LANGUAGE ARTS

• Weekly grammar
instruction

• Leveled grammar
practice

• Weekly writing
craft and models

• Preparation for
writing and
grammar tests
ISBN: 0-328-14639-0

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22 V008 15

Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York
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 IVWaZd[8dciZcih
7RITERS 'UIDE

&OCUS)DEAS 
/RGANIZATION0ARAGRAPHS 
6OICE 
7ORD #HOICE 
3ENTENCES 
#ONVENTIONS 

2UBRICS AND -ODELS

.ARRATIVE 7RITING 
$ESCRIPTIVE 7RITING 
0ERSUASIVE 7RITING 
%XPOSITORY 7RITING 

%VALUATE 9OUR 7RITING 

'RAMMAR AND 7RITING ,ESSONS

,ESSON  'RAMMAR &OUR +INDS OF 3ENTENCES 

7RITERS #RAFT 6OICE 
7RITING -ODEL #HARACTER 3KETCH 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR 3UBJECTS AND 0REDICATES 
7RITERS #RAFT #REATING -OOD 
7RITING -ODEL 4ALL 4ALE 

II
Lesson 3 Grammar Independent and Dependent Clauses 62
Writer’s Craft Transitions 66
Writing Model Friendly or Thank-you Letter 67
Lesson 4 Grammar Compound and Complex Sentences 68
Writer’s Craft Tone 72
Writing Model Feature Article 73
Lesson 5 Grammar Common and Proper Nouns 74
Writer’s Craft Show, Don’t Tell 78
Writing Model Writing for Tests 79
Lesson 6 Grammar Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns 80
Writer’s Craft Eliminate Wordiness 84
Writing Model Summary 85
Lesson 7 Grammar Possessive Nouns 86
Writer’s Craft Support Your Ideas 90
Writing Model Story Review 91
Lesson 8 Grammar Action and Linking Verbs 92
Writer’s Craft Answer 5 Ws and How 96
Writing Model News Story 97
Lesson 9 Grammar Main and Helping Verbs 98
Writer’s Craft Know Your Purpose 102
Writing Model Rules 103
Lesson 10 Grammar Subject-Verb Agreement 104
Writer’s Craft Organization 108
Writing Model Writing for Tests 109
Lesson 11 Grammar Past, Present, and Future Tenses 110
Writer’s Craft Use Powerful Verbs 114
Writing Model Skit 115
Lesson 12 Grammar Principal Parts of Regular Verbs 116
Writer’s Craft Stick to the Topic 120
Writing Model Question/Answer Essay 121

iii
 ,ESSON  'RAMMAR 0RINCIPAL 0ARTS OF )RREGULAR 6ERBS 
7RITERS #RAFT 7HAT -AKES A 0ARAGRAPH 
7RITING -ODEL &EATURE 3TORY 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR 4ROUBLESOME 6ERBS 
7RITERS #RAFT 5SE 3PECIFIC 6ERBS 
7RITING -ODEL $ESCRIPTION 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR 0REPOSITIONS AND 0REPOSITIONAL 0HRASES 
7RITERS #RAFT 0ARALLELISM 
7RITING -ODEL 7RITING FOR 4ESTS 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR 3UBJECT AND /BJECT 0RONOUNS 
7RITERS #RAFT 2EFER TO THE 4EXT 
7RITING -ODEL % MAIL 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR 0RONOUNS AND !NTECEDENTS 
7RITERS #RAFT %LABORATION 
7RITING -ODEL *OURNAL %NTRY 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR 0OSSESSIVE 0RONOUNS 
7RITERS #RAFT -OOD 
7RITING -ODEL 3TORY !BOUT AN !NIMAL 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR )NDEFINITE AND 2EFLEXIVE 0RONOUNS 
7RITERS #RAFT 'OOD #ONCLUSIONS 
7RITING -ODEL !DVICE 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR 5SING 7HO AND 7HOM 
7RITERS #RAFT 3ENSORY $ETAILS 
7RITING -ODEL 7RITING FOR 4ESTS 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR #ONTRACTIONS AND .EGATIVES 
7RITERS #RAFT 3UPPORT 9OUR !RGUMENT 
7RITING -ODEL %DITORIAL 

IV
,ESSON  'RAMMAR !DJECTIVES AND !RTICLES 
7RITERS #RAFT 5SE 0ERSUASIVE 7ORDS 
7RITING -ODEL 0ROBLEM 3OLUTION %SSAY 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR 4HIS 4HAT 4HESE AND 4HOSE 
7RITERS #RAFT 5SE 1UOTATIONS 
7RITING -ODEL "IOGRAPHICAL 3KETCH 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR #OMPARATIVE AND 3UPERLATIVE !DJECTIVES 
7RITERS #RAFT +NOW 9OUR !UDIENCE 
7RITING -ODEL 0ERSUASIVE ,ETTER 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR !DVERBS 
7RITERS #RAFT 3TYLE 
7RITING -ODEL 7RITING FOR 4ESTS 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR -ODIFIERS 
7RITERS #RAFT 4HESIS 3TATEMENT 
7RITING -ODEL %XPOSITORY 7RITING 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR #ONJUNCTIONS 
7RITERS #RAFT 0ARAPHRASE 
7RITING -ODEL 4AKING .OTES 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR #OMMAS 
7RITERS #RAFT &IGURATIVE ,ANGUAGE 
7RITING -ODEL (UMOROUS 0OEM 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR 1UOTATIONS AND 1UOTATION -ARKS 
7RITERS #RAFT )NCLUDE )MPORTANT $ETAILS 
7RITING -ODEL /UTLINING 
,ESSON  'RAMMAR 0UNCTUATION 
7RITERS #RAFT 4OPIC 3ENTENCE 
7RITING -ODEL )NFORMATIONAL !RTICLE 

V
7RITING FOR 4ESTS

4EST 4IPS 

0ERSONAL .ARRATIVE 
(OW TO 2EPORT 
#OMPARE#ONTRAST %SSAY 
3TORY 
0ERSUASIVE %SSAY 
3UMMARY 

'RAMMAR 0ATROL

'RAMMAR 
#APITALIZATION 
0UNCTUATION 
3PELLING 
(ANDWRITING 

)NDEX 

VI
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'OOD WRITERS FOCUS ON A MAIN IDEA AND DEVELOP THIS IDEA

WITH STRONG SUPPORTING DETAILS )N ADDITION THEY KNOW
THEIR PURPOSE FOR WRITING 4HIS PURPOSE MAY BE TO INFORM TO
PERSUADE OR TO ENTERTAIN $ECIDING ON YOUR PURPOSE CAN HELP
YOU FOCUS ON YOUR MAIN IDEA AND DEVELOP IT EFFECTIVELY

7HEN YOU PREPARE TO WRITE FIRST CONSIDER POSSIBLE TOPICS #HOOSE THE ONE
THAT INTERESTS YOU THE MOST 4HEN DECIDE WHETHER YOU WANT TO INFORM
PERSUADE OR ENTERTAIN YOUR AUDIENCE 7RITE POSSIBLE MAIN IDEAS AND LET YOUR
IDEAS FLOW AS YOU PLAN $ONT BE AFRAID TO CHANGE YOUR MIND 3ELECT THE MAIN
IDEA THAT MAKES THE MOST SENSE AS YOU CONSIDER WHO YOUR AUDIENCE IS
,IST DETAILS THAT FOCUS YOUR TOPIC AND SUPPORT YOUR MAIN IDEA !DD
INTERESTING INFORMATION THAT WILL APPEAL TO YOUR AUDIENCE .OW DECIDE
WHICH DETAILS ARE THE STRONGEST
,OOK AT THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE 4HIS WRITER HAS LISTED DETAILS AND THEN
ELIMINATED THOSE THAT DO NOT FOCUS ON THE MAIN IDEA
-AIN )DEA 0ERSUADE -OM TO ADOPT A DOG
$ETAILS
7ILL TEACH ME RESPONSIBILITY 7ILL KEEP ME COMPANY
7ILL PLAY WITH ME 3OME DOGS FLUFFY
0ROMISE TO WALK IT EVERY DAY 7ILL TAKE CARE OF IT
) SAW CUTE DOG IN PARK

3TRATEGIES FOR &OCUS AND )DEAS

s #HOOSE A TOPIC THAT YOU WILL ENJOY WRITING ABOUT )F YOU CARE ABOUT
YOUR TOPIC YOU WILL BE ABLE TO WRITE WITH ENTHUSIASM
s )F YOU CANNOT THINK OF MANY SUPPORTING DETAILS CHANGE YOUR MAIN IDEA

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2EAD EACH WRITING ASSIGNMENT BELOW 7RITE THE LETTER OF THE PURPOSE
THAT BEST SUITS IT
! 4O ENTERTAIN " 4O INFORM # 4O PERSUADE
 ! MOVIE REVIEW THAT RECOMMENDS SEEING THE MOVIE
 ! TALL TALE ABOUT 3UPER #HICKEN
 ! REPORT ON WHALES
 ! FUNNY DESCRIPTION OF YOUR MOST EMBARRASSING MOMENT
 ! LETTER TO VOTERS TELLING WHY THEY SHOULD VOTE FOR YOU

2EAD THE PARAGRAPH BELOW 7RITE THE NUMBERS OF THE SENTENCES THAT
DO NOT FOCUS ON THE MAIN IDEA IN THE FIRST SENTENCE
-AIN IDEA "EING A PET SITTER FOR OUR NEIGHBORS HAS BEEN A GREAT
JOB FOR ME  ) GET TO GIVE FOOD WATER AND ATTENTION TO DOGS
AND CATS WHILE THEIR OWNERS ARE AWAY  ) LOVE BEING WITH THESE
ANIMALS AND THEY LIKE THE ATTENTION ) GIVE THEM  /N THE OTHER
HAND ) WOULD NOT WANT TO BE A PET GROOMER  4HE PETS ARE ALWAYS
HAPPY TO SEE ME SINCE THEY MISS THEIR OWNERS AND NEED ATTENTION
 ) PLAY WITH THE PETS WHICH IS FUN FOR THEM AND FOR ME 
/NE TIME ) THOUGHT LITTLE "ABO WAS SICK AND ) DID NOT KNOW WHAT TO
DO FOR HIM  ) REALLY ENJOY THE TIME ) SPEND WITH THESE ANIMALS
AND ) EVEN GET MONEY FOR IT

2EAD THE DETAILS ABOUT TREES LISTED BELOW 7RITE A MAIN IDEA SENTENCE
ABOUT TREES BASED ON THESE DETAILS 4HEN WRITE A PARAGRAPH USING
THE DETAILS
$ETAILS ROOTS HOLD SOIL IN PLACE
RESTFUL AND BEAUTIFUL TO LOOK AT
PROVIDE SHADE
PROVIDE HOMES FOR MANY ANIMALS
USED TO MAKE PAPER AND WOOD OBJECTS OF ALL KINDS
PRODUCE OXYGEN

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!VOID A WEAK GENERAL MAIN IDEA STATEMENT 7RITE A STRONG
FOCUSED STATEMENT ABOUT GIRAFFES TRAITS AND THEIR USEFULNESS
)NCLUDE ONLY DETAILS THAT FOCUS ON AND DEVELOP THE MAIN IDEA
$ELETE ANY DETAILS THAT DO NOT SUPPORT THE MAIN IDEA &OR EXAMPLE DELETE
SENTENCES ABOUT HIPPOPOTAMUSES LIONS AND ZOOS
)NCLUDE ENOUGH DETAILS TO SUPPORT IMPORTANT POINTS %ACH
PARAGRAPH SHOULD DEVELOP THE MAIN IDEA BY DESCRIBING A TRAIT AND TELLING
HOW IT HELPS !DD DETAIL EXPLAINING WHY HEIGHT IS USEFUL
$EFINE TERMS READERS PROBABLY DONT KNOW $EFINE PREHENSILE
7RITE A CONCLUSION THAT REINFORCES YOUR MAIN IDEA !DD AN
ENDING THAT TIES TOGETHER ALL YOUR POINTS ABOUT THE MAIN IDEA

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7RITERS #ORNER
9OUR MAIN IDEA STATEMENT IS SOMETHING LIKE A LENS ON A
CAMERA THROUGH IT YOU FOCUS YOUR COMPOSITION )F ANY
DETAIL DOES NOT MAKE THE PICTURE CLEARER REFOCUS IT SO
THAT IT DOESˆOR DELETE IT

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7HEN YOU WRITE PUT YOUR IDEAS IN AN ORDER THAT WILL HELP
READERS UNDERSTAND THEM /RGANIZATIONˆTHE STRUCTURE OR
THE WAY IDEAS ARE PUT TOGETHERˆALLOWS WRITERS TO SHOW THE
CONNECTIONS AMONG THOSE IDEAS

(ERE ARE EXAMPLES OF WAYS YOU CAN ORGANIZE YOUR WRITING TO HELP READERS
UNDERSTAND THE POINTS YOU WANT TO COMMUNICATE
s !S A STORY FROM BEGINNING TO MIDDLE TO END
s !S A COMPARISONCONTRAST ESSAY DESCRIBING LIKENESSES AND DIFFERENCES
s !S A PERSUASIVE ARGUMENT EXPRESSING ONE CONVINCING REASON AFTER
ANOTHER
s !S A HOW TO REPORT CLEARLY PRESENTING A SERIES OF STEPS
7HEN YOU BEGIN WRITING PAY ATTENTION TO HOW YOU ORGANIZE EACH
PARAGRAPH 4HE SENTENCES IN A PARAGRAPH SHOULD FIT TOGETHER AND APPEAR
IN AN ORDER THAT MAKES SENSE 5SE WORDS AND PATTERNS THAT HELP A READER
SEE HOW IDEAS ARE RELATED &OR EXAMPLE ONE SENTENCE CAN POSE A QUESTION
AND THE NEXT SENTENCE CAN BEGIN TO ANSWER IT

3TRATEGIES FOR /RGANIZING )DEAS

s #REATE A GRAPHIC ORGANIZER SUCH AS A WEB OUTLINE 6ENN DIAGRAM OR
SKETCH TO HELP YOU ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS
s 4ELL EVENTS IN THE ORDER IN WHICH THEY HAPPENED FROM FIRST TO LAST
s "EGIN A PARAGRAPH WITH A TOPIC SENTENCE THAT EXPRESSES THE MAIN IDEA
AND THEN WRITE DETAILS THAT SUPPORT THE MAIN IDEA
s 5SE ORDER WORDS FIRST THEN AFTER FINALLY SO YOUR WRITING FLOWS
SMOOTHLY
s 5SE TRANSITIONS IN ADDITION FOR EXAMPLE HOWEVER TO CONNECT IDEAS
SENTENCES AND PARAGRAPHS

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7RITE THE LETTER OF EACH WRITING ASSIGNMENT WITH THE KIND OF
ORGANIZATION IT CALLS FOR
! 3TORY # 0ERSUASIVE !RGUMENT
" #OMPARISON#ONTRAST $ (OW TO 2EPORT
 %XPLAIN THE STEPS IN FLYING A KITE
 4ELL ABOUT HOW YOU RESCUED YOUR CAT FROM A TREE
 %XPLAIN HOW A BOOK AND A MOVIE ARE ALIKE AND DIFFERENT
 #ONVINCE FRIENDS TO VOLUNTEER FOR A CHARITY WALKATHON

2EARRANGE THE ORDER OF THE SENTENCES IN THE PARAGRAPH BELOW SO THAT

THE IDEAS FLOW SMOOTHLY 7RITE THE NEW PARAGRAPH
 4HEN ONE DAY SHE WENT EXPLORING AND A CAT BEGAN TO CHASE
HER  3HE DASHED INTO A LITTLE CRACK IN THE WALL BARELY BEATING THE
CATS CLAWS  7HEN EATING DIDNT WORK SHE WISHED AND WISHED
ON A STAR  &IRST SHE TRIED EATING LOTS AND LOTS  /NCE UPON A
TIME THERE WAS A LITTLE MOUSE WHO WANTED TO BE BIG  h4HANK
GOODNESS ) WAS SMALL ENOUGH TO FIT IN THAT CRACK
v SHE SAID h) GUESS
MY SIZE IS JUST RIGHT FOR MEv

7RITE A PARAGRAPH EXPLAINING HOW TO

CHOOSE A GIFT FOR A FRIEND OR ORGANIZE A
MESSY BACKPACK 5SE ORDER WORDS SUCH
AS FIRST THEN AFTER AND FINALLYY TO MAKE
IDEAS FLOW SMOOTHLY

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"EGIN WITH A CLEAR FOCUSED TOPIC SENTENCE )NCLUDE ENOUGH
INFORMATION TO MAKE THE SUBJECT CLEAR 4ELL WHAT AND WHY YOU ARE
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
/RGANIZE LIKENESSES AND DIFFERENCES TOGETHER LOGICALLY $ISCUSS
ALL LIKENESSES FIRST FOLLOWED BY ALL DIFFERENCES /RGANIZE INFORMATION
AROUND TOPIC SENTENCES
5SE CONNECTORS BETWEEN IDEAS AS WELL AS WORDS TO SIGNAL WHEN
YOU ARE MOVING FROM COMPARING TO CONTRASTING !DD "OTH AND )N
ADDITION TO CONNECT IDEAS IN PARAGRAPHS 4O MOVE SMOOTHLY TO CONTRASTING
SECTION START WITH /N THE OTHER HANDx NOT $IFFERENCES
%ND WITH A CONCLUDING SENTENCE THAT TIES IDEAS TOGETHER
2EWORD THE ENDING TO BRING READERS BACK TO THE MAIN IDEA

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#HECK YOUR ORGANIZATION BY HIGHLIGHTING
YOUR TOPIC SENTENCE YOUR CONCLUSION
AND ANY CONNECTORS YOU USED IN THE BODY
)F THEY DO NOT PROVIDE A CLEAR PATH
THROUGH YOUR IDEAS YOUR READERS
WONT BE ABLE TO FIND THEIR WAY EITHER

Lg^iZgÉh<j^YZ 
Kd^XZ

'OOD WRITERS USUALLY HAVE A STRONG VOICEˆA PERSONALITY THAT

COMES THROUGH IN THE TONE AND STYLE OF THEIR WRITING ! STRONG
VOICE SPEAKS DIRECTLY TO READERS AND KEEPS THEIR ATTENTION
.OTICE THE DIFFERENCE IN VOICE IN THE SENTENCES BELOW

s 4ODAY BEGAN NICELY ) FELT HAPPY WEAK VOICE

s 4ODAY ) LEAPED OUT OF BED WITH A BIG SMILE ON MY FACE
STRONG VOICE

7HEN YOU WRITE JUST AS WHEN YOU SPEAK YOU CAN CHOOSE THE TONE OF
VOICE YOU USE 6OICE HELPS YOU COMMUNICATE WITH A CERTAIN AUDIENCE FOR
A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 4HE STYLE OF YOUR WRITING AND YOUR CHOICE OF WORDS
CAN MAKE THE WRITING INTERESTING TO EACH READER WHETHER THE TONE IS
SERIOUS OR HUMOROUS FORMAL OR INFORMAL )F YOU CARE ABOUT YOUR SUBJECT
YOUR WRITING WILL REFLECT YOUR VOICE

3TRATEGIES FOR $EVELOPING 9OUR 6OICE

s #HOOSE A VOICE THAT MATCHES YOUR AUDIENCE AND PURPOSE &OR EXAMPLE
A LIGHT CAREFREE VOICE PROBABLY WOULD NOT WORK FOR WRITING AN ESSAY
ABOUT YOUR STATES GOVERNMENT )NSTEAD YOU WOULD NEED TO USE A MORE
FORMAL SERIOUS TONE
s 5SE WORDS AND PHRASES THAT MATCH THE TYPE OF WRITING &OR EXAMPLE IN
A LETTER TO THE EDITOR OF YOUR LOCAL NEWSPAPER YOU SHOULD AVOID USING
SLANG OR CASUAL LANGUAGE )N A LETTER TO A FRIEND HOWEVER YOU WOULD
USE INFORMAL AND FRIENDLY WORDS OR EVEN SLANG $EPENDING ON YOUR
MESSAGE YOU MIGHT USE A VOICE THAT IS THOUGHTFUL HUMOROUS ANGRY
EXCITED OR SARCASTIC
s 5SE VIVID ADJECTIVES NERVOUS EXCITED CALM TO ELABORATE ON YOUR IDEAS
AND GIVE YOUR WRITING A PERSONAL VOICE
s &IND YOUR VOICE BY READING ALOUD THINGS YOU HAVE WRITTEN )N OTHER
WORDS LEARN TO LISTEN TO YOURSELF
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Match each numbered item with the type of writing it is.
A Personal Narrative C Persuasive Argument
B Humorous Description D Comparison/Contrast Essay
1. Join me in asking the city council for new playground equipment.
2. The Asian elephant has smaller ears than its African cousin.
3. Icing dripped off the lopsided cake, which smelled suspiciously
like pepper.
4. As I coasted down the hill, I hadn’t a care in the world.

Match each kind of voice with the writing it would fit best.
A Humorous B Angry C Friendly
5. A story about a kitten that thinks it is a fox terrier
6. An article listing ways that overly slow drivers can be a hazard
on the road
7. A letter to a friend telling about an enjoyable party

Add words or phrases to the sentences to express a strong,

lively voice.
(8) I ___ fast food because ___. (9) My all-time ___ is ___, which
taste like ___. (10) Whenever I eat ___, I feel ___. (11) If I owned a
fast-food place, I would ___.

Writer’s Guide 11
>begdk^c\Kd^XZ

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FINGER ALONG A FROND
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Lg^iZgÉh<j^YZ 
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'OOD WRITERS CHOOSE THEIR WORDS CAREFULLY 4HEY USE SPECIFIC

WORDS TO MAKE THEIR MEANING CLEAR 4HEY ALSO USE VIVID
WORDS TO ELABORATE ON THEIR IDEAS AND ADD EXCITEMENT TO THEIR
WRITING ,OOK BELOW TO SEE HOW WORD CHOICE CAN MAKE A
SENTENCE LIVELY

s .AT THREW THE BALL TO THE BATTER DULL

s .AT GRUNTED AS HE HURLED A CURVE BALL TO THE BATTER LIVELY

3TRATEGIES FOR )MPROVING 7ORD #HOICE

s 2EPLACE ORDINARY WORDS WITH VIVID WORDS ! THESAURUS WHICH LISTS
SYNONYMS CAN HELP YOU #HOOSE WORDS WITH CAUTION THOUGH .OT ALL
SYNONYMS ARE INTERCHANGEABLE
s 5SE EXACT NOUNS HOTEL INSTEAD OF PLACE OIL PAINTING INSTEAD OF PICTURE
s 5SE STRONG VERBS FLINCH INSTEAD OF MOVE BARKED INSTEAD OF SAID
s 5SE VIVID ADJECTIVES TO ELABORATE ON YOUR DESCRIPTIONS TATTERED INSTEAD
OF OLD DRENCHED INSTEAD OF WET
s !VOID VAGUE WORDS SUCH AS GREAT NICE THING AND STUFF ) SMELL ROSES
INSTEAD OF ) SMELL THINGS
s 5SE STRONG IMAGES OR FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE TO
APPEAL TO YOUR READERS SENSES 'ILLIANS FACE
TURNED RED AS A TOMATO INSTEAD OF 'ILLIAN WAS
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VERBS WOULD BE STRONGER WITH ACTION VERBS
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s !VOID WORDINESS ) THINK WE WILL WIN THE GAME
BECAUSE WE HAVE BETTER PLAYERS INSTEAD OF )N MY
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FACT THAT WE HAVE BETTER PLAYERS

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7RITE THE MORE VIVID OR EXACT WORD TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE
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GROWING THERE
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 )T COCKED MOVED ITS HEAD AT A CURIOUS ANGLE
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ITS OWNER 

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EACH UNDERLINED WORD OR WORDS
! %XACT NOUN # 3TRONG VERB
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Lg^iZgÉh<j^YZ 
Sentences

Good writers express their thoughts in lively, varied

sentences. They make reading a pleasure by using sentences
that create a special rhythm and style. Look at the short
paragraph below. Note how the writer varies sentence type
and length to make the writing interesting.

What should you keep in mind when adopting a dog? One important thing
to remember is that some dogs are better than others for certain people.
For example, hunting dogs need plenty of exercise. Do not get a hunting
dog if you can’t take her for frequent long walks. Instead, think about
adopting a small dog that needs less exercise. Enjoy your new pet!

Strategies for Improving Sentences

• Write sentences that flow logically from
one to the other.
• Vary sentence length by mixing short and
long sentences.
• Avoid sentences that are too long or wordy.
You might rewrite a very long sentence as
two or more shorter sentences.
• Avoid writing a series of short, choppy sentences.
Use connectors such as and, but, or, because, although, and until to join
two simple, related sentences.
• Include different kinds of sentences to add variety and life to your
writing. Although most sentences will be statements, include some
questions, commands, and exclamations too.
• Vary the beginnings of sentences. Avoid starting every sentence with
words such as I, she, he, then, or the.
• Read what you write aloud to yourself. Listen for a rhythm as if you are
listening to a song. Rewrite sentences that interrupt the flow.
18 Writer’s Guide
Combine these short, choppy sentences. Use the connector in ( )
where the blank is. Add a comma if necessary. Write the sentence.

1. I like going to the city. ___ There is so much to do. (because)

2. Sometimes we drive in. ___ Usually we take the train. (but)
3. Mom’s favorite place is the art museum. ___ Mine is the science
museum. (and)
4. ___ We sit in a park to rest our feet. We watch boats in the
harbor. (while)
5. ___ We are very tired at the end of the day. We love these
outings. (although)

Each sentence in the following paragraph is too long. Rewrite each

one as two or more sentences. Remember to add capital letters and
correct end punctuation.
(6) My cousin June lives in the city and she likes to visit our farm
and comes every summer for two weeks. (7) It is fun for me because
June is funny and we like the same things, for example, we both like
riding bikes and playing video games. (8) It is also fun to have June
stay in my room because we tell jokes and stories after we go to
bed and sometimes we read stories to each other.
(9) This summer I will be raising a heifer for the
competition at the country fair and June will love
helping me feed and care for it. (10) June is just
like a sister to me and I can’t wait for her to come
and spend time with our family this year.

Write a paragraph that describes a place you

especially like to visit. Include at least one
command and one question. Include both
long and short sentences.

Writer’s Guide 19
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Evaluate Your Writing
You can evaluate your own writing by reading it over carefully. Think
about what is good as well as what you can improve. As you read, ask
yourself the following questions.
How does my writing sound? Read it aloud to find out.
• If it sounds choppy, you might combine short sentences.
• Are there many sentences strung together with and, because, or
then? “Unhook” a long stringy sentence by separating it into several
sentences.
• Do most sentences begin with I, the, it, she, or he? Think of other ways
to begin these sentences. Simply rearranging words might do the trick.
• Do ideas seem connected? If not, add transition words or phrases such
as finally or on the other hand. These words connect ideas and help your
sentences flow.
Is the style appropriate? Who is your audience? (friends, your
principal, a newspaper editor) What is your purpose? (to inform, to
persuade, to entertain) Sentence fragments, informal language, and slang
may be appropriate for e-mails or quick notes among friends. A more
formal style suits written assignments.
Does your writing address the assignment?
• Look for key words in the writing prompt. For example:
Compare and contrast a bike and a car.
Tell two similarities and two differences.
Topic: bike and car
What you need to do: Compare and contrast
What to include: Two similarities and two differences
• Other kinds of key words in writing prompts include describe, explain,
summarize, examples, why, and how.

46 Writer’s Guide
Is your writing focused? Are all the sentences about the main idea?
Take out or refocus sentences that wander off into unimportant details.
Is there enough elaboration and support? Your writing may be
unclear if you don’t elaborate on your ideas. Supply information that
readers need to know.
• Use sensory details to make your writing seem fresh and to give readers
pictures, but avoid sounding flowery.
• If you give an opinion, supply strong supporting reasons.
• Expand on a main idea with several telling details.
• When necessary, define a term or give examples.
Is your beginning strong? Does a question, a surprising fact, or an
amusing detail capture a reader’s interest?
Is your ending satisfying? A conclusion may restate the main idea
in a new way, tell what you feel or what you have learned, or pose a
question to readers to think about. Whatever it does, it should signal that
you have finished.
Have you used effective words—and not too many of
them? Have you chosen your words carefully?
• Strong verbs, precise nouns, and vivid adjectives make your writing
clear and lively.
• Are there awkward phrases you can replace with a word or two? For
example, replace due to the fact that with because and at this point in time
with now.

Writer’s Guide 47
Check List

My writing sounds smooth and easy to read.

I have used an appropriate style for my audience and purpose.

My writing addresses the prompt or assignment.

My writing is focused.

I have used enough elaboration and support.

I have a strong beginning.

I have a satisfying conclusion.

I have used effective words and avoided wordiness.

