Topic 5 Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells

and Electrolysis

Part A Unit-based exercise

Unit 18 Chemical cells in daily 6 In a zinc-carbon cell,

life a) the zinc case is the negative
electrode.

Part A
Fill in the blanks b) the positive electrode is a carbon
rod.
1 A chemical cell is a device in which chemical

Unit 18
energy is converted into electrical energy. c) the positive electrode is surrounded by a mixture
of powdered carbon and manganese(IV)
2 A chemical cell consists of two different metals
oxide .
and an electrolyte .
d) the electrolyte is ammonium chloride .
3 The voltage of a cell can be measured by a e) the maximum voltage is 1.5 V.
voltmeter or a digital multimeter .
7 In a lithium ion secondary cell,
4 In a zinc-copper chemical cell using dilute sulphuric
a) the negative electrode consists of lithium
acid as the electrolyte:
atoms lying between graphite sheets.
a) the zinc strip is the negative electrode
b) the positive electrode is commonly made
and the copper strip is the positive
of lithium cobalt oxide or lithium
electrode.
manganese oxide .
b) Electrons flow from the zinc strip
c) the electrolyte is a lithium salt dissolved
to the copper strip in the external
in an organic solvent.
circuit.
d) the maximum voltage is 3.7 V.
5 In a chemical cell,
8 In a nickel metal hydride cell,
a) t h e n e g a t i v e e l e c t ro d e , a l s o c a l l e d
the anode , is the electrode from which a) the negative electrode is made of hydrogen
electrons flow into the external circuit. absorbing alloys.

b) t h e p o s i t i v e e l e c t r o d e , a l s o c a l l e d b) the positive electrode is nickel(II)

the cathode , is the electrode into which hydroxide .
electrons flow from the external circuit.
c) the electrolyte is potassium hydroxide .
c) an electrolyte is the medium which
d) the maximum voltage is 1.2 V.
allows ionic conduction between the two
electrodes of a cell.

1
 True or false Multiple choice questions

Decide whether each of the following statements is 21 Consider the following simple chemical cell:
true or false.
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
BT
WPMUNFUFS
9 In a chemical cell, electrons flow from the F
positive electrode to the negative electrode
in the external circuit.

10 Zinc-carbon cells are primary cells. T DPQQFS
TUSJQ [JOD
TUSJQ

Part A

11 In a zinc-carbon cell, the zinc case is the F

DPQQFS **
TVMQIBUF

cathode and the carbon rod is the anode. TPMVUJPO
Unit 18

12 The electrolyte in an alkaline manganese F Which of the following statements concerning

cell is ammonium chloride.
13 Compared with alkaline manganese cells,
zinc-carbon cells give a more steady
voltage during discharge.
14 Silver oxide cell is a type of button cell.
the cell is correct?
A A current flows from the zinc strip to the
F
copper strip in the external circuit.
B The mass of the copper strip decreases.
C The mass of the zinc strip decreases.
D Electrons flow through the copper(II) sulphate
T
solution. C

15 Silver oxide cell is rechargeable. F

22 Consider the following simple chemical cell:
16 In a lithium ion secondary cell, the T EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
electrolyte is composed of a lithium salt BT
WPMUNFUFS
dissolved in an organic solvent.

17 The anode of a nickel metal hydride cell F DPOEVDUJOH
XJSF

is made of nickel(II) hydroxide. NBHOFTJVN
DPQQFS
TUSJQ
TUSJQ
18 Nickel metal hydride cells can deliver T
high discharge currents. DPQQFS **
TVMQIBUF

TPMVUJPO
19 Both an alkaline manganese cell and a T
nickel metal hydride cell use potassium Which of the following statements concerning
hydroxide as the electrolyte. the cell is correct?
A The copper strip is the negative electrode.
20 Sulphuric acid is used as the electrolyte T B Electrons flow from the copper strip to the
in lead-acid accumulators. magnesium strip in the external circuit.
C Ions move freely in the copper(II) sulphate
solution.
D Electrical energy is converted into chemical
energy. C

2
23 In which of the following cells will the light bulb 25 Which of the following statements concerning
shine? the chemical cell is correct?

A B A Its voltage falls rapidly during discharge.

B It shows good performance in high-drained
devices.
;O ;O ;O $V C Its maximum voltage is 1.0 V.
D Its service life is very long. A

QVSF
FUIBOPM
XBUFS 26 Which of the following combinations is correct
for an alkaline manganese cell?

Part A
C D Cathode Anode Electrolyte
A Carbon zinc Manganese(IV)
oxide

Unit 18
;O $V $V $V
B Carbon manganese(IV) potassium
oxide hydroxide
EJMVUF
EJMVUF
C Manganese(IV) zinc ammonium
IZESPDIMPSJD
IZESPDIMPSJD

BDJE BDJE oxide chloride
D Manganese(IV) zinc potassium
C oxide hydroxide D

Directions: Questions 24 and 25 refer to the following 27 Which of the following statements concerning
dry cell. an alkaline manganese cell is INCORRECT?
NFUBM
DBQ A Its maximum voltage is 1.5 V.
B It has good low-temperature performance.
DBSCPO
SPE C It is a primary cell.
[JOD
DBTF D It is commonly used in mobile phones. D

NBOHBOFTF *7
PYJEF
28 Which of the following combinations for a silver

DBSCPO
QPXEFS
oxide cell is correct?
NPJTU
QBTUF
PG
BNNPOJVN
DIMPSJEF Positive Negative
electrode electrode Electrolyte
A Silver oxide zinc potassium
24 Which of the following combinations is correct hydroxide
for the cell? B Silver oxide zinc ammonium
chloride
Positive Negative
C Zinc silver oxide potassium
electrode electrode Electrolyte
hydroxide
A Carbon zinc ammonium chloride D Zinc silver oxide ammonium
B Carbon zinc manganese(IV) oxide chloride A
C Zinc carbon ammonium chloride
D Zinc carbon manganese(IV) oxide 29 Which of the following cells has the highest
A energy density?
A Lead-acid accumulator
B Lithium ion cell
C Silver oxide cell
D Zinc-carbon cell B

3
 30 Which of the following statements concerning a 34 Which of the following graphs best represents
silver oxide cell is correct? the change in voltage during the discharge of a
zinc-carbon cell in a portable CD player?
A It is rechargeable.
B Its voltage remains constant during discharge. A B
C It is able to supply a large current.
D It is commonly used in portable CD players.

7PMUBHF

7PMUBHF
B

31 Which of the following statements concerning a

lithium ion secondary cell is correct? 5JNF 5JNF
Part A

A It has a low energy density. C D

B It offers relatively low discharge currents.

7PMUBHF

7PMUBHF
C Its maximum voltage is 1.2 V.
Unit 18

D Its electrolyte is composed of a lithium salt

dissolved in water. B

32 Which of the following statements concerning a 5JNF 5JNF

nickel metal hydride cell is correct? B

A Nickel(II) hydroxide acts as the electrolyte.

B It is mainly used for automotive starting,
lighting and ignition applications.
C Its maximum voltage is 3.7 V.
D It is capable of delivering high discharge
currents.
35 Which of the following graphs best represents
the change in voltage during the discharge of an
alkaline manganese cell in a toy car of moderate
drain?
D
A B

33 Which of the following combinations concerning

7PMUBHF

7PMUBHF
a lead-acid accumulator is correct?
Positive Negative
electrode electrode Electrolyte
5JNF 5JNF
A Lead plates lead plates hydrochloric
coated with acid C D
lead(IV) oxide
7PMUBHF

7PMUBHF

B Lead plates lead plates sulphuric

coated with acid
lead(IV) oxide
C Lead plates lead plates hydrochloric
5JNF 5JNF
coated with acid
lead(IV) oxide D
D Lead plates lead plates sulphuric
coated with acid
lead(IV) oxide D

4
36 Consider the following chemical cell. Electron flows 38 In the following chemical cell, electrode X
from electrode Y to electrode X in the external is connected to the positive terminal of the
circuit. multimeter. The multimeter gives a positive
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS voltage.
BT
WPMUNFUFS
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
FMFDUSPO
GMPX BT
WPMUNFUFS

m
FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
:

FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
:

Part A
FMFDUSPMZUF

FMFDUSPMZUF

Unit 18
Which of the following statements concerning
the cell are correct?
Which of the following statements concerning
(1) Electrode X is the positive electrode.
the chemical cell are correct?
(2) Vinegar can be used as the electrolyte.
(3) Electrons flow through the electrolyte. (1) Electrode X is the positive electrode.
(2) Electrons flow from electrode X to electrode
A (1) and (2) only
Y in the external circuit.
B (1) and (3) only
(3) Sodium chloride solution can be used as
C (2) and (3) only
an electrolyte.
D (1), (2) and (3) A
A (1) and (2) only
37 Consider the following set-up: B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS D (1), (2) and (3) B
BT
WPMUNFUFS

39 Which of the following liquids can be used as

an electrolyte in a chemical cell?
(1) Dilute sulphuric acid
NBHOFTJVN
TUSJQ DPQQFS
TUSJQ
(2) Sodium chloride solution
(3) Orange juice
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
MFNPO
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
Which of the following statements concerning
the set-up are correct? 40 Which of the following statements concerning
an alkaline manganese cell are correct?
(1) Electrons flow from the magnesium strip to
the copper strip in the external circuit. (1) Manganese(IV) oxide acts as the positive
(2) Chemical energy is converted into electrical electrode.
energy. (2) Ammonium chloride acts as the
(3) The lemon can be replaced by a fresh electrolyte.
potato. (3) Zinc acts as the negative electrode.
A (1) and (2) only A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D D (1), (2) and (3) B 5
 41 Which of the following statements concerning a 45 Which of the following cells use zinc to make
silver oxide cell is / are correct? the negative electrode?
(1) It is rechargeable. (1) Alkaline manganese cell
(2) Potassium hydroxide acts as the (2) Silver oxide cell
electrolyte. (3) Nickel metal hydride cell
(3) Its voltage falls rapidly during discharge.
A (1) and (2) only
A (1) only B (1) and (3) only
B (2) only C (2) and (3) only
C (1) and (3) only D (1), (2) and (3) A
D (2) and (3) only B
Part A

46 Which of the following cells use potassium

42 Which of the following statements concerning a hydroxide as the electrolyte?
lithium ion secondary cell is / are correct?
(1) Lithium ion cell
Unit 18

(1) Its maximum voltage is 3.7 V. (2) Nickel metal hydride cell
(2) Lithium atoms lying between graphite (3) Silver oxide cell
sheets act as the positive electrode.
A (1) and (2) only
(3) It can take very high charging currents.
B (1) and (3) only
A (1) only C (2) and (3) only
B (2) only D (1), (2) and (3) C
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A 47 Which of the following are advantages of alkaline
manganese cells over zinc-carbon cells?
43 Which of the following statements concerning a
(1) Alkaline manganese cells have a higher
nickel metal hydride cell are correct?
maximum voltage.
(1) Its maximum voltage is 1.2 V. (2) Alkaline manganese cells give a more
(2) It is rechargeable. steady voltage during discharge.
(3) Ammonium chloride acts as the (3) Alkaline manganese cells have higher
electrolyte. efficiency in high-drained devices.
A (1) and (2) only A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A D (1), (2) and (3) C

44 Which of the following statements concerning a 48 Which of the following is / are advantage(s)
lead-acid accumulator are correct? of using nickel metal hydride cells over nickel-
cadmium cells?
(1) It uses sulphuric acid as the electrolyte.
(2) It can be used in wheelchairs. (1) Nickel metal hydride cells are rechargeable
(3) A 12 V accumulator consists of four cells while nickel-cadmium cells are not.
joined in series. (2) Nickel metal hydride cells contain much
less toxic cadmium than nickel-cadmium
A (1) and (2) only
cells.
B (1) and (3) only
(3) Nickel metal hydride cells can maintain a
C (2) and (3) only
constant voltage during discharge while
D (1), (2) and (3) A
nickel-cadmium cells cannot.

6
 A (1) only A (1) only
B (2) only B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B D (2) and (3) only B

49 Which of the following is / are advantage(s) of
using lithium ion cells over nickel metal hydride
cells in mobile phones?
(1) Lithium ion cells can deliver high discharge
currents while nickel metal hydride cells
cannot.
50 Which of the following actions may lead to an
explosion?
(1) Using new and used zinc-carbon cells at
the same time in a device
(2) Charging a lithium ion secondary cell with
a high current

Part A
(2) Lithium ion cells have a higher energy (3) Disposing cells in fire
density than nickel metal hydride cells.
A (1) and (2) only

Unit 18
(3) Lithium ion cells can take high charging
B (1) and (3) only
currents but nickel metal hydride cells
C (2) and (3) only
cannot.
D (1), (2) and (3) C

Directions : Each question (Questions 51 – 55) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :

A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.

1st statement 2nd statement

51 In a magnesium-copper chemical cell, electrons In a magnesium-copper chemical cell, C

flow from the magnesium electrode to the magnesium electrode acts as the negative
copper electrode in the electroyte. electrode.

52 Zinc-carbon cells are rechargeable. Potassium hydroxide acts as the electrolyte in D

zinc-carbon cells.

53 It is dangerous to open an alkaline manganese The content of an alkaline manganese cell is A

cell. corrosive.

54 The electrolyte of a zinc-carbon cell is completely Zinc-carbon cell is a dry cell. C

dry.

55 Lithium ion cells are widely used in video Lithium ion cells can deliver high discharge D
cameras. currents.

7
 Unit 19 Simple chemical cells c) the ionic half-equation for the chemical change
occurring

Fill in the blanks i) at the negative electrode is:

1 In a magnesium-copper chemical cell using Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e–

copper(II) sulphate solution as the electrolyte, ii) at the positive electrode is:
a) magnesium atoms lose electrons to Cu2+(aq) + 2e– Cu(s)
form magnesium ions .
d) electrons flow from the zinc strip to
b) copper(II) ions gain electrons to the copper container in the external
form copper . circuit.
c) the ionic half-equation for the chemical change e) the porous pot completes the circuit by
Part A

occurring allowing ions to move between the

i) at the magnesium strip is: two solutions inside the cell.
Unit 19

Mg(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2e–

True or false
ii) at the copper strip is:

Cu2+(aq) + 2e– Cu(s) Decide whether each of the following statements is

true or false.
d) electrons flow from the magnesium strip
to the copper strip in the external 5 In a zinc-copper chemical cell, the zinc T
circuit. atoms lose electrons to form zinc ions.

e) the mass of the magnesium strip decreases 6 In the electrochemical series, the position F
while the mass of the copper of sodium is higher than that of calcium.
strip increases .
7 When a current flows through the T
2 Metals can be arranged in order of their tendencies external circuit of a copper-silver chemical
to form ions. This is called the electrochemical cell using copper(II) sulphate solution as
the electrolyte for some time, the colour
series of metals.
intensity of the electrolyte remains
unchanged.
3 For a simple chemical cell,

a) the farther apart the two metals are in the 8 A salt bridge can be prepared by soaking F
electrochemical series, the higher the a piece of filter paper in sugar solution.
voltage of the cell.
9 A salt bridge provides ions that move into T
b) the closer the two metals are in the the half-cells to prevent the build-up of
electrochemical series, the lower the excess positive or negative ions in the
voltage of the cell. solution of each half-cell.

4 In a Daniell cell, 10 In a Daniell cell, a current flows from the F

zinc strip to the copper container in the
a) the negative electrode is a zinc strip. external circuit.
b) the positive electrode is a copper
container.
8
 13 Which of the following metals loses electrons to
Multiple choice questions form ions most readily?

11 Consider the chemical cell shown below. A Zinc

B Copper
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS C Magnesium
BT
WPMUNFUFS D Silver C

14 Consider the potato cell shown below.

[JOD
TUSJQ DPQQFS
TUSJQ "

[JOD
TUSJQ DPQQFS
TUSJQ
DPQQFS **
TVMQIBUF

TPMVUJPO

Part A
Which of the following pairs of ionic half-
equations represents chemical changes that occur QPUBUP

Unit 19
in the chemical cell?
At the At the Which of the following statements concerning
positive electrode negative electrode the potato cell is INCORRECT?

A Cu2+(aq) + 2e– Zn(s) A The potato juice acts as the electrolyte.

