Period 3 Vocabulary

Chapter 8
American Revolution The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765
and 1783. It resulted in the thirteen colonies gaining independence from
Great Britain, forming the United States of America.

Dec. of the Rights of This document, adopted during the French Revolution in 1789, proclaimed
Man & Citizen the equality of all men and established basic human rights. It served as a
precursor to modern human rights instruments.

French Revolution The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval
in France from 1789 to 1799. It profoundly impacted France and the rest of
the world, leading to the abolition of the monarchy, the establishment of a
republic, and the Reign of Terror.

Robespierre Maximilien Robespierre was a prominent figure during the French

Revolution. He was a leader of the radical Jacobin faction and played a key
role in the Reign of Terror, a period marked by mass executions of perceived
enemies of the revolution.

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte was a military general who rose to power during the
French Revolution and eventually became the Emperor of France. He
expanded French territory through military conquests but was eventually
defeated and exiled.

Haitian Revolution The Haitian Revolution was a successful slave revolt that took place in the
French colony of Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti) from 1791 to 1804. It
resulted in the abolition of slavery and the establishment of Haiti as the first
independent black republic.

Latin American Refers to a series of revolutions that took place in Latin America during the
Revolutions early 19th century. These revolutions aimed to overthrow colonial rule and
establish independent nations throughout the region.

Hidalgo-Morelos Also known as the Mexican War of Independence, it was a rebellion against
Rebellion Spanish colonial rule in Mexico led by priests Miguel Hidalgo and José
María Morelos in the early 19th century.

Tupac Amaru José Gabriel Tupac Amaru was a leader of an indigenous uprising against
Spanish colonial rule in Peru in the 18th century. His rebellion, known as the
Tupac Amaru Rebellion, aimed to end oppression and exploitation of
indigenous people.

Great Jamaica Revolt The Great Jamaica Revolt, also known as the Christmas Rebellion, was a
major slave rebellion that took place in Jamaica in 1831-1832. It was led by
Samuel Sharpe and played a significant role in the eventual abolition of
slavery in the British Empire.

Abolitionist Movement A social and political movement aimed at ending the institution of slavery. It
Period 3 Vocabulary
was particularly active in the 18th and 19th centuries and played a crucial
role in the eventual abolition of slavery in various countries.

Nationalism Nationalism is an ideology and movement that emphasizes the interests,

culture, and identity of a particular nation or group of people. It often seeks
to promote the interests of the nation-state and can lead to movements for
independence, unification, or self-determination.

Vindication of the A pioneering feminist work written by Mary Wollstonecraft in 1792. It argued
Rights of Women for women's rights to education and participation in public life, laying the
groundwork for later feminist movements.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a leading figure in the early women's rights
movement in the United States. She played a key role in organizing the
Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 and was instrumental in the fight for
women's suffrage.

Maternal Feminism Maternal feminism refers to a strand of feminist thought that emphasizes
women's role as mothers and caregivers as a basis for advocating for
women's rights and social reforms. It emerged in the 19th century as part of
the broader feminist movement.

Chapter 9
Steam Engine

British Textile Industry

Middle-Class Society

Ideology of Domesticity

Lower Middle Class

Laboring Class

Karl Marx
Period 3 Vocabulary
Labour Party

Socialism in the United

States

Progressives

Russian Revolution of
1905

Caudillos

Latin American Export

Boom

Mexican Revolution

Dependent
Development

Chapter 10
Scientific Racism A discredited belief system that emerged in the 19th century, asserting
that certain races are inherently superior or inferior to others based on
pseudo-scientific theories. It often used flawed interpretations of biology,
anthropology, and genetics to justify racial hierarchies and discriminatory
practices.

Civilizing Mission A concept popularized during the colonial era, especially in European
colonial powers, suggesting that it was the duty of civilized nations to
bring their culture, religion, and systems of governance to less developed
societies in order to uplift and "civilize" them.

Social Darwinism A theory that emerged in the 19th century, applying Charles Darwin's
principles of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human
societies. It posited that social progress and development occurred
through competition, and justified imperialism, racism, and inequality as
natural outcomes of this process.

Scramble for Africa A period of intense colonization and territorial expansion by European
Period 3 Vocabulary
powers in Africa during the late 19th century, particularly between 1881
and 1914. It resulted in the partitioning of the African continent among
European colonial powers.

Indian Rebellion of Also known as the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny, it was a major
1857-58 uprising against British rule in India in 1857. It was sparked by various
grievances, including religious and cultural issues, and led to widespread
violence and conflict across the Indian subcontinent.

Congo Free State A large territory in Central Africa that was privately controlled by King
Leopold II of Belgium from 1885 to 1908. It was notorious for its brutal
exploitation of the local population, forced labor, and atrocities committed
against the Congolese people.

Cultivation System A system of forced cultivation imposed by the Dutch colonial government
in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) in the 19th century. It
required peasants to grow cash crops such as coffee, sugar, and indigo for
export, often under harsh conditions.

Cash-Crop Production Agricultural production focused primarily on growing crops for sale in
markets rather than for subsistence. Cash-crop production often involves
monoculture and can lead to economic dependency, environmental
degradation, and social inequalities.

Female Circumcision Also known as female genital mutilation (FGM), it refers to the ritual
removal or alteration of the external genitalia of girls and women for
cultural or social reasons. It is widely condemned as a violation of human
rights and can cause severe physical and psychological harm.