48 Writer’s Guide
 <gVbbVgVcY
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%ACH KIND OF SENTENCE BEGINS WITH A CAPITAL LETTER AND HAS A
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A PERIOD
! GOOD VOCABULARY MAKES YOU A BETTER READER
s !N INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE ASKS A QUESTION )T ENDS WITH
A QUESTION MARK
$O YOU KNOW WHAT THE WORD LOQUACIOUS MEANS
s !N IMPERATIVE SENTENCE GIVES A COMMAND OR MAKES A
REQUEST )T ENDS WITH A PERIOD 4HE SUBJECT YOU DOES NOT
APPEAR BUT IT IS UNDERSTOOD
,EARN THESE FIFTY WORDS BY &RIDAY
s !N EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE SHOWS STRONG FEELING )T ENDS
WITH AN EXCLAMATION MARK
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SENTENCE IS EXCLAMATORY
 )S IT HARD FOR YOU TO SPELL WORDS
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 7HAT A TERRIBLE BUNCH OF LETTERS ) HAVE

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MARK 4HEN WRITE $ IF THE SENTENCE IS DECLARATIVE )- - IF IT IS
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. IF IT IS INTERROGATIVE OR % IF IT IS EXCLAMATORY

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 LOOK IN THIS THESAURUS
 A THESAURUS LISTS SYNONYMS FOR WORDS
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7HAT A LOT OF SYNONYMS THERE ARE FOR BIG
 HOW DO YOU REMEMBER NEW WORDS
 I TRY TO USE THE NEW WORD OFTEN EACH DAY
 PLEASE WRITE ORIGINAL SENTENCES WITH YOUR VOCABULARY WORDS
 WHAT ARE SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
 SYNONYMS HAVE SIMILAR MEANINGS
 THINK OF A SYNONYM FOR HAPPY

#OMPLETE EACH SENTENCE WITH WORDS FROM THE BOX 7RITE THE
SENTENCES USING CAPITALIZATION AND CORRECT END MARKS

TO LOOK AT THE EXAMPLES IS A USEFUL TOOL

A LOT OF DEFINITIONS ARE LISTED FOR THE WORD SET
DOES IT CONTAIN THIS DICTIONARY IS

 THE DICTIONARY

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 DONT FORGET
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SECTION OF THE BOOKSTORE  7HICH DICTIONARY IS BEST FOR A FIFTH
GRADE STUDENT  7HAT AN AMAZING VARIETY THERE IS
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SMALL ONE IF YOU JUST NEED BASIC INFORMATION  $O YOU NEED A
DICTIONARY THAT LISTS WORD HISTORIES  'ET THE ONE WITH  
ENTRIES  )T IS HEAVY BUT WILL SERVE YOU FOR YEARS  7HAT IS THAT
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# IMPERATIVE # IMPERATIVE
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SENTENCE IS DECLARATIVE ).. IF IT IS INTERROGATIVE )-
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AND % IF IT IS EXCLAMATORY
 ) AM ATTENDING A NEW SCHOOL THIS YEAR
 !T FIRST IT WAS QUITE A CHALLENGE
 7AS IT EASY TO MAKE NEW FRIENDS
 2EMEMBER TO SMILE AT PEOPLE
 !SK THEM ABOUT THEIR INTERESTS
 (OW DID YOU LEARN YOUR WAY AROUND
 -Y LOCKERMATE WAS A BIG HELP
 (OW RELIEVED YOU MUST HAVE BEEN
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 .OW ) FEEL QUITE AT HOME HERE

7RITE EACH SENTENCE -AKE ANY NECESSARY CORRECTIONS IN

CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION
 IN FIFTH GRADE WE HAVE A TEAM OF TEACHERS
 WHO IS ON YOUR TEAM
 WHAT SUBJECT DO YOU HAVE FIRST
 LANGUAGE ARTS IS MY FAVORITE SUBJECT
 PLEASE READ THIS BOOK
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EACH WRITER
 $O YOU LIKE -R #OLE AS MUCH AS ) DO (E IS AN AWESOME
TEACHER TO ME BECAUSE HE MAKES LEARNING FUN (E CAN ALWAYS
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MAKES ME FEEL LIKE A DORK FOR ASKING QUESTIONS (IS WAY OF
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OF THE 9EAR !WARD 3HE WORKS VERY HARD TO TEACH US TO READ AND
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SAWDUST FOR THE POTATOES 7HAT CREATIVE COOKING
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#HOOSE WORDS AND A STYLE THAT CREATE A HUMOROUS VOICE

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&IRST TWO SENTENCES

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WHEN BECAUSE UNTIL BEFORE AFTER OR SINCE )N THE FOLLOWING
SENTENCE THE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE IS UNDERLINED ONCE THE
DEPENDENT CLAUSE IS UNDERLINED TWICE

7HEN THE SECOND BASEMAN CAUGHT

G THE BALL THE 4IGERS
G
MADE A DOUBLE PLAY
P Y

7RITE 3 IF THE SENTENCE IS A SIMPLE SENTENCE 7RITE #$ IF IT IS A

COMPOUND SENTENCE 7RITE #8 IF IT IS A COMPLEX SENTENCE
 #HELE IS THE PITCHER FOR THE ,ELAND ,IONS
 7HEN SHE PITCHES THEY USUALLY WIN
 4HIS OUTSTANDING YOUNG PLAYER HAS A MOST UNUSUAL STYLE
 3HE WINDS UP TEN TIMES AND THEN SHE LETS IT FLY
 (ER PITCHES LOOK ODD BUT FANS ARENT LAUGHING
 3INCE SHE GETS RESULTS THEY CHEER HER ON
 )F YOU GO TO A GAME YOU WILL AGREE
 #HELES TALENT MAY EARN HER A SCHOLARSHIP

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7RITE #8
8 IF IT IS A COMPLEX SENTENCE
 -ANY SPORTS HEROES HAVE UNUSUAL NICKNAMES BUT THESE
NICKNAMES ARE USED WITH AFFECTION
 ,EROY 0AIGE WAS CALLED 3ATCHEL BECAUSE HE CARRIED BAGGAGE AS A
BOY
 h"ABEv IS A FAMOUS SPORTS NICKNAME AND MANY PLAYERS HAVE
HAD IT
 $O YOU THINK FIRST OF "ABE 2UTH OR DOES THE NAME "ABE
$IDRIKSON :AHARIAS COME TO MIND
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 3PORTS HEROES ARE LARGER THAN LIFE &ANS FEEL CLOSE TO THEM BUT
 &ANS READ STORIES AND ARTICLES ABOUT THEIR FAVORITE 4HEY WEAR
CLOTHING WITH THAT STARS NAME AND NUMBER AND
 ! SPORTS HERO IS PLAYING &ANS ALWAYS WATCH THE GAME WHEN
 3ATCHEL 0AIGE WAS A PLAYER IN THE MAJOR LEAGUES (E WAS A STAR IN
THE .EGRO ,EAGUES BEFORE
 0AIGE PITCHED SUPERBLY (E ALSO
BROUGHT OUT HUGE CROWDS AND
 0AIGE TURNED  IN  (E
BECAME THE OLDEST PITCHER IN
THE MAJOR LEAGUES WHEN
 3ATCHEL 0AIGE DIED IN 
(IS LEGEND WILL LIVE
FOREVER BUT

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7RITE THE LETTER OF THE PHRASE THAT CORRECTLY IDENTIFIES EACH
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 )F Y
YOU JOIN
J OUR BASEBALL TEAM
YOU WILL HAVE A GOOD TIME
! DEPENDENT CLAUSE
" SIMPLE SENTENCE
# COMPOUND SENTENCE
$ COMPLEX SENTENCE
 -R *ENNINGS IS A GOOD COACH
BECAUSE HE DOESNT YYELL
! DEPENDENT CLAUSE
" SIMPLE SENTENCE
# COMPOUND SENTENCE
$ COMPLEX SENTENCE

 *AMES IS USUALLY THE CATCHER  (E ALWAYS

Y ENCOURAGES
G US AND
BUT HE MAY PLAY FIRST BASE EXPLAINS
P OUR MISTAKES
! CONJUNCTION ! DEPENDENT CLAUSE
" SIMPLE SENTENCE " SIMPLE SENTENCE
# COMPOUND SENTENCE # COMPOUND SENTENCE
$ COMPLEX SENTENCE $ COMPLEX SENTENCE

 7E DONT ALWAYS
Y WIN BUT WE
DO ENJOY
J Y THE G
GAME
! DEPENDENT CLAUSE
" SIMPLE SENTENCE
# COMPOUND SENTENCE
$ COMPLEX SENTENCE

 )F WE HAVE HAD A GOOD

G TIME
WE ARE HAPPY
PPY
! DEPENDENT CLAUSE
" SIMPLE SENTENCE
# COMPOUND SENTENCE
$ COMPLEX SENTENCE

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7E PLAY TOGETHER EVERY WEEKEND AND
 )N SUMMER WE PLAY BASEBALL IN THE PARK
7E SET UP THE VOLLEYBALL NET IN THE YARD OR
 -Y FAVORITE SPORT IS BASKETBALL
)CE HOCKEY IS A CLOSE SECOND BUT
 -Y OLDER BROTHER RUNS ON A TRACK TEAM
(E HAS BECOME MUCH FASTER THIS YEAR AND
 ) WILL JOIN THE TEAM
) WILL HAVE TO WAIT A FEW YEARS BUT

7RITE EACH SENTENCE 5NDERLINE THE WORD THAT JOINS THE TWO CLAUSES
IN EACH SENTENCE 7RITE #$ IF THE SENTENCE IS A COMPOUND SENTENCE
7RITE #8
8 IF IT IS A COMPLEX SENTENCE

 !FRICAN !MERICANS FORMED THE .EGRO ,EAGUES BECAUSE THEY WERE

BARRED FROM THE MAJOR LEAGUES
 4HE .EGRO ,EAGUE PLAYERS WERE JUST AS TALENTED AND THEY
THRILLED THEIR FANS JUST AS MUCH AS THE MAJOR LEAGUE PLAYERS
 7HEN THE .EGRO ,EAGUES WERE IN FULL SWING 3ATCHEL 0AIGE WAS
ITS MOST FAMOUS PLAYER
 0AIGE DREW HUGE CROWDS BEFORE HE BECAME A MAJOR LEAGUE PLAYER
 (E MADE MORE MONEY THAN ANY OTHER !FRICAN !MERICAN PLAYER
OF THE TIME AND HE TRAVELED AROUND THE WORLD

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7RITE A WORD FROM THE BOX TO DESCRIBE THE TONE

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HUMOROUS ADMIRING DISAPPROVING

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(ER GREATEST CLAIMS TO FAME WERE AS A TRACK STAR
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 4HE ARGUMENT ON THE FIELD AT (ALL 0ARK LAST NIGHT IS A MODEL OF
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The names of particular persons, places, and things are
proper nouns. Capitalize the first word and each important
word of a proper noun.

Alexi Bishop lives in Seattle, Washington.

All other nouns are common nouns. They are not capitalized.

Our family has lived in the city and on the coast.

Capitalize the first word and all important words in a title.

Have you read The Wind in the Willows?

Capitalize days of the week and months of the year.

Class meets on Mondays in May.

Capitalize the first letter of an abbreviated proper noun.

Abbreviations often occur in addresses, titles in names,
and names of days and months. An initial is a type of
abbreviation. Most abbreviations end with a period.

The envelope went to Ms. M. R. Ryan, 1410 Montgomery

St., Raleigh, NC 27607. It was postmarked Wed., Sept. 27.

If the group of words is capitalized correctly, write correct. If the

group of words is not capitalized correctly, rewrite it using correct
capitalization.
1. 1234 north First ave., oshkosh, WI
2. my aunt col. t. zena Smith
3. a meeting on tues., Jan. 18
4. his new book my Journey To Africa
5. our neighbor Ms. Carmen w. ruiz
74 Grammar
7RITE 0 IF THE LIST SHOWS PROPER NOUNS 7RITE # IF THE LIST SHOWS
COMMON NOUNS 4HEN ADD ANOTHER EXAMPLE TO EACH LIST
 BASEBALL BASKETBALL FOOTBALL
 .EW 9ORK -IAMI 0HOENIX
 !PRIL *ULY 3EPTEMBER
 INFANTS TODDLERS TEENAGERS
 &IFTH !VE -AIN 3T -ONROE "LVD
 AUNTS COUSINS GRANDPARENTS
 &RIDAY -ONDAY 7EDNESDAY
 -R $R 3EN

7RITE EACH SENTENCE CAPITALIZING

ALL PROPER NOUNS
 ,IVING IN A BIG CITY SUCH AS
LOS ANGELES OR DETROIT CAN
BE EXCITING
 )T IS ALSO MORE STRESSFUL
THAN LIVING IN A SMALL
TOWN IN THE SOUTH
 4OURISTS VISIT SITES SUCH AS
CHICAGOS ART INSTITUTE OR NEW YORKS MUSEUM OF MODERN ART
 4HEY ALSO LOVE REMOTE ATTRACTIONS SUCH AS MOUNT RUSHMORE AND
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
 9OU HAVE AN APPOINTMENT ON MONDAY OCTOBER  WITH DR
UMESH R GOSWAMI
 (IS OFFICE IS AT  NORTH JEFFERSON AVE SUITE 
 (E HAS HUNG PICTURES OF PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN THE
WAITING ROOM AND THE SONG hAMERICA THE BEAUTIFULv IS PLAYING

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7RITE THE LETTER OF THE ANSWER THAT IS CORRECTLY CAPITALIZED

 ! SENATOR JULIA WEISMAN  ! -ONDAY .OVEMBER 

" SENATOR *ULIA 7EISMAN " MONDAY .OVEMBER 
# 3ENATOR *ULIA 7EISMAN # -ONDAY NOVEMBER 
$ 3ENATOR JULIA 7EISMAN $ MONDAY NOVEMBER 

 !  SOUTH 4HIRD ST  ! LYNCHBURG 6! 

"  3OUTH 4HIRD 3T " ,YNCHBURG 6A 
#  3OUTH 4HIRD ST # ,YNCHBURG VA 
$  SOUTH THIRD ST $ ,YNCHBURG 6! 

 ! -Y 3IDE OF THE -OUNTAIN  ! THE MOVIE 3NOW WHITE AND

" -Y 3IDE /F 4HE -OUNTAIN THE SEVEN $WARFS
# -Y SIDE OF THE -OUNTAIN " THE -OVIE 3NOW 7HITE
$ -Y SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN AND THE 3EVEN $WARFS
# THE MOVIE 3NOW 7HITE
 ! &IELD -USEUM OF NATURAL AND THE 3EVEN $WARFS
(ISTORY $ THE MOVIE 3NOW 7HITE
" FIELD -USEUM OF .ATURAL !ND 4HE 3EVEN $WARFS
(ISTORY
# &IELD -USEUM /F .ATURAL
(ISTORY
$ &IELD -USEUM OF .ATURAL
(ISTORY

 ! JAMES D ELLIS SR

" *AMES $ %LLIS 3R
# *AMES $ %LLIS SR
$ *AMES D %LLIS 3R

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7RITE # IF THE GROUP OF WORDS IS CAPITALIZED CORRECTLY )F THE GROUP
OF WORDS IS NOT CAPITALIZED CORRECTLY REWRITE IT USING CORRECT
CAPITALIZATION
 TOKYO *APAN
 -R *ACK 'OODRICH
 -ARIO AND HIS &RIENDS
 ON THURSDAY JANUARY 
 SKYSCRAPERS IN $ALLAS TEXAS
 'OLD BEACH OR 
 A 3TREET NEAR OUR 3TREET
 0ACIFIC /CEAN
 INDEPENDENCE $AY
 /LIVER 4WISTT BY #HARLES $ICKENS

2EWRITE EACH SENTENCE 5SE CAPITAL LETTERS WHERE THEY ARE NEEDED

 /N VACATION WE DROVE ACROSS IOWA NEBRASKA COLORADO AND

WYOMING
 ) ESPECIALLY LIKED ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK
 7E LIVE IN THE MIDWEST BUT WE OFTEN VISIT NEW ENGLAND
 -UCH OF OUR COUNTRYS HISTORY IS CENTERED IN BOSTON AND
PHILADELPHIA
 (AVE YOU SEEN FANEUIL HALL OR THE LIBERTY BELL
 *OHNNY TREMAIN IS A NOVEL ABOUT THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR IN
AMERICA
 4HE UNITED STATES ARMY WAS LED BY COMMANDER IN CHIEF 'EORGE
WASHINGTON
 0LEASE SEND THE BOOK TO WAYNE J YATES JR  WEST
DONNYBROOK LANE ENID OK 

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! ROSE INTO THE CLOUDS GLITTERING LIKE JEWELS
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0LURAL NOUNS NAME MORE THAN ONE PERSON PLACE OR THING

s !DD S TO FORM THE PLURAL OF MOST NOUNS

PICTUREPICTURES WINGWINGS PATTERNPATTERNS
s !DD ES TO NOUNS ENDING IN CH SH X Z S AND SS
BUNCHBUNCHES WISHWISHES
BOXBOXES CLASSCLASSES
s )F A NOUN ENDS IN A VOWEL AND Y ADD S
DAYDAYS BOYBOYS
s )F A NOUN ENDS IN A CONSONANT AND Y
CHANGE Y TO I AND ADD ES
CITYCITIES LADYLADIES
s 3OME NOUNS HAVE IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS 4HEY CHANGE
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MANMEN MOUSEMICE GOOSEGEESE
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s &OR MOST NOUNS THAT END IN F ORR FE CHANGE F TO V AND ADD ES
LEAFLEAVES KNIFEKNIVES CALFCALVES
s 3OME NOUNS HAVE THE SAME SINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS
SHEEP DEER MOOSE HEADQUARTERS SERIES

7RITE THE PLURAL FORM OF EACH NOUN 5SE A DICTIONARY IF YOU

NEED HELP
 WISH  HOAX
 GRASSHOPPER  DEER
 SHELF  DIME
 3ATURDAY  PAPER
 HUNCH  GALLERY

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7RITE THE PLURAL FORMS OF THE UNDERLINED SINGULAR NOUNS
 #HILD WHO CAN SPEAK TWO LANGUAGE
G G ARE BILINGUAL
 3ARA CAN NAME SEVERAL FRUIT VEGETABLE
G AND ANIMAL IN
3PANISH
 7HAT DO YOU CALL BUTTERmY
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 3EVERAL WOMAN BROUGHT %NGLISH 3PANISH DICTIONARY
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G WITH SPRIG
P G OF MINT
 3HALL WE USE THE BOWL WITH GOOSE
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SHEEP
P ON IT
 3PANISH SPEAKING FAMILY
Y ENJOY THE COMMUNITY DINNER ON
&RIDAY
Y

7RITE EACH SENTENCE #ORRECT ANY ERRORS IN PLURAL FORMS

OF NOUNS
 &IFTH GRADE CLASSS BOUGHT LUNCHS FOR CHILDS WHO WERE
HUNGRY
 3TUDENTES HAD ASKED ABOUT WAYES THEY COULD MAKE A
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 4HEY ALSO COLLECTED CANNES OF FOOD AND MADE UP BOXIES FOR
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 /UR CLASS HAD BAKE SALS TO RAISE MONEY FOR mOOD VICTIMZ
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WHOSE LIFES COULD BE IMPROVED

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COMPLETES EACH SENTENCE

 $O YOU KNOW HOW TO CARE FOR  4RY TO IMAGINE BRUSHING

YOUR PROPERLY THEIR FANGS
! TOOTHS # TEETH ! WOLVIES # WOLFS
" TOOTH $ TEETHS " WOLVES $ WOLFES

 3OME ARE TOO HARD OR  #AN YOU PICTURE GETTING

TOO SOFT A lLLING
! TOOTHBRUSHES ! OXES # OX
" TEETHBRUSH " OXS $ OXEN
# TOOTHBRUSHS
$ TEETHBRUSHES  AND ZOO ANIMALS GET ORAL
CARE
 "RUSH THREE A DAY ! 0ETS # 0ETES
! TIMEZ # TIMS " 0ETTS $ 0ETZ
" TIMES $ TIMEYS
 7ILD CATS AND LIVE
 !VOID EATING BETWEEN  LONGER WITH HEALTHY MOUTHS

! MEALES # MEAL ! SHEEPZ # SHEEP

" MEALLES $ MEALS " SHEEPES $ SHEEPS

 7ILD DO NOT FOLLOW  $ONT EAT  THEY

THESE TIPS WILL STAIN

! ANIMALS # ANIMALES ! CHERRIS # CHERRYS

" ANIMALLES $ ANIMALZ " CHERRYES $ CHERRIES

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7RITE THE PLURAL FORM OF EACH SINGULAR NOUN LISTED
 CRUTCH  BOX
 BRIDGE  HEADQUARTERS
 mY  PEACH
 KISS  DESK
 QUESTION  WIFE
 LEAF  LADY
 BLACKBERRY  GOOSE
 DEER  DISH
 TURKEY  SERIES
 MAN  KEY

7RITE EACH SENTENCE #ORRECT ANY ERRORS IN PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS

 )TS BETTER TO HAVE FRIENDZ THAN ENEMYS

 ) SOMETIMES HAVE ARGUMENTIES WITH MY PALES
 *AVIER WANTS TO CHANGE THE RULZ TO GAMS WE PLAY
 4RY TO RESOLVE YOUR DIFFERENCESES WITHOUT CONmICTES
 7E SHOULD TRY TO AVOID STRESSS IN OUR LIFES
 4HIS GOES FOR CHILDRENS AS WELL AS MANS AND WOMANS
 !NGER AND WORRYES ARE THIEFS THAT ROB US OF THE SIMPLE JOYZ
IN LIFE
 $O YOU SEE ANY FOXS MOOSES MONKIES OR MOUSES WASTING
TIME ON WORRY
 3TAYING MAD AT OTHERZ IS LESS FUN THAN PULLING TOOTHS
 !DMIT YOUR PART IN CAUSING PROBLEMES AND THEN LET GO OF
BAD FEELINGES

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 .) +)X*
)+

:a^b^cViZLdgY^cZhh
%XPRESS YOUR IDEAS CLEARLY AND DIRECTLY 4O ELIMINATE
WORDINESS DELETE WORDS THAT REPEAT OR ARE UNNECESSARY
2EPLACE WORDY PHRASES WITH SPECIlC WORDS
7ORDY (E WAS OFTEN LATE AND NOT ON TIME
)MPROVED (E WAS OFTEN LATE
7ORDY (E WORE A COAT THAT HAD MANY COLORS
)MPROVED (E WORE A COLORFUL COAT

7RITE EACH SENTENCE ,EAVE OUT WORDS THAT REPEAT OR ARE UNNECESSARY
 0ATTI HAD TEMPER TANTRUMS AND SHE OFTEN CRIED AND HAD A lT
TO GET HER WAY
 (ER PARENTS WERE UPSET BY THESE TANTRUMS AND FELT AWFUL
ABOUT THEM
 (OWEVER THEY DID NOT REWARD OR OTHERWISE GIVE IN TO 0ATTI
FOR HER MISBEHAVIOR
 4HEY ENCOURAGED GOOD BEHAVIOR AND IGNORED OR DID NOT
PAY ATTENTION TO BAD BEHAVIOR

%ACH UNDERLINED PART IS WORDY 4HINK OF A SHORTER CLEARER WAY TO

SAY THIS PART 2EWRITE THE SENTENCE
 7HEN ) SEE SOMEONE IN TROUBLE ) ALWAYS ENDEAVOR TO TRY Y
TO STOP
P AND G
GIVE THEM THE BENElT OF MY Y ASSISTANCE
 ,AST WEEK ) SAW A NEW KID IN SCHOOL HAVING G A GREAT
G DEAL OF
TROUBLE IN OPENING
P G HER SCHOOL STORAGEG UNIT
 ) HELPED HER OPEN THE LOCKER AND THEN ) P PROVIDED HER WITH
GUIDELINES FOR OPENING
G P G IT IN THE FUTURE
 (ELPING OTHER PEOPLE MAKES ME FEEL A P POSITIVE UPSWING
P G
AND ON SOME OCCASIONS IT LEADS TO NEW FRIENDSHIPS

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 WRITING MODEL

Summary
A summary highlights the main ideas from an article
or a story. Because a summary is brief, it does not
include minor details, repeated words or thoughts,
or unimportant ideas. Write a summary in your own
words, but do not include your opinions.

Story Summary: The Three Little Pigs

First paragraph
A mother pig sends her three young pigs out into
summarizes basic
information of the world, telling them to build a safe house to keep
the story. out the wolf. The first little pig builds a house of
straw, the second builds a house of sticks, and the
third builds a house of bricks.
The wolf easily blows down the straw house and
eats the first little pig. The second pig and his stick
house suffer the same fate. When he cannot blow
down the brick house, the wolf tries to trick the
third little pig. The wolf invites the pig to go with him
to several different events. Each time, however, the
Detail sentences clever little pig goes earlier than the appointed time
reveal cleverness of
main character. and returns home safely.
The enraged wolf tries to enter the brick house
through the chimney. However, the pig outwits him
Final sentence again by capturing the wolf in a pot of boiling water
shows the outcome
of the plot. and scalding him to death.

Writing 85
EdhhZhh^kZCdjch
! POSSESSIVE NOUN SHOWS OWNERSHIP ! SINGULAR
POSSESSIVE NOUN SHOWS THAT ONE PERSON PLACE OR THING
HAS OR OWNS SOMETHING ! PLURAL POSSESSIVE NOUN SHOWS
THAT MORE THAN ONE PERSON PLACE OR THING HAS OR OWNS
SOMETHING

s 4O MAKE A SINGULAR NOUN SHOW POSSESSION ADD AN

APOSTROPHE  AND S
THE BABYS CRIB
s 4O MAKE A PLURAL NOUN THAT ENDS IN S SHOW POSSESSION
ADD AN APOSTROPHE  
THE SOLDIERS UNIFORMS
s 4O MAKE A PLURAL NOUN THAT DOES NOT END IN S SHOW
POSSESSION ADD AN APOSTROPHE  AND S
THE MENS SHOES

7RITE THE POSSESSIVE FORM OF EACH SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUN

 FAMILY  FAMILIES
 BROTHER  BROTHERS
 SUITCASE  SUITCASES
 CHILD  CHILDREN
 GOVERNMENT  GOVERNMENTS
 PEN  PENS
 TRAIN  TRAINS
 TREE  TREES
 WOMAN  WOMEN
 REFUGEE  REFUGEES

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7RITE EACH NOUN AS A POSSESSIVE NOUN 7RITE 3 IF THE POSSESSIVE NOUN
IS SINGULAR 7RITE 0 IF THE POSSESSIVE NOUN IS PLURAL
 PONIES
 ARMY
 WINDOWS
 BASKET
 GRANDFATHER
 BIRDS
 GLASS
 SCHOOLS
 TEETH
 PENNIES
 NURSE
 WINGS
 MAN
 GENERAL
 COLONIES

!DD AN APOSTROPHE  OR AN APOSTROPHE  AND S TO MAKE EACH

UNDERLINED WORD POSSESSIVE 4HEN WRITE A SENTENCE USING THE PHRASE

 EVERY PERSON

P RIGHT
 !MERICA $ECLARATION OF )NDEPENDENCE
 4HOMAS *EFFERSON
* WORK
 MEN SIGNATURES
 OUR NATION IDEAS
 CHILDREN FREEDOM
 MOST NATIONS GOALS
 SOME LEADERS MOTIVES
 A DICTATOR GREED
 THE 5NITED .ATIONS ROLE

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IZhiEgZeVgVi^dc
7RITE THE LETTER OF THE WORD THAT CORRECTLY COMPLETES EACH SENTENCE

 $URING WAR ALL LIVES ARE  !LL THE LIVES MUST BE

DISRUPTED SPARED
! PEOPLES # CITIZENS ! PRISONERS # PRISONER
" CITIZEN $ CITIZENS " PRISONERS $ PRISONERS

 ! VIOLENCE LEAVES DEATH  ! IDEA IS TO AVOID WAR

AND DESTRUCTION BEHIND ! PACIlSTS # PACIlST
! WARS # WARS " PACIlSTS $ PACIlSTS
" WAR $ WARS
 !NY WAR PUTS PEOPLE IN
 ! DUTY IS TO PROTECT HIS WAY
OR HER COUNTRY ! HARMS # HARMS
! SOLDIERS # SOLDIERS " HARMS $ HARM
" SOLDIERS $ SOLDIER
 0EACE IS IN THE WHOLE
 3OLDIERS MUST FOLLOW BEST INTERESTS
ORDERS ! WORLDS # WORLD
! OFlCERS # OFlCER " WORLDS $ WORLDS
" OFlCERS $ OFlCERS
 3OME LEADERS DONT
 /NE FARM WAS TOTALLY UNDERSTAND THIS HOWEVER
DESTROYED IN BATTLE ! COUNTRIES # COUNTRIES
! MANS # MENS " COUNTRIES $ COUNTRY
" MANS $ MANS

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GZk^Zl
7RITE THE POSSESSIVE FORM OF EACH NOUN 7RITE 3 IF IT IS A SINGULAR
POSSESSIVE 7RITE 0 IF IT IS A PLURAL POSSESSIVE
 BACKPACK  GENTLEMEN
 SLEDS  SHEEP
 MICE  BOOKS
 COWS  DRESS
 BUSES  TEETH
 VEST  TURKEY
 LETTERS  BOX
 STORY  WOMEN
 LESSON  CHILDREN
 CHILD  DEER

7RITE EACH SENTENCE !DD AN APOSTROPHE  OR AN APOSTROPHE AND S

S TO UNDERLINED WORDS TO SHOW POSSESSIVES CORRECTLY

 3LAVES LIVES WERE TERRIBLY HARD

 4HEY WERE AT THE MERCY OF OWNERS WHIMS
 ! RUNAWAY
Y LIFE WAS IN DANGER
 /FTEN RUNAWAYS TRAVELED BY THE MOON LIGHT
 )T COULD TAKE SEVERAL WEEKS TRAVEL TO REACH THE .ORTH
 3LAVES HID DIRECTIONS IN A SONG
G WORDS
 !BOLITIONISTS ROLE WAS TO HIDE AND HELP RUNAWAYS
 ! SAFE HOUSE MEANT A NIGHT
G REST IN A BED AND A HOT MEAL
 ! STRANGER
G KINDNESS LIFTED THE RUNAWAYS
Y SPIRITS
 -ANY RUNAWAYS STOPPED ONLY WHEN THEY REACHED #ANADA
FREE SOIL

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7HEN YOU GIVE AN OPINION ABOUT A STORY YOU SHOULD
SUPPORT YOUR IDEAS WITH FACTS AND DETAILS 4HESE
DETAILS CAN INCLUDE EXAMPLES AND QUOTES FROM THE
STORY OR DESCRIPTIONS OF CHARACTERS OR ACTIONS

2EAD EACH OPINION 7RITE THE LETTERS OF THE SENTENCES

THAT HELP SUPPORT THIS OPINION
 #INDERELLA IS MISTREATED BY HER STEPFAMILY
! 3HE DOES ALL THE HARD UNPLEASANT WORK
" 3HE GETS POOR FOOD AND CLOTHING
# (ER STEPMOTHER AND STEPSISTERS MAKE FUN OF HER
$ 3HE RUNS FROM THE PRINCE AT MIDNIGHT
 h+ING -IDAS AND THE 'OLDEN 4OUCHv SHOWS THAT LOVE IS MORE
VALUABLE THAN GOLD
! +ING -IDAS CHANGES EVERYTHING HE TOUCHES TO GOLD
" +ING -IDAS HATES HIS POWER WHEN IT COSTS HIM HIS BELOVED
DAUGHTER
# +ING -IDAS LOVES GOLD MORE THAN ANYTHING
$ +ING -IDAS OFFERS TO GIVE UP EVERYTHING TO GET HIS
DAUGHTER BACK
 +ING -IDAS LOVES HIS DAUGHTER VERY MUCH
! (E ALWAYS WANTS TO MAKE HER HAPPY
" +ING -IDAS CHANGES HIS DAUGHTER TO A GOLD STATUE
# (E IS SORROWFUL WHEN SHE IS A STATUE
$ (E TAKES STEPS TO REMOVE HIS hGOLDEN CURSEv AND CURE HIS
DAUGHTER

7RITE YOUR OPINION ABOUT AN IMPORTANT IDEA IN A STORY YOU HAVE

READ ,IST AT LEAST THREE PIECES OF EVIDENCE FROM THE STORY THAT SUPPORT
YOUR OPINION

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! STORY REVIEW TELLS READERS ABOUT A STORYS THEME
SETTING AND CHARACTERS AND GIVES A BRIEF SUMMARY OF
ITS PLOT ! REVIEW IS ALSO A CRITIQUE BECAUSE IT TELLS THE
WRITERS THOUGHTS AND OPINIONS ABOUT THE STORY 4HESE
IDEAS SHOULD BE SUPPORTED BY DETAILS FROM THE STORY

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Action and Linking Verbs
A complete sentence has a subject and a predicate. The main
word in the predicate is a verb. An action verb tells what the
subject does.

The river floods the town.

Action verbs can tell about actions that are physical
(walk, carry) or mental (forget, understand).

A linking verb links, or joins, the subject to a word or words

in the predicate. It tells what the subject is or is like.

The townspeople are afraid.

Forms of the verb be (am, is, are, was, were) are often used
as linking verbs.
These verbs also can be linking verbs: become, seem, appear,
feel, taste, smell, and look. (I feel hungry. The pie smells
delicious.) However, some of them can also be used as
action verbs. (Feel this fabric. The dog smells many scents.)

Write the verb in each sentence. Write A if it is an action verb.