Cu(s) 2+
Zn (aq) + 2e – B The ammeter shows a deflection.
B Cu(s) Zn (aq) + 2e–
2+ C The zinc strip loses electrons to form zinc
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– Zn(s) ions.
C Zn(s) Cu (aq) + 2e–
2+ D Electrons move from the zinc strip to the
Zn2+(aq) + 2e– Cu(s) copper strip via the potato juice. D

D Zn2+(aq) + 2e– Cu(s)

Zn(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2e– 15 Consider the chemical cell shown below. Electrons
A
flow from the strip of metal X to the copper strip
in the external circuit.
12 In which of the following cells will the light bulb FMFDUSPO
GMPX
shine most brightly? 7

A B DPQQFS
TUSJQ TUSJQ
PG
NFUBM
9

.H $V ;O $V EJMVUF
TVMQIVSJD

BDJE

QVSF
EJMVUF
Which of the following statements concerning

XBUFS TVMQIVSJD

BDJE the above set-up is correct?
A The copper strip is the positive electrode.
C D
B The mass of the copper strip decreases.
C The mass of metal X increases.
.H ;O 1C $V
D Copper is at a higher position in the
electrochemical series than metal X. A

FUIBOPM EJMVUF

TVMQIVSJD

BDJE

B 9
 16 Consider the following lemon cell: Directions: Questions 18 and 19 refer to the following
experiments.
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
BT
WPMUNFUFS EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
BT
WPMUNFUFS

m
DPQQFS
TUSJQ [JOD
TUSJQ NFUBM
8

GJMUFS
QBQFS

TPBLFE
XJUI

/B$M
TPMVUJPO NFUBM
9
DFMM
WPMUBHF


7
MFNPO
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
BT
WPMUNFUFS
The voltage of the cell can be increased by
Part A

A increasing the distance between the zinc and

m
copper strips. NFUBM
8
Unit 19

B decreasing the length of the zinc and copper

GJMUFS
QBQFS

strips in the lemon. TPBLFE
XJUI

C replacing the lemon by an apple. /B$M
TPMVUJPO NFUBM
:
DFMM
WPMUBHF


7
D replacing the zinc strip with a magnesium
strip. EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
D BT
WPMUNFUFS

17 Consider the chemical cell shown below. Electrons

flow from the metal X rod to the iron rod in the NFUBM
8
m
external circuit.
GJMUFS
QBQFS

EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS TPBLFE
XJUI

BT
WPMUNFUFS /B$M
TPMVUJPO NFUBM
;
DFMM
WPMUBHF

m
7

FMFDUSPO
GMPX
18 Which of the following represents the decreasing
order of reactivity of the metals W, X, Y and
NFUBM
9
SPE JSPO
SPE Z?
A Z, Y, X, W
FMFDUSPMZUF B W, X, Z, Y
C Z, W, Y, X
D Y, X, W, Z D
Which of the following statements concerning
the above chemical cell is INCORRECT? 19 Which of the two metals would give the highest
A Metal X forms ions more readily than iron. voltage when used as the electrodes of a chemical
B The metal X rod dissolves gradually. cell?
C The iron rod is the anode. A W and X
D Sodium chloride solution can be used as the B W and Z
electrolyte. C
C X and Y
D Y and Z D

10
20 Three chemical cells are shown below. 22 X and Z are metals. X reacts with Z(NO3)2 solution
according to the following equation:

7 
7
2+ 2+
m m X(s) + Z (aq) X (aq) + Z(s)
X and Z are used as the electrodes in a chemical
.O 'F 'F "H cell with sodium chloride solution as the
electrolyte. Which of the following statements
concerning the chemical cell is correct?
FMFDUSPMZUF FMFDUSPMZUF
A Electrons flow from X to Z in the external
circuit.

7
m B Electrons flow from Z to X in the sodium
chloride solution.
C Z dissolves gradually.
'F $V D The mass of X increases. A

Part A
FMFDUSPMZUF 23 Which of the following combinations concerning
the set-up shown below is correct after a current

Unit 19
has flowed through the external circuit for some
From the above results, the descending order of time?
the tendency to form ions for the metals is
A Fe, Mn, Cu, Ag. 7
B Ag, Cu, Fe, Mn.
TJMWFS
SPE OJDLFM
SPE
C Mn, Fe, Cu, Ag.
D Mn, Fe, Ag, Cu. C
OJDLFM **
TVMQIBUF

21 Consider the chemical cell shown below. TPMVUJPO

EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS Mass of Colour intensity of the

BT
WPMUNFUFS
cathode nickel(II) sulphate solution
A Increases no change
B Decreases no change
C Increases decreases
[JOD NFUBM
9
D Decreases decreases A

EJMVUF
TVMQIVSJD
24 Results of some reactions of the metals Q, R, S

BDJE and T are given below.

Which of the following combinations is correct? Reaction

Reaction in Reaction with dilute
Direction of electron Metal
air with steam hydrochloric
Metal X flow in external circuit acid
A Copper from copper to zinc burns to form reacts to form hydrogen is
Q
B Iron from iron to zinc an oxide hydrogen gas given off
C Magnesium from zinc to magnesium reacts slowly to
D Silver from zinc to silver D R form an oxide no reaction no reaction
on surface
S no reaction no reaction no reaction
burns to form hydrogen is
T no reaction
an oxide given off
11
 Which of the following chemical cells would 26 Which of the combinations is correct when the
produce the highest voltage? circuit is closed?

A B Colour of
7 7
Mass of anode dilute sulphuric acid
A Decreases turns blue
NFUBM
2 NFUBM
2 B Decreases no change
C No change no change
NFUBM
3 NFUBM
4
D No change turns blue B
FMFDUSPMZUF FMFDUSPMZUF
27 Consider the chemical cell shown below.
C 7 D 7 EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
BT
WPMUNFUFS
Part A

NFUBM
5 NFUBM
5

NFUBM
4 NFUBM
3
Unit 19

FMFDUSPMZUF FMFDUSPMZUF
TJMWFS
SPE OJDLFM
SPE

B TBMU

TJMWFS
CSJEHF OJDLFM **

OJUSBUF
OJUSBUF

Directions: Questions 25 and 26 refer to the following TPMVUJPO TPMVUJPO
set-up:
Which of the following combinations is correct?
" Polarity Chemical change
of anode occurring at the anode
[JOD
QMBUF DPQQFS
QMBUF
A Negative Ni(s) Ni2+(aq) + 2e–
B Negative Ag(s) Ag+(aq) + e–
EJMVUF
TVMQIVSJD
BDJE C Positive Ni2+(aq) + 2e– Ni(s)
+ –
D Positive Ag (aq) + e Ag(s)
A
25 Which of the following observations can be made
in the above set-up? Directions: Questions 28 to 30 refer to the set-up
shown below.
A Both metal plates gradually dissolve.
B Colourless gas bubbles appear at the surface EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
of the copper plate immersed in the acid. BT
WPMUNFUFS
C Colourless gas bubbles appear at the surface
of the zinc plate immersed in the acid.
D The ammeter shows a deflection. C

DPQQFS
NBHOFTJVN

FMFDUSPEF FMFDUSPEF
DPQQFS **
NBHOFTJVN

TVMQIBUF
TVMQIBUF

TPMVUJPO TPMVUJPO
B
QJFDF
PG
GJMUFS
QBQFS
TPBLFE

XJUI
TBUVSBUFE
QPUBTTJVN

OJUSBUF
TPMVUJPO

12
28 What is the ionic half-equation for the chemical C It allows ions to move between the two half-
change that occurs at the anode? cells.
2+ – D It provides ammonium and nitrate ions for
A Cu(s) Cu (aq) + 2e
2+ – the electrode reactions in each half-cell. C
B Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s)
2+ –
C Mg(s) Mg (aq) + 2e
2+ – 32 Which of the following combinations is correct?
D Mg (aq) + 2e Mg(s) C
Polarity of the Chemical change occurring
29 What happens to the mass of each electrode as iron electrode at the iron electrode
the cell operates?
A Negative Fe(s) Fe2+(aq) + 2e–
Mass of Mass of B Negative Fe2+(s) + 2e– Fe(s)
copper electrode magnesium electrode C Positive Fe(s) Fe (aq) + 2e–
2+

D Positive Fe2+(aq) + 2e– Fe(s)

A Increases increases
A
B Decreases decreases

Part A
C Decreases increases
Directions: Questions 33 to 34 refer to the chemical
D Increases decreases D
cell shown below.

Unit 19
30 Which of the following combinations is correct?
7
Electrons Nitrate ions
flow towards move towards
TJMWFS
OJDLFM

A Copper copper FMFDUSPEF FMFDUSPEF
B Copper magnesium TBMU

"H/0 BR CSJEHF /J /0  BR
C Magnesium copper
D Magnesium magnesium B

Directions: Questions 31 and 32 refer to the following 33 What is the ionic half-equation for the chemical
chemical cell. change that occurs at the cathode?

EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS A Ag(s) Ag+(aq) + e–

BT
WPMUNFUFS B Ag+(aq) + e– Ag(s)
Ni (aq) + 2e–
2+
C Ni(s)
D Ni2+(aq) + 2e– Ni(s) B

34 Which of the following is likely to occur?

DPQQFS
JSPO

A Electrons flow from the silver electrode to the
FMFDUSPEF FMFDUSPEF
TBMU
nickel electrode in the external circuit.
$V /0  BR CSJEHF 'F /0  BR B Bubbles of gas are given off from the nickel
electrode.
C The concentration of silver ions in solution
increases.
31 The salt bridge is a piece of filter paper soaked
D The green colour of the nickel(II) nitrate
with saturated ammonium nitrate solution. What
solution becomes more intense. D
is the purpose of the salt bridge?
A It allows electrons to move between the two
half-cells.
B It provides ammonium and nitrate ions to each
half-cell to maintain a constant pH.

13
 35 Consider the set-up shown below. 37 The diagram below shows a chemical cell
connected to a voltmeter.
FMFDUSPO
GMPX
7
7

9 :
DPQQFS
DPQQFS

TBMU
FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
:
DPQQFS **
CSJEHF ; TBMU

TVMQIBUF

NPM
ENm
CSJEHF 
NPM
ENm

TPMVUJPO $V40 BR $V40 BR

Electrons flow from Y to X in the external circuit. In the set-up, electrons flowed in such a direction
Which of the following combinations is correct? that the concentration of Cu2+(aq) ions in each
X Y Z half-cell became the same eventually. Which of
the following statements concerning the set-up
Part A

A Magnesium copper magnesium

is correct?
sulphate solution
B Carbon magnesium magnesium A Electrode Y is the negative electrode.
Unit 19

sulphate solution B The mass of electrode X increases.

C Copper silver silver nitrate C Electrons flow from X to Y in the external
solution circuit.
D Magnesium carbon silver nitrate D The salt bridge allows electrons to flow from
solution B one half cell to the other. C

36 Consider the chemical cell shown below. 38 The diagram below shows a sodium-sulphur
cell connected to an external circuit. This cell
FMFDUSPO
GMPX operates at a high temperature of about 370 °C,
7
which is above the melting points of sodium and
sulphur.
TUSJQ
NBEF
TUSJQ
NBEF

PG
9 PG
: MPBE
TBMU

9 /0  BR CSJEHF : /0  BR
JOFSU
FMFDUSPEF
"

Electrons flow from X to Y in the external circuit.

QPSPVT
EFWJDF JOFSU
FMFDUSPEF
#
Which of the following statements is correct?
A Both metal strips gradually dissolve. TVMQIVS
TPEJVN
B In the electrochemical series, the position of
X is lower than that of Y.
C The strip made of X is the anode. Which of the following statements concerning
D The process occurring at the strip made of the cell is correct?
Y can be represented by the following ionic
half-equation: Y(s) Y2+(aq) + 2e– C A Electrons flow from electrode B to electrode
A in the external circuit.
B Electrons flow from sodium to sulphur through
the porous device.
C Both sodium and sulphur are in molten state
when the cell operates.
D A current flows from electrode A to electrode
B in the external circuit. C
14
Directions: Questions 39 and 40 refer to the following
chemical cell. The zinc strip gradually
dissolves as a current flows through the
external circuit of the cell.
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
BT
WPMUNFUFS
Directions: Questions 41 and 42 refer to the following
chemical cell, which consists of a nickel (Ni)
electrode and a palladium (Pd) electrode.
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
BT
WPMUNFUFS

OJDLFM
QBMMBEJVN

FMFDUSPEF FMFDUSPEF
[JOD
TUSJQ DPCBMU
TUSJQ m

NPM
EN

NPM
ENm

/J BR 1E BR
m

NPM
EN

NPM
ENm

;O /0  BR $P /0  BR DBUJPO
NPWFNFOU BOJPO
NPWFNFOU

Part A
B
QJFDF
PG
GJMUFS
QBQFS
TPBLFE
QPSPVT
CBSSJFS
XJUI
TBUVSBUFE
QPUBTTJVN

OJUSBUF
TPMVUJPO

Unit 19
41 What is the ionic half-equation for the chemical
change that occurs at the anode?
39 Which of the following combinations is correct?
A Ni2+(aq) + 2e– Ni(s)
Polarity of the Chemical change occurring B Pd(s) Pd2+(aq) + 2e–
cobalt electrode at the cobalt electrode C Ni(s) Ni2+(aq) + 2e–
Pd (aq) + 2e–
2+
A Negative Co(s) Co2+(aq) + 2e– D Pd(s) C
B Negative Co2+(aq) + 2e– Co(s)
C Positive Co(s) Co2+(aq) + 2e– 42 Which of the following statements concerning
D Positive Co2+(aq) + 2e– Co(s) the chemical cell are correct?
D (1) The palladium electrode is the cathode.
(2) Electrons flow from the nickel electrode
40 Which of the following statements concerning to the palladium electrode in the external
the salt bridge is / are correct? circuit.
(1) It allows ions to move between the two (3) The porous barrier allows electrons to flow
half-cells. between the two compartments.
(2) It allows electrons to move between the A (1) and (2) only
two half-cells. B (1) and (3) only
(3) It provides potassium and nitrate ions C (2) and (3) only
to each half-cell to maintain a constant D (1), (2) and (3) A
pH.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A

15
 Directions: Questions 43 and 44 refer to the chemical (1) The mass of the copper electrode
cell shown below. decreases.
(2) The mass of the silver electrode
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS increases.
BT
WPMUNFUFS
(3) The colour of the solution remains
unchanged.
A (1) and (2) only
[JOD
TUSJQ B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
QPSPVT
QPU D (1), (2) and (3) A
DPQQFS
DPOUBJOFS
46 Consider the following set-up:
DPQQFS **
TVMQIBUF
TPMVUJPO
[JOD
TVMQIBUF
TPMVUJPO EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
Part A

BT
WPMUNFUFS

43 Which of the following statements concerning FMFDUSPO
GMPX

Unit 19

the chemical cell is INCORRECT?

A A current flows from the copper container to FMFDUSPEF
DPQQFS

the zinc strip in the external circuit. NBEF
PG
FMFDUSPEF
NFUBM
9
B The zinc strip is the anode.
EJMVUF
TVMQIVSJD

C The overall voltage of this cell is about 1.1 V.
BDJE
D The blue colour of the copper(II) sulphate
solution becomes more intense. D Which of the following statements concerning
the set-up is / are correct?
44 Which of the following are the functions of the
porous pot? (1) The electrode made of metal X is the
cathode.
(1) It separates the two solutions. (2) Metal X is at a higher position in the
(2) It provides ions to balance the excess electrochemical series than copper.
charges in the two solutions. (3) The dilute sulphuric acid gradually turns
(3) It allows the ions to move between the blue.
two solutions.
A (1) only
A (1) and (2) only B (2) only
B (1) and (3) only C (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only D (2) and (3) only B
D (1), (2) and (3) B
47 Consider the chemical cell shown below.
45 7
FMFDUSPO
GMPX
7
DPQQFS TJMWFS

TUSJQ
NBEF
TUSJQ
NBEF

TJMWFS
OJUSBUF
PG
9 PG
:
TPMVUJPO TBMU

9 /0  BR CSJEHF : /0  BR
Which of the following statements concerning
the above chemical cell are correct?

16
 Electrons flow from Y to X in the external 49 X and Y are metals. X reacts wtih Y(NO3)2 solution
circuit. Which of the following statements is / according to the following equation:
are correct? 2+ 2+
X(s) + Y (aq) X (aq) + Y(s)
(1) Both metal strips gradually dissolve.
Which of the following deductions are correct?
(2) Anions in the salt bridge migrate towards
the strip made of Y. (1) The reactivity of X is higher than that of
(3) Y can displace X from X(NO3)2 solution. Y.
(2) The position of X in the electrochemical
A (1) only
series is lower than that of Y.
B (2) only
(3) When X and Y are used as the electrodes
C (1) and (3) only
in a chemical cell with an electrolyte, X
D (2) and (3) only D
acts as the negative electrode.

