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FUNDAMENTALS OF READING ACADEMIC TEXT

Academics Texts Description
Articles/Journal Articles Published in scholarly journals, this type of academic text
offers results of research and development that can either
impact the academic community or provide relevance to
nation-building.

Conference papers These are papers presented in scholastic references and may
be revised as articles for possible publication in scholarly
journals.

Reviews These provide evaluation or reviews of works published in

scholarly journals.

Theses, Dissertations These are personal research written by a candidate for a

college or university degree

Essays These are written works that uses formal language.

Specifically, these are formal essays published in proceeding
after a scientific or scholarly gathering where it was
presented.

Academic texts are typically formal. They have a clearly structured introduction, body, and conclusion. They also
include information from credible sources which are, in return, properly cited. They also include a list of references
used in developing the academic paper.
THREE (3) PARTS OF ACADEMIC TEXT

includes background information and a

thesis statement.
INTRODUCTION
ACADEMIC TEXTS

has all the main ideas and evidence that

BODY support your thesis statement.

CONCLUSION summarizes what was proven and

shows the significance of it.
BASIC
PARTS OF AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS/RESEARCH
 CHAPTER 1
1. TITLE PAGE
2. ABSTRACT
3. INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER 2
1. LITERATURE REVIEW
 CHAPTER 3
1. METHODOLOGY
 CHAPTER 4
1. RESULTS/FINDINGS
 CHAPTER 5
1. DISCUSSION
2. CONCLUSION
3. RECOMMENDATION
Academic texts include concept and theories that re related to the specific discipline they explore. They usually
exhibit all the properties of a well-written text i.e., organization, unity, coherence, and cohesion, as well as strict
adherence to rules of language use and mechanics.

Organization in writing is how ideas are presented. Some examples include chronological order, order of
importance, compare and contrast, and cause and effect.

Unity means that each paragraph has only one main idea (expressed in the topic sentences) and that all other
sentences and details in that paragraph revolve around that main idea.

Coherence means that all the parts or ideas fit together well so that they form a united whole. The
reader can see that everything is logically arranged and connected.

Cohesion refers to the way we use vocabulary and grammatical structures to make connections between
the ideas within a text.

Jargons are special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult
for others to understand. i.e. “code blue!”
Colloquial Expressions are words or phrases that are neither formal nor literary — meaning they are
informal, unfancy, everyday language.
i.e. “y’all ain’t got nothin’ on me” or “this hell of an idea”

TYPES EXAMPLES AS USED IN THE

SENTENCE
Modal auxiliary verbs may, might, can, could, The measure might have
would, should negative effects on the
patient’s health.

Modal lexical verbs to seem, to appear, to The discussions seem to

doubting and evaluating
rather than merely
describing
believe, to assume, to suggest negative
suggest, to estimate, to tend, implications.
to think, to argue, to
indicate, to propose, to
speculate

Probability adjectives possible, probable, A number of significant

un/likely changes are possible.

Nouns assumption, claim, There are a number of

possibility, estimate, claims pertaining to the
suggestion possibility of divorce.

Adverbs perhaps, possibly, The proposal is practically an

probably, practically, answer to the confusion.
likely, presumably,
virtually, apparently

Indicators of degree, quantity, approximately, roughly, about, Fever is present in about

frequency and time often, occasionally, generally, a third of cases.
usually, somewhat, somehow, a
lot of, almost

Introductory phrases believe, to their knowledge, it The committee believes that

is their view that, they feel the issue needs to be
that, it seems that explored.
 “if” clauses if true, if anything, if If anything, the opinion holds
proven accurate, if a number of truths.
factually supported

Compound hedges Double hedges: This probably indicates that

seems reasonable, looks the assigned personnel is
probable, it may suggest that, misinformed.
it seems likely that, it would
indicate that, this possibly
indicates

Treble hedges:
It seems reasonable to
assume that

Quadruple hedges:
It would seem somewhat
unlikely that, it may appear
somewhat speculative that

Reading academic texts require focus and understanding. Critical or reflective reading helps you
identify the key arguments presented by the author and analyze concepts presented in the text.

BEFORE READING
 Determine the type of academic text
 Establish your purpose in reading
 Infer the main idea/argument based on the title
 State what you already know and what you want tolearn
 Use a concept map or graphic organizers

DURING READING
 Annotate
 Create a bank of unfamiliar or technical terms
 Use concept map/graphic organizers for ideas
 Determine the main idea of the text
 Identify the evidence presented and check its validity and relevance

AFTER READING
 Reflect on what you learned
 Discuss some parts with your classmate
 Link the main idea of the text to what you already know

LOCATING MAIN IDEAS

The thesis statement presents or describes the point of an essay. In an academic text, the thesis
statement is usually presented in the abstract or executive summary or found at the last part of the
introduction. It is written in a declarative sentence.

The topic sentence presents or describes the point of the paragraph; in other words, it is the main
idea of a paragraph. It can be located in the beginning, middle, or last part of the paragraph.
 Placement Function Description
Thesis statement  It is usually presented in the  It describes the point  Main idea of the
abstract, executive of the whole essay, whole text
summary, or at the last part research article, or
of the background of the thesis.
study.
Topic sentence  It is usually placed in the  It describes the point  Main idea of
beginning, middle, or last of the whole the paragraph
part of the paragraph. paragraph. Each in the text
Background of the study paragraph in the
or essays are usually essay, research
composed of several article, or thesis is
paragraphs. coherent to the thesis
statement.

EVALUATING SOURCES
Relevance of the source to the research topic
Authority or author’s qualifications
Currency or date of publication
Contents or Accuracy of information

Location of sources

CITING SOURCES
Purpose of citing sources
1. To give credit to the original author of the work
2. To promote scholarly writing
3. To help your target audience identify your original source

FORMS OF CITATION

NARRATIVE IN-
TEXT CITATION
IN-TEXT CITATION
PARENTHETICAL
CITATION
FORMS OF
CITATION
COMPLETE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCE
ENRIES OF ALL
REFERENCES

STYLE GUIDES
1. The publication manual of the American psychological association. (APA)
 2. The modern language association style guide. (MLA)
3. Institute of electrical and electronic engineers. (IEEE)
4. American medical association manual of style. (AMA)
5. The Chicago manual style.
Style guide Discipline
APA psychology,education,lhotel and restaurant
management,business,
economics,sciences,and other social sciences

MLA literature,a rts,la nguage,cultura l studies,and

humanities
IEEE engineering,computer science, architect
ure,and other technical
fields
AMA medicine,health sciences,and other natural
sciences Chicago
history,huma nities,sciences,socia l
sciences

CHICAGO History, humanities, sciences, social sciences

CITING PARTS OF A WORK

• pages, paragraphs, sections, tables, figures, supplemental materials, or footnotes from an
article, book, report, webpage, or other work;
• chapters, forewords, or other sections of authored books;
• time stamps of videos or audiobooks;
• and slide numbers in PowerPoint presentation.