Write L if it is a linking verb.
1. The girl feels nervous.
2. Today is her wedding day.
3. She sits in a fancy chair.
4. Footmen carry the chair on their shoulders.
5. Her parents arranged the marriage.
6. She is only sixteen years old.
7. She sees her husband for the first time.
8. He looks handsome and kind.
9. She appears happy and content.
10. The families hope for a happy marriage.
92 Grammar
Write the verb from each sentence. Write MA if it shows mental action.
Write PA if it shows physical action. Write L if it is a linking verb.
1. A wedding day is special everywhere in the world.
2. Different cultures believe different things about marriage.
3. In some countries, a bride gives a dowry.
4. The dowry is money and goods for the husband or his family.
5. In other countries, the husband and wife live with his family.
6. Almost always, wedding guests feast.
7. The bride and groom dress in splendid clothes.
8. All the guests look joyful.
9. The husband and wife open many gifts.
10. Their friends and relatives are generous.
11. They want a happy, properous life for the newlyweds.
12. Everywhere, a marriage is a festive occasion.

Add a verb of your own to complete each sentence. Write the

sentence. Then write A or L to tell what kind of verb each one is.
13. A little brown dog on our doorstep.
14. Clearly, it lost.
15. My brother it Brewster.
16. Mom a notice in the papers and stores.
17. We quite fond of Brewster.
18. Then one day, Brewster’s owners .
19. Brewster overjoyed!
20. We sad for ourselves but glad for Brewster.

Grammar 93
IZhiEgZeVgVi^dc
7RITE THE LETTER OF THE PHRASE THAT CORRECTLY IDENTIlES THE UNDERLINED
WORD IN THE SENTENCE

 )N #HINA SHRINES HONOR  4HE INCENSE SMELLS SMOKY

ANCESTORS AND FRAGRANT
! ACTION VERB PHYSICAL ! ACTION VERB PHYSICAL
" ACTION VERB MENTAL " ACTION VERB MENTAL
# LINKING VERB # LINKING VERB
$ NOT A VERB $ NOT A VERB

 ! SHRINE IS A SACRED PLACE  $ESCENDANTS GAZE

G AT PICTURES
! ACTION VERB PHYSICAL AND POSSESSIONS OF THE
ANCESTORS
" ACTION VERB MENTAL
# LINKING VERB ! ACTION VERB PHYSICAL
$ NOT A VERB " ACTION VERB MENTAL
# LINKING VERB
 6ISITORS MEDITATE AT THE SHRINE $ NOT A VERB
! ACTION VERB PHYSICAL
 )N !MERICA WE VISIT THE
" ACTION VERB MENTAL G
GRAVES OF LOVED ONES
# LINKING VERB
! ACTION VERB PHYSICAL
$ NOT A VERB
" ACTION VERB MENTAL
 4HEY ALSO BURN INCENSE # LINKING VERB
$ NOT A VERB
! ACTION VERB PHYSICAL
" ACTION VERB MENTAL  7E PLACE
P mOWERS ON THE
# LINKING VERB GRAVE
$ NOT A VERB
! ACTION VERB PHYSICAL
" ACTION VERB MENTAL
# LINKING VERB
$ NOT A VERB

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GZk^Zl
7RITE THE VERB IN EACH SENTENCE 7RITE ! IF IT IS AN ACTION VERB
7RITE , IF IT IS A LINKING VERB
 2ITA LEARNED A LESSON ABOUT GENEROSITY
 'RANDMA SENT HER SEVERAL BIRTHDAY
GIFTS
 (ER FAVORITE WAS A PAIR OF SKATES
 3HE ALSO LOVED THE GAME AND BOOK
 4HAT DAY SHE MET A NEEDY FAMILY
 4HEIR DAUGHTER LOOKED TEN OR ELEVEN
 5NLIKE 2ITA THIS GIRL HAD VERY FEW
BELONGINGS
 2ITA FELT VERY SORRY FOR HER
 3HE GAVE THE GIRL HER NEW SKATES
 4HIS ACT MADE 2ITA HAPPY NOT SAD
 4HE GIRLS SMILE WAS A REWARD
 'RANDMA APPEARED PROUD OF 2ITA FOR HER UNSELlSHNESS

7RITE EACH SENTENCE !DD A VERB FROM THE BOX TO MAKE

THE ACTION VIVID

OUTWIT EARN TEACH CELEBRATE PROVE GROW

 &AIRY TALES CHILDREN ABOUT LIFE

 #HARACTERS WISER AS A RESULT OF CHALLENGES
 "OYS AND GIRLS THEIR INTELLIGENCE AND STRENGTH IN THE FACE
OF DANGER
 4HEY THE lERCEST BEASTS AND TYRANTS
 4HEY LOVE AND WEALTH AFTER GREAT HARDSHIPS
 &AIRY TALES A YOUTHS COMING OF AGE

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! NEWS STORY GIVES KEY INFORMATION ABOUT AN EVENT )T
ANSWERS A SET OF QUESTIONS CALLED THE  7S AND (OW
7HO 7HAT 7HERE 7HEN 7HY (OW 4HIS ESSENTIAL
INFORMATION INFORMS READERS ABOUT THE EVENT IN DIRECT
CONCRETE AND OBJECTIVE SENTENCES

2EAD EACH NEWS STORY LEAD &OR EACH STORY LIST THE WORDS 7HO
7HAT 7HERE 7HEN 7HY AND (OW 4HEN WRITE THE DETAILS THAT
ANSWER EACH QUESTION
 4HE THREE 0ORKSON BROTHERS OF #URLY 4ALE ,ANE NARROWLY AVOIDED
BEING EATEN BY A VERY HUNGRY PREDATOR " " 7OLF YESTERDAY
7OLF BLEW DOWN THE HOUSES OF 0ORKY AND $ORKY 0ORKSON WHICH
WERE MADE OF STRAW AND WOOD RESPECTIVELY 4HE PAIR lNALLY
ESCAPED TO BROTHER 'ORKYS BRICK HOME

 .OTORIOUS OUTLAW 'IGUNDO 'ROSSMAN WAS KILLED &RIDAY MORNING

WHEN LOCAL ENTREPRENEUR *ACK #LIMBER CUT DOWN THE STALK ON
WHICH 'ROSSMAN WAS CLIMBING #LIMBER ALLEGES THAT 'ROSSMAN
WAS hOUT TO GET HIM v AND HE ACTED IN SELF DEFENSE

7RITE A NEWS STORY BASED ON A FAMILIAR FAIRY TALE OR OTHER STORY YOU
HAVE READ )NCLUDE THE BASIC INFORMATION  7S AND (OW FROM THE
STORY IN YOUR ARTICLE

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A LEAD THAT GRABS READERS ATTENTION AND SETS UP THE
STORY 4HE BODY OF THE NEWS STORY EXPLAINS AND SUPPORTS
THE LEAD WITH SPECIlC DETAILS AND EXAMPLES

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6ERBS THAT ARE MADE UP OF MORE THAN ONE WORD ARE VERB
PHRASES )N A VERB PHRASE THE MAIN VERB NAMES THE ACTION
4HE HELPING VERB HELPS TELL THE TIME OF THE ACTION 3OME
COMMON HELPING VERBS ARE HAS HAVE HAD AM IS ARE WAS
WERE BE BEEN DO DOES DID CAN COULD WILL WOULD AND SHOULD

s 4HE MAIN VERB IS ALWAYS THE LAST WORD IN A VERB PHRASE

!NIMALS ARE LOSING
G HABITATS
s 4HERE MAY BE MORE THAN ONE HELPING VERB IN A VERB
PHRASE 7E SHOULD HAVE SAVED
D MORE WETLAND HABITATS
s (ELPING VERBS SUCH AS IS AND ARE SHOW THAT ACTION IS
HAPPENING IN THE PRESENT &ORESTS ARE CUTT DOWN FOR
WOOD 7AS AND WERE SHOW THAT THE ACTION HAPPENED
IN THE PAST /NCE MILLIONS OF ACRES OF FOREST WERE
STANDINGG IN THIS AREA 7ILL SHOWS THAT THE ACTION IS
HAPPENING IN THE FUTURE 4REES WILL DISAPPEARR IF WE
DONT CONSERVE THEM

7RITE THE VERB PHRASE IN EACH SENTENCE 5NDERLINE THE HELPING VERB
 &OR YEARS PEOPLE HAVE GIVEN NAMES TO THEIR PETS
 /UR DOG IS NAMED 'ROUCHO
 0ETS CAN PERFORM WONDERFUL TRICKS
 'ROUCHO HAS ENTERTAINED US FOR YEARS
 (E COULD BECOME A STANDUP COMIC
 3OMETIMES HE WILL WALK ON HIS HIND LEGS
 9OU SHOULD SEE HIS STUBBY TAIL
 .O ONE CAN RESIST HIS mOPPY EARS

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7RITE THE VERB FROM EACH SENTENCE )F THE VERB IS A VERB PHRASE
UNDERLINE THE HELPING VERB TWICE AND THE MAIN VERB ONCE
 4HE 7ILLOW %QUINE 2ESCUE "ARN HAS BEEN HELPING HORSES
IN TROUBLE
 3OME OF THE HORSES THERE ARE SUFFERING FROM INJURIES
 ! FEW WERE MISTREATED BY THEIR OWNERS
 (ORSES SHOULD BE PROVIDED WITH THE RIGHT FOOD
 4HIS HORSE WILL NEED MEDICINE CARE AND THE RIGHT DIET
 +AY AND $ICK HAVE BEEN VOLUNTEERING AT THE 2ESCUE "ARN
 4HEY CAN BRUSH THE HORSES COATS
 ! VETERINARIAN IS EXAMINING THE NEW ARRIVALS

.OTICE HOW VERBS EXPRESS PAST PRESENT OR FUTURE TIME IN EACH

UNDERLINED ITEM #OPY THE LAST SENTENCE IN EACH ITEM )NCLUDE A VERB
PHRASE THAT MATCHES THE TENSE OF THE UNDERLINED VERBS
 &IVE YOUNG DEER ARE STANDING LIKE STATUES ON MY LAWN 4HEY ARE
SLIM AND GRACEFUL /NE FROM THE BIRD FEEDER
 )N THE LAST lVE YEARS BUILDERS PUT UP A LOT OF STRIP MALLS NEARBY
,OTS OF lELDS AND WOODS WERE COVERED BY CONCRETE AND ASPHALT
!NIMALS OUT OF THEIR HOMES
 4HE LOSS OF HABITAT WILL BECOME A PRESSING ISSUE SOON !S
MORE LAND IS LOST WILDLIFE WILL BE FORCED TO LIVE SIDE BY SIDE
WITH HUMANS 0EOPLE ANIMALS EATING THEIR GRASS
AND BUSHES
 ) HAVE SEEN MANY KINDS OF WILDLIFE FROM MY WINDOWS ,AST WEEK
A FOX TROTTED BY 2ACCOONS HAVE RAIDED THE TRASH CANS )N THE
PAST TWO YEARS COYOTES MANY GARDENS

<gVbbVg 
IZhiEgZeVgVi^dc
7RITE THE LETTER OF THE WORDS THAT CORRECTLY IDENTIFY THE UNDERLINED
WORD OR WORDS IN THE SENTENCE

 7E CAN HELP
P WILD ANIMALS IN  4HIS WILL CAUSE AN IMBALANCE
MANY WAYS IN THE ECOSYSTEM
! HELPING VERB ! HELPING VERB
" MAIN VERB " MAIN VERB
# VERB PHRASE # VERB PHRASE
$ NOT A VERB $ NOT A VERB

 7E SHOULD RECOGNIZE THE  3OME OTHER ANIMALS HAVE LOST

IMPORTANCE OF EVERY ANIMAL THEIR FOOD SUPPLY
! HELPING VERB ! HELPING VERB
" MAIN VERB " MAIN VERB
# VERB PHRASE # VERB PHRASE
$ NOT A VERB $ NOT A VERB

 %VERY ANIMAL IS PLAYING

P Y G A ROLE
IN THE ECOSYSTEM
! HELPING VERB
" MAIN VERB
# VERB PHRASE
$ NOT A VERB

 3OME SPECIES COULD BE

ELIMINATED
! HELPING VERB
" MAIN VERB
# VERB PHRASE
$ NOT A VERB

 <gVbbVg
GZk^Zl
7RITE A HELPING VERB FROM THE BOX THAT CAN COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE

SHOULD DOES ARE CAN WILL HAVE BEEN

 YOUR COMMUNITY HAVE A RECYCLING CENTER

 0EOPLE IN OUR TOWN RECYCLE PAPER GLASS METAL AND PLASTIC
IF THEY WANT
 2ECYCLABLES COLLECTED EVERY 4HURSDAY BY SPECIAL TRUCKS
 ) CARRY OUT THE BLUE RECYCLING BIN AFTER BREAKFAST
 !CCORDING TO THE GUIDELINES WE PUT THE NEWSPAPERS IN
PAPER BAGS
 4HE GLASS JARS WASHED OUT ALREADY

7RITE EACH VERB PHRASE 5NDERLINE THE HELPING VERB OR VERBS TWICE
AND THE MAIN VERB ONCE
 ) AM WATCHING A SHOW ABOUT ANIMALS
 'INNY HAS OBSERVED THEM AT THE ZOO
 4HOSE MONKEYS ARE GROOMING ONE ANOTHER
 4HAT KOALA IS SLEEPING IN A TREE
 4WO COLORFUL BIRDS HAVE BEEN BUILDING A NEST
 ! GIRAFFE HAS STRETCHED ITS NECK TO THE TOP BRANCHES
 5SUALLY IT WOULD GRAB THE HIGHEST LEAVES
 4HE ELEPHANTS ARE PLAYING IN THE WATER
 4HEIR TRUNKS CAN ACT LIKE HOSES
 4HE MOTHER ELEPHANT HAS SPRAYED WATER ON HER BABY
 .O VISITORS SHOULD FEED THE ANIMALS AT THE ZOO
 :OOKEEPERS WILL GIVE THEM THE RIGHT FOOD

<gVbbVg 
 .) +)X*
)+

@cdlNdjgEjgedhZ
!UTHORS WRITE FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES 4HEY MIGHT
WANT TO INFORM PERSUADE OR ENTERTAIN THEIR READERS
"EFORE WRITING HAVE YOUR PURPOSE lRMLY IN MIND
&OR EXAMPLE WHEN YOU EXPLAIN RULES YOUR PURPOSE IS
TO PERSUADE READERS TO FOLLOW THEM 4O MOTIVATE YOUR
READERS TO ACT GIVE THEM REASONS FACTS AND WELL
SUPPORTED OPINIONS

2EAD EACH RULE AND THE SENTENCES THAT FOLLOW IT 7RITE THE NUMBERS
OF THE SENTENCES THAT SUPPORT THE RULE
!VOID OVERLY PACKAGED hDISPOSABLEv PRODUCTS
 0LASTIC AND PLASTIC FOAM PACKAGING WILL NOT BREAK DOWN AND ARE
NOT OFTEN RECYCLED
 -ARKETERS MAKE PACKAGING COLORFUL AND APPEALING
 h$ISPOSABLEv PRODUCTS HAVE TO BE THROWN AWAY SO THEY
WASTE RESOURCES
 3OME PACKAGING MATERIALS SUCH AS PLASTIC FOAM HARM THE
ENVIRONMENT
#OMPOST NATURAL WASTES
 ,EAVES AND OTHER YARD WASTE ADD TO THE RICHNESS OF THE SOIL
 0UTTING THIS WASTE IN THE TRASH USES LANDlLL SPACE
 "URNING THIS WASTE CONTRIBUTES TO AIR POLLUTION
 "IRD FEEDERS AND BIRDHOUSES WILL MAKE YOUR YARD AN
ATTRACTIVE HABITAT

4HINK OF YOUR OWN RULE FOR SAVING THE ENVIRONMENT 7RITE YOUR
RULE 4HEN WRITE AT LEAST THREE PIECES OF EVIDENCE FACTS OPINIONS
EXAMPLES OR LOGICAL ARGUMENTS TO SHOW WHY THE RULE IS A GOOD ONE

 Lg^i^c\
 WRITING MODEL

Rules
Some writing assignments will ask you to support your ideas with
rules. Make sure that each rule is stated clearly and concisely and
supports your main idea. Rules may consist of a simple list, or
they may be developed in paragraphs with persuasive details.

Rules to Save the Environment

1. Recycle everything you can.
Details give Think of all the paper, glass, metal, and plastic you
compelling, throw out every week in the trash. These precious
logical reasons
natural resources could be used again instead of being
to follow rules.
buried in a landfill. As garbage, they take up room and
can pollute the land. If we recycle them, we will need to
Rules are expressed cut fewer trees, dig less ore, and pump less oil.
as brief commands 2. Conserve water every way you can.
using specific verbs.
Clean fresh water is essential to life. Earth has an
enormous population of humans and a limited supply
Exact, vivid words of water. When you run water needlessly, you waste
drive home the
point and persuade
our most precious resource. Take a brief shower
readers. instead of a long one. Flush the toilet less often. Fix
leaky faucets. You’ll be surprised how many thousands
of gallons of water you save over time!
3. Use the car only when you must.
Vehicles use up Earth’s oil. (Gasoline is made from oil.) Like
many of Earth’s resources, oil is nonrenewable. That means
Earth is not making more oil—at least not fast enough for
us. Also, exhaust from motors is polluting the air and
contributing to global warming. Carpool, walk, bike, or
use public transportation whenever possible.

Writing 103
HjW_ZXi"KZgW6\gZZbZci
4HE SUBJECT AND VERB IN A SENTENCE MUST AGREE OR WORK
TOGETHER ! SINGULAR SUBJECT NEEDS A SINGULAR VERB ! PLURAL
SUBJECT NEEDS A PLURAL VERB

5SE THESE RULES FOR VERBS THAT TELL ABOUT THE PRESENT TIME
s )F THE SUBJECT IS A SINGULAR NOUN OR HE SHE OR IT ADD S OR
ES TO MOST VERBS
! HORSE RUNS ! DOG CHASES THE HORSE )T BARKS LOUDLY
s )F THE SUBJECT IS A PLURAL NOUN OR ) YOU WE OR THEY DO NOT
ADD S OR ES TO THE VERB
(ORSES RUN $OGS CHASE THE HORSE 4HEY BARK LOUDLY
s &OR THE VERB BE USE AM AND IS TO AGREE WITH SINGULAR
SUBJECTS AND ARE TO AGREE WITH PLURAL SUBJECTS
) AM AFRAID 0AUL IS FEARLESS 4HE ARMIES ARE HERE 7E
ARE SURPRISED
s ! COLLECTIVE NOUN NAMES A GROUP SUCH AS FAMILY TEAM
AND CLASS ! COLLECTIVE NOUN IS SINGULAR IF IT REFERS TO A
GROUP ACTING AS ONE 4HE CLASS IS GOINGG ON A lELD TRIP !
COLLECTIVE NOUN IS PLURAL IF IT REFERS TO MEMBERS OF THE
GROUP ACTING INDIVIDUALLY 4HE CLASS ARE DEBATINGG ABOUT
WHICH PLACE TO VISIT

7RITE THE SUBJECT OF EACH SENTENCE 4HEN WRITE THE VERB IN  THAT
AGREES WITH THE SUBJECT
 !MERICAN HISTORY IS ARE AN INTERESTING SUBJECT
 /UR CLASS IS ARE STUDYING THE !MERICAN COLONIES
 7ILLIAMSBURG WAS WERE A COLONIAL COMMUNITY
 !CTORS PLAY PLAYS THE PART OF COLONISTS
 ! BLACKSMITH POUND POUNDS METAL AT A FORGE
 <gVbbVg
)F THE SUBJECT AND VERB OF A SENTENCE AGREE WRITE # FOR CORRECT )F
THEY DO NOT AGREE WRITE THE SENTENCE CHANGING THE VERB TO MAKE IT
AGREE WITH THE SUBJECT
 .ARRATIVE POEMS TELLS STORIES
 /FTEN THEY ARE ABOUT A NATIONS HEROES
 4HIS POEM TELL OF A PATRIOTS COURAGE
 -R +UROPAS ALWAYS READS THIS POEM ALOUD TO HIS CLASSES
 %VERY STUDENT LISTEN SPELLBOUND
 -ANY VIVID IMAGES COMES TO LIFE FOR THE STUDENTS
 4HE HERO FACES MANY DANGERS
 (E CONTINUE FOR THE SAKE OF HIS COUNTRYMEN
 3UCH STORIES CREATES PRIDE IN OUR COUNTRY AND ITS HEROES
 ,IBERTY ARE THE COMMON GOAL FOR !MERICANS YESTERDAY
AND TODAY

!DD A VERB THAT TELLS ABOUT THE PRESENT TIME TO COMPLETE EACH
SENTENCE "E SURE TO USE THE VERB FORM THAT AGREES WITH THE SUBJECT
7RITE THE SENTENCES
 4HE COLONIAL ERA MY FAVORITE PART OF !MERICAN HISTORY
 ) MANY BOOKS ABOUT THE 2EVOLUTIONARY 7AR
 )F A BOOK IS TOO HARD $AD
IT TO ME
 4HE -INUTEMEN VERY
BRAVE TO ME
 $AD AND ) THEM lGHTING
THE MIGHTY "RITISH ARMY
 7E ABOUT EACH BOOK
AFTER WE lNISH IT

<gVbbVg 
IZhiEgZeVgVi^dc
7RITE THE LETTER OF THE VERB THAT AGREES WITH THE SUBJECT IN THE SENTENCE

 -OST KIDS ABOUT "EN  4HOSE WORDS ONE

&RANKLIN FAMOUS &RANKLIN QUOTATION
! KNOW # KNOWING ! IS # BEING
" KNOWS $ KNOS " ARE $ MAKING

 (E SOMETHING OF A  (IS PRACTICAL ADVICE

NATIONAL TREASURE !MERICANS WELL
! ARE # WERE ! SERVING # SERVER
" IS $ BEING " SERVES $ SERVE

 (ISTORY TEACHERS ABOUT  4HE &RANKLIN STOVE

HIS POLITICAL GENIUS JUST ONE OF HIS SCIENTIlC
CONTRIBUTIONS
! TALKING # TALKER
" TALKS $ TALK ! BE # ARE
" WERE $ IS
 3CIENTISTS HIS INVENTIONS
AND DISCOVERIES  ! HIGH mYING KITE US OF
HIS ELECTRICITY EXPERIMENTS
! PRAISEING # PRAISES
" PRAISE $ PRAISING ! REMIND # REMINDS
" REMINDING $ REMINDER
 0EOPLE &RANKLINS WISE
SAYINGS
! QUOTES # QUOTABLE
" QUOTE $ QUOTING

 h! STITCH IN TIME NINEv

! SAVING # SAVES
" SAVE $ SAVER

 <gVbbVg
GZk^Zl
7RITE THE SUBJECT OF EACH SENTENCE 4HEN WRITE THE VERB IN  THAT
AGREES WITH THIS SUBJECT
 (ISTORICAL lCTION IS ARE MAKE BELIEVE STORIES BASED ON REAL
EVENTS OR PEOPLE
 !N EXAMPLE OF HISTORICAL lCTION IS ARE THE NOVEL "EN AND -E
 4HE MAIN CHARACTERS IS ARE "EN &RANKLIN AND A MOUSE NAMED
!MOS
 )N THE NOVEL !MOS TAKE TAKES CREDIT FOR &RANKLINS WORK
 4HE LITTLE MOUSE LIVE LIVES IN &RANKLINS WIG
 2EADERS LAUGH LAUGHS WHILE THEY LEARN ABOUT HISTORY
 2OBERT ,AWSON IS ARE THE AUTHOR OF "EN AND -E
 #HILDREN OF ALL AGES ENJOY ENJOYS THIS LIGHTHEARTED BOOK
 /UR SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHER IS ARE READING IT TO US
 7E DISCUSS DISCUSSES "EN &RANKLINS REAL LIFE ACCOMPLISHMENTS

!DD A PRESENT TENSE VERB TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE "E SURE THE VERB
AGREES WITH THE SUBJECT IN NUMBER
 4HOMAS *EFFERSONS HOME ON A MOUNTAINTOP IN 6IRGINIA
 -ONTICELLO MANY VISITORS EACH YEAR
 )TS INGENIOUS ARCHITECTURE *EFFERSONS LOVE OF CLASSICAL
DESIGN
 )TS MANY GARDENS HIS DEVOTION TO AGRICULTURE AND SCIENCE
 -ANY ORIGINAL INVENTIONS BY *EFFERSON DISPLAYED IN
THE HOUSE
 6ISITORS *EFFERSONS GENIUS AS THEY TOUR THE HOME
AND GROUNDS

<gVbbVg 
 .) +)X*
)+

Dg\Vc^oVi^dc
7HEN ORGANIZING YOUR WRITING ABOUT AN EVENT USE
SEQUENCE WORDS TO MAKE IT CLEAR WHEN EACH ACTION
OCCURRED 3OME SEQUENCE WORDS ARE AT lRST NEXT THEN
NOW AND lNALLY

#HOOSE A SEQUENCE WORD OR PHRASE FROM THE BOX TO

BEGIN EACH SENTENCE 7RITE THE SENTENCES AS A PARAGRAPH

AFTER RISING IN THE AFTERNOON

lNALLY AT DAYBREAK
FOLLOWING THIS RECORD KEEPING THEN

4HOMAS *EFFERSON ROSE FROM HIS BED

(E MEASURED AND RECORDED THE TEMPERATURE AND OTHER WEATHER DATA
(E STARTED A lRE TO WARM HIS ROOM AND DRESSED FOR THE DAY
4HIS MAN OF LETTERS SAT DOWN AT HIS WRITING TABLE AND WROTE LETTERS
4HE MASTER OF -ONTICELLO INSPECTED HIS VEGETABLE AND FRUIT GARDENS
*EFFERSON MOUNTED HIS HORSE AND TOURED HIS lVE FARMS FOR THE REST
OF THE DAY

7RITE YOUR OWN PARAGRAPH ABOUT

SOMETHING YOU HAVE ACCOMPLISHED
5SE SEQUENCE WORDS TO SHOW THE
ORDER OF EVENTS

 Lg^i^c\
 WRITING MODEL

Writing for Tests

Prompt In an interview, a person answers questions
about himself or herself. “Interview” a famous person
from history whom you have read about. Write questions
and answers that are based on your reading. Try to
make this person “come alive” for your audience.

Champion of Freedom: Thomas Jefferson Speaks

Question focuses on Q: Why did you write the Declaration of Independence?
circumstances under
which Declaration A: I represented my colony of Virginia in the
was written. Continental Congress. The colonies were going to war
with Britain for their independence. I was asked to
write an explanation of our reasons for fighting.
Sequence words
Q: Did you write the Declaration all yourself?
clarify order of A: Yes, I felt strongly about our right to liberty.
events. Within a few days, I had a draft. Next, I showed it to
Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, and they helped
improve it. Then Congress debated about it and
Question focuses on
how person thought insisted on a few changes.
and felt. Q: How did you feel about that?
A: It was agony. These were my deepest beliefs on
Details paper. However, I knew all the colonies had to agree
communicate
emotions of on the words. Congress struck out the paragraph
author. condemning slavery. I hated that. Even though I owned
slaves, I knew slavery was evil and needed to end.