48 It is observed that when nickel is placed in a zinc A (1) and (2) only
sulphate solution, no reaction occurs. B (1) and (3) only

Part A
C (2) and (3) only
The following chemical cell consists of a nickel
D (1), (2) and (3) B
electrode and a zinc electrode.

Unit 19
50 Consider the following chemical cell:
7

EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
BT
WPMUNFUFS
OJDLFM
[JOD

FMFDUSPEF FMFDUSPEF
TBMU

OJDLFM **
CSJEHF [JOD

TVMQIBUF
TVMQIBUF

TPMVUJPO TPMVUJPO DPQQFS
TJMWFS

FMFDUSPEF FMFDUSPEF
Which of the following statements concerning DPQQFS **
QPSPVT
QPU
the chemical cell is / are correct? TVMQIBUF

TPMVUJPO
(1) Electrons flow from the nickel electrode to TJMWFS
OJUSBUF

TPMVUJPO
the zinc electrode in the external circuit.
(2) Cations in the salt bridge migrate towards
Which of the following statements concerning
the nickel half-cell.
the chemical cell is / are correct?
(3) The zinc electrode is the anode.
(1) The copper electrode is the anode.
A (1) only
(2) The porous pot provides ions to balance
B (2) only
the excess charges in the two solutions.
C (1) and (3) only
(3) The porous pot can be replaced by a glass
D (2) and (3) only D
cylinder.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A

17
 Directions : Each question (Questions 51 – 58) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :

A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.

1st statement 2nd statement

51 In a chemical cell with a copper-iron couple, Copper forms ions more readily than iron. D
Part A

the copper is the negative electrode.

52 The position of sodium is higher than that of Sodium is more reactive than calcium in C
Unit 19

calcium in the electrochemical series. reactions with air, water and dilute acids.

53 In a nickel-silver chemical cell, the nickel Nickel releases electrons more readily than A
electrode is the anode. silver does.

54 When a current flows through the external In the copper-silver chemical cell, copper C
circuit of a copper-silver chemical cell using atoms lose electrons to form copper(II) ions.
copper(II) sulphate solution as the electrolyte
for some time, the colour intensity of the
electrolyte increases.

55 When a current flows through the external The copper atoms lose electrons to form D
circuit of a copper-zinc chemical cell using dilute copper(II) ions when the cell operates.
sulphuric acid as the electrolyte, the sulphuric
acid gradually turns blue.

56 A salt bridge is used to complete the circuit of A salt bridge allows passage of ions between A
a chemical cell. the two half-cells.

57 When a zinc half-cell and a silver half-cell are The salt bridge completes the circuit by D
combined to form a chemical cell, electrons flow allowing electrons to move between the
from the zinc half-cell to the silver half-cell two half-cells.
through the salt bridge.

58 In a Daniell cell, a glass container is used to The glass container allows ions to move D
contain the zinc sulphate solution placed inside between the two solutions.
the copper(II) sulphate solution.

18
Unit 20 Oxidation and reduction 8 a) When acidified potassium permanganate
solution is reduced, manganese(II) ions

Fill in the blanks are formed.

b) The ionic half-equation for the chemical change

1 A process in which a species gains electron(s) is
that occurs is:
called reduction .
MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e–
2 A process in which a species loses electron(s) is 2+
Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l)
called oxidation .
c) The colour of acidified potassium permanganate
3 A species that causes reduction is a / an reducing solution changes from purple to
agent. colourless.

4 A species that causes oxidation is a / an oxidizing 9 a) When acidified potassium dichromate solution
agent. is reduced, chromium(III) ions are
formed.

Part A
5 Metals at the top of the electrochemical series
are strong reducing agents. b) The ionic half-equation for the chemical change
that occurs is:

Unit 20
6 a) When aqueous bromine is reduced, bromide
Cr2O72–(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e–
ions are formed.
2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
b) The ionic half-equation for the chemical change
that occurs is: c) T h e c o l o u r o f a c i d i f i e d p o t a s s i u m
dichromate solution changes from orange
Br2(aq) + 2e– 2Br–(aq)
to green .
c) The colour of aqueous bromine changes
from yellow-brown to colourless. 10 a) When aqueous chlorine is added to potassium
bromide solution, the solution changes from
7 a) When iron(II) ions in solution are oxidized, colourless to yellow-brown due to the
iron(III) ions are formed. formation of bromine .

b) The ionic half-equation for the chemical change b) The ionic equation for the reaction is:
that occurs is: –
Cl2(aq) + 2Br–(aq) 2Cl (aq) + Br2(aq)
Fe2+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + e–
11 a) When aqueous chlorine is added to potassium
c) The colour of iron(II) ions changes from pale
iodide solution, the solution changes from
green to yellow-brown .
colourless to brown due to the
formation of iodine .

b) The ionic equation for the reaction is:

Cl2(aq) + 2I–(aq) 2Cl–(aq) + I2(aq)

19
 12 a) When chlorine is passed into cold and dilute
True or false
sodium hydroxide solution, sodium chloride
and sodium hypochlorite are formed. Decide whether each of the following statements is
b) The chemical equation for the reaction is: true or false.

Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) 16 All chemical reactions are redox reactions. F

NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l)

17 The oxidation number of any element is T
zero.
13 a) In the reaction between copper and dilute nitric
acid, dilute nitric acid acts as a / an oxidizing 18 Potassium is a stronger reducing agent T
agent . than sodium.
b) In the reaction between copper(II) carbonate
19 Dilute nitric acid is usually used to acidify F
and dilute nitric acid, dilute nitric acid acts as potassium permanganate solution.
a / an acid .
20 When acidified potassium dichromate T
Part A

14 a) i) When concentrated sulphuric acid is added solution is reduced, the oxidation number
to sodium bromide, hydrogen bromide of the chromium changes from +6 to +3.
gas is given off.
Unit 20

21 Acidified potassium permanganate solution T

ii) The chemical equation for the reaction can be used to distinguish between iron(II)
is: sulphate solution and iron(III) sulphate
solution.
NaBr(s) + H2SO4(l) NaHSO4(s) + HBr(g)

b) i) Concentrated sulphuric acid can oxidize the 22 Aqueous chlorine reacts with potassium F

gas given off to reddish brown bromine iodide solution to give a colourless solution.
gas.
23 Aqueous chlorine can decolorize acidified F
ii) The chemical equation for the reaction potassium permanganate solution.
is:
24 Chlorine is a stronger oxidizing agent T
2HBr(g) + H2SO4(l) than bromine.

Br2(g) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

25 Aqueous bromine can be used to T
distinguish between sodium sulphate
15 a) Sulphur dioxide turns a filter paper soaked
solution and sodium sulphite solution.
with acidified potassium dichromate solution
from orange to green . 26 Magnesium reacts with dilute nitric acid to F
give hydrogen.
b) The ionic equation for the reaction is:

Cr2O72–(aq) + 3SO2(aq) + 2H+(aq) 27 In the reaction between zinc and T

concentrated nitric acid, the oxidation
2Cr3+(aq) + 3SO42–(aq) + H2O(l) number of nitrogen changes from +5 to +4.

28 Brown nitrogen monoxide gas turns F

colourless when exposed to air.

20
29 A halogen is produced when concentrated F 36 In which one of the following sets of chromium-
sulphuric acid is added to sodium chloride. containing compounds does chromium have the
same oxidation number?
30 There is no observable change when T
A Cr2O3 K2Cr2O7 Na2CrO4
sulphur dioxide gas is bubbled into
B CrCl2 Cr2O3 K2Cr2O7
potassium iodide solution.
C Cr2O3 CrCl3 Cr(NO3)3
D Na2CrO4 CrO3 Cr(NO3)3 C

Multiple choice questions

37 Refer to the following flow scheme for the
production of ammonium sulphate.
31 The oxidation number of chlorine in HCIO4 is
A –1. 4UBHF
 TVMQIVS
4UBHF
 TVMQIVS

TVMQIVS
B +1. EJPYJEF USJPYJEF
C +5.
4UBHF
 TVMQIVSJD
4UBHF
 BNNPOJVN

D +7. D
BDJE TVMQIBUF

32 The oxidation number of aluminium in [Al(OH)4]– Which of the following stages involves the largest

Part A
is change in oxidation number of sulphur?
A –2. A Stage 1
B +2. B Stage 2

Unit 20
C +3. C Stage 3
D +4. C D Stage 4 A

33 What is the oxidation number of cobalt in 38 In which of the following chemical changes
Co(NH3)6Cl3? will there be an oxidation number change of 3
A +1 units?
B +2 A Cr3+ Cr
2+

C +3 B ClO
–
ClO2–
D +4 C C Cr2O72– Cr
3+

MnO4–
2+
D Mn C
34 In which of the following compounds does sulphur
exhibit the highest oxidation number? 39 Consider the following ionic half-equation:
A ZnS Br2 + xH2O 2BrO3– + yH+ + ze–
B Na2S2O3
C NaHSO3 Which of the following combinations is correct?
D H2S2O7 D x y z
A 3 3 4
35 In which of the following pairs of substances is
B 6 6 8
the oxidation number of the underlined elements
C 6 10 6
the same?
D 6 12 10 D
A PbO2 and MnO4–
B Fe2O3 and CO2
C NO2 and CO32–
D OH– and Cr2O72– C

21
 40 Consider the following equation: x y z
2+ + – 3+
xFe + yH + NO3 xFe + zH2O + NO A 1 3 4
B 2 6 8
Which of the following combinations is correct?
C 3 3 4
x y z D 3 4 8 B
A 3 2 4
B 3 4 2 45 Consider the following equation:
C 6 4 3 2IO3– + xSO2 + yH2O I2 + xSO42– + zH+
D 6 3 3 B
Which of the following combinations is correct?
41 Consider the following ionic equation: x y z
2CrO42– + xH2O + ySO32– A 2 3 6
2Cr(OH)4– + 2OH– + ySO42– B 2 4 6
C 5 6 4
What is the value of y?
D 5 4 8 D
A 2
B 3 46 Consider the ionic half-equations of a redox
Part A

C 4 reaction:
D 5 B
Cr2O72–(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e–
Unit 20

2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
42 A solution of AuCl4– reacts with a solution of
C2O42–(aq) 2CO2(g) + 2e–
Sn2+ according to the following equation:
How many moles of Cr2O72–(aq) ions will react
2AuCl4– + xSn2+ xSn
4+
+ 2Au + yCl
–

completely with one mole of C2O42–(aq) ions?

What is the value of x?
1
A 1 A
3
B 2 B 1
C 3 2
C
D 4 C 3
D 3 A
43 Consider the following equation:
47 Consider the ionic half-equations of a redox
H3AsO4 + xZn + yH+ AsH3 + xZn2+ + zH2O
reaction:
Which of the following combinations is correct?
MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e–
x y z Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
A 2 2 4 As2O3(s) + 5H2O(l)
B 2 4 2 2AsO43–(aq) + 10H+(aq) + 4e–
C 4 4 8 How many moles of MnO4–(aq) ions will react
D 4 8 4 D completely with one mole of As2O3(s)?
A 0.4
44 Consider the following equation:
B 0.8
5H2O2 + xMnO4– + yH+ C 2.5
5O2 + xMn2+ + zH2O D 5.0 B
Which of the following combinations is correct?

22
48 In which of the following reactions does nitrogen 54 In which of the following equations does the
exhibit three different oxidation numbers in the underlined substance become oxidized?
species involved?
A KOH + HNO3 KNO3 + H2O
A NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3 B 8NH3 + 3CI2 6NH4CI + N2
B 3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO C Zn + FeSO4 ZnSO4 + Fe
C 3Zn + 8HNO3 D 2HBr + H2SO4 SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 D
3Zn(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
D (NH4)2SO4 NH4HSO4 + NH3 B 55 Which of the following elements is the strongest
reducing agent?
49 In which of the following reactions does sulphur
A Calcium
exhibit three different oxidation numbers in the
B Magnesium
species involved?
C Sodium
A CaSO3 + H2SO3 Ca(HSO3)2 D Zinc A
B 2H2S + SO2 2H2O + 3S
C Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2 56 Consider the following table.
D H2SO4 + SO3 H2S2O7 B
Element W X Y Z

Part A
50 Which of the following conversions involves the
Atomic number 10 12 14 17
greatest change in oxidation number of the
underlined element?

Unit 20
Which of the following elements is likely to be
A Fe3+(aq) Fe2+(aq) an oxidizing agent?
B NO3–(aq) NO(g)
A W
C MnO4–(aq) Mn2+(aq)
B X
D H2SO4(I) SO2(g) C
C Y
D Z D
51 Which of the following conversions is an
oxidation?
57 A simple carbon monoxide detector for a gas
A S H2S heater consists of a patch containing palladium(II)
2+
B VO VO2+ chloride (PdCl 2). When carbon monoxide is
C CrO42– Cr2O72– present, palladium(II) chloride turns from orange
D CH3COOH CH3CH2OH B to black as the following reaction takes place.
CO(g) + PdCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
52 Which of the following equations represents a
orange
redox reaction?
CO2(g) + Pd(s) + 2HCl(aq)
A 2CrO42– + 2H+ Cr2O72– + H2O black
2–
B 2S2O3 + I2 S4O62– + 2I–
Which species is reduced in the reaction?
C 2NaCl + (NH4)2SO4 2NH4Cl + Na2SO4
D CaCO3 + SiO2 CaSiO3 + CO2 B A Carbon monoxide
B Hydrogen chloride
53 Which of the following is NOT a redox reaction? C Palladium(II) chloride
D Water C
A 2Na + S Na2S
B Ca(OH)2 + SO2 CaSO3 + H2O
C 2Mg + SO2 2MgO + S
D 2H2S + SO2 2H2O + 3S B

23
 58 Consider the following equation: 62 Zinc and nickel(II) sulphate solution react according
2– + 2+ to the following equation:
Co + SO4 + 4H Co + H2SO3 + H2O
2+ 2+
Zn(s) + Ni (aq) Zn (aq) + Ni(s)
Which of the following combinations is correct?
Which of the following deductions is correct?
Species Species
that is oxidized that is reduced A Zinc acts as an oxidizing agent in the
reaction.
A SO42– Co
B Ni2+(aq) ion is a stronger oxidizing agent than
B Co SO42–
Zn2+(aq) ion.
C Co H+
C The position of nickel in the reactivity series
D H+ Co B
is higher than that of zinc.
D Zinc acts as the cathode when zinc and nickel
59 Consider the following chemical equation:
are used as the electrodes in a lemon cell.
16H+(aq) + 2MnO4–(aq) + 5C2O42–(aq) B
10CO2(g) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l)
Which of the following species is being 63 Which of the following substances can decolorize
reduced? acidified potassium permanganate solution?
Part A

A H+(aq) A Aqueous chlorine

B Mn2+(aq) B Iron(III) sulphate solution
C MnO4–(aq) C Potassium nitrate solution
Unit 20

D C2O42–(aq) C D Sodium sulphite solution D

60 Consider the redox reaction represented by the 64 Three elements (X, Y and Z) and solutions of
following equation: their anions are mixed. The results are shown in
the following table.
Br2(aq) + SO2(g) + Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
2H2SO4(aq) + 2NaBr(aq)
X–(aq) Y–(aq) Z–(aq)
Which of the following species is being oxidized
X — no reaction no reaction
in the reaction?
Y reaction occurs — reaction occurs
A Br2(aq)
B SO2(g) Z reaction occurs no reaction —
C H2O(l)
D Na2SO4(aq) B Which of the following arrangements represents
the order of decreasing reducing power of the
61 In which of the following equations does the ions?
underlined reagent act as a reducing agent? A X– > Y– > Z–
A C + 2PbO CO2 + 2Pb B X– > Z– > Y–
B Br2 + 2KI 2KBr + I2 C Y– > Z– > X–
C Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu D Z– > Y– > X– B
D 2Na + CI2 2NaCI A
Directions: Consider the following reactions that occur
as written. Then answer questions 65 and
66.
2Cr2+(aq) + Co2+(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + Co(s)
Co(s) + Pb2+(aq) Co2+(aq) + Pb(s)
Fe(s) + 2Cr3+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + 2Cr2+(aq)

