16.
In grass and banyan tree these are roots arising from parts of the plant other than the radicle,
these are called
(a) Adventitious roots
(b) Fibrous root system
(c) Tap root system
(d) Tertiary root system

Answer

Answer: (a) Adventitious roots

Question 17.
In some leguminous plants the leaf base may become swollen, which is called the
(a) Pulvinus
(b) Lamina
(c) Petiole
(d) Leaf base

Answer

Answer: (a) Pulvinus

Question 18.
The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is termed as
(a) Inflorescence
(b) racemose
(c) cymose
(d) thalamus

Answer
Answer: (a) Inflorescence.

Question 19.
When the floral appendages are in multiple of 3,4 or 5 respec¬tively, a flower may be
(a) Trimerous
(b) Teramerous
(c) Pentamerous
(d) All of these types

Answer

Answer: (d) All of these types

Question 20.
A sterile stamen is called
(a) Staminode
(b) Stigma
(c) Apocarpous
(d) Syncarpous

Answer

Answer: (a) Staminode

II. Fill in the blanks

Question 1.
Solanaceae is a large family, commonly called as the ‘…………’

Answer

Answer: Potato family

Question 2.
Fabaceae family was earlier called ……………, a sub family of family …………….

Answer

Answer: Papilonoideae, Leguminosae

Question 3.
The following floral formula represents the …………… (Family: Brassicaceae)

Answer

Answer: mustard plant

Question 4.
In the floral formula, ‘K’ for …………. ‘P’ for ………….. ‘A’ for ……………

Answer

Answer: calyx, perianth, androecium

Question 5.
The outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a layer called …………..

Answer

Answer: aleurone layer

Question 6.
The embryo consists of one large and shield shaped cotyledon known as …………. and a short
axis with a …………… and a radicle

Answer

Answer: scutellum, Plumule

Question 7.
Above the hilum, is a small pore called the …………..

Answer

Answer: Micropyle

Question 8.
If a fruit is formed without fertilisation of the ovary, it ……………

Answer

Answer: Parthenocarpic fruit.

Question 9.
The calyx is the outer most whorl of the flower and members are called ……………

Answer

Answer: Sepals

Question 10.
If gynoecium is situated in the centre and other parts of the flower are located on the rim of the
thalamus almost at the same level, it is called ……………

Answer

Answer: Perigynous
Question 11.
Flowers with bracts, reduced, leaf found in flower are called …………. and those without bracts,
……………

Answer

Answer: bracteate, ebracteate.

Question 12.
In symmetry, the flower may be ……………. or ……………

Answer

Answer: actinomorphic (regular), zymomorphic (bilateral)

Question 13.
A flower having only stamens or carpel is ………….

Answer

Answer: unisexual

Question 14.
………….. is the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch.

Answer

Answer: Phvllotaxy

Question 15.
When the incisions of the lamina reach up to the midrib breaking it into a number of leaflets,
the leaf is called ………….

Answer

Answer: compound

III. Mark the statements True (T) or False (F):

Question 1.
The study of external features of plants is known as external morpholgy and that of internal
features as anatomy.

Answer

Answer: True

Question 2.
The knowledge of external morpholgy of flowering plants is not essential for the study of all
branches of botany.

Answer

Answer: False

Question 3.
The root is covered at the apex by a thimble-like structure called the not cap

Answer

Answer: True

Question 4.
A few millimetre above the root cap is the region of meristematic activity.

Answer

Answer: True

Question 5.
Tap roots of carrot, turnip and adventitious roots of sweet potato, get swollen and store food.

Answer

Answer: True

Question 6.
The main function of the stem is spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers and fruits. It
conducts water, minerals and photosynthates.

Answer

Answer: True

Question 7.
Underground stems of potato, ginger, turmeric, zaminkand modify to store food in them.

Answer

Answer: True

Question 8.
A typical leaf consists of three main parts: Leaf base, petiole and lamina.

Answer

Answer: True
Question 9.
In some leguminous plants the leafbase may become swollen, which is called the pulvinus.

Answer

Answer: True

Question 10.
The lamina or the leaf blade is the green expanded part of the leaf with veins and veinlets.

Answer

Answer: True

Question 11.
Veins provide rigidity to the leaf blade and act as channels of transport for water, minerals and
food materials.

Answer

Answer: True

Question 12.
Leaves are often modified to perform functions other than photosynthesis. They are converted
into tendrils for climbing as in peas, or into spines for defence as in cacti.

Answer

Answer: True

Question 13.
Calyx and corolla are accessory organs, while androecium and gynoecium are reproductive
organs.

Answer

Answer: True

Question 14.
When a flower has both androecium and gynoecium, it is termed as bisexual.

Answer

Answer: True

Question 15.
A flower is asymmetric or irregular, if it cannot be divided into similar halves by any vertical
plane passing through the centre as in canna.

Answer
Answer: True

IV. Match the items of Column I

Answer

Answer:
(a) → 4
(b) → 15
(c) →13
(d) → 14
(e) → 1
(f) → 3
(g) → 2
(h) → 5
(i) → 6
(j) → 7
(k) → 8
(l) → 9
(m) → 10
(n) → 11
(o) → 12