Writing 109
EVhi!EgZhZci!VcY;jijgZIZchZh
4HE TENSE OF A VERB SHOWS WHEN SOMETHING HAPPENS 6ERBS
IN THE PRESENT TENSE SHOW ACTION THAT HAPPENS NOW -OST
PRESENT TENSE SINGULAR VERBS END WITH S OR ES -OST PRESENT
TENSE PLURAL VERBS DO NOT END WITH S OR ES

4HE KING ENTERS THE HALL (IS SUBJECTS BOW

6ERBS IN THE PAST TENSE SHOW ACTION THAT HAS ALREADY
HAPPENED -OST VERBS IN THE PAST TENSE END IN ED

,ONG AGO A FAIRY ENCHANTED THE PRINCESS

6ERBS IN THE FUTURE TENSE SHOW ACTION THAT WILL HAPPEN !DD
WILL OR SHALL TO MOST VERBS TO SHOW THE FUTURE TENSE
3HE WILL SLEEP
P NOW
s 3OME REGULAR VERBS CHANGE SPELLING WHEN EDD IS ADDED
&OR VERBS ENDING IN E DROP THE E AND ADD ED LIKED LOVED
&OR VERBS ENDING IN A CONSONANT AND Y CHANGE THE Y TO I
AND ADD ED HURRIED CARRIED
s &OR MOST ONE SYLLABLE VERBS THAT END IN ONE VOWEL
FOLLOWED BY ONE CONSONANT DOUBLE THE CONSONANT AND
ADD ED STOPPED NAPPED
s )RREGULAR VERBS CHANGE SPELLING TO FORM THE PAST TENSE
AREWERE BECOMEBECAME BRINGBROUGHT EATATE mYmEW
GIVEGAVE HAVEHAD ISWAS MEETMET SINGSANG TAKETOOKK
TELLTOLD WRITEWROTE

)DENTIFY THE TENSE OF EACH VERB 7RITE PRESENT PAST OR FUTURE

 WANTS  IS  WILL RING

 WILL AWARD  RECEIVED  TRIED
 COMPETED  CALLS

 <gVbbVg
#OPY THE TABLE #OMPLETE IT BY lLLING IN THE MISSING TENSES
OF VERBS
0RESENT 0AST &UTURE
 9OU PLAN 9OU  9OU 
 (E  (E ATE (E 
 4HEY MARRY 4HEY  4HEY 
 )T mIES )T  )T 
 3HE HOPES 3HE  3HE 
 7E  7E SMILED 7E 
 ) GIVE )  ) 

)N EACH ITEM ONE SENTENCE USES THE WRONG VERB TENSE 2EWRITE THAT
SENTENCE CORRECTING THE VERB
 ) WILL BE A PILOT SOMEDAY ) WILL SET ALL KINDS OF RECORDS FOR SPEED
) TRAVEL THE WORLD
 &AIRY TALES WERE PASSED DOWN ORALLY FOR CENTURIES 'RANDPARENTS
AND PARENTS TOLD THEM TO THEIR CHILDREN 4HE "ROTHERS 'RIMM
WRITE DOWN THESE TALES IN THE S
 4ALES USUALLY INVOLVE KINGS QUEENS PRINCES AND PRINCESSES !
YOUNG PERSON SEEKS HIS OR HER FORTUNE ! TERRIBLE PROBLEM WAS
SOLVED !LL IS WELL AT THE END
 "RUCE WILL mY TO $ALLAS THIS SUMMER (E VISITED HIS AUNT UNCLE
AND COUSINS 4HEY WILL TAKE HIM WITH THEM TO A GAME IN
(OUSTON
 0ENNY WRITES STORIES 3HE ILLUSTRATED THEM TOO 3HE READS THEM TO
GROUPS OF YOUNG CHILDREN

<gVbbVg 
IZhiEgZeVgVi^dc
7RITE THE LETTER OF THE VERB THAT CORRECTLY COMPLETES THE SENTENCE

 /UR CLASS ??? STUDYING GREAT  "ECAUSE OF COMPUTERS WE

INVENTORS NOW OUR TIME THE !GE OF
! IS # AM )NFORMATION
" WAS $ WILL BE ! CALL # CALLED
" CALLS $ WILL CALL
 !LEXANDER 'RAHAM "ELL
THE TELEPHONE IN   )N THE S THE )NTERNET
US ACCESS TO A WORLD OF
! INVENT # INVENTED
INFORMATION
" INVENTS $ WILL
INVENT ! GIVE # GAVE
" GIVES $ WILL GIVE
 4ODAY THE lRST PHONES
ODD TO US  4HE FUTURE MANY MORE
! LOOKED # LOOKS INVENTIONS
" LOOK $ WILL LOOK ! BRING # BRANG
" BRINGS $ WILL
 3OME DAY CELL PHONES BRING
OLD FASHIONED TOO
! SEEM # SEEMED
" SEEMS $ WILL
SEEM

 4HE COMPUTER AN
IMPORTANT INVENTION OF THE
TWENTIETH CENTURY
! IS # AM
" WAS $ WILL BE

 <gVbbVg
GZk^Zl
)DENTIFY THE TENSE OF EACH UNDERLINED VERB 7RITE PAST PRESENTT OR
FUTURE
 /UR MIDDLE SCHOOL HAS A DRAMA CLUB
 ,AST YEAR THIRTY STUDENTS JOINED
J THE CLUB
 -EMBERS VOTE ON A PLAY TO PERFORM
 4HIS YEAR THE CLUB WILL P
PERFORM A MUSICAL
 4HE CLUB MEETS EVERY 4HURSDAY
 3OON WE WILL HOLD TRYOUTS FOR PARTS
 -ANY STUDENTS TRY
Y OUT
 ) WANT A SINGING PART IN THE MUSICAL
 ) WATCHED MUSICALS ON 46
 ) SANG
G ALONG WITH THEM FOR PRACTICE

2EWRITE EACH SENTENCE TWICE &IRST CHANGE THE UNDERLINED VERB TO

PAST TENSE 4HEN CHANGE IT TO FUTURE TENSE
 ) mY
Y IN A JET
 /UR FAMILY VACATIONS FAR FROM HOME
 ! PLANE REDUCES OUR TRAVEL TIME
 )T TAKES TWO DAYS TO DRIVE TO THE COAST
 4HE JET CARRIES US THERE IN SIX HOURS
 )T STOPS
P TWICE ON THE WAY
 3OMETIMES THE ALTITUDE CHANGE BOTHERS MY EARS
 ) YAWN
Y TO EQUALIZE THE PRESSURE IN MY EARS
 ) WALK
K AROUND EVERY HOUR
 4HE TRIP IS OVER SURPRISINGLY FAST

<gVbbVg 
 .) +)X*
)+

JhZEdlZg[jaKZgWh
! SKIT OR PLAY FOCUSES ON ACTION 5SE POWERFUL VERBS
IN STAGE DIRECTIONS SO ACTORS KNOW EXACTLY HOW TO
MOVE OR SPEAK 5SE VIVID VERBS IN DIALOGUE TO MAKE
ACTORS WORDS CONVINCING

2EAD EACH PAIR OF STAGE DIRECTIONS 7RITE THE LETTER OF THE

STAGE DIRECTION THAT BEST EXPLAINS WHAT ACTORS SHOULD DO
 ! 15%%. WALKS LEFT TO RIGHT LOOKS OUT WINDOW
" 15%%. STRIDES LEFT TO RIGHT STARES OUT WINDOW SADLY
 ! +).' DASHES UP STAIRS BARKS ORDER OVER HIS SHOULDER
" +).' RUNS UP STAIRS GIVES ORDER OVER HIS SHOULDER
 ! 02).#%33 BRUSHES HAIR SLOWLY LOOKS IN MIRROR
" 02).#%33 STROKES HAIR GENTLY WITH BRUSH GAZES
LONGINGLY IN MIRROR
 ! *%34%2 LAUGHS LOUDLY AND MAKES NOISE
" *%34%2 GUFFAWS AND STAMPS HIS FOOT

&OR EACH PAIR OF VERBS IN  WRITE THE VERB THAT MAKES THE STAGE
DIRECTION MORE VIVID
 02).#% '!7+9 GETS UP LEAPS FROM HIS CHAIR  (E TRIPS
FALLS OVER THE HASSOCK AND GOES ROLLS ACROSS THE mOOR  (E HAULS
PULLS HIMSELF UP USING A TABLE FOR SUPPORT  4HE TABLE TIPS OVER
AND DISHES CRASH DROP TO THE mOOR  4HEY BREAK SMASH INTO
BITS  02).#% '!7+9 DASHES RUNS UP THE STAIRS BUT TRIPS OVER
A RUNNER AND FALLS TOPPLES AGAIN

7RITE A STAGE DIRECTION THAT DESCRIBES THE ACTIONS OF AN ANGRY KING

 Lg^i^c\
 WRITING MODEL

Skit
A skit is a short play. The plot of a skit is told through
dialogue—words characters speak. The speaker’s
name appears before the words. Stage directions
describe the scene or tell actors how to move.

Bird Catchers
Setting: Backyard. Rope, box, and stick lie on ground.
Alice and Tom sit on steps, looking frustrated.
ALICE: We’ve been trying all morning.
Stage directions TOM: We’ll never catch a bird! They’re too quick.
make clear what
actors should do.
(Alice and Tom hang their heads and slump,
lost in thought. Enter Mom.)
Dialogue presents
MOM: Why so glum? Did you lose something?
the characters’
problem. ALICE: We want a pet bird, but we can’t catch one.
TOM: We tried sneaking up on them.
ALICE: They won’t hop in our trap. It’s impossible!
Specific verbs make MOM: Hmmm. Why do you want to have a wild bird
dialogue clear.
for a pet? You can’t snuggle or pet it.
TOM: We want to see them up close. They’re cool!
MOM: Yes, they are cool, but they need to be free.
I have an idea.
(All leave stage. They re-enter carrying an
apple on a string, covered with peanut butter
and birdseed. They tie it onto a bush.)
TOM: We can watch the birds through the window.
ALICE: They’ll be close, but they’ll be free.

Writing 115
Eg^cX^eVaEVgihd[GZ\jaVgKZgWh
! VERBS TENSES ARE MADE FROM FOUR BASIC FORMS 4HESE BASIC
FORMS ARE CALLED THE VERBS PRINCIPAL PARTS

0RESENT 0RESENT 0ARTICIPLE 0AST 0AST 0ARTICIPLE

STOP IS ARE STOPPING STOPPED HAS HAVE HAD
STOPPED
ASK IS ARE
R ASKING ASKED HAS HAVE HAD
ASKED

! REGULAR VERB FORMS ITS PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE BY ADDING ED

TO THE PRESENT FORM

s 4HE PRESENT AND THE PAST FORM CAN BE USED BY THEMSELVES

AS VERBS
s 4HE PRESENT PARTICIPLE AND THE PAST PARTICIPLE ARE ALWAYS
USED WITH A HELPING VERB

7RITE PRESENT PRESENT PARTICIPLE PAST OR PAST PARTICIPLE TO IDENTIFY

WHICH PRINCIPAL PART THE UNDERLINED VERB IS
 'ENIUS SOMETIMES SLOWS PRODUCTIVITY
 ,EONARDO DA 6INCI POSSESSED
P GREAT GENIUS
 9OLANDA BORROWED A BIOGRAPHY OF ,EONARDO
 )T DESCRIBES HIS MANY UNlNISHED PROJECTS
 ,EONARDO INVENTED MANY MACHINES
 /NLY THE DRAWINGS HAVE SURVIVED
 (IS INVENTIONS ARE FUNCTIONING
G PERFECTLY WELL
 7E HAVE CONSTRUCTED MODELS FROM HIS DRAWINGS
 ! FEW OF HIS MAGNIlCENT PAINTINGS HAVE LASTED
 4HE -ONA ,ISA IS ATTRACTING
G MORE CROWDS NOW THAN EVER

 <gVbbVg
7RITE THE FORM OF THE UNDERLINED VERB INDICATED IN  
 4HROUGHOUT THE AGES INVENTORS MOVE CIVILIZATION FORWARD
PAST PARTICIPLE
 4HEY ALWAYS IMAGINE
G WAYS TO MAKE LIFE EASIER OR BETTER
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
 ,EONARDO DA 6INCI ACCOMPLISH
P MUCH AS AN INVENTOR AND AN
ARTIST PAST
 ,ATER INVENTORS STUDYY HIS IDEAS PAST
 4ODAY WE STILL TAP
P HIS IDEAS TO IMPROVE OUR WORLD PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
 $A 6INCIS CAREFUL DIAGRAMS PROVIDE
P A BASIS FOR LATER SUCCESSES
PAST PARTICIPLE
 -OST PEOPLE ADMIRE THE BRILLIANCE OF DA 6INCIS WORK PRESENT
 4HEY WONDER HOW HE THOUGHT OF SO MANY DIFFERENT IDEAS
PRESENT

7RITE EACH SENTENCE USING THE PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF THE VERB IN  
$ECIDE WHETHER HAS OR HAVE IS NEEDED
 ) PURCHASE A BOOK ABOUT ,EONARDO DA 6INCI
 (ANNAH TRY TO UNDERSTAND HIS PAINTINGS FOR YEARS
 3HE DESCRIBE HIS -ONA ,ISA TO ME SEVERAL TIMES
 .OW ) VIEW IT FOR MYSELF
 ) SEE WHY VIEWERS PUZZLE OVER IT FOR CENTURIES
 %XPERTS PRESERVE THIS MASTERPIECE CAREFULLY
 $A 6INCIS ,AST 3UPPERR WEATHER THE CENTURIES BADLY
 4HE PAINT DRY AND CRACKED
 )TS BROAD OUTLINES AND SOME DETAILS SURVIVE 
 4HE GENIUS OF DA 6INCI INSPIRE ART LOVERS FOR MORE THAN lVE
HUNDRED YEARS

<gVbbVg 
IZhiEgZeVgVi^dc
7RITE THE LETTER OF THE PRINCIPAL PART USED TO FORM THE UNDERLINED
VERB IN EACH SENTENCE

 )TALIANS VALUED GREAT ARTISTS OF  .OTEBOOKS CONTAINED MANY

THE 2ENAISSANCE SKETCHES FOR PAINTINGS
! PRESENT ! PRESENT
" PRESENT PARTICIPLE " PRESENT PARTICIPLE
# PAST # PAST
$ PAST PARTICIPLE $ PAST PARTICIPLE

 4HEY SUPPORTED
PP ARTISTS WITH  0EOPLE HAVE REMARKED ABOUT
THEIR PATRONAGE THE CURIOUS WRITING
! PRESENT ! PRESENT
" PRESENT PARTICIPLE " PRESENT PARTICIPLE
# PAST # PAST
$ PAST PARTICIPLE $ PAST PARTICIPLE

 0ATRONAGE MEANS hSUPPORT  $A 6INCI RECORDED HIS IDEAS

FROM A WEALTHY SPONSORv IN CODE
! PRESENT ! PRESENT
" PRESENT PARTICIPLE " PRESENT PARTICIPLE
# PAST # PAST
$ PAST PARTICIPLE $ PAST PARTICIPLE

 <gVbbVg
GZk^Zl
7RITE PRESENT PRESENT PARTICIPLE PAST OR PAST PARTICIPLE TO IDENTIFY
WHICH PRINCIPAL PART THE UNDERLINED VERB IS
 ! SCULPTOR SHAPES
P STONE CLAY OR METAL
 ! PAINTER USES OILS OR WATERCOLORS
 ) HAVE TRIED BOTH THESE KINDS OF ART
 .OW ) AM P
PAINTING
G A PORTRAIT
 $URING HIS LIFETIME PEOPLE HAILED DA 6INCI AS A GENIUS
 4ODAY MANY OF HIS WORKS HAVE DISAPPEARED
PP 
 (E lLLED THOUSANDS OF PAGES WITH NOTES DRAWINGS AND PLANS
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0RESENT 0RESENT 0ARTICIPLE 0AST 0AST 0ARTICIPLE

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 -OM A HAND ON MY FOREHEAD PAST

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 &EW PEOPLE HAVE LAID LAIN ON A BED OF NAILS
 4ODAY ) WILL SET SIT WITH YOU
 3ET 3IT YOUR BOOTS ON THE MAT
 4HE PIANO TEACHER SAT SET BESIDE THE YOUNGEST STUDENT
 6INCE HAD LAID LAIN A BOUQUET ON A CHAIR
 'INNY SAT SET THE BOUQUET IN A VASE OF WATER
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2EAD THE GENERAL PHRASE AND THE SPECIlC PHRASE THAT IS SUBSTITUTED ON
THE RIGHT 7RITE ANOTHER PHRASE THAT USES SPECIlC WORDS TO CREATE A
VIVID PICTURE
'ENERAL 3PECIlC
 A GOOD FATHER A STRICT BUT AFFECTIONATE FATHER
 ENJOYABLE MUSIC A PEPPY SALSA SONG
 A NICE TIME AN EXCITING AFTERNOON AT THE
WATER PARK
 AWESOME TALENT CLEAR )RISH TENOR
 PRETTY SCENERY TOWERING PEAKS IN A PURPLE HAZE
 A SCARED PUP A TINY BROWN POODLE COWERING
UNDER A CHAIR
 INTERESTING INFORMATION AN EXCITING INSPIRING SPEECH
 A BORING MOVIE A REAL SNOOZE FEST OF A lLM
 A HELPFUL PERSON A FRIENDLY KNOWLEDGEABLE SALESCLERK
 A NEW FOOD CRISP RICE NOODLES WITH PAN FRIED
SHRIMP

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NOUNS AND VIVID ADJECTIVES

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Description
A description helps readers visualize a place, person,
or thing. It creates a word picture using vivid sense
words and images. A description may use strong
details to create a feeling, such as happiness or fear. It
can be organized by space order (for example, top to
bottom) or by senses (for example, smell, sight, taste).

Strong title and

opening set this A Little Marching Music, Maestro
piece in motion. There’s nothing like a John Philip Sousa march to
fill a room with energy. No one can frown or slump
while listening to a marching band play “The Stars and
Stripes Forever.” The sound sets my toes tapping and
gives me a “can-do” attitude.
Snare drums beat a commanding rhythm. Rat-a-tat
Description is
tat. Rat-a-tat-tat. I feel the thump of the bass drum
ordered by type of from head to toe. Boom, boom, boom. The brass joins
instrument in band. in with a powerful melody. Then suddenly a f lute rises
above the concert of sound. Dee-dee-dee-dee-dee-dee.
If I close my eyes, I can see Sousa leading his
marching band on parade. The plumes on the players’
Vivid images create hats bob, and the brass on the shoulders of their
upbeat, lively mood. uniforms sparkles. I feel like marching around the room!
My friends say rap and rock are the best kinds of
music, but give me a Sousa march any day!

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PROVIDE DETAILS ABOUT THE REST OF THE SENTENCE

!NIMATION IS CREATED FROM CAREFUL DRAWINGS

PREPOSITION
!NIMATION IS CREATED FROM CAREFUL DRAWINGS
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PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
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7RITE THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE IN EACH SENTENCE #IRCLE

THE PREPOSITION
 4HE lRST ANIMATED CARTOONS WERE MADE BY 7ALT $ISNEY
 $ISNEY CREATED -ICKEY -OUSE IN 
 4HIS lLM USED SOUND FOR THE lRST TIME
 6IEWERS LOVED THE LITTLE MOUSE WITH THE SILLY GRIN
 -ICKEYS LOOKS CHANGED OVER TIME
 4ODAY HE IS BELOVED AROUND THE WORLD
 -ANY MILLIONS OF PEOPLE VISIT $ISNEY 7ORLD AND $ISNEYLAND
 4HERE YOU CAN SEE -ICKEY STROLLING ACROSS THE GROUNDS

 <gVbbVg
7RITE THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE IN EACH SENTENCE 7RITE 0 ABOVE THE
PREPOSITION 7RITE / ABOVE THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION
 4WO OF MY FAVORITE ANIMATED lLMS ARE 3HREK AND 4HE )NCREDIBLES
 4HE OGRE 3HREK IS KIND AT HEART
 3HREKS SWAMP IS CROWDED WITH ANNOYING FAIRY TALE CHARACTERS
 4HEY ARE THERE AGAINST THEIR WILL
 ,ORD &ARQUAAD SENDS 3HREK TO A FAR OFF CASTLE
 4HE BEAUTIFUL 0RINCESS &IONA MUST BE RESCUED FROM A
lRE BREATHING DRAGON
 &IONA HAS A SECRET HOWEVER THAT CAUSES MORE TROUBLE FOR 3HREK
 4HE CHARACTERS SEEM REAL AND LOVABLE TO ME
 4HEY MADE ME CARE ABOUT THEM
 7HICH CHARACTER IN THE MOVIE IS YOUR FAVORITE

!DD A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE OF YOUR OWN TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE

7RITE THE SENTENCE

 #OMPUTERS HAVE MADE MOVIEMAKING SIMPLER 

 -ANY SPECIAL EFFECTS ARE CREATED 
 !NIMATORS ARE ARTISTS 
 /NCE THEY HAD TO MAKE THOUSANDS OF DRAWINGS 
 #OMPUTERS HAVE REMOVED MUCH OF THE DRUDGERY 
 #OMPUTER PROGRAMS WILL COLOR AND ADD TEXTURE 
 4HE CHARACTERS MOVE AND SPEAK
 #OMPUTER ANIMATION WILL BECOM
EVEN MORE AMAZING 

<gVbbVg 
IZhiEgZeVgVi^dc
7RITE THE LETTER OF THE PREPOSITION THAT CORRECTLY COMPLETES EACH
SENTENCE IN THE PARAGRAPH

 -R )NCREDIBLE WAS ONE THE GREATEST SUPERHEROES 

.OW HES JUST A CIVILIAN A JOB  (E HIS WIFE AND THREE KIDS
LIVE THE SUBURBS  -R )NCREDIBLE HAS BECOME AN INSURANCE
ADJUSTER THE NAME OF "OB 0AAR  (E ONCE FOUGHT EVIL
A DAILY BASIS  .OW HE lGHTS AN EXPANDING WAISTLINE 
MANY BORING DAYS HE LONGS FOR REAL ACTION  4HEN HE IS
SUMMONED MYSTERIOUSLY A REMOTE ISLAND  7HAT TOP SECRET
ASSIGNMENT WILL ONCE MORE TURN HIM -R )NCREDIBLE 
THE ANIMATED lLM 4HE )NCREDIBLES YOU WILL lND OUT

 ! FOR # OF  ! AGAINST # UNDER

" WITH $ AT " BELOW $ TO

 ! WITH # AGAINST  ! 5NTIL # 4OWARD

" FROM $ BY " .EAR $ !FTER

 ! UNTIL # IN  ! DOWN # BY
" BEFORE $ UNDER " TO $ UNDER

 ! AGAINST # ACROSS  ! FROM # INTO

" THROUGH $ BY " AROUND $ AT

 ! UNTIL # ABOUT  ! )N # 4O

" ON $ WITH " !BOUT $ !BOVE

 <gVbbVg
GZk^Zl
7RITE 0 IF THE UNDERLINED WORD IS A PREPOSITION 7RITE / IF IT IS THE
OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION
 (AVE YOU EVER MADE A mIP BOOK FOR FUN
 ! mIP BOOK CONSISTS OF A SERIES OF HAND DRAWN PICTURES
 %ACH PICTURE PLACES THE lGURE IN A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT PLACE
 9OU CAN mIP THROUGHG THE PICTURES QUICKLY
 4HE lGURE APPARENTLY MOVES FROM ONE PLACEP TO ANOTHER
 4HIS IS A CRUDE SORT OFF ANIMATION
 %ARLY CARTOONS WERE ALL HAND DRAWN BY Y SKILLFUL ARTISTS
 )T TOOK HUNDREDS OF DRAWINGS TO MOVE A CHARACTER ACROSS
THE SCREEN
 %ACH ONE WAS CAREFULLY TRANSFERRED ONTO CELLULOID
 4HESE ARTISTS CAME AMAZINGLY CLOSE TO PERFECTION
P 

7RITE EACH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE 4HE NUMBER IN  TELLS HOW MANY

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES ARE IN THAT SENTENCE

 &OR YEARS THE NAME $ISNEY WAS IDENTIlED WITH ANIMATION 
 7ALT $ISNEY WAS A PIONEER IN THE lELD OF ANIMATED MOVIES 
 -ICKEY -OUSE lRST APPEARED ON THE SCREEN IN  WITH THE
PREMIERE OF 3TEAMBOAT 7ILLIE 
 4HE WORLD WOULD SOON FALL IN LOVE WITH THE LITTLE MOUSE 
 4HE lELD OF ANIMATION HAS GROWN AND CHANGED TREMENDOUSLY
OVER TIME 
 4HE ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN ANIMATION HAS EXPANDED GREATLY IN
RECENT YEARS 
 !LTHOUGH 7ALT $ISNEY HAS DIED HIS NAME CONTINUES IN THE lLMS
STILL PRODUCED BY HIS COMPANY 
 4HE ANIMATED lLMS MADE BY OTHER COMPANIES HAVE COMPETED
SUCCESSFULLY WITH $ISNEYS lLMS 

<gVbbVg 
 WRITER’S CRAFT

Parallelism
If a sentence has two or more parts that are
alike, those parts should have the same form or
pattern. Parallel structure refers to the pattern, or
organization, of similar sentence parts, such as verbs,
nouns, and prepositional phrases.

Write the letter of the parallel sentence in each pair.

1. A I love drawing, painting, and to sculpt.

B I love drawing, painting, and sculpting.

2. A I hope to become an artist, a cartoonist, or an animator.

B I hope to become an artist, a cartoonist, or make animated films.

3. A Computer animation is used to create special effects, short

cartoons, and make movies that are animated.
B Computer animation is used to create special effects, short
cartoons, and animated movies.

4. A Computers create animated cartoons quickly, efficiently, and

with precision.
B Computers create animated cartoons quickly, efficiently,
and precisely.

Rewrite the sentences in this paragraph to make them parallel.

Walt put down his pen, looked at the drawing, and sighing with
satisfaction. The little mouse looked perky, friendly, and like a
character you could love. Soon the animator and his little mouse
would gain fame, a bundle of money, and affection around the world.

138 Writing
 WRITING MODEL

Writing for Tests

Prompt Think about an older animated film and a recent
animated film you can compare. For example, Snow White and
the Seven Dwarfs is older, and The Lion King is newer. Explain
to your class ways they are alike and different. Use parallel
structure to present your ideas.

Pinocchio and Finding Nemo

Although they were created in different centuries,
Topic sentence sets Pinocchio and Finding Nemo are animated films with
up the essay. much in common. Both films were animated so skillfully
Parallel structure is that you forget that you are looking at drawings. The
used to present three artistry of the animators results in characters, action,
characteristics. and images that captivate viewers.
However, these films are from different eras, and
the technology used to produce each movie is quite
different. Because it was made before computers,
Transitions show Pinocchio required detailed illustrations by artists.
likenesses and Every image that was photographed was drawn and
differences.
colored by hand. On the other hand, Finding Nemo is
a film of the computer age. Computer animation
saved its creators thousands of drawings because
software could create “in-between” drawings after
the originals were done. Computers were used to
add color, texture, and light to drawings. Despite
the difference in technology, both films are
entertaining and artistic.

Writing 139
HjW_ZXiVcYDW_ZXiEgdcdjch
! SUBJECT PRONOUN IS USED IN THE SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE
3INGULAR SUBJECT PRONOUNS ARE ) YOU HE SHE AND IT 0LURAL
SUBJECT PRONOUNS ARE WE YOU AND THEY 7HEN YOU USE A
PERSONS NAME AND A PRONOUN IN A COMPOUND SUBJECT BE
SURE TO USE A SUBJECT PRONOUN
7E INVENTED AN IMAGINARY COUNTRY )T IS FAR AWAY
,IZ AND ) PLANNED A TRIP THERE

!N OBJECT PRONOUN IS USED IN THE PREDICATE OF A SENTENCE

AFTER AN ACTION VERB OR WITH A PREPOSITION SUCH AS FOR AT INTO
WITH OR TO 3INGULAR OBJECT PRONOUNS ARE ME YOU HIM HER
AND IT 0LURAL OBJECT PRONOUNS ARE US YOU AND THEM 7HEN
YOU USE A PERSONS NAME AND A PRONOUN IN A COMPOUND
OBJECT BE SURE TO USE AN OBJECT PRONOUN
4HAT STORY REMINDS ME OF HIM ,EON TOLD THEM
(E HELPED *ENNY AND ME

7RITE 3 IF THE UNDERLINED WORD IS A SUBJECT PRONOUN 7RITE / IF THE

WORD IS AN OBJECT PRONOUN
 ) WOULD LIKE A TREEHOUSE
 7ILL YOU HELP ME WITH THE PROJECT
 $AD AND WE CAN GET LUMBER AND NAILS
 5SE THIS ROPE TO LIFT MATERIALS TO $AD AND HIM
 9OU AND ) HAVE DONE A FINE JOB
 4HEYLL CLIMB UP THE LADDER WITH US
 )T WILL MAKE A GREAT CLUBHOUSE
 ,ETS INVITE $ANNY AND HER INTO OUR CLUB
 3HE AND *AMAHL BROUGHT SANDWICHES
 ,UNCH IN THE BRANCHES TASTED GREAT TO THEM

 <gVbbVg
7RITE THE CORRECT PRONOUN OR PRONOUNS IN  TO COMPLETE EACH
SENTENCE
 3HE (ER AND ) ME WOULD LIKE TO LIVE ON ANOTHER WORLD
 /UR FRIENDS AND WE US PRETEND TO BE SHIPWRECKED ON A
REMOTE ISLAND
 4HE NATIVES HAVE A CIVILIZATION THAT IS STRANGE TO SHE HER AND
) ME 
 3TRANGE DEERLIKE ANIMALS GIVE THEY THEM MILK AND MEAT
 4HE KING AND QUEEN DO NOT EXPECT THEIR SUBJECTS TO PROVIDE
SERVICE FOR THEY THEM 
 )NSTEAD HE HIM AND HER SHE GIVE GIFTS TO THEIR SUBJECTS
 *AN AND ) ME BECOME INVENTORS IN THIS WORLD
 /UR MARVELOUS INVENTIONS BRING US WE MANY HONORS
 4HE ROYAL FAMILY PRESENTS A MEDAL TO HER SHE AND ) ME 
 4HEY 4HEM AND US WE SIT DOWN TO A ROYAL FEAST

5SE EACH OF THE PHRASES BELOW CORRECTLY IN A SENTENCE 7RITE

THE SENTENCE
 YOU AND ME
 ,OUIS AND HER
 HE AND )
 THE NEIGHBORS AND US
 THEIR RELATIVES AND THEM
 ONE STOREKEEPER AND WE
 SHE AND HER MOTHER
 +ELLY AND THEY
 'EORGE AND HIM
 HE AND IT

<gVbbVg 
IZhiEgZeVgVi^dc
7RITE THE LETTER OF THE PRONOUN THAT CORRECTLY COMPLETES EACH
SENTENCE

 $O LIKE UNUSUAL FOODS  DID NOT TRY THE #HINESE

WONTON SOUP
! THEM # HER
" HIM $ YOU ! 4HEY AND HE
" (IM AND US
 'INA AND TRY FOODS FROM # )T AND HER
MANY CULTURES $ 4HEM AND ME
! ME # THEM
" SHE $ US  -Y FAMILY AND ADD
UNUSUAL THINGS TO OUR FOOD
 -ICKEY LET TASTE !FRICAN ! ME # )
COUSCOUS " THEM $ HIM
! HER AND ME
" SHE AND )  /UR COUSINS AND ATE A
# HER AND WE DELICIOUS SALAD LAST NIGHT
$ US AND THEY ! IT # THEM
" US $ WE
 IS MADE FROM WHEAT AND
SPICES
! (IM # )T
" 4HEM $ (ER

 0AUL AND TRIED A SPICY

)NDIAN CURRY
! HER # THEM
" HE $ ME

 <gVbbVg
GZk^Zl
7RITE 3 IF THE UNDERLINED WORD IS A SUBJECT PRONOUN 7RITE / IF THE
WORD IS AN OBJECT PRONOUN
 )T IS HELPFUL TO BE ADAPTABLE
 $AD ADAPTS WELL SO A NEW SITUATION DOESNT BOTHER HIM
 -Y PARENTS SAY THAT THINKING hON OUR FEETv IS IMPORTANT
FOR US
 9OU AND ) WILL HAVE TO ADAPT TO CHANGE
 'OING TO A NEW SCHOOL SOUNDS SCARY TO ME
 7E CAN HELP EACH OTHER ADAPT
 3ERENA LOST HER MONEY AND SHE NEEDED TO CALL HER MOM
AFTER THE MOVIE
 ,EE LOANED HER A CELL PHONE SO THATS HOW 3ERENA ADAPTED

7RITE THE CORRECT PRONOUN OR PRONOUNS IN  TO COMPLETE EACH

SENTENCE
 3AM AND ) ME TOOK THE TRAIN BY OURSELVES
 5S 7E HAD TO CHANGE FROM THE 2ED ,INE TO THE
"LUE ,INE
 !FTER WE MISSED OUR STOP HE HIM AND ) ME DIDNT KNOW
WHAT TO DO
 ) ASKED A MAN AND A WOMAN FOR HELP AND HE HIM AND
SHE HER DIRECTED US TO THE RIGHT TRACK
 !UNT $ORIS AND 5NCLE "OB WERE NOT WORRIED ABOUT
US WE 
 4HEY 4HEM KNEW 3AM AND ) ME COULD FIGURE IT OUT
 !UNT $ORIS CALLED -R "ALES AND -S #RUZ AND ASKED
HE HIM AND SHE HER TO COME TO DINNER
 7E 5S AND 5NCLE "OB MADE A CHILI CASSEROLE FOR THE
GUESTS AND WE US 

<gVbbVg 
 WRITER’S CRAFT

Refer to the Text

You may be asked to write an essay about a story you
have read. Refer to the text—specific people, things,
or incidents in the story—to support your ideas.

Imagine you are writing a letter to a story character. Write the letter
of the text that matches each story character.
1. Goldilocks from Goldilocks and the Three Bears
2. Jack from Jack and the Beanstalk
3. Hansel and Gretel
4. Sleeping Beauty
5. Cinderella

A Trading the cow for beans sounded like a stupid move, but it was
actually brilliant. How did you know the beans were magic?
B What I’d really like to know is did you have any dreams while you were
asleep all that time? Did you mind missing out on so many years?
C My stepmother makes me do a lot of work around the house too.
My little sisters just play. No fair!
D Furthermore, our son’s bed must be replaced. Didn’t your parents
teach you to respect other people’s property?
E You two were very clever to outwit
that nearsighted witch. How did
you get the courage to shove her in
the oven?

Write a note (or an e-mail) to a

character in one of your favorite
stories. Refer to things that happen
in the story.

144 Writing
 WRITING MODEL

E-mail
An e-mail is an electronic letter (usually a brief,
friendly message) sent by computer. Although an
e-mail is often informal, you should still use correct
grammar, spelling, and punctuation.