24
65 Which of the following species is the strongest 69 Using 1 mole of reactant, which of the following
oxidizing agent? chemical changes involves the greatest number
2+ of moles of electrons?
A Co (aq)
B Cr3+(aq) A Cr2O72–(aq) 3+
2Cr (aq)
C Fe2+(aq) 1
B IO3–(aq) I2(aq)
D Pb2+(aq) D 2
C MnO4–(aq) MnO2(s)
66 Which of the following pairs of species will react D PbO2(s) Pb2+(aq) A
when mixed?
A Co(s) + Fe2+(aq) 70 In which of the following experiments will a redox
B Cr2+(aq) + Fe2+(aq) reaction occur?
C Cr2+(aq) + Pb2+(aq) A Adding lead to magnesium sulphate
D Pb(s) + Co2+(aq) C solution
B Adding aqueous chlorine to potassium iodide
67 Consider the redox reaction represented by the solution
equation below. C Adding acidified potassium dichromate solution
Cr2O72–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 3H2S(aq) to sodium sulphate solution

Part A
2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) + 3S(s) D Adding sodium chloride solution to silver
nitrate solution B
Which of the following statements is

Unit 20
INCORRECT?
71 A redox reaction occurs when which of the
A The oxidation number of sulphur in H2S(aq) following pairs of species are mixed?
is –2.
A Ba2+(aq) and SO42–(aq)
B One of the ionic half-equations of this reaction
+ –
B H+(aq) and CrO42–(aq)
is H2S(aq) S(s) + 2H (aq) + 2e .
C Mg2+(aq) and OH–(aq)
C 1 mole of Cr2O72– ions requires 5 moles of
D Fe3+(aq) and I–(aq) D
electrons for reduction.
D The colour of the reaction mixture changes
72 Gas X is bubbled into solution Y as shown
from orange to green. C
below:

68 Consider the redox reaction represented by the HBT
9

equation below:
2VO2+(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2I–(aq)
2VO2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + I2(aq)
(V is the symbol for the element vanadium.)
TPMVUJPO
:
Which of the following statements is correct?
+
A The oxidation number of vanadium in VO2 (aq) In which of the following combinations would X
is +3. react with solution Y?
B One of the ionic half-equations of this reaction X Solution Y
is VO2+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e– VO2+(aq) +
A Chlorine sulphurous acid
H2O(l).
B Chlorine sodium nitrate solution
C VO2+(aq) ion is a stronger reducing agent than
C Sulphur dioxide potassium iodide solution
I2(aq).
D Sulphur dioxide iron(II) sulphate solution
D I–(aq) ions are reduced by VO2+(aq) ions in the
A
reaction. B

25
 73 Which of the following reagents can be used 77 Which of the following reactions does NOT
to distinguish potassium bromide solution from produce a halogen?
potassium fluoride solution?
A Sodium chloride + concentrated sulphuric
A Aqueous bromine acid
B Aqueous chlorine B Sodium iodide + concentrated sulphuric acid
C 1,1,1-trichloroethane C Sodium iodide solution + aqueous chlorine
D Sodium chloride solution B D Sodium bromide solution + aqueous chlorine
A
74 Which of the following statements concerning
chlorine, bromine and iodine is INCORRECT? 78 UP
GVNF

DVQCPBSE
A They are all coloured substances.
B They are all poisonous.
C Chlorine has the lowest oxidizing power among
chlorine, bromine and iodine.
D They all react with sodium sulphite solution. TVMQIVS
BOE

DPODFOUSBUFE
TPMVUJPO
DPOUBJOJOH

C TVMQIVSJD
BDJE JSPO ***
JPOT
IFBU
Part A

75 A pupil carelessly poured the unused acids into the

sink. Later it is found that the copper pipe in the What will happen to the solution containing
sink begins to leak. Which of the following acids iron(III) ions in the above set-up?
Unit 20

is most likely to have caused the damage?

A No observable change.
A Dilute ethanoic acid B A yellow precipitate forms.
B Dilute hydrochloric acid C The solution turns from pale green to yellow-
C Dilute nitric acid brown.
D Dilute sulphuric acid C D The solution turns from yellow-brown to pale
green. D
76 Consider the conversions between three nitrogen
compounds shown in the flow diagram below: Directions: Questions 79 and 80 refer to the following
experiment.
3FBDUJPO

/0 H /0 H
When carbon and concentrated sulphuric acid are
heated together, sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide
3FBDUJPO
 are produced. The two gases are passed through
3FBDUJPO
 3FBDUJPO
 solutions X and Y as shown below:

)/0 BR

Which of the following statements is correct?

DPODFOUSBUFE

A Reaction 1 occurs when nitrogen monoxide
TVMQIVSJD
BDJE
is exposed to air. TPMVUJPO
9 TPMVUJPO
:
DBSCPO
B Nitrogen dioxide undergoes reduction in
Reaction 2. IFBU
C Reaction 3 can be brought about by adding
dilute nitric acid to copper.
D Reaction 4 can be brought about by adding
concentrated nitric acid to carbon. A

26
79 Which of the following combinations of solutions 82 Substance X gives identical product(s) when
X and Y can be used to show that sulphur dioxide treated with dilute sulphuric acid or concentrated
and carbon dioxide are produced? sulphuric acid. X may be
Solution X Solution Y A ammonia.
B carbon.
A Acidified potassium calcium hydroxide
C copper.
permaganate solution solution
D magnesium. A
B Iron(II) sulphate calcium hydroxide
solution solution
83 In which of the following equations does sulphur
C Aqueous bromine sodium hydroxide
dioxide undergo reduction?
solution
D Aqueous chlorine sodium hydroxide A SO2 + 2H2S 3S + 2H2O
solution A B SO2 + 2NaOH Na2SO3 + H2O
C SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HCl
80 Which of the following statements concerning D 5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O
the reaction is INCORRECT? K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4 A

A Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent.

84 Which of the following processes would NOT give
B The oxidation number of carbon changes from

Part A
an obvious colour change?
0 to +4.
C The oxidation number of oxygen changes from A Adding sodium sulphite solution to acidified
+2 to –2.

D The oxidation number of sulphur changes
from +6 to +4.
81 What changes can be observed in the following
experimental set-up?
Unit 20
potassium dichromate solution
B Adding concentrated sulphuric acid to
C copper
C Adding potassium chloride solution to aqueous
bromine
D Adding zinc bromide solution to aqueous
chlorine C

85 In which of the following processes does sulphur

dioxide act as a reducing agent?

DPODFOUSBUFE
A Passing sulphur dioxide into aqueous

)40 chlorine
DPQQFS VOJWFSTBM
MJNFXBUFS
B Passing sulphur dioxide into water
JOEJDBUPS
C Passing sulphur dioxide into limewater
IFBU
D Passing sulphur dioxide into iron(II) sulphate
Universal indicator Limewater solution A

A Turns red remains unchanged

86 Which of the following reagents can be used to
B Remains unchanged becomes cloudy
distinguish between sodium sulphite solution and
C Turns red becomes cloudy
sodium sulphate solution?
D Turns yellow remains unchanged
A Acidified potassium permanganate solution
C
B Barium nitrate solution
C Potassium iodide solution
D Sodium hydroxide solution A

27
 Directions: Questions 87 and 88 refer to part of the
electrochemical series shown below.
higher in electrochemical series
SO42–(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e– H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Fe3+(aq) + e– Fe2+(aq)
90 In which of the following cases does the oxidation
number of iron change?
(1) Magnesium ribbon is added to iron(II)
sulphate solution.
(2) Iron is added to dilute hydrochloric acid.
(3) Carbon is heated with iron(III) oxide at
1 000 °C.

Br2(aq) + 2e– 2Br–(aq) A (1) and (2) only

B (1) and (3) only
Cr2O72–(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e– 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D
lower in electrochemical series
91 Which of the following solutions can react with
87 Which of the following species is the most acidified potassium dichromate solution?
powerful oxidizing agent? (1) Copper(II) sulphate solution
A 2–
SO4 (aq) (2) Iron(II) sulphate solution
(3) Potassium sulphite solution
Part A

B Cr3+(aq)
C H2SO3(aq) A (1) only
D Cr2O72–(aq) D B (2) only
Unit 20

C (1) and (3) only

88 Which of the following species could convert D (2) and (3) only D
bromine to bromide ions?
(1) H2SO3(aq) 92 Which of the following statements concerning
(2) Fe3+(aq) the reaction between acidified potassium
(3) Cr2O72–(aq) permanganate solution and potassium iodide
solution are correct?
A (1) only
B (2) only (1) The reaction mixture is brown in colour.
C (1) and (3) only (2) One mole of MnO4–(aq) ions requires five
D (2) and (3) only A moles of electrons for reduction.
(3) Iodide ions are reduced by permanganate
89 Which of the following reactions involve oxidation ions in the reaction.
and reduction? A (1) and (2) only
(1) N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) B (1) and (3) only
(2) Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) C (2) and (3) only
2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) D (1), (2) and (3) A
(3) MnO2(s) + 4HCl(aq)
MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l) 93 Which of the following reagents can be used to
distinguish between iron(II) sulphate solution and
A (1) and (2) only iron(III) sulphate solution?
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only (1) Acidified potassium permanganate
D (1), (2) and (3) C solution
(2) Aqueous ammonia
(3) Sulphur dioxide gas
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
28 D (1), (2) and (3) D
94 Consider the redox reaction represented by the 96 Chlorine is bubbled into an aqueous solution X
equation below: for some time. The colour of X gradually changes
– + to brown. X could be
2MnO4 (aq) + 5H2O2(aq) + 6H (aq)
2+
2Mn (aq) + 8H2O(l) + 5O2(g) (1) calcium hydroxide solution.
(2) ammonium iodide solution.
Which of the following statements is / are
(3) sodium sulphite solution.
correct?
A (1) only
(1) The oxidation number of oxygen in H2O2
B (2) only
is –2.
C (1) and (3) only
(2) One of the ionic half-equations of the
D (2) and (3) only B
reaction is
H2O2(aq) O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e–.
97 There is a gradual change in the properties
(3) H2O2(aq) is oxidized by MnO4–(aq) ions in
of halogens from chlorine to iodine. Which
the reaction.
of the following properties are in the order
A (1) only chlorine > bromine > iodine?
B (2) only
(1) Atomic size
C (1) and (3) only
(2) Oxidizing power

Part A
D (2) and (3) only D
(3) Boiling point
95 Consider the reaction scheme shown below: A (1) only

Unit 20
B (2) only
)40 BR
$S0m BR $S0m BR C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
"H/0 BR 'F40 BR

) BR

98 Which of the following statements concerning

TJMWFS
$S BR
DISPNBUF Group VII elements and their ions are correct?
;O T

) BR
(1) Chlorine is readily soluble in organic

$S BR solvents.
(2) Bromine is a volatile liquid.
Which of the following statements are correct? (3) Iodide ions have the highest reducing
power among chloride, bromide and iodide
(1) The chemical formula of silver chromate ions.
is Ag2CrO4.
(2) The conversion of CrO42–(aq) ions into A (1) and (2) only
Cr2O72–(aq) ions is not a redox reaction. B (1) and (3) only
(3) Zinc acts as a reducing agent in the C (2) and (3) only
conversion of Cr3+(aq) ions to Cr2+(aq) D (1), (2) and (3) D

ions.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D

29
 99 The equation below represents the reaction of 102 Which of the following acids, when heated with
chlorine with cold and dilute sodium hydroxide copper, would produce a gas?
solution.
(1) Dilute nitric acid
Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) (2) Concentrated sulphuric acid
NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l) (3) Concentrated ethanoic acid
Which of the following statements concerning A (1) and (2) only
this reaction is / are correct? B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
(1) Sodium hydroxide is simultaneously
D (1), (2) and (3) A
oxidized and reduced.
(2) The oxidation number of chlorine changes
103 Which of the following can decolorize acidified
from 0 to –1.
potassium permanganate solution?
(3) The oxidation number of chlorine changes
from 0 to +1. (1) Magnesium sulphate solution
(2) Iron(II) sulphate solution
A (1) only
(3) Sodium sulphite solution
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only A (1) and (2) only
Part A

D (2) and (3) only D B (1) and (3) only

C (2) and (3) only
100 In which of the following reactions does D (1), (2) and (3) C
Unit 20

disproportionation occur?
104 In an experiment, sulphur dioxide is passed into
(1) 2OH–(aq) + 2NO2(g)
an iodine solution which is prepared by dissolving
NO3–(aq) + NO2–(aq) + H2O(l)
some iodine in potassium iodide solution. Which
(2) 2CuCl(aq) CuCl2(aq) + Cu(s)
of the following statements concerning this
(3) Cl2(g) + H2O(l) HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)
experiment are correct?
A (1) and (2) only
(1) The colour of the iodine solution changes
B (1) and (3) only
from brown to colourless.
C (2) and (3) only
(2) A redox reaction occurs.
D (1), (2) and (3) D
(3) Sulphur dioxide is reduced.
101 Which of the following statements concerning A (1) and (2) only
the reaction of concentrated nitric acid with zinc B (1) and (3) only
are correct? C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
(1) A brown gas is evolved.
(2) One mole of NO3–(aq) ions requires one
105 In an experiment, a few drops of aqueous bromine
mole of electrons for reduction.
are added to sodium sulphite solution. Which of
(3) Zinc acts as an oxidizing agent in the
the following statement concerning the reaction
reaction.
are correct?
A (1) and (2) only
(1) The reaction mixture is colourless.
B (1) and (3) only
(2) One mole of SO32–(aq) ions requires one
C (2) and (3) only
mole of electrons for oxidation.
D (1), (2) and (3) A
(3) Bromine is reduced in the reaction.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B

30
106 Which of the following statements concerning 109 Which of the following substances can react with
sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide are correct? aqueous bromine?
(1) They dissolve in water to form acids. (1) Ammonium chloride solution
(2) They can turn limewater milky. (2) Potassium iodide solution
(3) They are denser than air. (3) Sulphur dioxide
A (1) and (2) only A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D D (1), (2) and (3) C

107 9 110 Which of the following substances can react with

potassium iodide solution?
(1) Acidified potassium permanganate
solution
(2) Silver nitrate solution
TPMVUJPO
PG
: (3) Sodium sulphite solution

Part A
A (1) and (2) only
A gas X is bubbled into a solution of Y as shown
B (1) and (3) only
above. In which of the following combinations
C (2) and (3) only
would X react with a solution of Y?

Unit 20
D (1), (2) and (3) A
X Y
(1) Chlorine Potassium nitrate
(2) Carbon dioxide Sodium hydroxide
(3) Sulphur dioxide Iron(III) sulphate
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C

108 When sulphur dioxide is bubbled into water,

a colourless solution is formed. Which of the
following statements concerning the solution are
correct?
(1) The solution conducts electricity better
than water.
(2) The solution can change iron(II) sulphate
solution from yellow-brown to green.
(3) The solution can change acidified
potassium permanganate solution from
purple to colourless.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B

31
 Directions : Each question (Questions 111 – 128) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :

A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.

1st statement 2nd statement

111 Potassium acts as a reducing agent when it Potassium reacts vigorously with water. B
reacts with water.

112 The thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate is oxidized when it is D
Part A

is a redox reaction. heated.

113 Lead can displace iron from iron(II) nitrate In the reaction between lead and iron(II) D
Unit 20

solution. nitrate solution, iron acts as the reducing

agent while lead acts as the oxidizing agent.

114 Sodium is a stronger reducing agent than Sodium atoms lose electrons more readily A
magnesium. than magnesium atoms.

115 The common oxidizing agent potassium Dilute nitric acid is a reducing agent. D
permanganate solution is usually acidified with
dilute nitric acid.

116 When acidified potassium permanganate Permanganate ions are reduced to colourless C
solution is added to iron(II) sulphate solution, maganese(II) ions in the reaction.
a colourless solution results.

117 When acidified potassium permanganate Acidified potassium permanganate solution can C
solution is mixed with potassium iodide solution, oxidize iodide ions to iodine.
a colourless solution forms.

118 The oxidation number of nitrogen is –3 in all A nitrogen atom requires three electrons to C
its compounds. obtain a stable electronic arrangement.

119 Bromine can oxidize iodide ions while chlorine Bromine is a stronger oxidizing agent than D
cannot. chlorine.

120 When sodium iodide solution is mixed with Aqueous bromine can displace iodine from C
aqueous bromine, a colourless solution results. sodium iodide solution.

32
121 Zinc does NOT liberate hydrogen from 1 mol dm–3 nitric acid is an oxidizing agent. A
1 mol dm–3 nitric acid.

122 Copper liberates hydrogen from concentrated Concentrated nitric acid is a common reducing D
nitric acid. agent.

123 When concentrated sulphuric acid is added to Concentrated sulphuric acid is a powerful C
sodium chloride, chlorine gas is formed. oxidizing agent.

