Extra Exercises for Tutorial 03 (Linear Independence and Linear Transformation) Page | 1

Exercises :
6) Lay Ex.1.7 #10
Linear dependent and Linear Independent Vectors (Ex. 1.7) 1 −3 2
𝒗𝟏 = (−3) , 𝒗𝟐 = ( 9 ) , 𝒗𝟑 = (−5)
5 15 ℎ
1) Lay Ex.1.7 #1
(a) for what values of ℎ is 𝒗𝟑 in 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 {𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 }, and
Determine if the vectors are linearly independent. Justify each answer. (b) for what values of ℎ is {𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑 } linearly dependent? Justify each
answer.
5 7 9
(0) , ( 2 ) , ( 4 ) 7) Determine by inspection whether the vectors in (a) to (f) are linearly
0 −6 −8 independent. Justify each answer.

2) Lay Ex.1.7 #4 (a) Lay Ex.1.7 #15

5 2 1 −1
( ) , ( ) ,( ) , ( )
Determine if the vectors are linearly independent. Justify each answer. 1 8 3 7

−1 −3 (b) Lay Ex.1.7 #16

( ) , ( )
3 −9 2 −3
(−4) , ( 6 ) ,
3) Lay Ex.1.7 #5 8 −12

Determine if the columns of the matrix form a linearly independent set. (c) Lay Ex.1.7 #17
Justify each answer. 5 0 −7
0 −3 9 (−3) , (0) , ( 2 )
2 1 −7
(
−1 4 −5
) −1 0 4
1 −4 −2
4) Lay Ex.1.7 #8 (d) Lay Ex.1.7 #18
3 −1 3 7
Determine if the columns of the matrix form a linearly independent set. ( ) , ( ) ,( ) , ( )
Justify each answer. 4 5 5 1
1 −2 3 2
(−2 4 −6 2) (e) Lay Ex.1.7 #19
0 1 −1 3 −8 2
( 12 ) , (−3)
5) Lay Ex.1.7 #9 −4 −1

1 −3 5 (f) Lay Ex.1.7 #20

𝒗𝟏 = (−3) , 𝒗𝟐 = ( 9 ) , 𝒗𝟑 = (−7) 1 −2 0
2 −6 ℎ ( 4 ) , ( 5 ) , (0)
(a) for what values of ℎ is 𝒗𝟑 in 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 {𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 }, and −7 3 0
(b) for what values of ℎ is {𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑 } linearly dependent? Justify each
answer.
 Extra Exercises for Tutorial 03 (Linear Independence and Linear Transformation) Page | 2

8) Lay Ex.1.7 #21 13) Lay Ex.1.7 #40

Mark each statement True or False. Justify each answer on the basis of a
careful reading of the text. Suppose an m n matrix 𝐴 has n pivot columns. Explain why for each 𝒃 in ℝ𝑚
a. The columns of a matrix A are linearly independent if the equation the equation 𝐴𝒙 = 𝒃 has at most one solution. [Hint: Explain why 𝐴𝒙 = 𝒃
𝐴𝒙 = 𝟎 has the trivial solution. cannot have infinitely many solutions.]
b. If S is a linearly dependent set, then each vector is a linear combination
of the other vectors in S.
c. The columns of any 4×5 matrix are linearly dependent. The Matrix of a Linear Transformation
d. If 𝒙 and 𝒚 are linearly independent, and if {𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛} is linearly dependent,
then 𝒛 is in 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 {𝒙, 𝒚}.
14) Lay Ex.1.9 #1
9) Lay Ex.1.7 #22
Assume that 𝑇 is a linear transformation. Find the standard matrix of .
Mark each statement True or False. Justify each answer on the basis of a
careful reading of the text.
𝑇: ℝ2 → ℝ4 , 𝑇(𝒆1 ) = (3, 1, 3, 1), and 𝑇(𝒆2 ) = (−5, 2, 0, 0),
a. If 𝒖 and 𝒗 are linearly independent, and if 𝒘 is in 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 {𝒖, 𝒗}, then
where 𝒆1 = (1, 0) and 𝒆2 = (0, 1).
{𝒖, 𝒗, 𝒘} is linearly dependent.
b. If three vectors in ℝ3 lie in the same plane in ℝ3 , then they are linearly
dependent.
c. If a set contains fewer vectors than there are entries in the vectors, then
the set is linearly independent. 15) Lay Ex.1.9 #2
d. If a set in ℝ𝑛 is linearly dependent, then the set contains more than n
vectors. Assume that 𝑇 is a linear transformation. Find the standard matrix of .