This is standard Subject: Being Harry Potter’s Best Friend

heading information
for every e-mail. Date: Wednesday, February 25, 2007 11:47 AM
From: Brad Student
To: Ron Weasley
Dear Ron,
Each paragraph
You and I have a lot in common. We both like
has a topic
comic books and DO NOT like taking tests. We
sentence.
also have a best friend who is smarter.
I don’t know about you, but I sometimes get
jealous because my best friend Al seems to be able
to do everything a little better than I can. I notice
References to that Harry is the best quidditch player. He always
the story create seems to figure out the mysteries that go on at
connection Hogwarts. How do you cope with always being
between the sender “second fiddle”?
and receiver.
On the other hand, your best friend Harry is often
in danger. I admire you for being so loyal to him. I
think best friends have to stick together, don’t you?
There’s nothing I wouldn’t do for my best friend.

Brad Student

Writing 145
EgdcdjchVcY6ciZXZYZcih
! PRONOUN TAKES THE PLACE OF A NOUN OR NOUNS !N
ANTECEDENT OR REFERENT IS THE NOUN OR NOUNS TO WHICH THE
PRONOUN REFERS ! PRONOUN AND ITS ANTECEDENT MUST AGREE IN
NUMBER AND GENDER

"EFORE YOU USE A PRONOUN ASK YOURSELF WHETHER THE

ANTECEDENT IS SINGULAR OR PLURAL )F THE ANTECEDENT IS SINGULAR
DECIDE WHETHER IT IS MASCULINE FEMININE OR NEUTER 4HEN
CHOOSE A PRONOUN THAT AGREES )N THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
THE ANTECEDENTS ARE UNDERLINED ONCE THE PRONOUNS ARE
UNDERLINED TWICE

7HEN %MILYY EXERCISES SHE STRETCHES MUSCLES AND

TENDONS 4HEY
Y ARE TIGHT AND SORE

7RITE EACH SENTENCE 5NDERLINE THE ANTECEDENT ONCE AND THE

PRONOUN TWICE
 3AM IS HAPPY BECAUSE HE CAN JUMP AND RUN
 "ECAUSE *ANELLE ENJOYS SWIMMING SHE SWIMS ON THE 9-#! TEAM
 *ANELLE AND 3AM ARE LUCKY BECAUSE THEY HAVE HEALTHY BODIES
 3OME CHILDREN HAVE CEREBRAL PALSY AND IT CAUSES PROBLEMS WITH
BODY MOVEMENT AND CONTROL
 4HESE CHILDREN NEED THERAPY TO HELP THEM MOVE FREELY
 .OLAN USES A WHEELCHAIR AND A COMPUTER ALLOWS HIM TO
COMMUNICATE
 4HE COMPUTER HAS AN ARTIlCIAL VOICE SO IT PRODUCES SPOKEN WORDS
 -EGAN REMAINS CHEERFUL ALTHOUGH THERAPY CAN BE PAINFUL FOR HER

 <gVbbVg
7RITE THE ANTECEDENT IN EACH ITEM 4HEN WRITE THE PRONOUN IN 
THAT MATCHES THE ANTECEDENT
 -USCLES NEED EXERCISE TO GIVE IT THEM PROPER TONE
 -USCLE TONE IS IMPORTANT )T 4HEY MEANS MUSCLES HAVE
NORMAL TENSION AND RESPOND WELL
 $AD GETS EXERCISE BY PLAYING GOLF (E )T USES HIS ARMS AND LEGS
WHILE HE PLAYS
 -OM WALKS AND JOGS $AILY EXERCISE HAS MADE HER THEM STRONG
AND ENERGETIC
 ) LIKE TO PLAY SOCCER AND BASKETBALL 4HEY 7E REQUIRE PLENTY OF
PHYSICAL EXERTION
 !LL CHILDREN NEED PLENTY OF CALCIUM $AIRY PRODUCTS AND LEAFY
GREEN VEGETABLES WILL GIVE HER THEM CALCIUM
 #ALCIUM MAKES THE BONES STRONG )T 4HEY ALSO HELPS THE BODY
IN OTHER WAYS
 (ANNAH DRINKS A GLASS OF MILK WITH LUNCH 3HE )T LIKES MILK
WITH COOKIES TOO
 -R #AUSY BROUGHT A DIAGRAM WITH HIM IT TO EXPLAIN ABOUT
DIET AND lTNESS
 ! HEALTHY DIET DOES NOT HAVE TO BE BORING )T 4HEY CAN BE
DELICIOUS TASTY AND COLORFUL

5SE EACH NOUN PRONOUN PAIR TO WRITE A SENTENCE OR TWO "E SURE THE
NOUN IS THE ANTECEDENT FOR THE PRONOUN IN EACH PAIR
 MUSCLES THEY
 DIETICIAN SHE
 NUTRIENTS THEM
 ATHLETE SHE
 HANDICAP IT

<gVbbVg 
IZhiEgZeVgVi^dc
7RITE THE LETTER OF THE PRONOUN THAT CORRECTLY
COMPLETES EACH SENTENCE

 7ATCHING BABIES LEARN  *EFFREY LEARNED TO WALK AT

TO WALK IS FUN ARE TEN MONTHS ALSO COULD
UNSTEADY ON THEIR FEET CLIMB BY THEN
! 4HEM # )T ! (IM # (E
" 4HEY $ 3HE " 3HE $ 4HEY

 7ALKING REQUIRES SEVERAL  !DELE AND !DAM ARE TWINS

SKILLS &OR EXAMPLE SO PEOPLE EXPECT TO DO
TAKES BALANCE THINGS AT THE SAME PACE
! IT # THEY ! HER # THEY
" HER $ HE " THEM $ HIM

 4HE LEGS MOVE YOU ALONG BUT  !DELE WALKED lRST

DO NOT WORK ALONE BUT BEGAN TO TALK
! HE # THEY LATER THAN !DAM
" SHE $ YOU ! THEM # HER
" THEY $ SHE
 !RMS FEET AND TORSO WORK
TOGETHER WITH THE LEGS !LL OF
MUST BE COORDINATED
! IT # THEM
" THEY $ HE

 "ABY 4INA HAS MASTERED THIS

SKILL .OW THE WORLD HAS
OPENED UP FOR 
! HER # THEY
" SHE $ THEM

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GZk^Zl
7RITE THE ANTECEDENT OF THE UNDERLINED PRONOUN IN EACH SENTENCE OR
PAIR OF SENTENCES
 .ERVE CELLS ARE UNIQUE 4HEY
Y ARE CALLED NEURONS
 4HESE SPECIAL CELLS SEND AND RECEIVE MESSAGES 4HEY
Y USE
ELECTRICITY AND CHEMICALS TO DO THIS
 +IM DREW A PICTURE OF A NEURON 3HE LABELED ITS PARTS
 !N AXON IS LONG AND SLENDER )T CARRIES THE MESSAGE AWAY FROM
THE CELL BODY
 -R (ARRIS LIKED THE DRAWING +IM MADE AND GAVE HER AN ! ON IT
 9OUR BRAIN CONTAINS BILLIONS OF NEURONS )T IS THE hMASTERMINDv
OF YOUR NERVOUS SYSTEM
 .ERVES BRANCH TO ALL PARTS OF YOUR BODY 4HE BRAIN
CONTROLS THEM

7RITE A PRONOUN TO REPLACE EACH UNDERLINED NOUN OR NOUN PHRASE

 3OME NERVES CONNECT TO MUSCLES 4HESE NERVES TELL THE MUSCLES
TO CONTRACT
 4AMARA TOLD %D ABOUT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND DREW A SIMPLE
DIAGRAM FOR %D
 4HE BRAIN IS THE MAIN PART OF THIS SYSTEM BUT THE BRAIN COULD
NOT RUN THE BODY WITHOUT THE SPINAL CORD
 4HEN THERE ARE THE NERVES -ILLIONS OF NERVES BRANCH OUT OF THE
SPINAL CORD TO ALL PARTS OF THE BODY
 7HILE 4AMARA EXPLAINED TO THE CLASS %D DID DEMONSTRATIONS
&OR EXAMPLE %D SHOWED HOW A REmEX WORKS

<gVbbVg 
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7RITING CAN BE UNDEVELOPED OR UNCLEAR IF THE WRITER
DOES NOT ELABORATE HIS OR HER IDEAS %XACT NOUNS
VERBS AND VIVID SENSORY DETAILS CAN MAKE WRITING
FRESH AND CLEAR

"EFORE %LABORATION 4HE SUN FELT GOOD

!FTER %LABORATION 4HE BRIGHT MORNING SUN
WARMED AND CHEERED US
"EFORE %LABORATION 7E TOOK OFF ON THE PATH
!FTER %LABORATION 7E BEGAN JOGGING BRISKLY
ALONG THE SOFT DIRT PATH
THAT BORDERED THE PARK

2EPLACE THE UNDERLINED WORD OR PHRASE WITH INTERESTING EXACT DETAILS

7RITE THE NEW SENTENCE
 3HELLY SOON G GOT TIRED
 !DAM DID NOT LIKE WAITING G
 (IS LEGS ARE STRONGG
 3HE PRACTICED RUNNING A LOT
 .OW SHE CAN RUN WELL TOO
 4HIS PATH IS LONGG
 !FTER THEIR RUN THEY WILL REST
 2UNNING IS G GOOD EXERCISE

-AKE THE PARAGRAPH BELOW MORE INTERESTING BY ELABORATING THE IDEAS

! CROWD SAT IN THE STANDS 2UNNERS STRETCHED 4HE WIND BLEW #LOUDS
WERE OVERHEAD 4IMERS GOT THEIR STOPWATCHES READY 4HE OFlCIAL LIFTED
THE STARTING GUN 4HE BIG RACE WAS ABOUT TO BEGIN

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! JOURNAL IS A PLACE TO hTHINK OUT LOUDv ON PAPER )N A JOURNAL
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MAKE DISCOVERIES ABOUT YOURSELF AND THE WORLD

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EdhhZhh^kZEgdcdjch
0OSSESSIVE PRONOUNS SHOW WHO OR WHAT OWNS OR POSSESSES
SOMETHING -Y MINE YOUR YOURS HER HERS HIS ITS OUR OURS
THEIR AND THEIRS ARE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

s 5SE MY YOUR HER OUR AND THEIR BEFORE NOUNS

4HIS IS MY
Y CAT )T WAS HER DOG 4HEY FED THEIR lSH
s 5SE MINE YOURS HERS OURS AND THEIRS ALONE
4HE CAT IS MINE 4HE DOG WAS HERS 4HE lSH ARE THEIRS
s (IS AND ITS CAN BE USED BOTH BEFORE NOUNS AND ALONE
(E FOUND HIS DOG 4HE DOG IS HIS
4HE DOG HURT ITS PAW 4HE PAW IS ITS
s $O NOT USE AN APOSTROPHE WITH A POSSESSIVE PRONOUN

7RITE THE PRONOUN THAT CORRECTLY COMPLETES EACH SENTENCE

 !NTS USE THEIRS THEIR ANTENNAE FOR TOUCH AND SMELL
 4HAT NEST UNDER THE TREE IS THEIR THEIRS 
 !N ANT HAS TWO STOMACHS IN ITS OUR ABDOMEN
 /NE STOMACH STORES FOOD FOR OTHER ANTS TO SHARE AND ANOTHER
STOMACH HOLDS ITS ITS OWN FOOD
 4HE QUEEN IS LARGER THAN THE OTHER ANTS AND HER HERS BODY IS
AN EGG FACTORY
 !LL THE WORKER ANTS ARE STERILE SO THE EGG LAYING TASK IS ALL
HER HERS 
 ! MALE ANT LIVES APART FROM THE COLONY AND PLAYS HIS THEIRS
PART BY MATING WITH THE QUEEN
 -Y FAMILY AND ) SOMETIMES GET ANTS IN OUR HERS HOUSE
 4HE HOUSE WITH PURPLE TRIM IS MY MINE 
 $ONT HAVE YOUR THEIRS PICNIC NEXT TO AN ANT COLONY

 <gVbbVg
Replace the underlined words or phrases with possessive pronouns.
Rewrite the sentences.
1. Every living thing must adapt to every living thing’s
surroundings.
2. Plants are even more affected by plants’ surroundings than
animals are.
3. Grandpa has a cactus garden in Arizona; the largest cactus in
the neighborhood is Grandpa’s.
4. Because Arizona is a desert, Arizona’s climate is hot and dry.
5. Mary and I observed desert plants and animals on Mary’s and
my vacation.
6. A cactus has few or no leaves, so the desert sun cannot
evaporate all the cactus’s water.
7. Some desert plants tap water from deep underground with the
desert plants’ long roots.
8. The guide advised the hikers to take along canteens, but Dorie
and Ed forgot Dorie’s and Ed’s.

Each sentence contains a possessive pronoun error. Rewrite the

sentences, correcting these errors.
9. People can adapt to its environments too.
10. To escape the winter cold, you probably cover their skin with
warmer clothes.
11. Humans can live most anywhere because we can change my
environment.
12. We have a furnace to warm our house; you probably have one
to warm your too.
13. A whale has a thick layer of fat under our skin to keep out
the cold.
14. Birds fluff up his feathers to trap air and keep them warm.
15. I wear a hat to keep their head warm.
16. Dan has a new hat. He likes my hat, but he says he likes
its better.

Grammar 153
IZhiEgZeVgVi^dc
7RITE THE LETTER OF THE PRONOUN THAT CORRECTLY COMPLETES
EACH SENTENCE

 !MY AND ) SPENT  ! MALE LION CHOSE A SUNNY

AFTERNOON AT THE ZOO ROCK FOR NAP
! MINE # OUR ! THEIRS # HIS
" HER $ THEIR " YOUR $ HERS

 4HE SLOTHS HUNG BY TOES  FAVORITE WAS THE

FROM BRANCHES DOLPHINS
! THEIR # HIS ! -INE # /URS
" THEIRS $ MINE " -Y $ (ERS

 ! GIRAFFE STRETCHED LONG  4HEIR INTELLIGENCE IS SIMILAR

NECK INTO TREE BRANCHES TO 
! YOURS # HERS ! HER # MY
" ITS $ THEIR " OURS $ ITS

 ! MOTHER WOLF NURSED  ADAPTATIONS MAKE ALL THE

PUPS ANIMALS UNIQUE
! THEIR # HERS ! 4HEIR # (IS
" HIS $ HER " 4HEIRS $ )T

 4HE COZY DEN IS   !MYS FAVORITE IS THE

ELEPHANT 7HICH IS 
! THEIRS # OUR
" MY $ THEIR ! MY # YOUR
" HER $ YOURS

 <gVbbVg
GZk^Zl
7RITE THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUN THAT COULD REPLACE THE UNDERLINED
POSSESSIVE NOUN OR NOUN PHRASE 5SE EACH PRONOUN ONLY ONCE

OUR HIS HERS THEIR ITS HER THEIRS OURS

 4HE HIKE WAS 4ONY Y AND .OORS IDEA

 $ID YOU LIKE 0ABLOS AND MYY MOVIE
 7E ALL KNOW ABOUT :ARAS BIRTHDAY
 ) WOULD LISTEN TO $ADS SUGGESTION
 ,OOK AT THE ANTEATERS SNOUT
 4HE PICTURE IS %DS AND MINE
 4HE PRIZE WAS ,ISAS
 4HE DECISION WAS THE JUDGES
J G 

7RITE THE PRONOUN THAT CORRECTLY COMPLETES EACH SENTENCE

 7E HAVE SEVERAL ANIMALS IN OUR OURS CLASSROOM
 4EAMS TAKE TURNS GIVING THE ANIMALS ITS THEIR FOOD
 ! TURTLE NAMED *OHN RESTS IN HER HIS TERRARIUM
 3ALLY THE GOLDlSH mOATS IN HER ITS AQUARIUM
 4HE GERBILS 0OCO AND !LLEGRO ARE MINE MY FAVORITES
 4HE BAGS OF CARDBOARD TUBES ARE MY THEIRS 
 'ERBILS GNAW ON THINGS TO WEAR DOWN HIS THEIR FRONT TEETH
 -S 'ORSKI BROUGHT IN ANIMALS FROM HER HERS PET STORE
 4HE SNAKE SHE IS HOLDING IS ACTUALLY ITS HERS 
 3HE SHOWED US HOW THE SNAKE HAD SHED ITS OURS SKIN
 !NIMAL (OUR IN OUR CLASS IS NOW A FAVORITE OF MINE MY 
 7HICH WILD ANIMAL IS THEIRS YOUR FAVORITE

<gVbbVg 
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4HE MOOD OF A STORY IS THE OVERALL FEELING IT CREATES FOR
THE READER &OR EXAMPLE THE MOOD MAY BE HUMOROUS
SERIOUS OR SUSPENSEFUL $ESCRIPTIVE DETAILS DIALOGUE
AND TONE HELP CREATE MOOD

2EAD EACH PASSAGE 7RITE THE WORD IN THE BOX THAT

BEST DESCRIBES THE MOOD IT CREATES

SARCASTIC SUSPENSEFUL ADMIRING

 ) HAD TO GIVE THAT HOUSEmY CREDIT )T NEATLY AVOIDED MY SWATTER

EVERY TIME ) KNOW THAT mY COULD SEE IN ANY DIRECTION WITH ITS
COMPOUND EYES )T COULD mY INSTANTLY WITHOUT RUNWAY OR FUEL
)T COULD LAND ON THE CEILING OUT OF REACH BECAUSE ITS LEGS WERE
lTTED WITH BARBS FOR HANGING ON
 /F COURSE THE WILD ANIMALS IN THIS PARK LOVE IT WHEN YOU LEAVE
LITTER LYING AROUND )T IS ESPECIALLY AMUSING WHEN THE PLASTIC
RINGS FOR THE SIX PACK OF SOFT DRINKS ARE CAUGHT ON A FOXS PAW OR
AROUND A GROUSES NECK 4HEY CAN GET SNARED ON A TREE OR BUSH
4HEN THEY CAN lGURE OUT HOW TO FREE THEMSELVES SO THEY WONT
STARVE OR SUFFOCATE &UN HUH
 ) HELD MY BREATH h!LL RIGHT v ) SAID TO MYSELF h4HE BEAR HAS
SEEN YOU .OW WHATv 3HOULD ) RUN FOR IT 7OULD IT ATTACK
7HAT DID IT WANT ) STOOD FROZEN )T WAS LIKE ONE OF THOSE AWFUL
DREAMS WHERE YOU CANT MOVE 4HE BEAR SNUFmED NOISILY AT THE
AIR AND STOOD ON ITS HIND LEGS EYEING ME CAREFULLY

7RITE A PASSAGE ABOUT AN ANIMAL IN WHICH YOU BUILD A SPECIlC MOOD

7RITE THE MOOD YOU HOPE TO CREATE ON THE lRST LINE

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)NDEFINITE PRONOUNS MAY NOT REFER TO SPECIFIC WORDS 4HEY
DO NOT ALWAYS HAVE DEFINITE ANTECEDENTS (AS ANYONE
Y MET
THE NEW KID
3OME COMMON INDEFINITE PRONOUNS ARE LISTED BELOW
3INGULAR )NDEFINITE 0LURAL )NDEFINITE
0RONOUNS 0RONOUNS
SOMEONE SOMEBODY ANYONE FEW SEVERAL BOTH OTHERS
ANYBODY EVERYONE EVERYBODY MANY ALL SOME
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s 5SE SINGULAR VERB FORMS WITH SINGULAR INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
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3INGULAR 2EFLEXIVE 0LURAL 2EFLEXIVE
0RONOUNS 0RONOUNS

HIMSELF HERSELF MYSELF OURSELVES YOURSELVES

ITSELF YOURSELF THEMSELVES

7RITE THE PRONOUN IN EACH SENTENCE 7RITE INDEFINITE OR REFLEXIVE TO

IDENTIFY THE KIND OF PRONOUN IT IS 4HEN WRITE SINGULARR OR PLURAL TO
SHOW ITS NUMBER
 %VERYONE IS REALLY THIRSTY
 4HE BOYS HELP THEMSELVES TO MILK
 /THERS WANT CIDER OR LEMONADE
 )LEANA BOUGHT HERSELF A SODA
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7RITE THE CORRECT PRONOUN IN  TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE
 %VERYBODY -ANY WANTS TO HAVE FRIENDS
 (AVE YOU EVER THOUGHT WHETHER YOU ARE A GOOD FRIEND TO
YOURSELF YOURSELVES 
 .O ONE /THERS ARE OFTEN LESS CRITICAL OF US THAN WE ARE
 ,IN GETS MAD AT HERSELF THEIRSELF WHEN SHE MAKES MISTAKES
 4HEN ANYONE SEVERAL AROUND HER GETS BLAMED
 7E ALL NEED TO ACCEPT OURSELF OURSELVES AS IMPERFECT
 )F ) AM AT EASE WITH HISSELF MYSELF ) ACCEPT OTHERS AS THEY ARE
 &EW 3OMEBODY HAVE LEARNED THAT LESSON
 !LL 3OMETHING TELLS ME IT IS A LESSON THAT TAKES TIME TO LEARN
 4IME AND EXPERIENCE TEACH US BOTH EITHER ARE NECESSARY

#HOOSE A PRONOUN FROM THE BOX TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE

CORRECTLY 7RITE THE SENTENCE "E SURE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS USED
AS SUBJECTS AGREE IN NUMBER WITH THEIR VERBS

MANY OTHERS THEMSELVES ITSELF

 OF US HAVE A FAVORITE SPOT TO RELAX

 3OME LIKE A QUIET PLACE WHERE THEY CAN BE BY 
 PREFER A PLACE FILLED WITH NOISE AND PEOPLE
 %VEN A MOUSE WILL FIND A QUIET PLACE TO REST

<gVbbVg 
IZhiEgZeVgVi^dc
7RITE THE LETTER OF THE PRONOUN THAT CORRECTLY COMPLETES
EACH SENTENCE

 HAS SENT ME A KIND NOTE  )F FEEL HAPPY WE CAN BE

HAPPY TOO
! -ANY
" 3OMEONE ! ALL
# &EW " THEIRSELF
$ (ERSELF # NO ONE
$ MYSELF
 )T MADE ME FEEL GOOD ABOUT
  ! SMILE ALL BY IS CATCHING
! MYSELF ! HIMSELF
" HISSELF " YOURSELVES
# THEIRSELF # ITSELF
$ OURSELVES $ HERSELF

 $OES KNOW WHO SENT  4EST THIS IDEA FOR 

THE NOTE ! HISSELF
! HIMSELF " YOURSELF
" YOURSELF # OURSELF
# HERSELF $ MYSELF
$ ANYBODY
 )F SMILES AT YOU DO
 LIKES GETTING A SINCERE YOU SMILE BACK
COMPLIMENT ! HERSELF
! -ANY " SOMEONE
" 3OMETHING # BOTH
# %VERYONE $ SEVERAL
$ )TSELF

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GZk^Zl
7RITE THE PRONOUN IN EACH SENTENCE 7RITE INDEFINITE OR REFLEXIVE TO
IDENTIFY THE KIND OF PRONOUN IT IS 4HEN WRITE SINGULARR OR PLURAL TO
SHOW ITS NUMBER
 .O ONE HAS TOLD (AP ABOUT THE SURPRISE FAREWELL PARTY
 *ANET AND 4* HAD PLANNED THE PARTY THEMSELVES
 3EVERAL ALMOST LET THE SECRET SLIP
 %VERYBODY WILL REALLY MISS (AP
 (AP SAID h0UT YOURSELF IN MY PLACE -OVING IS STRESSFULv
 4HE MOVE WILL BE EXCITING IN ITSELF THOUGH

7RITE THE PRONOUN IN  THAT CORRECTLY COMPLETES EACH SENTENCE

 4HE SPEAKER SAID TO THE AUDIENCE h,ET US ALL GIVE OURSELF
OURSELVES A HANDv
 (E HAD USED HIMSELF HISSELF AS AN EXAMPLE SEVERAL TIMES
IN HIS SPEECH
 (E HAD SPOKEN ABOUT HOW EVERYBODY BOTH BENEFITS FROM
LAUGHTER
 h9OU CAN USUALLY MAKE OURSELVES YOURSELF FEEL BETTER WITH
A HEARTY LAUGH v HE INSISTED
 ) DECIDED TO TRY IT FOR OURSELF MYSELF 
 &EW 3OMETHING STARTS ONE PERSON GIGGLING
 4HEN ANYBODY SEVERAL JOIN IN
 3OON EVERYONE OTHERS IS LAUGHING HELPLESSLY
 !NYBODY -ANY DO FEEL BETTER AFTER THIS ACTIVITY
 !LL SHOULD LEARN TO LAUGH AT THEMSELF THEMSELVES 

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! GOOD CONCLUSION SHOULD BE MORE THAN JUST A
RESTATEMENT OF WHAT WENT BEFORE )T COULD PROVIDE
AN INSIGHT PRESENT A TWIST OR POSE A CHALLENGE OR
A QUESTION TO READERS

2EAD THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH 7RITE THE LETTER

OF THE SENTENCE THAT IS THE STRONGEST CONCLUSION
FOR THE PARAGRAPH 4HEN EXPLAIN YOUR CHOICE
$IFFERENT SPORTS ARE POPULAR IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AROUND THE
WORLD (ERE IN THE 5NITED 3TATES A POPULAR SPORT IS WHAT WE CALL
FOOTBALL )N %UROPE AND 3OUTH !MERICA THE MOST POPULAR SPORT IS
ALSO CALLED FOOTBALL BUT ITS WHAT WE CALL SOCCER )N !USTRALIA THEY
PLAY !USTRALIAN RULES FOOTBALL WHICH IS ANOTHER GAME ENTIRELY

0OSSIBLE #ONCLUSIONS
! 2UGBY IS ANOTHER GAME THAT RESEMBLES FOOTBALL
" !NY WAY YOU KICK AND CALL IT SOME KIND OF FOOTBALL IS POPULAR
ALMOST EVERYWHERE
# &OOTBALL IS FUN

$ )N CONCLUSION FOOTBALL CAN BE FOUND IN MANY COUNTRIES

7RITE A STRONG CONCLUSION FOR THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH

(OW PEOPLE DRESS DEPENDS ON WHERE THEY LIVE &OR EXAMPLE

IN SOME 0OLYNESIAN CULTURES LONG GRASSES CAN BE MADE INTO COOL
GARMENTS FOR THE STEAMY WEATHER !LPACA WOOL WHICH IS WARM BUT
LIGHTWEIGHT KEEPS !NDEANS BOTH INSULATED AND MOBILE IN THEIR
COOL MOUNTAIN ENVIRONMENT !NIMAL FUR PROTECTS 3IBERIANS FROM
THEIR HARSH WINTERS

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9OU MAY BE ASKED TO GIVE ADVICE OR SPECIFIC SUGGESTIONS FOR SOLVING
A PROBLEM !DVICE COLUMNISTS GIVE ADVICE EVERY DAY AS THEY RESPOND
TO PEOPLES LETTERS 4HEY USE LOGIC AND WHAT THEY KNOW ABOUT A
SITUATION TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGEST A PLAN OF ACTION 5SE
SIMILAR STRATEGIES WHEN YOU GIVE ADVICE

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0EOPLE SOMETIMES CONFUSE THE PRONOUNS WHO AND WHOM
WHEN THEY WRITE 7HO IS A SUBJECT FORM )T IS USED AS A SUBJECT
OF A SENTENCE OR CLAUSE
7HO MADE THIS MESS
) SAW A PERFORMER WHO COULD DO FOUR BACK FLIPS 7HO IS
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7HOM IS AN OBJECT FORM )T IS USED AS THE OBJECT OF A
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4O WHOM DID YOU SEND A LETTER
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DIRECT OBJECT

(OW IS THE UNDERLINED WORD USED 7RITE SUBJECTT OBJECT OF PREPOSITION

OR DIRECT OBJECT
 7HO ASKED FOR ATHLETIC TAPE
 4HAT IS THE GYMNAST WITH WHOM ) STUDY
 (E IS AN ATHLETE WHO ONCE TRIED OUT FOR
THE /LYMPIC TEAM
 7HOM HAVE YOU TOLD
 ) TOLD MY COUSIN WHO IS ONLY ELEVEN

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#HOOSE THE CORRECT WORD IN   7RITE WHO OR WHOM ON YOUR PAPER
 4O WHO WHOM DO YOU WISH TO SPEAK
 7HO 7HOM IS THAT ON THE DANCE FLOOR
 -Y BROTHER WHO WHOM IS A GOOD DANCER SAYS HE WILL TEACH ME
 4HE PARTNER WITH WHO WHOM HE DANCES MOST OFTEN IS &IONA
 ! PERSON WHO WHOM HAS A GOOD SENSE OF RHYTHM USUALLY
CAN DANCE WELL
 7HO 7HOM WILL YOU ASK TO THE DANCE
 4HE REDHEADED TWINS WHO WHOM ARE )RISH ARE TAKING STEP
DANCING LESSONS
 4HE TEACHER FROM WHO WHOM SHE TOOK BALLET LESSONS HAD
BEEN A PRIMA BALLERINA

2EWRITE EACH PAIR OF SENTENCES AS A COMPLEX SENTENCE #HANGE ONE

OF THE SENTENCES INTO A DEPENDENT CLAUSE USING WHO OR WHOM

%XAMPLE #HARLENE IS A DETERMINED YOUNG LADY 3HE WANTS TO BE A

CHAMPIONSHIP SKATER

#HARLENE IS A DETERMINED YOUNG LADY WHO WANTS TO BE A

CHAMPIONSHIP SKATER
 *ANINE IS A STRONG SWIMMER 3HE SPECIALIZES IN THE
!USTRALIAN CRAWL
 4HE /LYMPIC COMPETITORS WERE PARTICIPATING IN THE DIVING
EVENTS ) WATCHED THEM
 -ANY DIVERS COMPETE ON AN INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 4HEY HAVE
TRAINED AND PRACTICED FOR COUNTLESS HOURS
 4HE TWO SWIMMERS STOOD MOTIONLESS ON THE BLOCKS %VERYONE
HAD BEEN TALKING ABOUT THEM

<gVbbVg 
IZhiEgZeVgVi^dc
7RITE THE LETTER OF THE ANSWER THAT TELLS HOW THE UNDERLINED WORD IS
USED IN THE SENTENCE

 7HO IS YOUR FAVORITE SKATER 7RITE THE LETTER OF THE SENTENCE

THAT IS CORRECT
! OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
" ADJECTIVE  ! 7HOM HAS SHE CHOSEN
# DIRECT OBJECT " 7ITH WHO DID HE
$ SUBJECT COMPETE
# 3HE IS A COACH WHOM
 4O WHOM SHALL WE GIVE HELPS EVERYONE
THE FOOD $ 7HOM STARTED FIRST
! SUBJECT
" OBJECT OF PREPOSITION  ! ,EON TOLD EVERYONE
# DIRECT OBJECT WHOM QUALIFIED
$ NOUN " "ETH WHOM IS MY FRIEND
MOVED
 7HOM SHALL WE INVITE TO # 7HOM IS HIS PARTNER
THE PARTY $ 4HERE IS THE BOY WHO LOST
HIS SKATES
! DIRECT OBJECT
" VERB
 ! -OM ASKED h7HOM CAN
# SUBJECT HELP MEv
$ OBJECT OF PREPOSITION " %VERYONE WHO WAS THERE
HELPED HER
# 3HE ASKED THE GIRL WHOM
SMILED
$ 7HO WOULD YOU ASK