124 A reaction occurs when sulphur dioxide gas is Sulphur dioxide can oxidize iron(II) ions to D
bubbled into iron(II) sulphate solution. iron(III) ions.

125 When sulphur dioxide gas is passed into sodium Sulphur dioxide acts as a reducing agent in D
hydroxide solution, a redox reaction occurs. its reaction with sodium hydroxide solution.

126 A colourless solution results when sodium Sulphite ions can reduce bromine to colourless A
sulphite solution is mixed with aqueous bromine. bromide ions.

127 Acidified potassium permanganate solution can Acidified potassium permanganate solution A
be used to distinguish between iron(II) sulphate can oxidize iron(II) ions, but not iron(III) ions.
solution and iron(III) sulphate solution.

Part A
128 Acidified potassium dichromate solution can be Orange dichromate ions can be reduced by A
used to distinguish between sodium sulphite sodium sulphite to green chromium(III) ions

Unit 21
solution and sodium sulphate solution. but not by sodium sulphate.

Unit 21 Oxidation and reduction 2 In a lead-acid accumulator,

in chemical cells a) the lead plates serve as the negative
electrode.
Fill in the blanks
b) the lead plates coated with lead(IV) oxide serve

1 In a zinc-carbon cell, as the positive electrode.

a) the ionic half-equation for the chemical change c) During discharging, the ionic half-equation for

that occurs the chemical change that occurs

i) at the anode is: i) at the negative electrode is:

Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e– Pb(s) + SO42–(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2e–

ii) at the cathode is: ii) at the positive electrode is:

PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + 2e–

2NH4+(aq) + 2e– 2NH3(aq) + H2(g)

b) Manganese(IV) oxide is used to remove PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

the hydrogen produced.

33
 d) During charging, ii) at the positive electrode is:
3
i) the lead plates are connected to O (g) + 6H+(aq) + 6e– 3H2O(l)
2 2
the negative terminal of the external
power source.
True or false
ii) the lead plates coated with lead(IV)
oxide are connected to the positive Decide whether each of the following statements is
terminal of the external power source. true or false.

3 In an alkaline fuel cell, 5 When a zinc-carbon cell is supplying F

electricity, manganese(IV) oxide is oxidized.
a) hydrogen is supplied into the negative
electrode compartment. 6 When a current flows through a T
copper-zinc chemical cell using dilute
b) oxygen is supplied into the positive sulphuric acid as the electrolyte, the
electrode compartment. zinc electrode gradually dissolves.
c) concentrated potassium hydroxide solution is
7 When a lead-acid accumulator discharges, T
the electrolyte in the central compartment.
oxidation occurs at the anode.
d) The ionic half-equation for the chemical change
8 In an alkaline fuel cell, both hydrogen F
Part A

that occurs
and oxygen function as fuels.
i) at the negative electrode is:
9 In a direct methanol fuel cell, methanol is
Unit 21

F
H2(g) + 2OH–(aq) 2H2O(l) + 2e–
reduced in the presence of water at the
ii) at the positive electrode is: negative electrode.

O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– 4OH–(aq) 10 When a glass of wine is exposed to the T

air for some time, the wine would become
4 In a direct methanol fuel cell, sour due to oxidation.
a) at the negative electrode, methanol is
oxidized in the presence of water.
Multiple choice questions
b) hydrogen ions travel from the negative
electrode to the positive electrode through the 11 Consider the following chemical cell:

electrolyte. EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
BT
WPMUNFUFS
c) at the positive electrode, hydrogen ions
react with oxygen from the air.
DPOEVDUJOH

d) the ionic half-equation for the chemical change
XJSF
that occurs
NBHOFTJVN MFBE
i) at the negative electrode is: TBMU

NBHOFTJVN
CSJEHF MFBE **

CH3OH(l) + H2O(l) OJUSBUF
OJUSBUF

TPMVUJPO TPMVUJPO
+ –
CO2(g) + 6H (aq) + 6e

34
 Which of the following statements concerning
the chemical cell is correct?
A Electrons flow from lead to magnesium in the
external circuit.
B Both metal strips gradually dissolve.
C Magnesium ions are reduced to magnesium.
D Lead(II) ions are reduced to lead. D
14 It is observed that when nickel is placed in a zinc
sulphate solution, no reaction occurs.
The following chemical cell consists of a nickel
electrode and a zinc electrode.
7

OJDLFM
[JOD

Directions: Questions 12 and 13 refer to the following FMFDUSPEF FMFDUSPEF
chemical cell. TBMU

OJDLFM **
CSJEHF [JOD

TVMQIBUF
TVMQIBUF

The following chemical cell consists of a zinc strip and
TPMVUJPO TPMVUJPO
a strip made of X immersed in zinc sulphate solution
and a solution of sulphate of X. The position of X Which of the following statements concerning
is higher than that of zinc in the electrochemical the chemical cell is correct?
series.
A Electrons flow from the nickel electrode to
7 the zinc electrode in the external circuit.
DPOEVDUJOH
B Oxidation occurs at the zinc electrode.
XJSF C The nickel electrode is the anode.
[JOD
TUSJQ TUSJQ
NBEF
D Cations in the salt bridge move towards the
PG
9 zinc half-cell. B

Part A
TBMU

;O40 BR CSJEHF 940 BR
15 Consider the chemical cell shown below.

Unit 21
FMFDUSPO
GMPX
7
12 Which of the following statements concerning
the chemical cell is correct?
A Electrons flow from the zinc strip to the strip TUSJQ
NBEF
TUSJQ
NBEF

made of X in the external circuit. PG
9 PG
:
TBMU

B Oxidation occurs at the strip made of X. 9 /0  BR CSJEHF : /0  BR
C The zinc strip dissolves gradually.
D The salt bridge allows electrons to flow
between the two beakers. B Electrons flow from X to Y in the external circuit.
Which of the following statements is correct?
13 Which of the following pairs of ionic half-
A Both metal strips gradually dissolves.
equations represents the chemical changes that
B In the electrochemical series, the position of
occur in the cell?
X is lower than that of Y.
At the anode At the cathode C The strip made of X is the cathode.
D The Y2+(aq) ions are reduced to Y(s). D
A X(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e–
2+ –
X (aq) + 2e Zn(s)
B X (aq) + 2e–
2+
Zn(s)
X(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e–
C Zn(s) X2+(aq) + 2e–
Zn2+(aq) + 2e– X(s)
D Zn2+(aq) + 2e– X(s)
Zn(s) X2+(aq) + 2e–
A

35
 16 Consider the following chemical cell: Electrons from Y to X in the external circuit. Which
of the following will occur in the set-up?
" 2+
A The concentration of Cu (aq) ions in the
DPQQFS
QMBUF
solution in beaker A increases.
[JOD
QMBUF
B The blue colour of the solution in beaker B
becomes less intense.

NPM
ENm
C Reduction occurs at electrode X.
TVMQIVSJD
BDJE D The mass of electrode Y increases. C

Which of the following statements is correct? 19 Consider the chemcial cell consisting of a nickel
A The zinc plate gradually dissolve. (Ni) electrode and a palladium (Pd) electrode.
B The sulphuric acid gradually turns blue.
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
C Hydrogen ions in the acid are oxidized to BT
WPMUNFUFS
hydrogen gas.
D Reduction occurs at the zinc plate. A

17 X and Z are metals. X reacts with Z(NO3)2 solution

OJDLFM
QBMMBEJVN

according to the following equation:
FMFDUSPEF FMFDUSPEF
X(s) + Z2+(aq) X2+(aq) + Z(s) m

NPM
EN

m

NPM
EN

 
/J BR 1E BR
X and Z are used as the electrodes in a chemical
Part A

cell with sodium chloride solution as the DBUJPO
BOJPO

electrolyte. NPWFNFOUŞ NPWFNFOU
QPSPVT
CBSSJFS
Unit 21

Which of the following statements concerning

Which of the following statements is correct?
the chemical cell is correct?
A The position of nickel in the electrochemical
A The masses of both electrodes remain
series is higher than that of palladium.
unchanged.
B Electrons flow from the palladium electrode to
B Electrons flow from Z to X in the external
the nickel electrode in the external circuit.
circuit.
C Nickel(II) ions are reduced to nickel metal.
C X is the anode.
D The porous barrier allows electrons to flow
D Oxidation occurs at Z. C
between the two compartments.
A
18 Consider the following set-up:

EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS Directions: Questions 20 – 22 refer to the following

BT
WPMUNFUFS set-up.

FMFDUSPO
GMPX 7

NPJTU
QBTUF
PG

BNNPOJVN
DIMPSJEF
DPQQFS
DPQQFS

FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
: NBOHBOFTF *7
PYJEF

TBMU
BOE
DBSCPO
QPXEFS
m

NPM
EN
CSJEHF m

NPM
EN

$V40 BR $V40 BR [JOD
DBTF DBSCPO
SPE

#FBLFS
" #FBLFS
#

36
20 Which of the following pairs of ionic half- The ionic half-equations for the chemical changes
equations represents the chemical changes that occurring at the aluminium can and the carbon
occur in the set-up? rod are listed below:
At the anode At the cathode At the aluminium can:
+ –
A 2NH (aq) + 2e
4 Zn(s) Al(s) + 4OH–(aq) [Al(OH)4]–(aq) + 3e–
2NH3(aq) + H2(g) Zn2+(aq) + 2e– At the carbon rod:
B Zn(s) 2NH4+(aq) + 2e–
Zn2+(aq) + 2e– 2NH3(aq) + H2(g) OCl–(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e– Cl–(aq) + 2OH–(aq)
C 2NH3(aq) + H2(g) Zn2+(aq) + 2e– Which of the following statements concerning
2NH4+(aq) + 2e– Zn(s) the chemical cell is correct?
D Zn2+(aq) + 2e– 2NH3(aq) + H2(g)
A Electrons flow from the carbon rod to the
Zn(s) 2NH4+(aq) + 2e–
aluminium can in the external circuit.
B
B Oxidation occurs at the aluminium can.
C The carbon rod is the anode of the chemical
21 What is the function of manganese(IV) oxide in
cell.
the above set-up?
D The oxidation number of chlorine remains
A As a reducing agent to remove the zinc unchanged. B
ions.
B As a reducing agent to remove the Directions: Questions 24 and 25 refer to the following
hydrogen. chemical cell.

Part A
C As an oxidizing agent to remove the zinc
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
ions. BT
WPMUNFUFS
D As an oxidizing agent to remove the

Unit 21
hydrogen. D

22 When the chemical cell has been used for a long

time, its voltage drops rapidly. It is due to the
DBSCPO
DBSCPO

presence of FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
:
TBMU

A hydrogen. JSPO **
CSJEHF BDJEJGJFE

TVMQIBUF
QPUBTTJVN

B zinc ions. TPMVUJPO QFSNBOHBOBUF

C manganese(III) oxide. TPMVUJPO
D ammonium chloride. A

24 Which of the following combinations is

23 A chemical cell consists of an aluminium can,
correct?
a carbon rod and household bleach (containing
OCl– ions). The diagram below shows the set-up of Species Species
the cell connected to a load and an ammeter. being oxidized being reduced
MPBE A Iron(II) ions permanganate ions
B Permanganate ions sulphate ions
C Potassium ions iron(II) ions
"
DBSCPO
SPE D Sulphate ions potassium ions A

BMVNJOJVN
DBO

IPVTFIPME
CMFBDI

37
 25 Which of the following statements is correct? 28 The following diagram shows the set-up of a
chemical cell.
A The iron(II) sulphate solution changes from
yellow-brown to green gradually. EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
B The purple colour of the acidified potassium BT
WPMUNFUFS
permanganate solution becomes more intense
gradually.
C The electrons flow from electrode X to
electrode Y in the external circuit.
D Electrode Y is the anode. C DBSCPO
SPE DBSCPO
SPE

TBMU

Directions: Questions 26 and 27 refer to the following NJYUVSF
PG
CSJEHF NJYUVSF
PG

set-up. 'F40 BR
BOE
,#S BR

'F 40  BR BOE
#S BR
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
BT
WPMUNFUFS It is known that Br2(aq) is a stronger oxidizing
agent than Fe3+(aq) ion.
Which of the following ionic half-equation
represents the chemical change that occurs at
the anode?
DBSCPO
DBSCPO

FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
: A Fe3+(aq) + e– Fe2+(aq)
TBMU
B Fe2+(aq) Fe (aq) + e–
3+
Part A

,* BR
XJUI
CSJEHF 'F 40  BR

TPNF
TUBSDI
C 2Br–(aq) Br2(aq) + 2e–
TPMVUJPO D Br2(aq) + 2e– 2Br–(aq) B
Unit 21

26 Which of the following combinations is 29 Consider the following chemical cell:

correct? EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
Species Species BT
WPMUNFUFS
being oxidized being reduced
FMFDUSPO
GMPX
3+ +
A Fe (aq) K (aq)
B I–(aq) Fe3+(aq)
C K+(aq) SO42–(aq)
DBSCPO
DBSCPO

D SO42–(aq) I–(aq) B FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
:
TBMU

NJYUVSF
PG
CSJEHF NJYUVSF
PG

27 Which of the following statements is correct? ,#S BR
BOE
/B40 BR

#S BR BOE

A Electrons flow from electrode Y to electrode /B40 BR
X in the external circuit.
B A blue colour appears in KI(aq) after the cell Electrons flow from electrode Y to electrode X
has operated for some time. in the external circuit.
C The iron(III) sulphate solution changes from Which of the combinations concerning the
green to yellow-brown gradually. chemical changes that occur in the chemical cell
D Electrode X is the cathode. B is correct?

38
 At the anode At the cathode Which of the following ionic half-equations
2– – represents the chemical change that occurs at
A SO4 (aq) 2Br (aq)
2– the anode?
SO3 (aq) Br2(aq)
+ –
B Br2(aq) SO32–(aq) A H2(g) 2H (aq) + 2e
2+ –
2Br (aq)
–
SO42–(aq) B Co(s) Co (aq) + 2e
2+ –
C SO3 (aq)2–
Br2(aq) C Co (aq) + 2e Co(s)
SO42–(aq)
–
2Br (aq) D MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e–
–
D 2Br (aq) 2–
SO4 (aq) Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) B
Br2(aq) SO32–(aq) C
Directions: Questions 32 and 33 refer to one cell of
30 The following diagram shows the set-up of a a lead-acid accumulator as shown below.
chemical cell.
;
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS FMFDUSPMZUF
BT
WPMUNFUFS

DBSCPO
DBSCPO

FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
: MFBE
QMBUFT
DPBUFE

TBMU

Part A
XJUI
MFBE *7
PYJEF
NJYUVSF
PG
CSJEHF NJYUVSF
PG
MFBE
QMBUF

9
'F$M BR
BOE
$V$M BR
BOE
:
'F$M BR $V$M BR

Unit 21
It is known that Fe3+(aq) ion is a stronger oxidizing 32 Which of the following combinations is correct?
agent than Cu2+(aq) ion. X Y Z
Which of the following statements is correct? A Anode cathode negative terminal
A Electrons flow from electrode X to electrode B Cathode anode negative terminal
Y in the external circuit. C Anode cathode positive terminal
B Oxidation occurs at electrode X. D Cathode anode positive terminal D
C Cu+(aq) ions are reduced at electrode Y.
D Electrode X is the cathode. D
33 Which of the following combinations concerning
the chemical changes that occur when the cell
31 Consider the following chemical cell: discharges is correct?
At the lead plate
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
At the lead plate coated with lead(IV) oxide
BT
WPMUNFUFS
A Pb(s) PbO2(s)
PbSO4(s) PbSO4(s)
B Pb(s) PbO2(s)
PbO2(s) Pb(s)
DPCBMU
TUSJQ 1U C Pb(s) PbO2(s)
TBMU
PbSO4(s) Pb(s)
CSJEHF D Pb(s) PbO2(s)
PbO2(s) PbSO4(s) A

m

NPM
EN

NPM
ENm

$P /0  BR ,.O0 BR
BOE


NPM
ENm
) BR
JPOT

39
 34 The diagram shows the charging process of a At the anode At the cathode
lead-acid cell. – –
A O2 + 2H2O + 4e H2 + 2OH
FYUFSOBM
4OH– 2H2O + 2e–
– –
QPXFS
TPVSDF B 4OH 2H2O + 2e
– –
O2 + 2H2O + 4e H2 + 2OH
C 2H2O + 2e– 4OH
–

FMFDUSPO
GMPX – –
H2 + 2OH O2 + 2H2O + 4e
9 : – –
D H2 + 2OH O2 + 2H2O + 4e
– –
2H2O + 2e 4OH D
FMFDUSPMZUF
36 The diagram below shows the basic structure of
MFBE **
TVMQIBUF
a direct methanol fuel cell.
Which of the following combinations concerning
9 :
the chemical changes that occur at electrodes X FMFDUSPEF FMFDUSPO
GMPX
and Y is correct?