Africanization of The process by which Christianity adapted to African cultural contexts,

Christianity incorporating indigenous beliefs, practices, and symbols. It often involved
the syncretism of Christianity with traditional African religions and played a
significant role in the spread of Christianity in Africa.

Hinduism The major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia, characterized by a
diverse array of beliefs, rituals, and practices. Hinduism encompasses a
wide range of philosophical and theological systems and has a rich
mythology and tradition of religious texts.

Swami Vivekananda A key figure in the revival of Hinduism and the introduction of Indian
philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world in the late 19th
century. He was a prominent spiritual leader and social reformer who
played a significant role in India's independence movement.

African Identity The sense of belonging, cultural identification, and solidarity among the
diverse peoples of the African continent. It encompasses shared histories,
cultures, languages, and experiences, and is often asserted in opposition
to colonial legacies and external influences.
Period 3 Vocabulary
Edward Blyden A prominent Pan-Africanist thinker and political activist in the 19th century.
He advocated for the cultural and intellectual independence of Africa and
promoted the idea of African civilization as equal to, if not superior to,
European civilization.

Idea of “Tribe” ​ A concept often used to describe social and cultural groupings in
Africa, but one that has been critiqued for its oversimplification and
distortion of African social structures. The term "tribe" can reinforce
colonial stereotypes and obscure the complex and dynamic nature
of African societies.

Chapter 11
Taiping Uprising Also known as the Taiping Rebellion, it was a large-scale revolt in China
from 1850 to 1864 led by Hong Xiuquan, who proclaimed himself the
younger brother of Jesus Christ and sought to establish a utopian,
quasi-Christian state known as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

Opium Wars Two conflicts between China and Western powers, primarily Britain, fought
over the Chinese government's attempts to suppress the opium trade. The
First Opium War occurred from 1839 to 1842, and the Second Opium War
from 1856 to 1860.

Commissioner Lin Zexu A Chinese official appointed by the Qing dynasty to suppress the opium
trade in the early 19th century. He famously wrote a letter to Queen
Victoria urging her to halt the opium trade, which played a role in sparking
the First Opium War.

Unequal Treaties Treaties signed between China and Western powers, particularly during the
19th century, which heavily favored the Western nations. These treaties
granted extraterritorial rights to foreigners, opened Chinese ports to
foreign trade, and ceded territory to foreign control.

Informal Empire A form of imperial control exercised by a dominant power over another
country or region without direct colonial rule. It often involves economic
dominance, political influence, and cultural hegemony rather than outright
territorial annexation.

Self-Strengthening A late 19th-century movement in China aimed at modernizing the country

while preserving traditional Chinese values and institutions. It involved
efforts to adopt Western technology and military techniques while
maintaining Confucian social and political structures.
Period 3 Vocabulary
Boxer Uprising Also known as the Boxer Rebellion, it was a violent anti-foreign and
anti-Christian movement in China from 1899 to 1901. The Boxers, a secret
society, sought to rid China of foreign influence and were supported by the
Qing government. The uprising was ultimately suppressed by a coalition of
foreign powers.

Chinese Revolution of Also known as the Xinhai Revolution, it was a revolution that overthrew
1911-12 China's Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China. It marked the
end of millennia of imperial rule in China and led to the establishment of a
republican form of government.

“The Sick Man of A derogatory term used to describe the Ottoman Empire in the 19th and
Europe” early 20th centuries, reflecting its perceived weakness, decline, and
vulnerability to European imperialist ambitions.

Tanzimat A series of reforms initiated by the Ottoman Empire in the mid-19th

century aimed at modernizing the state and society. The Tanzimat reforms
sought to centralize and secularize the government, introduce legal and
administrative reforms, and promote equality among Ottoman subjects.

Young Ottomans A group of reform-minded intellectuals and bureaucrats in the Ottoman

Empire in the mid-19th century who advocated for constitutionalism,
modernization, and reform within the framework of Islamic principles.

Sultan Abd al-Hamid II The Ottoman sultan who ruled from 1876 to 1909. His reign was marked
by efforts to centralize power, suppress dissent, and resist European
influence. He was eventually deposed in the Young Turk Revolution of
1908.

Young Turks ​ er in the region.

: A political movement in the late Ottoman Empire composed of various
groups advocating for constitutionalism, modernization, and nationalism.
They played a significant role in the overthrow of Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
and the establishment of the Second Constitutional Era in 1908.

Tokugawa Japan Refers to the period of Japanese history when the Tokugawa shogunate
ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868. It was characterized by centralized feudal
rule, isolationist foreign policies, and a rigid social hierarchy.

Meiji Restoration A period of major political, economic, and social transformation in Japan
that occurred from 1868 to 1912. It marked the end of the Tokugawa
shogunate and the restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji. The
Meiji Restoration led to rapid modernization and industrialization in Japan.

Russo-Japanese War ​ A conflict fought between Russia and Japan in 1904-1905 over
territorial disputes in East Asia, particularly in Korea and Manchuria.
Japan's victory marked the first time an Asian power defeated a
European power in modern times and had significant consequences
Period 3 Vocabulary
for the balance of power in the regionA conflict fought between
Russia and Japan in 1904-1905 over territorial disputes in East Asia,
particularly in Korea and Manchuria. Japan's victory marked the first
time an Asian power defeated a European power in modern times
and had significant consequences for the balance of power in the
region.
​