 <gVbbVg
GZk^Zl
7RITE SUBJECT OBJECT OF PREPOSITION OR DIRECT OBJECTT TO IDENTIFY HOW THE
UNDERLINED WORD IS USED IN THE SENTENCE
 7HO IS THE DANCER IN THE PINK DRESS
 7ITH WHOM DID YOU STUDY
 -ARGOT IS THE DANCER WHO WON LAST YEAR
 7HOM WILL SHE CHOOSE AS HER PARTNER
 0EOPLE WHO ARE FLEXIBLE CAN MOVE MORE FREELY
 &OR WHOM HAVE YOU CALLED
 7HOM DID YOU INTERVIEW FROM THE DANCE COMPANY
 7HO SPRAINED HIS ANKLE
 4HE DANCER ABOUT WHOM HE WROTE THE ARTICLE RETIRED FROM THE
COMPANY LAST YEAR
 4HE LEAD IN THE NEW PRODUCTION IS A DANCER WHOM THE
CHOREOGRAPHER CHOSE PERSONALLY

7RITE WHO OR WHOM TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE CORRECTLY

 7HO 7HOM WANTS A CAREER AS A DANCER
 $ANCERS ARE PROFESSIONALS WHO WHOM MUST BE IN SHAPE
 !NYONE WHO WHOM WANTS THIS CAREER MUST WORK HARD
 7HO 7HOM DO YOU ADMIRE MOST OF ALL MODERN DANCERS
 -Y SISTER WHO WHOM STUDIED BALLET HAD TO GIVE UP HER CAREER
BECAUSE OF INJURY
 4HAT DANCER IS SOMEONE ABOUT WHO WHOM ) HAVE READ
 9OUNG DANCERS NEED AN INSTRUCTOR WITH WHO WHOM THEY ARE
COMFORTABLE
 7HO 7HOM COULD WE INTERVIEW ABOUT THIS CAREER
 7E NEED SOMEONE WHO WHOM WILL BE HONEST
 7HO 7HOM WOULD LIKE TO DANCE WITH ME

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3ENSORY DETAILS APPEAL TO THE READERS SENSESˆSIGHT
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WRITERS HELP READERS VISUALIZE WHAT THEY ARE DESCRIBING
3IGHT GOLDEN HAIR SNOWY MOUNTAINTOP
(EARING SHRILL VOICE SCREECHING BRAKES
3MELL MUSTY DUNGEON SMOKY ODOR
4ASTE TART APPLE SPICY SOUP
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7RITE THE SENSE TO WHICH EACH SENTENCE MAINLY APPEALS

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 ! FEW THIN CLOUDS DRIFTED IN THE BLUE SKY
 7HO PUT ALL THAT SALT IN THE SOUP

7RITE FOUR SENTENCES ABOUT EATING PANCAKES PIZZA APPLES OR YOUR

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 YOU EVER WANTED TO GO  WE lND ANY LIONS

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7RITE THE LETTER OF THE CONTRACTION THAT CORRECTLY COMPLETES EACH

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 HAVE A CAMERA  OF YOUR PICTURES TURN OUT

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7RITE THE SENTENCES
 !BOUT YEARS AGO GALLEON SAILED FROM -EXICO
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HEALTHIER SAFER IMPORTANT POLLUTED NOISY PRECIOUS

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4HE ADJECTIVES THIS THAT THESE AND THOSE TELL WHICH ONE OR
WHICH ONES 4HIS AND THATT MODIFY SINGULAR NOUNS 4HESE AND
THOSE MODIFY PLURAL NOUNS 4HIS AND THESE REFER TO OBJECTS
THAT ARE CLOSE BY 4HATT AND THOSE REFER TO OBJECTS FARTHER AWAY
4HIS CLASSROOM IS BRIGHTER THAN THAT ONE ACROSS THE HALL
4HESE STUDENTS AT OUR TABLE ARE MY FRIENDS 4HOSE
STUDENTS OVER THERE ARE NEW
s $O NOT USE HERE OR THERE AFTER THIS THAT THESE OR THOSE
.O 4HIS HERE BOOK IS ABOUT ASTRONAUTS 4HAT THERE ONE IS
ABOUT SPACE
9ES 4HIS BOOK IS ABOUT ASTRONAUTS 4HAT ONE IS ABOUT
SPACE
s $O NOT USE THEM IN PLACE OF THOSE
.O 3HE WROTE THEM BOOKS FOR CHILDREN
9ES 3HE WROTE THOSE BOOKS FOR CHILDREN

7RITE THE WORD IN  THAT COMPLETES EACH SENTENCE CORRECTLY

 4HAT 4HOSE MOVIE TELLS ABOUT THE FLIGHT OF !POLLO 
 4HIS 4HESE STORY SHOWS HOW THREE ASTRONAUTS SURVIVED
 4HAT 4HIS PICTURE ) AM HOLDING IS DRAMATIC
 )T WAS THE S AND IN THESE THOSE DAYS SPACE TRAVEL
WAS NEW
 ,OOK AT THESE THIS PICTURES OF A SPACE CAPSULE
 4HE FIRST ASTRONAUTS LIVED IN THAT THESE TINY SPACE
 7ILL YOU PROOFREAD THIS HERE THIS REPORT ON SPACE TRAVEL
 &OR INFORMATION ) LOOKED IN THEM THOSE NEW REFERENCE
BOOKS AT THE LEARNING CENTER

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7RITE # IF THE SENTENCE IS CORRECT )F THE WORDS THIS THAT THESE OR THOSE
ARE USED INCORRECTLY REWRITE THE SENTENCE WITH THE CORRECT WORD
 4HOSE SUNSET IS COLORFUL
 ) THINK THOSE FARTHEST CLOUDS ARE THE KIND CALLED NIMBUS
 )LL USE THESE CAMERA TO TAKE A PICTURE OF THE SUNSET
 $O YOU REMEMBER THAT DAY LAST YEAR WHEN WE FLEW ACROSS THE
COUNTRY FROM EAST TO WEST
 4HIS HERE SUNSET REMINDS ME OF THE ONE WE SAW FROM THE PLANE
 4HEM PICTURES OF SPACE WERE TAKEN BY THE (UBBLE TELESCOPE
 4HESE PHOTOGRAPH OF THE MOONS OF 3ATURN IS ESPECIALLY
INTERESTING
 4HAT THERE STACK OF MAGAZINES ON THE SHELF SHOWS MORE PICTURES
OF SPACE
 (AVE YOU EVER THOUGHT ABOUT TRAVELING INTO THOSE TERRITORY
 4HEM BRAVE MEN AND WOMEN WHO FLY IN SPACE MUST SEE OUR
WORLD WITH DIFFERENT EYES
 4HAT ASTRONAUTS MAY NOT GET A CHANCE TO GO INTO SPACE
 4HEY WERE WILLING TO WAIT FOR THAT OPPORTUNITY

3PACE TRAVEL BRINGS EXCITING NEW TECHNOLOGY TO THE WORLD 5SE THE
FOLLOWING PHRASES TO BUILD SENTENCES DESCRIBING NEW TECHNOLOGY YOU
IMAGINE IN THE FUTURE 5SE THIS THAT THESE AND THOSE CORRECTLY
 THIS NEW TELESCOPE
 THESE LIGHTER THAN AIR SHOES
 THOSE BUBBLE DOMES ON -ARS
 THAT PERSONAL SPACE VEHICLE

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7RITE THE LETTER OF THE ADJECTIVE THAT BEST COMPLETES EACH SENTENCE

 BOOK IS SO HEAVY ) CAN  ) LIKE THE FEEL OF FABRIC

HARDLY LIFT IT
! THIS HERE # THOSE
! 4HIS # 4HOSE " THIS $ THAT THERE
" 4HIS HERE $ 4HESE
 )N EARLY DAYS SPACE
 MOUNTAINS DONT LOOK TRAVEL WAS A DREAM
THAT FAR AWAY ! THIS # THEM
! 4HIS # 4HESE " THAT $ THOSE
" 4HAT $ 4HOSE
 3OME BELIEVED DREAM
 ) LIKE PICTURES BETTER COULD BE A REALITY
THAN THOSE ! THESE # THAT
! THIS # THESE " THAT THERE $ THOSE
" THAT $ THOSE
 DAYS WE BELIEVE
 CAR AT THE FAR END OF THE HUMANS WILL GO TO -ARS
LOT IS MINE ! 4HIS # 4HESE
! 4HIS # 4HESE " 4HAT $ 4HOSE
" 4HAT $ 4HOSE
 CHANGE IS DUE TO OUR
 0LEASE TAKE NOTE TO THE ASTRONAUTS
OFFICE ! 4HIS # 4HESE HERE
! THIS # THAT THERE " 4HAT THERE $ 4HEM
" THEM $ THESE

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7RITE THE WORD IN  THAT COMPLETES EACH SENTENCE CORRECTLY
 4HIS 4HESE AIRCRAFT IS CALLED A HELICOPTER
 $O YOU SEE THEM THOSE ROTOR BLADES ON THE TOP
 7HEN THEY SPIN THESE THESE HERE BLADES PROVIDE LIFT
 4HOSE THOSE THERE ROTOR BLADES ON THE TAIL PREVENT THE
HELICOPTER FROM SPINNING OUT OF CONTROL
 !LL AIRCRAFT OBEY THIS THAT LAW &OR EVERY ACTION THERE IS AN
EQUAL AND OPPOSITE REACTION
 4HE MAIN ROTORS WANT TO SPIN THE AIRCRAFT ONE WAY BUT THEM
THOSE REAR ROTORS CREATE A FORCE IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION
 ) THINK THIS HELICOPTER IS MORE DIFFICULT TO FLY THAN THAT THAT
THERE PLANE
 4O FLY THIS THESE MACHINES A HELICOPTER PILOT MUST MANAGE
THREE SETS OF CONTROLS AT ONCE
 4HIS 4HESE FACT MAKES FLYING A HELICOPTER A CHALLENGE FOR THE
MOST SKILLED PILOT
 9OU CAN RIDE IN THAT THOSE HELICOPTER AT THE COUNTY FAIR FOR
TWENTY FIVE DOLLARS

#ORRECT ANY MISTAKES IN THE USE OF THIS THAT THESE AND THOSE 7RITE
EACH SENTENCE CORRECTLY
 4HEM HELICOPTERS ARE USED BY BROADCASTERS TO MONITOR TRAFFIC
 $ID YOU KNOW THAT THESE HERE AIRCRAFT DID NOT BECOME COMMON
UNTIL THE S
 )N  A PILOT FLEW A HELICOPTER FOR THE FIRST TIME BUT THOSE
FLIGHT OF HIS LASTED ONLY A FEW SECONDS
 4HAT THERE CRAFT CRASHED BUT THEN ADVANCES CAME QUICKLY
 4ODAY THIS ODD LOOKING CRAFTS OFTEN CAN BE SEEN IN THE SKY

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1UOTATIONS ARE A PERSONS EXACT WORDS IN PRINT 'OOD WRITERS
USE QUOTATIONS TO ADD INTEREST AND DEVELOP CHARACTER

#HOOSE THE QUOTATION FROM THE BOX THAT BEST FITS EACH
PARAGRAPH 7RITE THE QUOTATION CORRECTLY

3HE SAYS h,OTS OF PEOPLE HAVE TO BE AWAY FROM THEIR

FAMILIES BECAUSE OF THEIR JOBSv
h4HANKS TO E MAIL v /CHOA SAYS hWHEN ) AM IN SPACE
MY HUSBAND AND ) ARE ABLE TO COMMUNICATE EVERY DAYv
3HE ADVISES h'ET INVOLVED IN ACTIVITIES WHERE YOU WORK
CLOSELY WITH OTHER PEOPLEv

 %LLEN /CHOA IS A MOTHER AS WELL AS AN ASTRONAUT 3HE THINKS THAT

BOTH OF THESE FULL TIME JOBS CALL FOR HARD WORK IF THEY ARE TO BE
DONE WELL 7HILE SHE MISSES HER FAMILY WHEN IN SPACE /CHOA
REMINDS US THAT SHE IS ONE OF MANY PARENTS WHO TRAVEL FOR WORK
 7HAT ADVICE DOES /CHOA HAVE FOR ASPIRING YOUNG ASTRONAUTS
3HE ADVISES THEM TO GET A COLLEGE DEGREE IN MATH 3HE POINTS
OUT THOUGH THAT THERE IS MORE THAN MATH AND SCIENCE TO BEING
AN ASTRONAUT 4HE JOB CALLS FOR TEAMWORK AND LEADERSHIP
 (OW DOES /CHOA KEEP IN TOUCH WITH HER FAMILY WHEN SHE IS IN
SPACE 3HE CANNOT PHONE THEM AND THERE IS NO MAIL DELIVERY
(OWEVER THE SPACE SHUTTLE IS IN CONSTANT COMMUNICATION WITH
%ARTH BY COMPUTER

7RITE ABOUT SOMETHING A FRIEND ENJOYS DOING )NCLUDE A QUOTATION

FROM YOUR FRIEND ABOUT THIS ACTIVITY

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THINGS OR GROUPS !DD ERR TO MOST SHORT ADJECTIVES TO MAKE THEIR
COMPARATIVE FORMS 5SE MOREE WITH LONGER ADJECTIVES 3UPERLATIVE
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7RITE THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS FOR EACH ADJECTIVE

 DEEP  COLORFUL
 FAT  GOOD
 BAD  SCARY
 HIDEOUS  BIG
 IMMENSE  SMALL
 MIGHTY  SHARP
 WILD  THRILLING
 UNBELIEVABLE  EARLY
 WARM  FINE
 TINY  BEAUTIFUL

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7RITE THE FORMS OF THE ADJECTIVES IN  THAT CORRECTLY COMPLETE THE
SENTENCES
 4HIS IS THE GOOD BOOK ) HAVE EVER READ
 )T IS EVEN EXCITING THAN WATCHING A MOVIE
 ) USUALLY FIND NOVELS EASY TO READ THAN NONFICTION
 !S A HEROS TROUBLES GET BAD THAN BEFORE THE
INTERESTED ) BECOME
 4O ME SCIENCE FICTION IS THE THOUGHT PROVOKING KIND OF
WRITING OF ALL
 3CIENCE FICTION WRITERS LOOK EVEN DEEP INTO THE FUTURE
THAN SCIENTISTS
 3CIENCE FICTION IS IMAGINATIVE AND LESS CONCERNED WITH
SCIENTIFIC METHOD THAN SCIENCE
 )N SCIENCE FICTION EVEN THE WILD INVENTIONS OF ALL STILL
HAVE SOME BASIS IN SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT

5SE THE COMPARATIVE OR SUPERLATIVE FORM OF AN ADJECTIVE FROM THE

BOX TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE 7RITE THE SENTENCE

BELIEVABLE CLOSE ADMIRABLE LOUD

 )N THESE TEN BOOKS YOUVE READ WHICH FICTIONAL CHARACTER

IS OR WORTHY OF RESPECT
 -OST READERS FEEL TO A HERO WITH PROBLEMS THAN TO ONE WHO
IS PERFECT
 #HARACTER FLAWS CAN OFTEN MAKE A HERO TO US THAN AN
UNREALISTIC FLAWLESS CHAMPION WOULD BE
 2EADERS SAVE THEIR CHEERS OF ALL FOR HEROES WHO OVERCOME
PROBLEMS

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7RITE THE LETTER OF THE ADJECTIVE FORM THAT BEST COMPLETES EACH
SENTENCE

 7HICH OF THESE TWO STORIES  3OME MONSTERS IN OLD MOVIES

DO YOU LIKE  ARE THAN SCARY
! MORE BETTER ! AMUSING
" BETTER " MORE AMUSING
# BEST # MOST AMUSING
$ MOST BEST $ AMUSINGEST

 !DAMS STORY IS  )SNT THAT 'ODZILLA MOVIE THE

THAN MINE THING YOU EVER SAW
! SCARY ! WORSER
" MORE SCARY " WORSEST
# SCARIER # WORSE
$ SCARIEST $ WORST

 -Y CHARACTERS ARE  4HAT MONSTER LOOKS

THAN HIS THAN A SCARED RABBIT
! INTERESTINGER ! MORE TENSE
" MORE INTERESTING " TENSER
# INTERESTINGEST # MOST TENSE
$ MOST INTERESTING $ TENSEST

 7HICH MOVIE HAS THE  ! MONSTER IN YOUR IMAGINATION

MONSTERS OF ALL IS THAN ONE ON THE SCREEN
! MORE REALISTIC ! FRIGHTENING
" REALISTIC " FRIGHTENINGEST
# MOST REALISTIC # MOST FRIGHTENING
$ REALISTICKEST $ MORE FRIGHTENING

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)F THE ADJECTIVE FORMS ARE CORRECT WRITE CORRECT )F THEY ARE NOT CORRECT
WRITE THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS CORRECTLY
!DJECTIVE #OMPARATIVE 3UPERLATIVE
 LOVELY LOVELYER LOVELYEST
 SAD MORE SADDER MOST SADDEST
 INCREDIBLE INCREDIBLER INCREDIBLEST
 ROUGH MORE ROUGH MOST ROUGH
 BAD BADDER BADDEST
 LUCKY LUCKIER LUCKIEST

7RITE THE CORRECT FORMS OF THE ADJECTIVES IN  TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES

 3OME OF THE GRAND ADVENTURE STORIES IN THE WORLD ARE FAIRY
TALES
 ! YOUNG PERSON SETS OFF IN SEARCH OF A GOOD LIFE THAN HE OR
SHE HAD BEFORE
 4HIS YOUNG HERO ALWAYS MUST FACE THE GREAT TRIALS POSSIBLE
 /UR HERO IS SURE TO MEET THE HANDSOME PRINCE OR
BEAUTIFUL PRINCESS IN THE KINGDOM
 4O WIN TRUE LOVE THE HERO MUST ACHIEVE MANY GOALS EACH ONE
DIFFICULT THAN THE LAST
 4HE MONSTER TO BE SLAIN HAS ALREADY EATEN MOST OF THE BRAVE
AND STRONG YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE LAND
 /FTEN A BIT OF MAGIC WILL GIVE THE HERO A GREAT ADVANTAGE
THAN OTHERS HAD
 4HE HERO AND HIS OR HER LOVE GO ON TO LIVE THE HAPPY LIFE
IMAGINABLE

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PARENTS  YEAR OLD PEN PAL

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!DVERBS TELL MORE ABOUT VERBS 4HEY EXPLAIN HOW WHEN OR WHERE
ACTIONS HAPPEN -ANY ADVERBS THAT TELL HOW W END IN LY !DVERBS
CAN APPEAR BEFORE OR AFTER THE VERBS THEY DESCRIBE
(OW 4HE TIME PASSED SLOWLY
Y 4HE DOG WAITED PATIENTLY
P Y
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7HERE 3ETTLERS MOVED WESTWARD 4HEY BUILT A TOWN HERE

3OME ADVERBS TELL MORE ABOUT AN ADJECTIVE OR ANOTHER ADVERB

-INING TOWNS SPRANG UP VERYY QUICKLY 4HEY WERE TERRIBLY
Y NOISY

#OMPARATIVE ADVERBS COMPARE TWO ACTIONS !DD ERR TO FORM

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MORE ACTIONS !DD ESTT TO FORM A SUPERLATIVE ADVERB )F AN ADVERB
ENDS IN LY USE MORE OR MOSTT INSTEAD OF ERR OR EST
#OMPARATIVE !DVERB -INERS WORKED HARDER THAN STOREKEEPERS
3UPERLATIVE !DVERB &ARMERS WORKED HARDEST OF ALL 4HEY
DEPENDED MOST COMPLETELY
P Y ON THE LAND
AND WEATHER

s 4HE ADVERBS WELL AND BADLYY HAVE SPECIAL COMPARATIVE AND

SUPERLATIVE FORMS WELL BETTER BEST BADLY WORSE WORST

7RITE THE SENTENCE 5NDERLINE THE ADVERB #IRCLE THE WORD IT

TELLS ABOUT
 4HE WINDMILL TURNED LAZILY IN THE WIND
 /UR FOOTSTEPS ECHOED EERILY IN THE EMPTY BUILDING
 4HE THIRD MOVIE LASTED LONGEST OF ALL
 3OON SOMEONE CALLED THE POLICE
 4HE STREET WAS VERY STILL
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7RITE THE CORRECT ADVERB IN  TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE
 7HEN GOLD WAS DISCOVERED IN #ALIFORNIA THE STREAM OF SETTLERS
FLOWED IN MORE QUICKLY MOST QUICKLY THAN BEFORE
 4HE #ALIFORNIA 'OLD 2USH OF  INCREASED THE POPULATION
GREATLY MORE GREATLY 
 -ANY THOUSANDS OF hERSv RACED EAGER EAGERLY TO #ALIFORNIA
 ! FEW MINERS BECAME INCREDIBLE INCREDIBLY WEALTHY
 (OWEVER MERCHANTS MADE MONEY MORE CONSISTENTLY MOST
CONSISTENTLY THAN MINERS DID
 4HEY SUCCEEDED BETTER MORE BETTER THAN MOST GOLD SEEKERS
 4HE GOLD SEEKERS WHO DID WORSE WORST OF ALL OFTEN BECAME
DRIFTERS
 -ANY OF THEM NOT NEVER WENT BACK EAST
 6ERY /FTEN THEY CONTINUED TO SEARCH FOR GOLD

!DD ADVERBS TO MAKE THE SENTENCES MORE LIVELY AND COLORFUL

7RITE THE SENTENCES
 %ARLY PIONEERS STRUGGLED AND TOOK GREAT RISKS
 -OST WORKED THAN THEY THOUGHT THEY COULD
 /N THE PLAINS SETTLERS CUT SOD AND BUILT EARTHEN
HOMES
 ! SOD HOUSE WOULD LEAK IN A RAINSTORM AND THE RESIDENTS
LIVED IN THEIR DAMP MUDDY HOME
 7HEN THEY WERE ABLE
MOST SETTLERS BUILT WOODEN HOUSES
 NATURE THREW THEM DIFFICULT
CHALLENGES BUT THE PIONEERS MET
THESE CHALLENGES 

<gVbbVg 
Test Preparation
Write the letter of the word that is an adverb in each sentence.

1. The town desperately needs a 3. Soon he has pinned the

tough, honest sheriff. sheriff’s badge on his vest.
A desperately C tough A Soon C pinned
B needs D sheriff B has D badge

2. A mysterious stranger rides 4. He triumphs over the

silently into town. horribly cruel desperados.
A mysterious C rides A triumphs C horribly
B stranger D silently B desperados D cruel

Write the letter of the correct form to complete each sentence.

5. A villain appears even 7. He and the hero will

than our hero did. settle their grudge.
A more mysteriously A final
B mysteriouslier B more finally
C most mysteriously C most finally
D mysteriousliest D finally

6. This bandit can draw 8. After settling the manner

of all. , our hero will ride out
A more quickly of town.
B most quickly A honorably
C more quicklier B honorable
D most quickliest C more honorably
D most honorably

196 Grammar
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&ILL IN THE CHART 7RITE THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF
EACH ADVERB
!DVERB #OMPARATIVE 3UPERLATIVE
 SADLY
 HARD
 SLYLY
 BADLY
 CHEERFULLY
 FAST
 QUICKLY
 WELL
 LONG
 NOISILY

7RITE EACH SENTENCE 5NDERLINE THE ADVERB AND CIRCLE THE WORD OR
PHRASE IT TELLS MORE ABOUT /NE SENTENCE CONTAINS TWO ADVERBS
 4RAPPERS FIRST TRAVELED TO THE !MERICAN 7EST
 4HEY EAGERLY SOUGHT THE FURS OF BEAVERS AND MUSKRATS
 4HESE FURS BROUGHT EXTRAVAGANTLY HIGH PRICES
 4RAPPERS KNEW THE .ATIVE !MERICANS WELL
 4HEY SOMETIMES ADOPTED THE NATIVE WAY OF LIFE
 4HEIRS WAS A VERY SOLITARY EXISTENCE
 4HEY KNEW THE PLANTS AND ANIMALS OF THE 7EST THOROUGHLY
 "EAVERS BECAME ALMOST EXTINCT BECAUSE MILLIONS WERE TRAPPED
 ,ATER HUNTERS AND MILITARY SCOUTS RECKLESSLY SLAUGHTERED MOST OF
THE BUFFALO
 4HE 0LAINS )NDIAN WAY OF LIFE VANISHED RAPIDLY AFTER THAT

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4HE WAY YOU EXPRESS YOURSELF IN WRITING IS YOUR OWN PERSONAL
STYLE #HOOSE INTERESTING EXACT WORDS THAT ARE NATURAL TO
YOU #OMBINE SHORT CHOPPY SENTENCES TO DEVELOP YOUR STYLE

#HOPPY 4HE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD WAS

COMPLETED IN  )T CONNECTED %AST AND
7EST )T SPED UP THE SETTLING OF THE 7EST

)MPROVED #OMPLETED IN  THE TRANSCONTINENTAL

RAILROAD SPED UP THE SETTLING OF THE 7EST BY
CONNECTING IT WITH THE %AST

)MPROVE THE STYLE OF THESE SENTENCES BY COMBINING THEM INTO

ONE INTERESTING SENTENCE
 4HE OLD CABIN LOOKED ABANDONED )T WAS BROKEN DOWN
-ANY WINDOWS WERE MISSING
 )T HAD ONCE BEEN A MINING CABIN 3CATTERED PICKS SHOVELS
AND PANS SHOWED THIS 0ROSPECTORS USED IT
 4HEY LEFT THEIR EQUIPMENT BEHIND 4HIS MADE ME WONDER
) WONDERED IF THEY HAD GIVEN UP IN DESPAIR
 4ODAY THE CABIN WAS INHABITED 3OMETHING FURRY LIVED THERE
)T HAD DUG A DEN IN THE DIRT FLOOR

7RITE SEVERAL SENTENCES ABOUT A DESERTED TOWN 5SE PRECISE WORDS

AND A VARIETY OF SENTENCES TO CREATE AN INTERESTING STYLE

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 WRITING MODEL

Ad
An ad tries to persuade a reader to buy a product
or service or to take a certain action. An ad relies on
persuasive and descriptive words to appeal to the
reader. It also provides logical and emotional reasons
why the reader should buy or act.

Wonderful Wilderton
Writer uses
Wilderton is a small, historic gem sparkling on
descriptive
words that the side of Mount Stanton. That delightful sound you
appeal to hear is a clear mountain stream rushing past your
reader’s senses.
hotel room.
Wander down Main Street and take a trip back
Details inform in time. The General Store offers calico and old-
and also suggest
fashioned ice cream sodas. Pause at Joe’s Smithy
educational value
of town. Shop and watch an expert blacksmith at his forge.
Hop on a genuine mining wagon and ride leisurely up
the mountain to the Fargo Mine. This silver mine offers
tours and tales about the heyday of silver mining.
A lively style
brings activity Then relax and enjoy the evening in one of our
to life for twelve excellent restaurants. Hoot and holler to the
readers.
rip-roaring song, dance, and comedy routines at
Sam’s Folly.
Wilderton is a fabulous reminder of the Wild West.
You definitely won’t want to leave!

Writing 199
BdY^[^Zgh
!DJECTIVES ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES ARE MODIFIERS
WORDS OR GROUPS OF WORDS THAT TELL MORE ABOUT OR MODIFY
OTHER WORDS !DJECTIVES MODIFY NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
!DVERBS MODIFY VERBS ADJECTIVES OR OTHER ADVERBS
0REPOSITIONAL PHRASES CAN ACT AS ADJECTIVES OR ADVERBS

!S !DJECTIVE 4HE TOWEL WITH G

GREEN STRIPES
P IS MINE
!S !DVERB ! CRAB RAN UNDER A ROCK
s 4O AVOID CONFUSION PLACE MODIFIERS CLOSE TO THE WORDS
THEY MODIFY !DJECTIVE PHRASES USUALLY COME RIGHT AFTER
THE WORD THEY MODIFY !DVERB PHRASES MAY APPEAR RIGHT
AFTER A VERB OR AT THE BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE
s -EANING CAN BE UNCLEAR IF A MODIFIER IS MISPLACED
.O 4HE GIRL SET OUT A PICNIC IN A RED BATHING
G SUIT
9ES 4HE GIRL IN A RED BATHING
G SUIT SET OUT A PICNIC
s 4HE POSITION OF ONLYY IN A SENTENCE CAN ALSO AFFECT
MEANING 0LACE ONLY DIRECTLY BEFORE THE WORD IT MODIFIES
%XAMPLE /NLY
Y HE ATE OYSTERS .OBODY ELSE ATE THEM
(E ONLY
Y ATE OYSTERS (E DIDNT DO ANYTHING EXCEPT EAT
(E ATE ONLY
Y OYSTERS (E ATE NOTHING ELSE

7RITE ADVERB ADJECTIVE OR PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE TO IDENTIFY EACH

UNDERLINED MODIFIER
 7E ALWAYS Y VISIT THE BEACH
 ) LOVE THE WARM SUN
 ! WAVE CRASHED VERY Y LOUDLY
 ) SEE A TINY
Y JELLYFISH

 /NE STUNG ME ON THE FOOT

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Write each prepositional phrase. Tell whether it acts as an adverb or
an adjective by writing adv. or adj. The number in ( ) tells how many
prepositional phrases are in the sentence.

1. Near my house is a beautiful sand beach. (1)

2. Several members of my family jog on the wet sand. (2)
3. A sign with big red letters says, “Swim at your own risk.” (2)
4. People of all ages fish and relax on the pier. (2)
5. Above the blue ocean water, parasailers soar toward the clouds. (2)
6. Sunbathers with towels and in lounge chairs nap in the sun or
read books. (3)
7. Seagulls with broad wings flap and dive along the long sandy
coastline. (2)
8. By late afternoon, most of the people have left. (2)
9. Sunsets of beautiful reds and oranges bring an end to many
peaceful days. (2)
10. A runner is alone with the cries of the gulls. (2)

Add adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases to these

sentences to create more specific, interesting statements.
Reposition the misplaced modifiers that are in four sentences.