MPBE
FMFDUSPMZUF
At electrode X At electrode Y
FMFDUSPEF
A PbSO4(s) PbSO4(s) ; ;

Pb(s) PbO2(s)
Which of the following combinations is correct?
B PbSO4(s) PbSO4(s)
X Y Z
Part A

PbO2(s) Pb(s)
C PbSO4(s) PbSO4(s) A Air carbon dioxide methanol
Pb(s) Pb(s) B Air methanol carbon dioxide
Unit 21

D PbSO4(s) PbSO4(s) C Methanol air carbon dioxide

PbO2(s) PbO(s) A D Methanol carbon dioxide air D

35 The following diagram shows a fuel cell. Hydrogen 37 A direct methanol fuel cell generates electricity
and oxygen are passed into the fuel cell. based on the reaction between methanol and
oxygen.
MPBE
Which of the following combinations concerning
the fuel cell is correct?
Fuel(s) Chemical change at the anode
0 H ) H
3
DPODFOUSBUFE A Methanol O2 + 6H+ + 6e– 3H2O
/B0) BR 2
3
0 H ) H

)0 H B Methanol O2 + 6H+ + 6e–
3H2O
2
and oxygen
FMFDUSPEF FMFDUSPEF
C Methanol CH3OH + H2O
Which of the following pairs of ionic half- and oxygen CO2 + 6H+ + 6e–
equations represents the chemical changes that D Methanol CH3OH + H2O
occur in the cell? CO2 + 6H+ + 6e– D

40
38 Consider the following chemical cell: A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
C (2) and (3) only
BT
WPMUNFUFS
D (1), (2) and (3) C

40
7

DBSCPO
DBSCPO
TJMWFS
SPE DPQQFS
SPE

FMFDUSPEF FMFDUSPEF
TBMU

NJYUVSF
PG
CSJEHF NJYUVSF
PG

,#S BR
/B40 BR
DPQQFS **

BOE
#S BR BOE
TVMQIBUF
TPMVUJPO
/B40 BR
Which of the following statements concerning the
Given that SO32–(aq) ion is a stronger reducing set-up is / are correct after a current has flowed
agent than Br–(aq) ion, which of the changes through the external circuit for some time?
represented by the following ionic half-equations
would occur if the cell is producing a current? (1) The copper rod gradually dissolves.
(2) Copper(II) ions are oxidized at the silver
(1) Br2(aq) + 2e– 2Br–(aq) rod.
–
(2) 2Br (aq) Br2(aq) + 2e– (3) The colour intensity of the copper(II)
(3) SO32–(aq) + H2O(l) sulphate solution increases.
SO42–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e–

Part A
A (1) only
A (1) only B (2) only
B (2) only C (1) and (3) only

Unit 21
C (1) and (3) only D (2) and (3) only A
D (2) and (3) only C

41 Consider the following chemical cell:

39 The following diagram shows a chemical cell. It
is known that Fe3+(aq) ion is a stronger oxidizing NVMUJNFUFS
agent than Cu2+(aq) ion.

7
JSPO
SPE

DBSCPO
DBSCPO
WJOFHBS

FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
:
TBMU
DPQQFS
DBO
NJYUVSF
PG
CSJEHF NJYUVSF
PG

$V$M BR
'F$M BR

BOE
BOE
Which of the following statements concerning
$V$M BR 'F$M BR the chemical cell are correct?

Which of the following would occur if the cell (1) The iron rod gradually dissolves.
is producing a current? (2) Hydrogen ions in the vinegar are reduced
to hydrogen gas.
(1) Iron(II) ions lose electrons to form iron(III) (3) Gas bubbles are given off at the surface
ions. of the iron rod immersed in the vinegar.
(2) Electrons flow from electrode X to electrode
Y in the external circuit. A (1) and (2) only
(3) Oxidation occurs at electrode X. B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D

41
 42 In an experiment, a copper plate and a zinc plate
are placed in a beaker containing dilute sulphuric
acid. The two metal plates are touching each
other as shown in the diagram below.
44 The following diagram shows a fuel cell. Hydrogen
and oxygen are passed into the fuel cell.
MPBE

DPQQFS
QMBUF [JOD
QMBUF

) H 0 H
CFBLFS
DPODFOUSBUFE
EJMVUF
TVMQIVSJD
/B0) BR
BDJE ) H

)0 H 0 H

FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
:
Which of the following statements concerning
the set-up is / are correct? Which of the following statements are correct?
(1) The masses of both metal plates remain (1) Electrode X is made of porous nickel.
unchanged. (2) Electrode Y is made of porous nickel coated
(2) Gas bubbles are formed on the surface with lead(IV) oxide.
of the copper plate. (3) Hydroxide ions move from electrode Y to
(3) The sulphuric acid gradually turns blue. electrode X through the electrolyte.
A (1) only A (1) and (2) only
B (2) only
Part A

B (1) and (3) only

C (1) and (3) only C (2) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B D (1), (2) and (3) B
Unit 21

43 7 45 Which of the following statements concerning

the discharge of a lithium ion secondary cell are
correct?
QMBUJOVN
QMBUJOVN

FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
: (1) Lithium atoms form lithium ions at the
TBMU
anode.
m

NPM
EN
CSJEHF 
NPM
ENm

BDJEJGJFE
/B40 BR (2) Electrons flow from the anode to the
,.O0 BR cathode in the external circuit.
(3) Lithium cobalt oxide or lithium manganese
Which of the following statements about the oxide forms the anode.
chemical cell are correct?
A (1) and (2) only
(1) Potassium ion is being reduced. B (1) and (3) only
(2) Electrons flow from electrode Y to electrode C (2) and (3) only
X in the external circuit. D (1), (2) and (3) A
(3) Oxidation occurs at electrode Y.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C

42
 Directions : Each question (Questions 46 – 53) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :

A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.

1st statement 2nd statement

46 In a copper-magnesium chemical cell, oxidation In the copper-magnesium chemical cell, a C

occurs at the cathode. current flows from the cathode to the anode
in the external circuit.

47 In a silver-zinc chemical cell, oxidation occurs at Zinc forms ions more readily than silver does. A
the zinc electrode.

48 When a current flows through a copper-iron Hydrogen ions in the vinegar are reduced A

Part A
chemical cell using vinegar as the electrolyte to hydrogen gas.
for some time, colourless gas bubbles are given
off from the copper electrode.

Unit 21
49 In a zinc-carbon cell, manganese(IV) oxide is In a zinc-carbon cell, manganese(IV) oxide is D
oxidized at the negative electrode. used to remove the ammonia gas produced
at the negative electrode.

50 A zinc-carbon cell may leak on prolonged use. Zinc can be oxidized by oxygen in the air. B

51 When a lead-acid accumulator discharges, Lead(II) sulphate forms at the positive electrode B
oxidation occurs at the anode. when a lead-acid accumulator discharges.

52 During the charging of a lead-acid cell, the lead During the charging of a lead-acid cell, D
plate is connected to the positive terminal of an reduction occurs at the electrode connected
external power source. to the positive terminal of the external power
source.

53 In an alkaline fuel cell, both hydrogen and An alkaline fuel cell requires both hydrogen C
oxygen function as fuels. and oxygen to operate.

43
 Unit 22 Electrolysis b) i) at the anode, hydroxide ions are
discharged to form oxygen gas.

Fill in the blanks ii) at the cathode, hydrogen ions are

discharged to form hydrogen gas.
1 The chemical reaction that occurs when
electricity passes through an electrolyte is c) the ionic half-equation for the chemical change

called electrolysis . that occurs

i) at the anode is:

2 A cell in which electrolysis occurs is called a /
an electrolytic cell . 4OH–(aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e–

ii) at the cathode is:

3 During electrolysis,
2H+(aq) + 2e– H2(g)
a) the electrode where oxidation occurs
is the anode ; it is connected to d) i) there is an excess of hydrogen ions
the positive electrode of the d.c. near to the anode and the solution there
supply. becomes acidic .

b) the electrode where reduction occurs is ii) there is an excess of hydroxide ions
the cathode ; it is connected to near to the cathode and the solution there
the negative electrode of the d.c. becomes alkaline .
supply.
7 During the electrolysis of concentrated sodium
Part A

4 During electrolysis, chloride solution using carbon electrodes,

a) an anion is attracted to the anode . a) i) at the anode, chloride ions are

discharged to form chlorine gas.
Unit 22

b) a cation is attracted to the cathode .

ii) at the cathode, hydrogen ions are
5 Which ions are preferentially discharged during discharged to form hydrogen gas.
electrolysis depends on:
b) the ionic half-equation for the chemical change
a) the position of ions in the electrochemical that occurs
series.
i) at the anode is:
b) the concentration of ions in the
2Cl–(aq) Cl2(g) + 2e–
solution.
ii) at the cathode is:
c) the nature of the electrodes .
2H+(aq) + 2e– H2(g)
6 During the electrolysis of very dilute sodium
c) sodium ions and hydroxide ions
chloride solution using carbon electrodes,
remain in the solution; eventually the solution
a) i) chloride ions and hydroxide becomes sodium hydroxide solution.
ions are attracted to the anode.

ii) sodium ions and hydrogen

ions are attracted to the cathode.

44
8 During the electrolysis of dilute copper(II) sulphate d) the blue colour of the copper(II) sulphate
solution using carbon electrodes, solution remains the same as
the concentration of copper(II) ions in the
a) i) sulphate ions and hydroxide
solution remains the same / does not
ions are attracted to the anode.
change .
ii) copper(II) ions and hydrogen
ions are attracted to the cathode. 10 The coating of an object with a thin layer of metal
by electrolysis is called electroplating .
b) i) at the anode, hydroxide ions are
discharged to form oxygen gas.

ii) at the cathode, copper(II) ions are True or false

discharged to form copper .
Decide whether each of the following statements is
c) the ionic half-equation for the chemical change true or false.
that occurs
11 In an electrolytic cell, oxidation takes F
i) at the anode is: place at the cathode.
4OH–(aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e–
12 The type of electrode used for electrolysis F
ii) at the cathode is: would not affect the products obtained.

Cu2+(aq) + 2e– Cu(s)

13 During the electrolysis of dilute sulphuric F
d) the blue colour of the copper(II) sulphate acid using platinum electrodes, the solution
in the electrolytic cell becomes more dilute

Part A
solution becomes less intense as
after some time.
the concentration of copper(II) ions in the
solution decreases . 14 During the electrolysis of 0.1 mol dm–3 F

Unit 22
copper(II) chloride solution, chlorine is
9 During the electrolysis of dilute copper(II) sulphate formed at the anode.
solution using copper electrodes,
15 During the electrolysis of concentrated T
a) i) at the anode, copper dissolves to
sodium chloride solution using carbon
form copper(II) ions. electrodes, the solution in the electrolytic
ii) at the cathode, copper(II) ions are cell becomes sodium hydroxide solution
eventually.
discharged to form copper .

b) the ionic half-equation for the chemical change 16 During the electrolysis of concentrated T
that occurs sodium chloride solution using a carbon
anode and a mercury cathode, chloride
i) at the anode is: ions are preferentially discharged at the
Cu(s)
2+
Cu (aq) + 2e
– anode.

ii) at the cathode is: 17 During the electrolysis of dilute copper(II) T

sulphate solution using a copper anode
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– Cu(s)
and a carbon cathode, the colour intensity
of the copper(II) sulphate solution remains
unchanged.

45
 18 During the refining of copper, the impure T 22 Which of the following statements concerning
copper is made the anode. the experiment is INCORRECT?
A The concentration of sulphuric acid
19 During the refining of copper, the T
increases.
concentration of copper(II) ions in the
B The gas collected above electrode X can relight
electrolyte drops gradually.
a glowing splint.
C The gas collected above electrode Y burns
20 During the nickel-plating of an iron ring, F
with a ‘pop’ sound.
the iron ring is made the anode of the
D The volume ratio of gases collected above the
electrolytic cell.
electrodes is 1 : 1. D

Directions: Questions 23 and 24 refer to the set-up

Multiple choice questions
shown below.

Directions: Questions 21 and 22 refer to the following

experiment.
DBSCPO
FMFDUSPEF DPQQFS
FMFDUSPEF


NPM
ENm

QPUBTTJVN

TVMQIBUF
TPMVUJPO

XBUFS
BDJEJGJFE

XJUI
TVMQIVSJD
BDJE 23 Which of the following ionic half-equation
represents the chemical change that occurs at
the anode?
Part A

QMBUJOVN
QMBUJOVN

FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
: A K(s) K+(aq) + e–
B Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2e–
Unit 22

2–
C 2SO4 (aq) S2O82–(aq) + 2e–
D 4OH–(aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– D

24 Which of the following combinations concerning

the mass of the copper electrode and the direction
21 Which of the following combinations is
of cation movement is correct?
correct?
Mass of the
At the anode At the cathode
copper electrode Cation movement
A Hydroxide ions are hydrogen ions are
A Increases to the left
reduced oxidized
B Remains unchanged to the left
B Hydroxide ions are hydrogen ions are
C Remains unchanged to the right
oxidized reduced
D Decreases to the right C
C Hydrogen ions are hydroxide ions are
reduced oxidized
D Hydrogen ions are hydroxide ions are
oxidized reduced B

46
Directions: Questions 25 – 27 refer to the following 28 Consider the following experiment:
experiment.


NPM
ENm
TPEJVN

DBSCPO
DBSCPO
DIMPSJEF
TPMVUJPO

FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
: DPOUBJOJOH

QIFOPMQIUIBMFJO
EJMVUF
TPEJVN
DBSCPO
DBSCPO

OJUSBUF
TPMVUJPO
FMFDUSPEF FMFDUSPEF
DPOUBJOJOH

VOJWFSTBM
JOEJDBUPS

Which of the following statements concerning

25 Which of the following products will be liberated the experiment is correct?
at the electrodes?
A Bubbles of chlorine appears at the cathode.
Electrode X Electrode Y B Bubbles of hydrogen appears at the anode.
A Nitrogen hydrogen C Sodium metal is collected at the anode.
B Oxygen hydrogen D The solution near to the cathode turns
C Nitrogen sodium pink. D
D Oxygen sodium B
29 Which of the following ions will be discharged
26 After some time, which of the following most readily during electrolysis?
colours will appear in the solution around the A Ag+(aq)

Part A
electrodes? B Cu2+(aq)
Electrode X Electrode Y C H+(aq)
D Mg2+(aq) A

Unit 22
A Blue red
B Colourless yellow
30 Which of the following ions will be discharged
C Red blue
most readily during electrolysis?
D Yellow colourless C
A Cl–(aq)
27 After electrolysis has been carried out for some B OH–(aq)
time, the sodium nitrate solution C NO3–(aq)
D SO42–(aq) B
A becomes more concentrated.
B becomes more dilute.
31 The electrolysis of aqueous Rb 2SO 4 solution
C remains the same in concentration.
using carbon electrodes produces changes in the
D becomes alkaline. A
solution around the electrodes. How will the pH
change around the anode and the cathode?
pH around pH around
the anode the cathode
A Increase increase
B Decrease decrease
C Increase decrease
D Decrease increase D

47
 32 Consider the set-up shown below. Directions: Questions 35 and 36 refer to the electrolysis
of copper(II) sulphate solution using carbon
electrodes.

DBSCPO
DPQQFS

FMFDUSPEF FMFDUSPEF 35 The copper(II) ions are


NPM
ENm
A oxidized at the anode.