𝑇: ℝ3 → ℝ2 , 𝑇(𝒆1 ) = (1, 4), 𝑇(𝒆2 ) = (−2, 9) , 𝑇(𝒆3 ) = (3, −8),

10) Lay Ex.1.7 #27
How many pivot columns must a 6 4 matrix have if its columns are linearly where 𝒆1 , 𝒆2 and 𝒆3 are the columns of the 3×3 identity matrix.
independent? Why?
16) Lay Ex.1.9 #6
11) Lay Ex.1.7 #30
a. Fill in the blank in the following statement: Assume that 𝑇 is a linear transformation. Find the standard matrix of .
“If A is an m n matrix, then the columns of A are linearly independent
if and only if A has _____ pivot columns.” −3𝜋
b. Explain why the statement in (a) is true. 𝑇: ℝ2 → ℝ2 rotates points (about the origin) through radians (clockwise).
2

12) Lay Ex.1.7 #39 17) Lay Ex.1.9 #7

Suppose 𝐴 is an m×n matrix with the property that for all b in ℝ𝑚 , the Assume that 𝑇 is a linear transformation. Find the standard matrix of .
equation 𝐴𝒙 = 𝒃 has at most one solution. Use the definition of linear
−3𝜋
independence to explain why the columns of 𝐴 must be linearly independent. 𝑇: ℝ2 → ℝ2 first rotates points through radians (clockwise) and then
4
−1 1
reflects points through the horizontal 𝑥1 -axis. (Hint : 𝑇(𝒆1 ) = ( , ))
√2 √2
 Extra Exercises for Tutorial 03 (Linear Independence and Linear Transformation) Page | 3

18) Lay Ex.1.9 #9 25) Lay Ex.1.9 #31

Assume that 𝑇 is a linear transformation. Find the standard matrix of . Let 𝑇: ℝ𝑛 → ℝ𝑚 be a linear transformation, with A its standard matrix.
Complete the following statement to make it true: “T is one-to-one if and only
𝑇: ℝ2 → ℝ2 first reflects points through the horizontal 𝑥1 -axis and then rotates if A has _____ pivot columns.” Explain why the statement is true.
−𝜋
points radians.
2
26) Lay Ex.1.9 #32
19) Lay Ex.1.9 #11
Let 𝑇: ℝ𝑛 → ℝ𝑚 be a linear transformation, with A its standard matrix.
A linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ2 → ℝ2 first reflects points through the 𝑥1 -axis Complete the following statement to make it true: “T maps ℝ𝑛 onto ℝ𝑚 if and
and then reflects points through the 𝑥2 -axis. Show that 𝑇 can also be described only if A has ______ pivot columns.” Find some theorems that explain why
as a linear transformation that rotates points about the origin. What is the angle the statement is true.
of that rotation?
27) Lay Ex.1.9 #34
For Q20-23 : Show that 𝑇 is a linear transformation by finding a matrix that
implements the mapping. Note that 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , ⋯ are not vectors but are entries in vectors. Let 𝑆: ℝ𝑝 → ℝ𝑛 and 𝑇: ℝ𝑛 → ℝ𝑚 be linear transformations. Show that the
mapping 𝒙 ↦ 𝑇(𝑆(𝒙)) is a linear transformation (from ℝ𝑝 to ℝ𝑚 ). [Hint:
20) Lay Ex.1.9 #17 Compute 𝑇(𝑆(𝑐𝒖 + 𝑑𝒗)) for 𝒖, 𝒗 in ℝ𝑝 and scalars 𝑐 and 𝑑. Justify each step
of the computation, and explain why this computation gives the desired
𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ) = (𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 , 0, 2𝑥2 + 𝑥4 , 𝑥2 − 𝑥4 )
conclusion.]
21) Lay Ex.1.9 #18 28) Lay Ex.1.9 #35
𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = (𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 , 0, 𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 , 𝑥1 )
If a linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ𝑛 → ℝ𝑚 maps ℝ𝑛 onto ℝ𝑚 , can you give a
relation between 𝑚 and 𝑛? If T is one-to-one, what can you say about 𝑚 and 𝑛?
22) Lay Ex.1.9 #19
29) Lay Ex.1.9 #37
𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (𝑥1 − 5𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 , 𝑥2 − 6𝑥3 )
Let T be the linear transformation whose standard matrix is given. Decide if T
23) Lay Ex.1.9 #20
is a one-to-one mapping.
𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ) = 3𝑥1 + 4𝑥3 − 2𝑥4 (Notice: 𝑇: ℝ2 → ℝ)
−5 6 −5 −6
Lay Ex.1.9 #22 (8 3 −3 8 )
24) 2 9 5 −12
−3 2 7 −12
Let 𝑇: ℝ2 → ℝ3 be a linear transformation with

𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = (2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 , −3𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 2𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 ). Find 𝒙 such

that 𝑇(𝒙) = (0, −1, −4) .

 Extra Exercises for Tutorial 03 (Linear Independence and Linear Transformation) Page | 4

30) Lay Ex.1.9 #39

Let T be the linear transformation whose standard matrix is given. decide if T

maps ℝ5 onto ℝ5 . Justify your answers.

4 −7 3 7 5
6 −8 5 12 −8
−7 10 −8 −9 14
3 −5 4 2 −6
(−5 6 −6 −7 3)