11. The children waited at a picnic table.

12. Their parents brought a picnic.
13. One boy drank lemonade.
14. We gave a girl some lotion with
a sunburn.
15. Sara shrieked when a wave hit
her loudly.
16. Two children chased a sandpiper with a net.
17. Of all the children, Mark had worn only sunscreen.
18. The parents packed the car.
Grammar 201
IZhiEgZeVgVi^dc
7RITE THE LETTER OF THE CHOICE THAT CORRECTLY IDENTIFIES THE UNDERLINED
WORD OR WORDS IN EACH SENTENCE

 -Y COUSIN ESPECIALLY
P Y ENJOYS  7E FIND TREASURES OF ALL TYPES
YP 
THE BEACH ! ADJ
! ADJ " ADV
" ADV # ADJ PREP PHRASE
# ADJ PREP PHRASE $ ADV PREP PHRASE
$ ADV PREP PHRASE
 7E FOUND A WEIRD HORSESHOE
 7E RIDE THERE ON OUR BIKES CRAB SHELL
! ADJ ! ADJ
" ADV " ADV
# ADJ PREP PHRASE # ADJ PREP PHRASE
$ ADV PREP PHRASE $ ADV PREP PHRASE

 7E STAY FOR THE WHOLE  )T LOOKED VERY

Y STRANGE
AFTERNOON
! ADJ
! ADJ " ADV
" ADV # ADJ PREP PHRASE
# ADJ PREP PHRASE $ ADV PREP PHRASE
$ ADV PREP PHRASE

7RITE THE LETTER OF THE SENTENCE THAT HAS A MISPLACED MODIFIER

 ! ! BOY WITH A STICK POKED  ! 4HAT GIRL SAW A DOLPHIN

A CRAB IN AN INNER TUBE
" $ID YOU GET SAND IN YOUR " )T LEAPT FROM THE WATER
SANDWICH SEVERAL TIMES
# 4HOUSANDS OF JELLYFISH # 0EOPLE SHIELD THEIR EYES
WASHED UP ON THE BEACH FROM THE SUN
$ 7E ONLY COULD STAY TILL  $ 4HE SUNLIGHT CAUSES A
OCLOCK GLARE ON THE WATER

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GZk^Zl
7RITE THE THREE MODIFIERS FROM EACH SENTENCE $O NOT INCLUDE
ARTICLES 0UT ADJECTIVES AND ADJECTIVE PHRASES IN ONE COLUMN AND
ADVERBS AND ADVERB PHRASES IN ANOTHER COLUMN

 ! GRAY BANK OF CLOUDS LOOMED ON THE HORIZON

 ! COLD WIND SUDDENLY BLEW ACROSS THE WAVES
 &ORKED SPEARS OF LIGHTNING DANCED FROM CLOUDS
 !NXIOUS PARENTS CALLED LOUDLY TO CHILDREN
 %VERYONE ON THE BEACH RAN UNDER A CANOPY FOR SHELTER
 )N MINUTES ONLY CRABS WERE SCURRYING PLAYFULLY
 ! CHANGE IN THE WEATHER CAN EASILY RUIN A TRIP TO THE BEACH
 #AUTIOUS PEOPLE ALWAYS PUT AN UMBRELLA AND A JACKET IN
THEIR BAGS

7RITE THE SENTENCES 5NDERLINE THE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS AND CIRCLE
THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES 2EWRITE THE TWO SENTENCES WITH MISPLACED
MODIFIERS CORRECTLY 4HE NUMBER IN  TELLS HOW MANY MODIFIERS ARE
IN EACH SENTENCE

 4HESE GRAINS OF SAND CAME FROM SANDSTONE 

 /VER THE CENTURIES WIND AND RAIN SLOWLY WORE THE SOFT STONE
INTO GRAVEL 
 4HE RICH DARK SOIL OF THE PLAINS WAS FORMED SIMILARLY 
 /RGANIC MATTER AND TINY PIECES OF ROCK GRADUALLY COMBINE
INTO SOIL 
 2OOTS HOLD THE SOIL IN PLACE OF PLANTS 
 3AND IS MOVED EASILY BY WIND AND WAVES 
 9OU SELDOM SEE LIVE PLANTS ON A BEACH 
 4HE COUPLE WATCHED A CRAB FROM .EW -EXICO WALK SIDEWAYS 

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! THESIS STATEMENT EXPRESSES AN ESSAYS MAIN IDEA
4HE ESSAY DEVELOPS AND SUPPORTS THE IDEA

2EAD THE PARAGRAPH BELOW AND THE THREE SENTENCES

THAT FOLLOW IT 7RITE THE LETTER OF THE SENTENCE THAT
IS THE BEST THESIS STATEMENT FOR THE PARAGRAPH

4HE STARFISH HAS NO FRONT OR BACK AND CAN MOVE IN ANY DIRECTION
WITHOUT TURNING )TS FIVE ARMS RADIATE OUT FROM THE CENTER (OWEVER
THESE APPENDAGES ARE NOT SIMPLY ARMS 4HEY CONTAIN INTERNAL ORGANS
AND CANALS THAT ARE PART OF THE STARFISHS SYSTEM FOR ATTACHING ITSELF TO
ROCKS 3TRANGER YET A STARFISH IS NOT DOOMED IF IT LOSES AN ARM OR TWO
)T CAN REGROW MISSING BODY PARTS -OST STARTLING OF ALL THE STARFISH
EATS BY TURNING ITS STOMACH INSIDE OUT AND PUSHING IT INTO ITS PREYS
SHELL )T ACTUALLY DIGESTS FOOD OUTSIDE ITS BODY

! 3TARFISH ARE ONLY ONE OF THE LARGE GROUPS OF MARINE ANIMALS
KNOWN AS ECHINODERMS
" /F ALL THE MARINE CREATURES YOU ARE LIKELY TO FIND IN A TIDE POOL
THE STARFISH IS THE MOST UNUSUAL
# 3TARFISH ARE ABLE TO REARRANGE THEIR ARMS IN ORDER TO FIT
THEMSELVES INTO SMALL OPENINGS IN OCEAN ROCKS

7RITE A THESIS STATEMENT FOR A

PARAGRAPH ABOUT AN INTERESTING
PET OR OTHER ANIMAL 4HEN WRITE
TWO OR THREE PIECES OF INFORMATION
THAT YOU COULD INCLUDE IN YOUR
PARAGRAPH

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! CONJUNCTION IS A WORD SUCH AS AND ORR OR BUTT THAT JOINS
WORDS PHRASES OR SENTENCES

s 5SE ANDD TO JOIN RELATED IDEAS $EER AND ELK ARE

SIMILAR ANIMALS
s 5SE BUTT TO JOIN CONTRASTING IDEAS 4HE DEER LOOKS SMALL
BUT HEALTHY
s 5SE ORR TO SUGGEST A CHOICE $O DEER EAT MORE GRASS
OR LEAVES

9OU CAN USE CONJUNCTIONS TO MAKE COMPOUND SUBJECTS

COMPOUND PREDICATES AND COMPOUND SENTENCES 0LACE A
COMMA BEFORE THE CONJUNCTION IN A COMPOUND SENTENCE

#OMPOUND 3UBJECTT .O WOLVES ORR BEARS LIVED THERE

#OMPOUND 0REDICATE
E 4HE DEER HERD THRIVED AND
D GREW
#OMPOUND 3ENTENCE
E 4HE DEER GREW FAT AND
D THEIR
NUMBERS GREW QUICKLY

7RITE THE CONJUNCTION IN  THAT CORRECTLY COMPLETES EACH SENTENCE

 $EER EAT GREEN PLANTS AND BUT THESE ARE NOT AVAILABLE
IN WINTER
 $EER MAY HAVE TO EAT BARK AND BUT TWIGS INSTEAD
 4OO MUCH SNOW BUT OR ICE CAN KEEP THEM FROM GRAZING
 &IVE DEER TRAMPED INTO THE YARD AND OR ATE FROM THE
BIRD FEEDER
 ! STRIP MALL WENT UP NEARBY AND OR THE DEER LOST
THEIR HABITAT
 .OW THE DEER MUST LOOK FOR FOOD IN YARDS BUT OR THEY WILL
GO HUNGRY

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7RITE THE CONJUNCTION IN EACH SENTENCE 4HEN WRITE COMPOUND
SUBJECT COMPOUND PREDICATE OR COMPOUND SENTENCE TO IDENTIFY THE PARTS
THAT THE CONJUNCTION JOINS

 3HEEP AND CATTLE ARE DOMESTICATED ANIMALS

 $OMESTICATED ANIMALS DEPEND ON HUMANS AND IN RETURN THEY
PROVIDE HUMANS WITH USEFUL PRODUCTS
 7ILD ANIMALS LIVE ON THEIR OWN BUT DEPEND ON HUMANS TOO
 0EOPLE MAY NOT SEE THESE ANIMALS BUT THE ANIMALS HAVE A
PROFOUND IMPACT ON THEIR LIVES
 #ONSTRUCTION AND POLLUTION ARE TWO HUMAN CAUSES OF PROBLEMS
FOR ANIMALS
 (OWEVER PEOPLE CAN ALSO PASS LAWS FOR ENDANGERED ANIMALS OR
CREATE WILDLIFE REFUGES

#OMBINE THE SENTENCES USING APPROPRIATE CONJUNCTIONS 7RITE THE

NEW SENTENCES !DD COMMAS WHERE NEEDED

 "EAVERS ARE FUN TO WATCH 4HEY CAN BE DESTRUCTIVE

 4HEY CUT DOWN TREES NEAR A CREEK 4HEY USE THESE TREES TO
BUILD A DAM
 #REEK WATER FLOODS THE AREA 4HE HABITAT CHANGES
 4HESE CHANGES ARE GREAT FOR THE BEAVERS 4HEY ARE FRUSTRATING
FOR HUMANS
 7OULD YOU WANT BEAVERS LIVING IN YOUR YARD 7OULD YOU WANT
THEM INHABITING A PARK USED BY LOTS OF PEOPLE
 4HE POPULATION OF HUMANS IS GROWING
4HE POPULATION OF WILDLIFE IS SHRINKING

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7RITE THE LETTER OF THE CHOICE THAT BEST COMPLETES EACH SENTENCE

 ) WANT TO BE EITHER  ) TAKE PICTURES OF BIRDS

A ZOOLOGIST A SQUIRRELS
PHOTOGRAPHER ! AND # WHILE
! AND # OR " BUT $ ALTHOUGH
" BUT $ TO
 3HOULD ) USE A ZOOM
 4O PHOTOGRAPH WILDLIFE A TELEPHOTO LENS
REQUIRES PATIENCE SKILL ! AND # OR
! AND # OR " BUT $ IF
" BUT $ BECAUSE

 7ILD ANIMALS ARE WARY  4HE BIRD SAW ME QUICKLY

SUSPICIOUS OF HUMANS FLEW OFF
! UNTIL # NOR ! AND # OR
" BUT $ AND " BUT $ SO

 4HEY MUST BE ALERT THEY  4HAT BIRD IS A WREN

MAY BECOME DINNER
A SPARROW
! SO # OR ! AND # BUT
" AND $ BUT " HOWEVER $ OR

 )N A ZOO ANIMALS GAIN SAFETY  "LUEBIRDS CARDINALS ARE

LOSE FREEDOM MY FAVORITES
! AND # OR ! AND # OR
" BUT $ BECAUSE " BUT $ UNTIL

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7RITE THE CORRECT CONJUNCTION IN  TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE

 7E SAW SOME SEALS AND OR SEABIRDS SUNNING THEMSELVES ON

THE ROCKS
 4HE SEALS MOVED AWKWARDLY ON LAND AND BUT GRACEFULLY IN
THE WATER
 !RE SEALS BUT OR DOLPHINS EASIER TO TRAIN
 )D LIKE TO GO TO 3EA 7ORLD AND BUT WILL PROBABLY VISIT THE
7ILD !NIMAL 0ARK INSTEAD
 4HE 7ILD !NIMAL 0ARK IS QUITE LARGE AND OR ALLOWS ANIMALS TO
WANDER OVER A LARGE AREA
 7OULD YOU RATHER WATCH THE DOLPHINS BUT OR THE KILLER WHALES
PERFORM AT 3EA 7ORLD

7RITE THE CONJUNCTION IN EACH SENTENCE AND NOTICE WHAT SENTENCE

PARTS IT JOINS 7RITE COMPOUND SUBJECT COMPOUND PREDICATE OR
COMPOUND SENTENCE

 0REDATORS DISEASE OR STARVATION IS A LIKELY CAUSE OF DEATH

AMONG WILDLIFE
 :OO ANIMALS ARE PROTECTED FROM THESE PROBLEMS AND ARE MORE
LIKELY TO DIE OF OLD AGE
 7ILD ANIMALS ENJOY FREEDOM BUT USUALLY LIVE SHORTER LIVES
 !RE THEY HAPPIER THAN ZOO ANIMALS OR WOULD THEY PREFER A LIFE
OF SAFE CAPTIVITY
 %NDANGERED SPECIES NEED PROTECTION OR THEY WILL SOON
BECOME EXTINCT
 -ORE PLANTS AND ANIMALS BECOME ENDANGERED OVER TIME

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7HEN YOU TAKE NOTES ON FACTS IN A BOOK OR ARTICLE YOU
PARAPHRASE THE ARTICLE 7HEN YOU PARAPHRASE CHOOSE
THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTS AND RESTATE THEM IN YOUR
OWN WORDS

s 0ARAPHRASE ONLY THE MAIN IDEAS NOT UNIMPORTANT

DETAILS -AKE SURE YOU PARAPHRASE THE FACTS CORRECTLY
s 5SE YOUR OWN WORDS NOT THE WORDS AND WORD
ORDER USED BY THE AUTHOR
s )F A PHRASE OR SENTENCE IS ESPECIALLY INTERESTING
WRITE IT IN QUOTATION MARKS

2EAD THE PARAGRAPH BELOW 7RITE THE LETTER OF THE ITEM THAT IS THE BEST
PARAPHRASE OF THE PARAGRAPH
7HEN TWENTY NINE REINDEER WERE RELEASED ON 3AINT -ATTHEW )SLAND IN
 THE FUTURE OF THE HERD SEEMED BRIGHT 4HIS ISLAND IN THE MIDST OF
THE "ERING 3EA OFFERED PLENTY OF PLANTS AND LICHENS FOR THE REINDEER TO EAT
.O WOLVES BEARS OR OTHER LARGE PREDATORS LIVED ON THE ISLAND "IOLOGISTS
EXPECTED THE HERD TO GROW QUICKLY AND IT DID "Y  JUST NINETEEN
YEARS LATER THE HERD NUMBERED MORE THAN SIX THOUSAND ANIMALS
! 4HE HERD OF TWENTY NINE REINDEER SET FREE ON 3AINT -ATTHEW
)SLAND IN  GREW AND THRIVED BECAUSE OF FAVORABLE CONDITIONS
THERE "Y  THERE WERE OVER SIX THOUSAND REINDEER
" 4HERE WERE MANY PLANTS ON 3AINT -ATTHEW )SLAND IN THE "ERING
3EA BUT NOT MANY PREDATORY ANIMALS 2EINDEER WERE FIRST
BROUGHT TO THE ISLAND IN 
# 4HE TWENTY NINE REINDEER RELEASED ON 3AINT -ATTHEW )SLAND IN
 SEEMED TO HAVE A BRIGHT FUTURE "IOLOGISTS EXPECTED THE
HERD TO GROW QUICKLY AND BY  THE HERD NUMBERED MORE
THAN SIX THOUSAND ANIMALS
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#OMMAS CAN CLARIFY MEANING AND TELL READERS WHEN TO PAUSE

s 0UT A COMMA AFTER EVERY ITEM IN A SERIES BUT THE LAST

+ING -IDAS TURNED ROSES PORRIDGE AND A GIRL INTO GOLD
4HE KING WEPT MOANED AND WRUNG HIS HANDS
s 7HEN YOU SPEAK OR WRITE TO SOMEONE YOU MAY USE THE
PERSONS NAME OR TITLE 4HIS NOUN OF DIRECT ADDRESS IS SET
OFF WITH A COMMA OR TWO COMMAS IF IT IS IN THE MIDDLE
OF A SENTENCE
7HATS WRONG &ATHER
4HERES NOT A THING DEAR FOR YOU TO WORRY ABOUT
s !PPOSITIVES ARE NOUN PHRASES THAT DESCRIBE ANOTHER NOUN
4HEY ARE SET OFF BY COMMAS
-S 7ONG MY FAVORITE TEACHER RECEIVED AN AWARD
s 0UT A COMMA AFTER AN INTRODUCTORY WORD OR PHRASE SUCH AS
YES NO WELL OF COURSE OR AS USUAL
9ES ) DID ENJOY THE STORY )N FACT IT IS MY NEW FAVORITE

2EWRITE EACH SENTENCE !DD COMMAS WHERE THEY ARE NEEDED

 *OAN -ARY AND 7ES WANT TO TURN THE STORY INTO A PLAY
 4HEY WILL WRITE DIALOGUE PLAN SETS AND HOLD AUDITIONS
 -R !LLEN OUR MUSIC TEACHER WILL HANDLE THE SOUND EFFECTS
 0ATTY WILL YOU MAKE THE SETS
 !S USUAL 0ATTY YOU HAVE DONE A GREAT JOB
 7HO WILL PLAY +ING -IDAS THE MOST IMPORTANT ROLE
 *ADAS MOM -RS #HANDLER WILL MAKE COSTUMES
 +ING -IDAS HIS DAUGHTER AND THE MYSTERIOUS STRANGER
NEED COSTUMES

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%ACH SENTENCE CONTAINS COMMA ERRORS 2EWRITE THE SENTENCE ADDING
COMMAS WHERE THEY ARE NEEDED AND DELETING COMMAS WHERE THEY
ARE NOT NEEDED

 #OSTUMES PROPS AND SETS ALL HELP CREATE THE ATMOSPHERE FOR
A PLAY
 /F COURSE FINDING THE RIGHT MATERIALS AND USING THEM EFFECTIVELY
REQUIRES A LOT OF IMAGINATION
 $YLAN WILL YOU MAKE A CARDBOARD CROWN A PAPER ROSE AND SOME
GOLD COLORED COINS
 -S 7ASHINGTON OUR COSTUME DESIGNER WILL MAKE A LONG CAPE
AND A DRESS
 #AN WE COUNT ON YOU !NITA TO HELP WITH THE STAGE SETS
 7E WILL NEED TO CREATE A DUNGEON AN IMPRESSIVE THRONE ROOM
AND A GARDEN
 9ES (ELEN THAT ARMCHAIR COVERED WITH GOLD FABRIC DOES LOOK LIKE
A THRONE

!DD THE KIND OF WORDS IN  TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE 7RITE THE

SENTENCES USING COMMAS WHERE THEY ARE NEEDED

 ITEMS IN SERIES ARE THREE VILLAINS IN FAIRY TALES

 APPOSITIVE 4HE MAIN CHARACTER IN MY FAVORITE FAIRY TALE FACES
MANY CHALLENGES
 #AN YOU REMEMBER DIRECT ADDRESS WHO ARE THE VILLAINS
OF THESE STORIES
 DIRECT ADDRESS WILL YOU ACT OUT THIS STORY WITH ME
 INTRODUCTORY WORD OR PHRASE WE WILL HAVE FUN
DOING THIS

 -S -ASON APPOSITIVE SAID SHE WOULD HELP US
 7E NEED TO ITEMS IN SERIES
TO GET READY

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7RITE THE LETTER OF THE CHOICE THAT SHOWS THE WORDS AND PUNCTUATION
NEEDED TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE CORRECTLY

 THE CURTAIN
 ) WILL LOOK FOR IN THE

! 0EDRO OPEN AUDIENCE
" 0EDRO OPEN ! YOU -OM AND $AD
# 0EDRO OPEN " YOU -OM AND $AD
$ 0EDRO OPEN # YOU -OM AND $AD
$ YOU -OM AND $AD
 3PEAK 
 SEEMED CHARGED WITH
! LOUDLY CLEARLY AND
ELECTRICITY
DISTINCTLY
" LOUDLY CLEARLY AND ! )NDEED THE AIR
DISTINCTLY " )NDEED THE AIR
# LOUDLY CLEARLY AND # )NDEED THE AIR
DISTINCTLY $ )NDEED THE AIR
$ LOUDLY CLEARLY AND
DISTINCTLY

 TRIES TO REMEMBER
THEIR LINES
! /F COURSE THE CAST
" /F COURSE THE CAST
# /F COURSE THE CAST
$ /F COURSE THE CAST

 SUFFER FROM STAGE FRIGHT

! 'INA *ERRY AND "RENDA
" 'INA *ERRY AND "RENDA
# 'INA *ERRY AND "RENDA
$ 'INA *ERRY AND "RENDA

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Review
Write the words in each sentence that should be followed by
commas. Write the commas too.

1. People most often wish for money love and happiness.

2. Ryan what did King Midas wish for?
3. That’s right he wanted every object that he touched to turn into
gold.
4. Gold a precious metal is seen by many as an important form
of wealth.
5. Most people believe that money will give them power freedom
and respect.
6. What do you think Moira?
7. Can happiness that elusive quality be acquired with money?

Each sentence contains comma errors. Write the sentence, adding

commas where they are needed and removing unneeded commas.

8. Usually a magical being grants, wishes in a tale.

9. Animals genies, and fairies, can grant wishes.
10. A fisherman a poor man catches a magical fish.
11. The fish cries, “Please sir let me go, and I will grant you
three wishes.”
12. Yes the first two wishes are often foolish ones!
13. Of course these wishes bring bad consequences unhappiness
and heartache.
14. The final wish a wise one is, often to return to life as it used
to be.
15. Greed, ambition and selfishness, get in the way of happiness.

Grammar 215
 WRITER’S CRAFT

Figurative Language
Poems often contain figurative language such as
similes, metaphors, and personification. Figurative
language uses words to describe things in new and
unusual ways. It is not meant to be taken literally.

• A simile compares two things you would not

usually think of as being alike. It uses the word
like or as.
• A metaphor compares two things without like or as.
• Personification gives human characteristics to an
animal or an object.
Simile His touch was like poison.
Metaphor Her smile was a ray of sunlight.
Personification The leaves were whispering
to one another.

Label each example of figurative language as a simile, metaphor,

or personification.
1. His heart was as heavy as a lump of gold.
2. Her eyes were stars.
3. The heavens wept.
4. Stones danced in the waterfall.

Add your own words to complete each figure of speech.

5. Her laughter sounded like . (simile)
6. Greed is like . (simile)
7. Books are . (metaphor)
8. The ocean . (personification)

216 Writing
 WRITING MODEL

Humorous Poem
The purpose of a humorous poem is to make readers smile or
even laugh. Such poems may have any of the following:

• rhyme (words with the same ending sounds—jolly holly)

• rhythm (words with a regular beat—Yankee Doodle went to town)
• alliteration (words with the same beginning sounds—popular pooch)
• hyperbole (exaggeration for effect—I could eat a hippopotamus.)
• similes (comparisons with the words like and as—hard as a rock)
• metaphors (comparisons without like and as—He is a rock.)

Paula the Pooch and Her Magical Smooch

Rhythm, rhyme
scheme, and word A jolly young poodle, my Paula, my pride,
choice create can change you from sour to sweet as a bride
lighthearted mood.
in less than a second. Believe me, it’s true!
If you’re sadder than sad or bluer than blue,
Simile “sweet as
a bride” creates
vivid image. then Paula will dance her way up to your frown,
and with her pink tongue turn it upside down.
There isn’t a Mr., a Ms., or a Mrs.
Who isn’t made better by dozens of kisses.

I’ve heard of a goose and a king that made gold.

Rumpelstiltskin did too, or so I am told.
Alliteration creates
But there’s no one who’s richer than Paula the Pooch
upbeat sound effects
for ending. with her magical, mystical, mirth-making smooch.

Writing 217
FjdiVi^dchVcYFjdiVi^dcBVg`h
! DIRECT QUOTATION GIVES A PERSONS EXACT WORDS AND IS
ENCLOSED IN QUOTATION MARKS h v  $IRECT QUOTATIONS BEGIN
WITH CAPITAL LETTERS AND END WITH PROPER PUNCTUATION %ND
PUNCTUATION IS INSIDE THE CLOSING QUOTATION MARKS 7ORDS
THAT TELL WHO IS SPEAKING ARE SET OFF FROM THE QUOTATION BY
PUNCTUATION
s 7HEN THE QUOTATION COMES LAST SET IT OFF WITH A COMMA

4ONY SAID h) LOVE READING ABOUT THE HISTORY OF FLIGHTv

s 7HEN THE QUOTATION COMES FIRST IN A SENTENCE A

COMMA QUESTION MARK OR EXCLAMATION MARK SETS OFF THE
QUOTATION

h(AVE YOU READ ABOUT DIRIGIBLESv ASKED .ORM

s 7HEN THE QUOTATION IS INTERRUPTED BY WORDS THAT TELL

WHO IS SPEAKING USE TWO SETS OF QUOTATION MARKS 7ORDS
THAT TELL WHO IS SPEAKING ARE FOLLOWED BY PUNCTUATION
5SE A COMMA IF THE SECOND PART OF THE QUOTATION DOES
NOT BEGIN A NEW SENTENCE

h) UNDERSTAND v REPLIED 4ONY hTHAT THEY WERE VERY LARGEv

s 5SE END PUNCTUATION AND A CAPITAL LETTER IF THE SECOND

PART OF THE QUOTATION DOES BEGIN A NEW SENTENCE

7RITE EACH SENTENCE !DD QUOTATION MARKS WHERE NEEDED

 )M FLYING TO %NGLAND THIS SUMMER
EXCLAIMED 2OBBY
 -S 7EST ASKED (AVE YOU EVER FLOWN ACROSS THE !TLANTIC
 .O ) HAVENT HE SAID BUT ONCE ) FLEW TO -EXICO
 4HIS FLIGHT WILL BE LONGER SHE SAID )T WILL TAKE EIGHT HOURS

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7RITE EACH SENTENCE CORRECTLY !DD QUOTATION MARKS CAPITAL LETTERS
AND PUNCTUATION WHERE NEEDED

 WOULD YOU RATHER FLY OR TAKE THE TRAIN ASKED -ELANIE

 IT DEPENDS REPLIED $ANA ON HOW FAR ) HAVE TO GO
 "RIAN COMMENTED MY FAMILY TOOK THE TRAIN THROUGH THE
MOUNTAINS LAST YEAR
 4HE VIEWS WERE JUST INCREDIBLE HE CONTINUED WE HAD SLEEPER
CARS TOO
 ) LIKE FLYING TO DISTANT PLACES SAID 4AMARA ITS MUCH QUICKER
AND EASIER
 7HEN ) FLY SHE CONTINUED DISTANCES SEEM VERY SMALL

2EAD EACH PARAGRAPH 7RITE THE SENTENCE FROM THE BOX THAT SUPPORTS
EACH PARAGRAPHS IDEAS !DD QUOTATION MARKS CAPITAL LETTERS AND
PUNCTUATION WHERE NEEDED

A GREAT ENGINEER 7ERNER VON "RAUN DECLARED IT WILL FREE MAN

FROM THE CHAINS OF GRAVITY WHICH STILL TIE HIM TO THIS PLANET
AS PILOT !NTOINE DE 3AINT %XUPERY SAID THE AIRPLANE HAS
UNVEILED FOR US THE TRUE FACE OF THE EARTH

 4HOSE WHO FLY AROUND THE EARTH SEE IT WITH A NEW PERSPECTIVE
)T IS NOT A GROUP OF COUNTRIES SEPARATED BY DISTINCT BOUNDARIES
)NSTEAD IT IS A SEAMLESS UNIFIED SPHERE )TS BLUE OCEANS AND
GREEN AND BROWN AREAS OF LAND SUPPORT ALL KINDS OF LIFE
 /NCE PEOPLE COULD FLY AROUND THE WORLD THEY TURNED THEIR EYES
TO THE MOON 3URELY IT WAS POSSIBLE TO TRAVEL THERE 3OME BEGAN
TO FOCUS INTENSELY ON THE NEXT CHALLENGE SPACE FLIGHT

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7RITE THE LETTER OF THE CHOICE THAT COMPLETES EACH SENTENCE CORRECTLY

 h7HO WAS THE FIRST MAN IN  h'AGARIN WAS A 2USSIAN

ASKED :ACH -S "RIDGMAN TOLD US
! SPACE v ! ASTRONAUTv
" SPACEv " ASTRONAUT v
# SPACEv # ASTRONAUTv
$ SPACE $ ASTRONAUTv

 h) THINK IT WAS ANSWERED  *OEY DIDNT THE 5NITED

#ARMEN 3TATES GET INTO SPACE FIRSTv
! *OHN 'LENNv ! ASKED h7HY
" *OHN 'LENNv " ASKED h7HY
# *OHN 'LENNv # ASKED hWHY
$ *OHN 'LENN v $ ASKED hWHY

 -S "RIDGMAN IT WAS  h7E HADNT CREATED THE

9URI 'AGARINv SHE REPLIED
! SAID h!CTUALLY ! TECHNOLOGY

" SAID h!CTUALLY " TECHNOLOGYv
# SAID hACTUALLY # TECHNOLOGY v
$ SAID !CTUALLY $ TECHNOLOGY

 3HE CONTINUED h*OHN 'LENN  h3OON THOUGH v SHE

WAS THE FIRST !MERICAN SAID DOVE INTO THE
SPACE RACEv
! IN SPACEv
" IN SPACE v ! hWE
# IN SPACEv " h7E
$ IN SPACE # WE
$ 7E

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7RITE # IF A SENTENCE IS CORRECT )F IT HAS ERRORS IN QUOTATION MARKS
PUNCTUATION OR CAPITAL LETTERS REWRITE THE SENTENCE CORRECTLY
 h(AVE YOU EVER BEEN SURPRISED ON A FLIGHT ASKED $EANNA
 h) WAS SURPRISED BY HOW NEAT THE FIELDS AND BUILDINGS LOOKED
BELOW v SAID 2OGER
 h4HEY RESEMBLED A PIECE OF ARTWORK HE WENT ON
 h7E ONCE FLEW THROUGH A THUNDERSTORM REMARKED #ARLOSv
 h0LEASE REMAIN SEATED AND KEEP YOUR SEATBELTS FASTENED v THE PILOT
ANNOUNCED h7E ARE ENCOUNTERING TURBULENCEv
 2OSA RECALLED h) DIDNT KNOW THAT WE HAD TO PAY FOR OUR MEALS
ON THE PLANEv
 ) ALSO DIDNT REALIZE THAT THERE WOULD BE SO LITTLE LEG ROOM
SHE CONTINUED
 h!LL OF THE FLIGHT ATTENDANTS THOUGH v SHE REMARKED hWERE
VERY ATTENTIVEv

7RITE EACH SENTENCE CORRECTLY !DD QUOTATION MARKS CAPITAL LETTERS

AND PUNCTUATION WHERE NEEDED
 THE CLOUDS WERE A BIG SURPRISE TO ME SAID 7ILL AS WE PASSED
THROUGH THEM THEY SEEMED LIKE SMOKE
 LOOKING DOWN ON THE CLOUDS GAVE ME A VERY STRANGE FEELING
HE ADDED
 ) DIDNT REALIZE THE CHANGE IN AIR PRESSURE WOULD HURT MY EARS
SAID "ECKY
 DID YOU KNOW ASKED !NTHONY THAT YAWNING HELPS YOU EQUALIZE
THE PRESSURE

<gVbbVg 
 WRITER’S CRAFT

Include Important Details

When you outline information, first decide on the
main ideas to include. You can use your main ideas to
write topic sentences. To support your main ideas, be
careful just to include important details. Irrelevant
or unimportant details will weaken your writing.

Read each topic sentence. Write the letters of the

details that support it.
1. In six years, the R101, a British dirigible, was planned, built,
used, and destroyed.
A Plans to construct the R101 were set in motion in 1924.
B Also in 1924, the Goodyear Company started building two
airships for the U.S. Navy.
C Designed by Lt. Col. V. R. Richmond, the R101 was the
largest rigid airship ever built.
D It was put into service on October 14, 1929.
E When the R101 crashed and burned in France on October 4,
1930, 48 of its 54 passengers died.
2. The word dirigible, a synonym for airship, comes from French.
A The French verb diriger means “to control or steer.”
B The French adjective dirigeable is made from the verb diriger.
C Airships are also sometimes called Zeppelins.
D The French called a steerable lighter-than-air craft a
ballon dirigeable.
E English adapted the term and shortened it to dirigible.