/J* BR B oxidized at the cathode.
C reduced at the anode.
D reduced at the cathode. D
What products would form at the electrodes?
Anode Cathode 36 Which of the following statements concerning
A I2 Ni the copper(II) sulphate solution is INCORRECT?
B Ni I2 A The blue colour of the solution becomes less
C O2 H2 intense gradually.
D Cu2+ Ni A B The solution becomes acidic.
C The amount of hydrogen ions in the solution
33 The diagram below represents a diaphragm cell decreases.
used for the commercial production of chlorine D The amount of sulphate ions in the solution
gas. remains unchanged. C

QPSPVT

EJBQISBHN
Directions: Questions 37 and 38 refer to the electrolysis
HBT
9 HBT
: of dilute copper(II) chloride solution using
DPODFOUSBUFE
copper electrodes.
TPEJVN
DIMPSJEF

Part A

TPMVUJPO 37 Which of the following combinations is

TPEJVN

IZESPYJEF
correct?
TPMVUJPO
Unit 22

Anode Cathode
Which of the following combinations is correct?
A Copper dissolved chlorine given off
X Y B Copper dissolved copper deposited
C Copper deposited copper dissolved
A Chlorine oxygen
D Copper deposited chlorine given off B
B Oxygen chlorine
C Chlorine hydrogen
D Hydrogen chlorine C
38 After electrolysis has been carried out for some
time, the copper(II) chloride solution
34 Using carbon as electrodes, which of the A becomes more concentrated.
following solutions would NOT give oxygen upon B becomes more dilute.
electrolysis? C remains the same in concentration.
D becomes alkaline. C
A Dilute potassium hydroxide solution
B Dilute sulphuric acid
C Dilute sodium iodide solution
D Dilute zinc sulphate solution C

48
39 In the electrolysis of a copper(II) sulphate solution, Directions: Questions 44 and 45 refer to the following
copper is used as the anode and carbon as the experiment.
cathode.
Which of the following statements is correct after
the electrolysis has been carried out for some DBSCPO
FMFDUSPEF QMBTUJD

time? DPWFSFE
XJSF

A The blue colour of the solution remains DPODFOUSBUFE
TPEJVN
XBUFS

unchanged. DIMPSJEF
TPMVUJPO
B The pH of the solution decreases.
C O2(g) is liberated at the anode. NFSDVSZ
FMFDUSPEF CBSF
XJSF
D H2(g) is liberated at the cathode. A

40 During the electrolysis of a copper(II) sulphate

solution using a carbon anode and a copper 44 Which of the following combinations is
cathode, which of the following would NOT correct?
change? Product at Product at
A pH of the solution carbon electrode mercury electrode
B Colour of the solution A Chlorine hydrogen
C Mass of the anode B Chlorine sodium
D Mass of the cathode C C Oxygen hydrogen
D Oxygen sodium B
41 Using carbon electrodes, which of the following
solutions would become alkaline upon 45 After electrolysis has been carried out for some

Part A
electrolysis? time, the sodium chloride solution
A Dilute sodium nitrate solution A becomes more concentrated.
B Dilute copper(II) sulphate solution B becomes more dilute.

Unit 22
C Dilute sodium bromide solution C remains unchanged in concentration.
D Dilute magnesium sulphate solution C D becomes sodium hydroxide solution. B

42 In which of the following combinations will oxygen 46 The same amount of electricity (same number
be produced as the major product at the anode of moles of electrons) is used to carry out the
during electrolysis? electrolysis of AgNO3(aq) and PdCl2(aq) solutions
Electrolyte Anode Cathode in separate cells. The masses of Ag and Pd
produced were measured and compared. Which
A 0.1 mol dm–3 CuCl2 carbon carbon
of the following is true about the mass of Pd
B 0.1 mol dm–3 CuCl2 copper copper
produced?
C 3 mol dm–3 CaCl2 carbon carbon
D 3 mol dm–3 CaCl2 copper copper A (Relative atomic masses: Pd = 106.4, Ag =
107.9)
43 Using carbon as electrodes, which of the A The mass of Ag produced is not related to
following solutions would NOT give hydrogen the mass of Pd.
upon electrolysis? B The mass of Ag produced is approximately
A 1 mol dm –3
silver nitrate solution half that of Pd.
B 1 mol dm–3 potassium hydroxide solution C The mass of Ag produced is approximately
C 2 mol dm–3 calcium chloride solution twice that of Pd.
D 2 mol dm–3 magnesium sulphate solution A D The mass of Ag produced is approximately
the same as that of Pd. C

49
 47 A copper disc is to be silver-plated in an electrolytic Which of the following combinations is correct?
cell. The disc is connected to one terminal of a
Colour intensity of the
battery and a silver rod connected to the other
Mass of anode copper(II) sulphate solution
terminal. The electrolyte provides a source of
Ag+(aq) ions. A Decreases decreases
B Decreases no change
Which of the following combinations is correct?
C Increases decreases
Chemical change D Increases no change A
Disc connected to that occurs at the disc
Directions: Questions 50 and 51 refer to the following
A Negative terminal oxidation
set-up.
B Negative terminal reduction
C Positive terminal oxidation 9 :
D Positive terminal reduction B CBUUFSZ

48 A student tries to plate a zinc object using the

" #
set-up shown below.
DPQQFS
QMBUJOVN

FMFDUSPEFT FMFDUSPEFT

$ %
DPQQFS
FMFDUSPEF

EJMVUF
DPQQFS **
EJMVUF
DPQQFS **
EJMVUF
TPEJVN

TVMQIBUF
TPMVUJPO TVMQIBUF
TPMVUJPO OJUSBUF
TPMVUJPO
[JOD
PCKFDU

50 On completing the circuit, the mass of electrode

Which of the following would occur?
Part A

B increases.
Zinc object Copper electrode
Which of the following combinations is correct?
A Copper deposits on it copper dissolves
Unit 22

Electrodes Electrodes
B Zinc dissolves zinc deposits on it
A and C B and D X
C Zinc dissolves copper deposits on it
D Bubbles form bubbles form C A Anodes cathodes negative terminal
B Anodes cathodes positive terminal
49 A piece of impure copper is purified by electrolysis C Cathodes anodes negative terminal
using the set-up shown below. D Cathodes anodes positive terminal
B
ED
TVQQMZ

51 Which of the following statement is correct?

QVSF
DPQQFS
JNQVSF
DPQQFS
A Electrode A gradually dissolves.
SPE DPOUBJOJOH
[JOD
B The colour of the copper(II) sulphate solution
DPQQFS **
becomes less intense.
TVMQIBUF
TPMVUJPO
C H2 is liberated at electrode C.
D O2 is liberated at electrode D. A

50
Directions: Questions 52 and 53 refer to the following 54 For the electrolysis of dilute sodium bromide
experiment. solution using carbon electrodes, which of the
following statements is / are correct?
P and Q are two differrent metals. When a current
flows in the external circuit of the set-up for some (1) A yellow-brown colour develops near the
time, copper is found to deposit on the carbon cathode.
electrode R. (2) Oxidation occurs at the anode.
(3) The pH of the solution in the electrolytic
" cell decreases.
A (1) only
FMFDUSPEF
DBSCPO

B (2) only
NBEF
PG
1 FMFDUSPEF
4 C (1) and (3) only
DPQQFS **
D (2) and (3) only B
FMFDUSPEF
DBSCPO

TVMQIBUF

NBEF
PG
2 FMFDUSPEF
3
TPMVUJPO 55 Which of the following would occur when nickel(II)
TFUVQ
9 TFUVQ
: sulphate solution is electrolyzed using carbon
electrodes?
52 Which of the following electrodes are anodes? (1) The cathode dissolves.
A Electrode made of P and carbon electrode R (2) The pH of the solution decreases.
B Electrode made of P and carbon electrode S (3) The concentration of nickel(II) ions in the
C Electrode made of Q and carbon electrode solution increases.
S A (1) only
D Electrode made of Q and carbon electrode B (2) only
R C (1) and (3) only

Part A
C D (2) and (3) only B

53 Which of the following statements concerning 56 Using carbon as electrodes, which of the

Unit 22
set-up X are correct? following solutions would give hydrogen upon
(1) It functions as a chemical cell. electrolysis?
(2) Electrons flow from the electrode made (1) 1 mol dm–3 silver nitrate solution
of P to carbon electrode R in the external (2) 2 mol dm–3 potassium nitrate solution
circuit. (3) 3 mol dm–3 calcium nitrate solution
(3) Q occupies a higher position in the
A (1) only
electrochemical series than P.
B (2) only
A (1) and (2) only C (1) and (3) only
B (1) and (3) only D (2) and (3) only D
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B

51
 57 In which of the following processes will a metal Which of the following statements concerning
deposit on the cathode? the set-up are correct?
(1) Electrolysis of dilute copper(II) sulphate (1) Electrons flow from the magnesium strip
solution using copper electrodes to the zinc strip across the conducting
(2) Electrolysis of dilute nickel(II) iodide solution wire between the magnesium strip and
using carbon electrodes the zinc strip.
(3) Electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride (2) Magnesium is the anode in potato A.
solution using mercury cathode and carbon (3) Lemons can be used to replace the
anode potatos.
A (1) and (2) only A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D D (1), (2) and (3) D

58 Upon electrolysis, which of the following solutions 60 Which of the following are commercial uses of
would give hydrogen at the carbon cathode and electrolysis?
oxygen at the carbon anode?
(1) Anodizing aluminium
(1) Concentrated sodium sulphate solution (2) Extracting iron from iron ores
(2) Concentrated sodium iodide solution (3) Refining of copper
(3) Dilute copper(II) sulphate solution
A (1) and (2) only
A (1) only B (1) and (3) only
B (2) only C (2) and (3) only
C (1) and (3) only D (1), (2) and (3) B
Part A

D (2) and (3) only A

59 The diagram below shows a set-up with metal

Unit 22

strips inserted in fresh potatoes.

EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
BT
WPMUNFUFS

DPQQFS NBHOFTJVN [JOD DPQQFS

QPUBUP
" QPUBUP
#

52
 Directions : Each question (Questions 61 – 68) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :

A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.

1st statement 2nd statement

61 During the electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride A hydrogen ion is a stronger oxidizing agent A
solution using carbon electrodes, hydrogen than a sodium ion.
gas but not sodium is formed at the cathode.

62 During the electrolysis of concentrated sodium A bromide ion is a stronger reducing agent D
bromide solution using carbon electrodes, than a hydroxide ion.
bromine is produced at the cathode.

63 During the electrolysis of 2 mol dm–3 nickel(II) In 2 mol dm–3 nickel(II) sulphate solution, the C
sulphate solution using carbon electrodes, concentration of sulphate ions is higher than
sulphate ions are discharged at the anode. that of hydroxide ions.

Part A
64 In the electrolysis of 2 mol dm–3 copper(II) A hydroxide ion is a stronger reducing agent C
chloride solution using carbon electrodes, than a chloride ion.

Unit 22
oxygen is liberated at the anode.

65 Carbon anodes are used in the electrolysis Carbon is a reducing agent. B

of concentrated sodium chloride solution in
industry.

66 Platinum anodes, rather than carbon ones, Chlorine gas does not attack platinum. D
should be used in the electroysis of brine.

67 During the electroplating of nickel on a copper During the electroplating of nickel on a copper C
object, a nickel rod is made the cathode. object, reduction occurs at the cathode.

68 Slaked lime is often added to effluents from Slaked lime can neutralize acids in the A
copper refining process. effluents.

53
 Part B Topic-based exercise

Multiple choice questions

1 Which of the following statements concerning 5 The following ionic half-equations represent the
an alkaline manganese cell is correct? chemical changes that occur in a commonly used
chemical cell:
A Reduction occurs at the electrode made of
zinc. Electrode X:
B Manganese acts as the cathode.
Ag2O + H2O + 2e– 2Ag + 2OH–
C Oxidation occurs at the anode.
D Manganese(IV) oxide acts as the electrolyte. Electrode Y:
C Zn + 2OH– ZnO + H2O + 2e–
Which of the following combinations concerning
2 Which of the following statements concerning a
the chemical cell is correct?
silver oxide cell is correct?
Anode Oxidation occurs at
A It is rechargeable.
B Manganese(IV) oxide acts as the electrolyte. A electrode X electrode X
C Its anode is made of silver. B electrode X electrode Y
D Its cathode is made of silver oxide. D C electrode Y electrode X
D electrode Y electrode Y D
3 Which of the following statements concerning a
nickel metal hydride is correct? 6 The nickel-cadmium cell is used to power small
appliances. When the cell is being used, the
A It has very low self-discharge rate.
chemical changes that occur are represented by
B Its energy density is higher than that of a
the following ionic half-equations:
lead-acid accumulator.
Part B

C Nickel(II) hydroxide acts as the electrolyte. at electrode X:

D Its cathode is made of hydrogen absorbing
NiO2(s) + 2H2O(l) + 2e–
alloys. B
Ni(OH)2(s) + 2OH–(aq)

4 Which of the following statements concerning a at electrode Y:

lithium ion secondary cell is INCORRECT?
A Lithium atoms lying between graphite sheets
act as the anode.
B It has a high energy density.
C It offers relatively low discharge currents.
D During discharge, lithium atoms move from
the anode to the cathode through the
electrolyte.
Cd(s) + 2OH–(aq) Cd(OH)2(s) + 2e–
Which of the following statements concerning
the nickel-cadmium cell is correct?
A It is rechargeable.
B Oxidation occurs at X.
C Its cathode is made of cadmium.
D Electrons flow from X to Y in the external
D
circuit when the cell operates. A

54
7 Consider the following set-up used to compare 9 X and Y are two different metals. A current flows
the tendency of four metals to form ions. from X to Y in the external circuit of the set-up
shown below.
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
BT
WPMUNFUFS DVSSFOU
"

DPQQFS
TUSJQ NFUBM
9 NFUBM
:

m

GJMUFS
QBQFS

TPBLFE
XJUI
EJMVUF
TVMQIVSJD
BDJE
TPEJVN
DIMPSJEF
NFUBM
9
TPMVUJPO
Which of the following statements is correct?
Results of the experiment are recorded in the
following table. A The electrode made of X is the anode.
B The electrode made of Y gradually dissolves.
Direction of electron C Hydrogen ions are reduced at the electrode
Metal
flow in the external Voltage(V) made of Y.
under test
circuit D The position of X in the electrochemical series
P P to Cu +0.20 is higher than that of Y. B

Q Q to Cu +1.41
Directions: Questions 10 and 11 refer to the following
R Cu to R +0.22 information.
S S to Cu +0.79 Four half-cells are constructed in the following way:

Which of the following represents the descending Half-cell I: an electrode of metal P in a solution of
order of tendency to form ions of the four P+(aq) ions
metals? Half-cell II: an electrode of metal Q in a solution of
Q+(aq) ions

Part B
A R, Q, S, P Half-cell III: an electrode of metal R in a solution of
B Q, S, P, R R+(aq) ions
C R, P, S, Q Half-cell IV: an electrode of Cu(s) metal in a solution
D Q, S, R, P B of Cu+(aq) ions

8 Consider the following table. The half-cells are connected in pairs to form a series
of chemical cells.
Element W X Y Z For each cell, the polarity of the electrodes and the
Number of voltage generated are recorded.
6 8 11 18
protons in atom
Half-cells Positive Negative
Voltage (V)
Which of the following elements is likely to be used electrode electrode
an oxidizing agent? I and IV P Cu 0.46

A W II and IV Cu Q 0.57
B X
III and IV Cu R 1.10
C Y
D Z B II and III Q R 0.53

55
 10 Which one of the following lists the metals in 15 Which of the following species contains
order of increasing reducing power? molybdenum (Mo) with its highest oxidation
number?
A R, Q, Cu, P
B Cu, P, Q, R A MoCl5
C P, Cu, R, Q B Mo2S3
D P, Cu, Q, R D C MoO42–
D Mo6Cl12 C
11 In which of the following cases will a reaction
take place? 16 Which of the following gives the correct oxidation
numbers for the nitrogen atoms in all three
A B species?
N2 Li3N NO2–
3 BR 2 BR
A 0 –3 +3
DPQQFS DPQQFS B –3 –3 +3
C 0 +3 –3
C D D –3 –3 –3 A