222 Writing
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INFORMATION IN A TEXT -AIN IDEAS ARE LISTED WITH 2OMAN NUMERALS
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LETTERS ! " # AND SO ON !N OUTLINE HELPS YOU PUT YOUR IDEAS IN
ORDER BEFORE YOU WRITE A RESEARCH REPORT (ERE IS ONE STUDENTS OUTLINE
ON AN ARTICLE ABOUT THE (INDENBURGG AIRSHIP

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9OU HAVE ALREADY LEARNED ABOUT COMMAS QUOTATION MARKS
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s ! COLON  IS USED TO SEPARATE HOURS AND MINUTES IN

EXPRESSIONS OF TIME )T IS ALSO USED AFTER THE SALUTATION IN
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s ! HYPHEN  IS USED IN SOME COMPOUND WORDS SUCH
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A TEN YEAR OLD RIDER THIRTY FIVE A HIGH CLASS CLUB
s ! SEMICOLON  CAN BE USED TO JOIN TWO INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES INSTEAD OF A COMMA AND A CONJUNCTION
"EN PRACTICED PIANO FAITHFULLY HE BECAME A FINE PIANIST
s )TALICS OR UNDERLINING IS USED FOR TITLES OF BOOKS
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,OS !NGELES 4IMES OR ,OS !NGELES
G 4IMES NEWSPAPER
s ! DASH ˆ SETS OFF INFORMATION OR A COMMENT THAT
INTERRUPTS THE FLOW OF A SENTENCE
4HE SHINY HORNˆTHE ONLY NEW THING HE HAD EVER HADˆ
TOOK HIS BREATH AWAY

2EWRITE EACH SENTENCE !DD THE MISSING PUNCTUATION MARKS

 4HE NOTE SAID h$EAR -S )MM 0LEASE ARRIVE AT  0-v
 4HE .EW 9ORK 4IMES IS A TOP NOTCH NEWSPAPER
 4HE PARTY IT WAS FOR 'RANDMAS SIXTY FIRST BIRTHDAY WAS TO BEGIN
AT  0-
 1UENTIN WAS A GREAT MUSICIAN HE ALWAYS DREW LARGE CROWDS
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REWRITE IT ADDING THE NEEDED MARKS
 -R #ASEY HATES COUNTRY WESTERN MUSIC TO HIM IT IS
SIMPLY NOISE
 )D LIKE TO CONVINCE HIM THAT THIS MUSICˆ)VE LOVED IT SINCE )
WAS VERY YOUNGˆIS WORTHWHILE
 !N AD IN THE 3ALEM #HRONICLE SAID SEVERAL WELL KNOWN
PERFORMERS WOULD BE PLAYING IN CONCERT
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ABOUT 
 4WENTY FIVE MINUTES AFTER WE ARRIVED -R #ASEYˆ) NEVER SAW
HIS FACE SO RED BEFORE WAS READY TO LEAVE

7RITE A LETTER THAT CONTAINS EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GROUPS OF WORDS

!DD TODAYS DATE AND AN APPROPRIATE CLOSING 5SE COLONS HYPHENS
SEMICOLONS DASHES AND UNDERLINING IN YOUR LETTER
$EAR 3IR OR -ADAM
THIRTY FIVE GOOD SEATS
HER BEST SELLING BOOK &LYING TO THE -OON
EITHER THE  OR THE  SHOW
SOMETHING WEVE BEEN LOOKING FORWARD TO SINCE LAST YEAR
SOME STUDENTS WILL COME BY BUS SOME WILL WALK
AN ARTICLE IN THE -IAMI (ERALD
TICKETS FOR US AT THE MAIN FLOOR BOX OFFICE

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7RITE THE LETTER OF THE CHOICE THAT CORRECTLY COMPLETES EACH SENTENCE

 -USIC CLASS IS ON  -S 2AMIREZ IS A

4UESDAYS MUSICIAN
!  TO  ! WELL KNOWN
"  TO  " WELL KNOWN
# ˆ # WELLˆKNOWN
$  TO  $ WELLKNOWN

 /UR -USIC #LUB ORDERED  $ORA PLAYS THE ALSO

TICKETS PLAYS THE FLUTE
! TWENTY FIVE ! PIANO SHE
" TWENTYˆFIVE " PIANOˆSHE
# TWENTY FIVE # PIANO SHE
$ TWENTYFIVE $ PIANO SHE

 3OMETIMES ) PRACTICE )  /UR TEXTBOOK IS 

PLAY WITH MY FRIENDS ! -USIC FOR %VERYONE
! ALONEˆSOMETIMES " -USIC FOR %VERYONE
" ALONE SOMETIMES # -USICˆFOR %VERYONE
# ALONE SOMETIMES $ -USIC FOR %VERYONE
Y
$ ALONE SOMETIMES
 4HE COMPETITION WILL
 4HE LETTER BEGAN h$EAR INCLUDE ALL CITY SCHOOLS
4HANK YOUv ! ˆITS BEEN RESCHEDULED
! -R ,EWIS THREE TIMESˆ
" -R ,EWIS "  ITS BEEN RESCHEDULED
# -R ,EWIS THREE TIMES
$ -R ,EWIS # ITS BEEN RESCHEDULED
THREE TIMES
$  ITS BEEN RESCHEDULED
THREE TIMES

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2EWRITE EACH SENTENCE !DD THE MISSING PUNCTUATION MARKS
 -Y PIANO LESSON WAS CHANGED FROM  0- TO  0-
 4HE BOOK IS CALLED ! -USICAL 3URPRISE
 7E LOOKED AT PICTURES OF DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS TODAY ) LIKED THE
TUBA BEST
 4HEN WE LISTENED TO INSTRUMENT SOUNDS THIS WAS FUN AND TRIED TO
MATCH INSTRUMENTS TO THEIR SOUNDS
 4HE FLUTE HAS A HIGH PITCHED SILVERY SOUND
 ! TUBAS SOUND AND LOOKS ARE SIMILAR BOTH ARE BIG BLUSTERY
AND FUNNY
 -Y LETTER BEGAN h$EAR -R #OLSON ) AM INTERESTED IN PLAYING
THE TUBAv

7RITE # IF A SENTENCE IS CORRECT AS WRITTEN )F IT HAS ERRORS IN

PUNCTUATION REWRITE IT CORRECTLY
 4HERE WAS A GOOD REVIEW OF YESTERDAYS PERFORMANCE IN THE
3PRINGFIELD
P G 'AZETTE
 )LL MEET YOU AT  !- ) KNOW THATS EARLY AT THE BUS STOP
 -Y SOLO LASTS EXACTLY FORTY TWO SECONDS IT SEEMS LIKE AN HOUR
OR TWO

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0LEASE RESERVE THE CONCERT HALL FROM  0- TO  0- ON
4UESDAY -AY 
 )D LOVE TO BE A ROCK STAR UNFORTUNATELY ) HAVE NO TALENT
 4HOUGH CRITICS SAID SHE WOULD NEVER SUCCEED SHE HAS RECORDED
TWENTY SEVEN HITS SO FAR
 (ER FRIENDS ) AM ONE OF THEM ALWAYS KNEW SHE WOULD BE
SUCCESSFUL

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7RITE THE LETTER OF THE TOPIC SENTENCE THAT GOES WITH

EACH GROUP OF DETAILS
4OPIC 3ENTENCES
4
! &OR THE FIRST TIME !FRICAN !MERICAN ARTISTS WERE ACKNOWLEDGED BY
THE PUBLIC
" (ARLEM ARTISTS EXPRESSED THEIR ROOTS AND LONGINGS THROUGH THEIR
WORKS
 s TOLD STORIES OF THEIR HISTORY IN !FRICA AND THE 3OUTH
s EXPRESSED THEIR RACIAL PRIDE
s TALKED ABOUT THEIR DESIRE FOR EQUALITY
 s EVERYONE EXCITED BY JAZZ INVENTIONS
s !FRICAN !MERICAN WRITERS PRAISED BY CRITICS
s NOVELS STORIES POEMS PLAYS PUBLISHED

7RITE A TOPIC SENTENCE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING DETAILS

IMPROVISATIONˆMUSIC MADE UP ON THE SPOT
s AN IMPORTANT PART OF JAZZ
s MUSICIAN CREATES DURING PERFORMANCE
s MAKES JAZZ EXCITING AND FRESH
s LISTENERS OFTEN RESPOND WITH SURPRISE AND DELIGHT

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Writing a Persuasive Essay
A test may ask you to write a persuasive essay. Support your
opinion with examples, facts, reasons, and words and phrases
such as should and most important. Follow the tips below.

Understand the prompt. Make sure you know what to

do. Read the prompt carefully. A prompt for a persuasive
essay could look like this:
What new club or organization would you like to have at your
school? Write a persuasive essay that you might use to convince
your principal to sponsor this organization.
Key terms are club or organization, school, and convince.
Find a good topic. Choose a club or organization that you feel
strongly about. Be sure you can think of enough good reasons to
support your opinion.
Organize your ideas. Use an organizer like the one below to write
your opinion and to list reasons that support your opinion.

Opinion: Our school should sponsor a photography club.

Reasons
• Company willing to donate cameras to school.
• Would help us keep a record of important school activities.
• Learn a skill that can be used throughout life.
• Everybody should know how to use a camera.
• Hobby that can be done anywhere.

Write a good beginning. Write an opening sentence that grabs

the reader’s attention and clearly states your opinion.
240 Writing for Tests
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Grammar Patrol
adjective An adjective describes a noun or a pronoun.
Ponds are active places.
Several chipmunks run through the wet grass.
Adjectives have two different forms that are used to make comparisons.
• Use the –er form of an adjective to compare two persons, places,
or things.
Frogs have smoother skin than toads.
• Use the –est form of an adjective to compare three or more
persons, places, or things.
Snails are the slowest pond creatures.
• The words more and most are often used with adjectives of two or
more syllables to make comparisons.
The ducks were more comical than usual.
The goose is the most common bird here.
• Some adjectives show comparison in a special way. The correct
forms of good, bad, much, and little are shown below.
good weather better weather best weather
bad storm worse storm worst storm
much snow more snow most snow
little fog less fog least fog
article The words, a, an, and the are a special kind of adjective.
They are called articles. The is used with both singular and plural
nouns. A and an are used only with singular nouns.
The animals at the pond are very busy.
A friend and I spent an afternoon there.
• Use a before a word that begins with a consonant sound.
a beaver a pleasant afternoon
• Use an before a word that begins with a vowel sound.
an owl an underwater plant

Grammar Patrol 245

adverb A word that describes a verb is an adverb.
• Some adverbs ask the question “How?”
The fox hides slyly behind the bushes. (how?)
• Some adverbs answer the question “Where?”
Aesop wrote fables here. (where?)
• Other adverbs answer the question “When?”
Often a fable tells about one event. (when?)
Adverbs can be used to compare actions.
• Use the –er form or more to compare two actions. Most adverbs
that end in –ly use more.
The ant worked harder than the cricket.
The tortoise moved more steadily than the hare.
• Use the –est form or most to compare three or more actions. Most
adverbs that end in –ly use most.
The ant worked hardest of all the insects.
The tortoise moved most steadily of all.
The word not is an adverb. It means “no.” Do not use two words
that mean “no” in the same sentence.
Wrong: It wouldn’t never matter to me.
Right: It wouldn’t ever matter to me.
Right: It would never matter to me.
contraction A contraction is a shortened form of two words. An
apostrophe replaces a letter or letters.
• Some contractions join a pronoun and a verb.
I have never been in a dairy shed before.
I’ve never been in a dairy shed before.
• Some contractions are formed from a verb and the word not.
I cannot believe you did not bring your banjo.
I can’t believe you didn’t bring your banjo.

246 Grammar Patrol

noun A noun names a person, place, or thing.
The settlers came to America on a ship.
(person) (place) (thing)
A singular noun names one person, place, or thing.
The settler kept the cow in the barn.
A plural noun names more than one person, place, or thing.
The settlers kept their cows in their barns.
• Add -s to form the plural of most nouns.
colonists rivers peas chickens
• Add -es to form the plural of nouns that end in ch, sh, s, ss, x, or z.
benches bushes buses boxes
• If a noun ends in a consonant and y, change y to i and add -es to
form the plural.
Singular: library city cherry
Plural: libraries cities cherries
• Some plurals are formed by changing the spelling of the singular noun.
Singular: man child foot mouse
Plural: men children feet mice
• A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.
Singular: elk moose deer sheep
Plural: elk moose deer sheep
A common noun names any person, place, or thing.
A colonist founded the town.
A proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing.
William Penn founded Philadelphia.

Grammar Patrol 247

A possessive noun shows ownership.
• To form the possessive of a singular noun, add an apostrophe and
s (’s) to the singular noun.
Ben Franklin’s many talents amazed people.
• To form the possessive of a plural noun ending in s, add an
apostrophe (s’).
shoemakers’ hammers blacksmiths’ forges
• To form the possessive of a plural noun that does not end in s,
add an apostrophe and s (’s).
men’s hats mice’s tails two deer’s tracks
preposition A preposition is a word that shows how a noun or
pronoun is related to other words in the same sentence.
We sing in the car.
A preposition begins a group of words called a prepositional
phrase. At the end of the phrase is a noun or pronoun called the
object of the preposition.
Preposition: The dog buried its bone in the yard.
Prepositional phrase: in the yard
Object of the proposition: yard
pronoun A pronoun takes the place of a noun or nouns.
Nouns: Linda writes poems.
Pronouns: She enjoys writing them.
The pronouns I, you, she, he, it, we, and they are subject pronouns.
Use these pronouns to replace nouns that are the subjects of
sentences.
Robert Frost had been a teacher and a farmer.
He wrote many poems about nature.

248 Grammar Patrol

The pronouns me, you, him, her, it, us and them are object
pronouns. You can use these pronouns to replace nouns in the
predicate of a sentence.
Paul read poems to Jill.
Paul read them to her.
The pronouns my, your, his, her, its, our, and their are possessive
pronouns. A possessive pronoun shows ownership. Possessive
pronouns can replace nouns.
That writer’s home is in the mountains.
Her poems usually involve nature.
sentence A sentence is a group of words that expresses a
complete thought.
People of all ages enjoy hobbies.
A declarative sentence makes a statement. It ends with a period (.).
Hobbies are important in people’s lives.
An interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a
question mark (?).
What is your hobby?
An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request.
It usually ends with a period (.).
Please get your kite ready. Come to our party!
An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feeling. It ends with
an exclamation mark (!).
That kite will crash! How happy I am!
A simple sentence has one subject and one predicate. It expresses
one complete thought.
Kites come in many different shapes.

Grammar Patrol 249

A compound sentence contains two simple sentences joined
by the word and, but, or or. Use a comma in a compound sentence
before the word and, but, or or.
The day was cool, and clouds drifted across the sun.
subject and predicate The subject is the part of the sentence that
names someone or something. The predicate tells what the subject
is or does. Both the subject and the predicate may be one word or
many words.
Currents/move ocean water around the world.
The most common mineral/is salt.
Ocean water/moves.
Sea water/flows in vast streams.
The simple subject is the main word in the complete subject.
The five biggest oceans are really one huge ocean.
A sentence may have more than one simple subject. The word
and may be used to join simple subjects, making a compound
subject. The simple subjects share the same predicate.
Spiny crabs and colorful fish scurry along the underwater reef.
The simple predicate is the main word or words in the complete
predicate.
Ocean waters flow in vast streams.
A sentence may have more than one simple predicate. The word
and may be used to join simple predicates, making a compound
predicate. The simple predicates share the same subject.
Some worms live and feed in the ocean.
verb A verb is a word that shows action or being.
Nina paints in art class. (action)
That picture is beautiful. (being)

250 Grammar Patrol

An action verb shows action. It tells what the subject of a
sentence does.
The art teacher welcomed the students.
A verb can be more than one word. The main verb is the most
important verb. A helping verb works with the main verb.
Many people have admired Picasso’s paintings. (main verb)
His name is known all over the world. (helping verb)
A linking verb shows being. It tells what the subject is or was.
Grandma Moses was a famous artist.
When the correct subject and verb are used together, we say they
agree. The form of the linking verb be that is used depends on the
subject of the sentence. Study the following chart.
Using the Forms of be
Use am and was with I
Use is and was with she, he, it, and singular nouns
Use are and were with we, you, they, and plural nouns
The tense of a verb shows the time of the action.
A verb in the present tense shows action that happens now.
Eli forms the tiles.
A verb in the present tense must agree with the subject of the sentence.
• With he, she, it, or a singular noun, add -s or -es to the verb.
The student learns. My cousin teaches. He walks.
• If a verb ends in ch, sh, s, ss, x, or z, add -es. Notice the word
teaches above.
• With I, you, we, they, or a plural noun, do not add -s or -es.
The students learn. My cousins teach. They walk.
A verb in the future tense shows action that will happen. The
future tense is formed with the helping verb will.
Ann will create a vase.
Grammar Patrol 251
A verb in the past tense shows action that already happened.
Lee washed pots.
The past tenses of irregular verbs are not formed by adding -ed.
Some irregular verbs are shown in the following chart.
Past with have,
Verb Past has, or had
begin began begun
bring brought brought
come came come
do did done
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
find found found
fly flew flown
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
ride rode ridden
run ran run
see saw seen
take took taken
throw threw thrown
write wrote written
The spelling of some verbs changes when -es or -ed is added.
• If a verb ends in a consonant and y, change the y to i before
adding -es or -ed.
study studies studied
• If a verb ends in one vowel and one consonant, double the final
consonant before adding -ed.
trap trapped stir stirred

252 Grammar Patrol

Capitalization
first word of a sentence Every sentence begins with a capital
letter.
People enjoy having special projects.
proper noun Each important word in a proper noun begins with
a capital letter.
• Capitalize each word in the name of a person or pet.
Patrice Gomez owns a cat named Duke.
• Capitalize an initial in a name. Put a period after the initial.
William L. Chen is a doctor in our neighborhood.
• Capitalize a title before a name. If the title is an abbreviation (a
shortened form of a word), put a period after it.
President Jefferson Dr. Jonas Salk
• Capitalize every important word in the names of particular places
or things.
Statue of Liberty Ellis Island New York Harbor
• Capitalize names of days, months, holidays, and special days.
Tuesday April Fourth of July
pronoun I The pronoun I is always capitalized.
May I go skating this afternoon?
letter Capitalize the first word of the greeting and the first word
of the closing of a letter.
Dear Mother, Dear Sir: Sincerely yours,
title of books, movies, songs, and other works Capitalize
the first word, the last word, and all of the important words in the
title of works.
The Secret Life of Harold the Bird Watcher
“The Star-Spangled Banner”

Grammar Patrol 253

quotation Begin the first word in a quotation with a capital letter.
The Hare asked, “How about a race?”

Punctuation
period Declarative sentences and imperative sentences end with
a period (.).
I stood on the corner. Wait for the signal.
• Put a period after an initial in a name.
J. P. Jones Abigail S. Adams
• Put a period after an abbreviation (a shortened form of a word).
Mr. Mrs. Ms. Dr.
question mark An interrogative sentence ends with a
question mark (?).
Do you have more than one hobby?
exclamation mark An exclamatory sentence ends with an
exclamation mark (!).
That kite will crash!
comma A comma (,) is a signal that tells a reader to pause.
• Use a comma after yes, no, or well at the beginning of a sentence.
Yes, I saw the display of Eskimo art.
Well, my favorites were the bears made of silver.
• Use a comma to set off the name of the person spoken to.
Your painting is very beautiful, Roberta.
• Use a comma to separate words in a series. A series is made up of
three or more items. No comma is used after the last word in the
series. The last comma goes before the word and.
The artists carve, smooth, and polish their work.

254 Grammar Patrol

• Use a comma to separate the city from the state.
I grew up in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
• Use a comma to separate the day and the year.
Pablo was born on February 7, 2000.
• Use a comma after the greeting of a friendly letter. Use a comma
after the closing of a friendly or a business letter.
Dear Kim, Your friend, Yours truly,
• Use a comma before the word and, but, or or in a compound
sentence.
The merchants crossed central Asia, and they reached China.
quotation marks A quotation is the exact words someone
speaks. Quotation marks (“ ”) show where a speaker’s exact words
begin and end.
• Use quotation marks before and after a quotation. Begin the first
word in a quotation with a capital letter. When the quotation comes
last, use a comma to separate the speaker from the quotation.
The Tortoise said, “I’m not going to lose this race.”
• When the quotation comes first, use a comma, a question mark,
or an exclamation mark to separate the quotation from the
speaker. The end mark of a quotation always comes just before the
second quotation mark. Put a period at the end of the sentence.
Statement: “Let’s do something else,” replied the Tortoise.
Question: “Are you afraid you’ll lose?” teased the Hare.
Exclamation: “I’m not afraid!” snapped the Tortoise.
• Enclose the titles of stories, songs, poems, and articles in
quotation marks.
Story: “The Use of Force”
Song: “Of Thee I Sing”
Poem: “Dear March, Come In!”
Article: “Let’s Make Music”
Grammar Patrol 255
Underline the titles of newspapers, magazines, books, plays,
and movies.
In materials you read, these titles are printed in italics.
Newspaper: Denver Post
Magazine: Popular Mechanics
Book: A Wind in the Door
Play: Man of La Mancha
Movie: Invaders from Mars
apostrophe Use an apostrophe (’) to show where a letter or letters
have been left out in a contraction (a shortened form of two words).
we’d (we + had) wasn’t (was + not)
• Use an apostrophe to form the possessive of a noun.
man’s James’s men’s workers’
colon Use a colon (:) after the greeting in a business letter.
Dear Mr. Kurtz: Dear Sir or Madam:

256 Grammar Patrol

Frequently Misspelled Words
a lot everything morning then
afraid except myself there
again excited of they
almost family off they’re
already favorite once thought
always February one through
another field opened to
are finally our too
athlete first outside took
basketball found people tries
beautiful friend piece truly
because getting presents TV
before government pretty two
believe grabbed probably until
brother happened radio upon
brought heard really usually
buy hero right vacation
caught his said very
chocolate hospital scared want
Christmas house school was
clothes I separate watch
control I’m should weird
could instead since went
cousin into sincerely we’re
Dad’s it’s something were
decided knew sometimes what
didn’t know special when
different knowledge started where
disappear let’s stopped which
doesn’t library successful who
don’t little sure whole
enough maybe surprised with
especially might swimming would
everybody minute that’s you’re
everyone Mom their
Frequently Misspelled Words 257
D’Nealian™ Alphabet

abcdefghi
jklmnopqrst
uvwxyz
ABCDEFG
HIJKLMNO
PQRSTUV
WXYZ.,’?
123456
7 8 9 10
258 Handwriting
Manuscript Alphabet

a b c d e f g
h i j k l m n
o p q r s t u
v w x y z
A B C D E F G
H I J K L M N
O P Q R S T U
V W X Y Z , ’ . ?
!q @
w #
e $
r %
t ^y
&
u * i
( qp
!)
Handwriting 259
Cursive Alphabet

abcdefg
hijklmn
opqrstu
vwxyz
A B C D E FG
HIJ KL MN
OPQRSTU
VWXY Z.,’?
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
260 Handwriting
Index
A first word of sentence, 50–53
Abbreviations, 74–77
Action verbs. See Verbs.
Adjectives, 176–179, 200–203, 245
articles, 176–179
comparative, 188–191
proper, 176–179
superlative, 188–191
this, that, these, and those,
182–185
Adverbs, 194–197, 200–203, 246
comparative, 194–197
superlative, 194–197
Agreement,
pronoun, 146–149
subject-verb, 104–107,
158–161
Alliteration, 217
Antecedents, 146–149
Apostrophe
in contractions, 170–173
in possessive nouns, 86–89
Articles, 176–179, 245
B Compound predicate. See
Be. See Verbs.
C Compound subject. See Subjects.
Capitalization, 253–254
abbreviations, 74–77
days of the week, 74–77
months of the year, 74–77
proper nouns, 74–77
quotations, 218–221
titles, 74–77
titles of people, 74–77
Clauses, 62–65
dependent, 62–65
independent, 62–65
Colon, 224–227
Commas
appositives, 212–215
direct address, 212–215
in compound sentences,
68–71, 206–209
in quotations, 218–221
introductory words and
phrases, 212–215
items in series, 212–215
with dependent clauses,
62–65
Common nouns. See Nouns.
Complex sentences. See
Sentences.
Predicates.
Compound sentences. See
Sentences.
Conjunctions, 206–209
Contractions, 170–173, 246
Conventions. See Writing.
Index 261
Index
D Indefinite pronouns. See
Pronouns.
Dash, 224–227 Independent clauses. See
Declarative sentences. See Clauses.
Sentences. Interjections, 50–53
Dependent clauses. See Clauses. Interrogative sentences. See
Descriptive writing. See Writing. Sentences.
Details, 2–3, 168 Introductory words and
Direct address. See Commas. phrases. See Commas.
Irregular verbs. See Verbs.
E Italics, 224–227
Evaluate your writing, 46–48 Items in series. See Commas.
Exclamation mark, 50–53
Expository writing. See Writing. L
Exclamatory sentences. See Linking verbs. See Verbs.
Sentences.
M
F
Main idea, 2–3
Focus/Ideas. See Writing. Main verb. See Verbs.
Fragments, 56–59 Mechanics, 254–256
Frequently misspelled words,
apostrophe, 86–89, 170–173
257
colon, 224–227
H comma, 62–65, 68–71,
206–209, 218–221
Handwriting, 258–260
dash, 224–227
Helping verbs. See Verbs.
Hyperbole, 217 exclamation mark, 50–53,
Hyphen, 224–227 218–221
hyphen, 224–227
I italics, 224–227
Imperative sentences. See period, 50–53, 74–77
Sentences. question mark, 50–53,
218–221

262 Index
 quotation marks, 218–221
semicolon, 224–227
underlining, 224–227
Metaphor, 216, 217
Misplaced modifiers,
200–203
Modifiers, 200–203
N Possessive nouns. See Nouns.
Narrative writing. See Writing.
Negatives, 170–173
Nouns, 247–248
collective, 104–107
common, 74–77
days of week, 74–77
months of year, 74–77
plural
irregular, 80–83
regular, 80–83
possessive
plural, 86–89
singular, 86–89
proper, 74–77
titles of people, 74–77
O possessive, 152–155
Object of preposition,
134–137
Object pronouns. See Pronouns.
Organization/Paragraphs. See
Writing.
P
Participles. See Verbs.
Period, 50–53, 74–77
Personification, 216
Persuasive writing. See Writing.
Phrases, 98–101, 134–137,
200–203
Plural nouns. See Nouns.
Predicates, 250
complete, 56–59
compound, 206–209
simple, 56–59
Prepositional phrases, 134–137,
200–203
Prepositions, 134–137, 248
Principal parts of verbs. See
Verbs.
Prompts, 26, 31, 36, 41, 79, 109,
139, 168, 232, 234, 236, 238,
240, 242
Pronouns, 248–249
antecedents, 146–149
indefinite, 158–161
object, 140–143
plural, 140–143
referents, 146–149
reflexive, 158–161
singular, 140–143
subject, 140–143
who and whom, 164–167
Index 263
Index
Proofreading, 22–25 exclamatory, 50–53
Proper nouns. See Nouns. imperative, 50–53
Punctuation, 50–53, 62–65, 68–
interrogative, 50–53
71, 74–77, 86–89, 170–173, 206–
209, 218–221, 224–227, 254–256 kinds of, 50–53
See also Mechanics. punctuation of, 50–53
Purpose for writing, 2–3, 102 run-on, 56–59
simple, 68–71
Q Simile, 216, 217
Question mark, 50–53 Singular nouns. See Nouns.
Quotation marks, 218–221 Spelling, 257
Quotations, 186, 187, 218–221 Strategies. See Writing.
Subject pronouns. See Pronouns.
Subjects, 250
R
complete, 56–59
Referents. See Antecedents.
compound, 206–209
Reflexive pronouns. See
Pronouns. plural, 104–107
Review, 53, 59, 65, 71, 77, 83, 89, simple, 56–59
95, 101, 107, 113, 119, 125, 131, singular, 104–107
137, 143, 149, 155, 161, 167,
173, 179, 185, 191, 197, 203,
T
209, 215, 221, 227
Rhyme/Rhythm, 217 Tenses, 110–113
Rubrics, 26, 31, 36, 41 Test preparation, 52, 58, 64, 70,
Run-on sentences, 56–59 76, 82, 88, 94, 100, 106, 112,
118, 124, 130, 136, 142, 148,
S 154, 160, 166, 172, 178, 184,
190, 196, 202, 208, 214,
Semicolon, 224–227 220, 226
Sentences, 18–21, 249–250 Tests. See Writing for tests.
capitalization in, 50–53 This, that, these, and those,
complex, 68–71 182–185
compound, 68–71, 206–209 Time-order words. See Writing.
declarative, 50–53
264 Index
Titles
of books, newspapers,
magazines, works of art,
224–227
of people, 74–77
U W
Underlining, 224–227
V Writer’s craft. See topics under
Verb phrases. See Verbs.
Verbs, 250–252
action, 92–95
agreement, 104–107,
158–161
be, 92–95, 104–107
future tense, 110–113
helping, 98–101
irregular, 110–113, 116–119,
122–125
is, am, are, was, were, 92–95
linking, 92–95
main, 98–101
participles, 116–119,
122–125, 128–131
past tense, 110–113, 116–119,
122–125, 128–131
phrases, 98–101
present tense, 110–113,
116–119, 122–125,
128–131
principal parts of,
irregular, 122–125
regular, 116–119
troublesome, 128–131
Voice. See Writing.
Who and whom, 164–167
Word choice. See Writing.
Writing.
Writing
answer 5 Ws and How, 96
conventions, 22–25
creating mood, 60
details, 2–3, 168, 222
dialogue, 115
elaboration, 150
eliminate wordiness, 84
figurative language, 216
focus/ideas, 2–5
good conclusions, 162
know your audience, 192
main idea, 2–3
models, 4–5, 8–9, 12–13,
16–17, 20–21, 24–25, 27–30,
32–35, 37–40, 42–45, 233,
235, 237, 239, 241, 243
ad, 199
advice, 163
biographical sketch, 187
character sketch, 55
Index 265
Index
compare/contrast essay,
236–237
description, 133
editorial, 175
e-mail, 145
feature story, 127
friendly or thank-you letter,
67
how-to report, 234
humorous poem, 217
informational article, 229
journal entry, 151
news story, 97
outline, 223
personal narrative, 232–233
persuasive essay, 240–241
persuasive letter, 193
problem-solution essay, 181
question/answer essay, 121
rules, 103
skit, 115
story about an animal, 157
story review, 91
summary, 85, 242–243
taking notes, 211
tall tale, 61
mood, 156
organization/paragraphs, 6–9,
108, 126
parallelism, 138
paraphrase, 210
persuasive words, 180
266 Index
powerful verbs, 114
prompts, 26, 31, 36, 41, 79,
109, 139, 168, 232, 234,
236, 238, 240, 242
purpose, 2–3, 102
quotations, 186, 187, 218–
2210
refer to text, 144
sentences, 18–21
show, don’t tell, 78
specific words, 132
stage directions, 115
stick to topic, 120
strategies, 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22
style, 198
support argument, 174
thesis statement, 204
tone, 72
topic sentence, 228
transitions, 66
types of
descriptive, 31–35
expository, 41–45, 205
narrative, 26–30
persuasive, 36–40
voice, 10–13, 54
word choice, 14–17
Writing for tests, 79, 109, 139,
169, 230–243
Writing models. See Writing.
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