17 In which of the following reactions does sulphur

2 BR 3 BR
exhibit the same oxidation numbers in all the
3 2 C species involved?
A 3CaSO4 + CaS 4CaO + 4SO2
12 Which of the following is a redox reaction? B H2SO4 + SO3 H2S2O7
A Adding silver nitrate solution to sodium C Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2
chloride solution D Na2S2O3 + 2HCl
B Electrolysis of sea water 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O + S B
C Acidifying potassium dichromate solution with
18 Using 1 mole of reactant, which of the following
Part B

dilute sulphuric acid

D Passing sulphur dioxide into dilute sodium chemical changes involves the smallest number
hydroxide solution B of moles of electrons?
A C2O42–(aq) 2CO2(g)
13 The oxidation number of phosphorus in Na3PO4 B MnO4–(aq) 2+
Mn (aq)
is C SO32–(aq) 2–
SO4 (aq)
A +1. D VO2+(aq) VO2+(aq) D
B +3.
C +5. 19 Which of the following conversions is NOT a
D +7. C reduction?
A Cr2O3 Cr
14 What is the oxidation number of chromium in B TiCl4 Ti
(NH4)2Cr2O7? C TiO2 TiCl4
A +2 D H2SO4 SO2 C
B +4
C +6 20 Which of the following conversions is an
D +8 C oxidation?
A 2Br– Br2
B MnO4– MnO2
C SO3 H2S2O7
VO2+
2+
D VO A
56
21 Which of the following substances, when mixed 26 Consider the following equation:
with aqueous bromine, would form a colourless 2+ +
xFe (aq) + O2(g) + yH (aq)
solution?
xFe3+(aq) + zH2O(l)
A Carbon dioxide gas
Which of the following combinations is correct?
B Sodium chloride solution
C Sodium iodide solution x y z
D Sulphur dioxide gas D A 2 2 1
B 2 4 2
22 Which of the following substances will NOT C 4 4 2
decolorize acidified potassium permanganate D 4 2 4 C
solution?
A Concentrated hydrochloric acid 27 Consider the ionic half-equations of a redox
B Iron(II) chloride solution reaction:
C Potassium sulphite solution MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e–
D Sodium sulphate solution D Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
Sn2+(aq) 4+
Sn (aq) + 2e
–
23 In which of the following equations does the
underlined substance undergo reduction? How many moles of MnO4–(aq) ions will react
completely with one mole of Sn2+(aq) ions?
A 2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3
B MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCI2 + CO2 + H2O A 0.4
C Fe2(SO4)3 + 2KI 2FeSO4 + K2SO4 + I2 B 1
D 2NH3 + 3CuO 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O D C 2
D 5 A
24 In which of the following equations does the
underlined substance become oxidized? 28 Consider the following chemical cell. The position
of zinc in the electrochemical cell is higher than
A Fe + S FeS
that of cobalt.
B H2SO4 + CuO CuSO4 + H2O

Part B
C NaOCl + SO2 + H2O NaCl + H2SO4
7
D ZnSO4 + Mg Zn + MgSO4 D

25 Consider the chemical equation shown below. DPCBMU
TUSJQ [JOD
TUSJQ

3I2 + xHNO3 yH2O + xNO + zHIO3 TBMU

$P /0  BR CSJEHF ;O /0  BR
Which of the following combinations is correct?
x y z
A 5 1 3 Which of the following statements concerning
B 5 2 4 the chemical cell is INCORRECT?
C 10 2 6 A Electron flows from the zinc strip to the cobalt
D 10 4 6 C strip in the external circuit.
B Both metal strips gradually dissolves.
C Oxidation occurs at the zinc strip.
D Reduction occurs at the cobalt strip. B

57
 29 Consider the following set-up connected to a A Reaction 1 can be brought about by adding
voltmeter: dilute nitric acid to magnesium.
B Reaction 2 can be brought about by allowing
7 concentrated nitric acid to decompose under
sunlight.
OJDLFM
OJDLFM
C The oxidation number of nitrogen increases
FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
:
in Reaction 3.
D Reaction 4 occurs when nitrogen dioxide is
exposed to air. D
DPODFOUSBUFE
EJMVUF
OJDLFM **

OJDLFM **
TVMQIBUF
TPMVUJPO
TVMQIBUF
32 An alloy contains 70% copper and 30% zinc.
TPMVUJPO HMBTT
XPPM
QMVH Which of the following will be observed when the
alloy is heated with concentrated nitric acid?
In the set-up, electrons flow in such a direction A The alloy dissolves completely to give a
that the concentration of Ni2+(aq) ions on both colourless solution.
sides becomes the same eventually. B The alloy dissolves completely to give a pale
Which of the following statements concerning blue solution.
the set-up is correct? C Part of the alloy dissolves, leaving behind a
brown solid.
A The glass wool plug allows electrons to flow
D Part of the alloy dissolves, leaving behind a
between the two solutions.
grey solid. B
B Oxidation occurs at X.
C Electrons flow from Y to X in the external
33 In which of the following reactions does sulphur
circuit.
dioxide act as an oxidizing agent?
D The mass of X decreases while the mass of
Y increases. C A SO2 + 2H2O + Cl2 H2SO4 + 2HCl
B SO2 + 2NaOH Na2SO3 + H2O
30 Which of the following solutions would NOT react C 2SO2 + O2 2SO3
Part B

with aqueous chlorine? D SO2 + 2H2S 2H2O + 3S D

A Ammonium iodide solution

34 Which of the following statements concerning
B Iron(II) chloride solution
sulphur dioxide is INCORRECT?
C Potassium nitrate solution
D Zinc bromide solution C A It can be prepared by heating copper turnings
with concentrated sulphuric acid.
31 Consider the conversions between three nitrogen B It can turn limewater milky.
compounds shown in the flow diagram below. C It can be absorbed by sodium hydroxide
solution.
3FBDUJPO
 D It can reduce potassium iodide solution. D
)/0 BR /0 H
3FBDUJPO

35 Which of the following reactions would produce
a halogen?
3FBDUJPO
 3FBDUJPO

A Adding concentrated sulphuric acid to sodium
chloride
/0 H B Adding concentrated sulphuric acid to sodium
bromide
Which of the following statements is C Passing sulphur dioxide gas into potassium
INCORRECT? bromide solution
D Passing sulphur dioxide gas into potassium
iodide solution B
58
36 The metals Cd, Ga, Hg and Pd react as shown 39 The following diagram shows the set-up of a
below: chemical cell.
3+
Cd(s) + Ga (aq) no reaction EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
Hg2+(aq) + Pd(s) 2+
Pd (aq) + Hg(s) BT
WPMUNFUFS
3Pd2+(aq) + 2Ga(s) 3+
2Ga (aq) + 3Pd(s)
Which of the following metals is the strongest
reducing agent?
A Pd DBSCPO
DBSCPO

B Ga FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
:
C Cd TBMU

NJYUVSF
PG
CSJEHF NJYUVSF
PG

D Hg B ,#S BR
'F40 BR
BOE

BOE
#S BR 'F 40  BR

37 Three elements (X, Y and Z) and solutions of

It is known that Br2(aq) is a stronger oxidizing
their anions are mixed. The results are shown in
agent than Fe3+(aq) ion.
the following table.
Which of the following statement is correct?
X Y Z A X is the anode.
–
X (aq) — reaction occurs no reaction B Reduction occurs at Y.
C Electrons flow from Y to X in the external
Y–(aq) no reaction — no reaction
circuit.
Z–(aq) reaction occurs reaction occurs — D The following ionic half-equation represents one
of the chemical changes that would occur:
Which of the following lists the elements in 2Br–(aq) Br2(aq) + 2e
–
C
decreasing oxidizing power?
Directions: Questions 40 and 41 refer to a lead-acid
A X > Y > Z
cell.
B Y > X > Z

Part B
C Y > Z > X The following ionic half-equations represent the
D Z > X > Y B chemical changes that occur in a lead-acid cell during
discharge:
38 Consider the chemical cell shown below.
at electrode X:
7 Pb(s) + SO42–(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2e–
at electrode Y:
PbO2(s) + 4H (aq) + SO42–(aq) + 2e
DBSCPO
DBSCPO
+ –
FMFDUSPEF
: FMFDUSPEF
9
TBMU
PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

NPM
ENm
CSJEHF 
NPM
ENm
,M BR

'F 40  BR XJUI
TPNF
TUBSDI

40 Which of the following statements is INCORRECT
TPMVUJPO
when the cell is discharging?
Which of the following statements concerning
A Oxidation occurs at electrode X.
the cell is INCORRECT?
B PbO2(s) is reduced.
A A current flows from X to Y in the external C The pH of the electrolyte increases.
circuit. D Electrons flow from electrode Y to electrode
B Reduction occurs at Y. X in the external circuit. D
C A blue colour appears in KI(aq) after the cell
has operated for some time.
D Fe2(SO4)3(aq) changes from yellow-brown to
green gradually. A
59
 41 When the cell is recharged, which of the following Which of the following statements concerning
chemical changes would occur at the electrode the above set-up is correct?
connected to the positive terminal of the external
A Sodium is liberated at X.
power source?
B Oxygen is liberated at Y.
A Reduction of PbSO4 C The solution around X appears blue after some
B Reduction of PbO2 time.
C Oxidation of PbSO4 D The electrolyte becomes more concentrated
D Oxidation of Pb C gradually. D

42 A fuel cell that can provide power for buses is the 44 In an experiment of electroplating silver on a
phosphoric acid fuel cell, PAFC. The electrolyte is copper object, which of the following combinations
concentrated phosphoric acid and the reactants is correct?
are hydrogen and oxygen gases.
Anode Cathode Electrolyte
A simplified sketch of a phosphoric acid fuel cell
A Silver copper object contains Ag+ ions
is given below.
B Silver copper object contains Cu2+ ions
MPBE C Copper silver contains Ag+ ions
object
D Copper silver contains Cu2+ ions
) BR )0 H object A

)10m BR 45 A compound is composed of metal M and chlorine.

) H 0 H Electrolysis of this compound in molten state
produces the same number of M atoms at the
FMFDUSPEF
: FMFDUSPEF
9
cathode as chlorine molecules at the anode.
Which of the following combinations concerning What is the oxidation number of M in the
the fuel cell is correct? compound?
Part B

Flow of electrons in H2PO4–(aq) ions A +1

the external circuit move towards B +2
C +3
A From X to Y X
D +4 B
B From X to Y Y
C From Y to X X
Directions: Questions 46 and 47 refer to the following
D From Y to X Y D
equation:
43 Consider the following set-up. xIO3–(aq) + yHSO3–(aq)
zSO42–(aq) + I2(aq) + 3H+(aq) + H2O(l)

46 Which of the following combinations is correct?

DBSCPO
DBSCPO

FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
: x y z

EJMVUF
TPEJVN
A 5 2 2
OJUSBUF
TPMVUJPO
B 2 5 2
DPOUBJOJOH
C 2 5 5
VOJWFSTBM
JOEJDBUPS
D 5 5 2 C

60
47 Which of the following statements is / are (3) Reaction 3 involves a change in the
correct? oxidation number of chromium.
–
(1) The oxidation number of iodine in IO3 (aq) A (1) and (2) only
ion is +5. B (1) and (3) only
(2) IO3–(aq) ion is oxidized by HSO3–(aq) ion C (2) and (3) only
in the reaction. D (1), (2) and (3) A
(3) One of the ionic half-equations of this
reaction is 50 Which of the following gases can act as reducing
IO3–(aq) + 6H+(aq) + 5e– agents?
I2(aq) + 3H2O(l)
(1) Hydrogen
A (1) only (2) Fluorine
B (2) only (3) Sulphur dioxide
C (1) and (3) only
A (1) and (2) only
D (2) and (3) only A
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
Directions: Questions 48 and 49 refer to the reaction
D (1), (2) and (3) B
scheme shown below.

m
51 Which of the following are redox reactions?
$S0 BR
(1) H2O2 + Na2SO3 H2O + Na2SO4
'F40

) 3FBDUJPO
 (2) NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3
;O

) (3) 4HNO3 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2
$S BR $S BR
3FBDUJPO
 A (1) and (2) only
/B0) 3FBDUJPO
 B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
<$S 0) >m BR D (1), (2) and (3) B

Part B
)0 3FBDUJPO
 52 Consider the redox reaction represented by the
equation below:
$S0m BR
2S2O32–(aq) + I2(aq) S4O62–(aq) + 2I–(aq)
Which of the following statements is / are
48 In which of the following reactions is the role of correct?
the reagent stated correctly?
(1) The oxidation number of sulphur in
Reaction Role of reagent S2O32–(aq) ion is +2.
A 1 FeSO4 is an oxidizing agent (2) I2(aq) is oxidized by S2O32–(aq) ions in the
B 2 Zn is a reducing agent reaction.
C 3 NaOH is an oxidizing agent (3) S2O32–(aq) ion acts as a reducing agent in
D 4 H2O2 is a reducing agent B the reaction.
A (1) only
49 Which of the following statements are correct? B (2) only
(1) The oxidation numbers of chromium shown C (1) and (3) only
in the reaction scheme are +2, +3 and D (2) and (3) only C
+6.
(2) Reactions 1 and 4 involve a colour
change.

61
 53 In which of the following reactions does the same 57 Which of the following reagents can be used to
element undergoes simultaneous oxidation and distinguish between sodium sulphite solution and
reduction? sodium sulphate solution?
(1) Cu2O(s) + 2H+(aq) (1) Aqueous bromine
2+
Cu(s) + Cu (aq) + H2O(l) (2) Barium nitrate solution
(2) 3Br2(l) + 6KOH(aq) (3) Sodium iodide solution
5KBr(aq) + KBrO3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
A (1) only
(3) 3MnO4 (aq) + 4H+(aq)
2–
B (2) only
2MnO4–(aq) + MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l)
C (1) and (3) only
A (1) and (2) only D (2) and (3) only A
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only 58 Which of the following statements concerning
D (1), (2) and (3) D dilute nitric acid is / are correct?
(1) It reacts with zinc to give hydrogen.
54 Which of the following solutions can react with
(2) It turns litmus solution red.
aqueous chlorine to give a coloured solution?
(3) It reacts with sodium carbonate to give
(1) Sodium bromide solution carbon dioxide gas.
(2) Sodium sulphite solution
A (1) only
(3) Sodium iodide solution
B (2) only
A (1) and (2) only C (1) and (3) only
B (1) and (3) only D (2) and (3) only D
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B 59 Which of the following statements concerning
the reaction of dilute nitric acid with copper is /
55 Which of the following substances can react with are correct?
aqueous bromine?
(1) Hydrogen gas is evolved.
Part B

(1) Ammonium chloride solution (2) One mole of NO3–(aq) ions requires three
(2) Potassium iodide solution moles of electrons for reduction.
(3) Sulphur dioxide (3) It involves a displacement reaction.
A (1) and (2) only A (1) only
B (1) and (3) only B (2) only
C (2) and (3) only C (1) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C D (2) and (3) only B

56 Which of the following methods can be used to 60 A mixture contains copper powder and iron
distinguish between sodium bromide solution and powder. To remove the iron powder, the mixture
sodium iodide solution? is heated with an acid and filtered. Which of the
following acids can be used?
(1) Adding aqueous chlorine and then shaken
with an organic solvent (1) Dilute hydrochloric acid
(2) Adding an iodine solution (2) Dilute nitric acid
(3) Adding sodium chloride solution (3) Concentrated nitric acid
A (1) only A (1) only
B (2) only B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A D (2) and (3) only A

62
61 Which of the following substances can be used 65 Which of the following is / are suitable preparation
to distinguish between dilute nitric acid and dilute method(s)?
sulphuric acid?
(1) Preparing sulphur dioxide from copper and
(1) Iron concentrated sulphuric acid
(2) Lead(II) nitrate solution (2) Preparing nitrogen monoxide from
(3) Solid potassium carbonate magnesium and concentrated nitric acid
(3) Preparing hydrogen iodide from sodium
A (1) and (2) only
iodide and concentrated sulphuric acid
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only A (1) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
62 Which of the following gases have a characteristic D (2) and (3) only A
odour?
66 Consider the following chemical cell. The digital
(1) Chlorine
multimeter gives a positive reading.
(2) Oxygen
(3) Sulphur dioxide EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
BT
WPMUNFUFS
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
m
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B

63 Which of the following solutions would undergo NFUBM
9 NFUBM
:

a colour change when mixed with sodium sulphite TBMU

TPMVUJPO
PG
TPMVUJPO
PG

solution? DIMPSJEF
PG
9
CSJEHF
DIMPSJEF
PG
:
(1) Iodine solution
(2) Chromium(III) sulphate solution
Which of the following statements are correct?

Part B
(3) Acidified potassium permanganate
solution (1) The position of X in the electrochemical
series is lower than that of Y.
A (1) and (2) only
(2) Metal X is the anode.
B (1) and (3) only
(3) A current flows from Y to X in the external
C (2) and (3) only
circuit.
D (1), (2) and (3) B
A (1) and (2) only
64 Which of the following substances, when mixed, B (1) and (3) only
will undergo a chemical reaction? C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C
(1) Bromine and sodium chloride solution
(2) Sulphur dioxide and calcium hydroxide
67 X and Y are metals. X reacts with a solution
solution
of sulphate of Y according to the following
(3) Zinc nitrate solution and dilute sodium
equation:
hydroxide solution
X(s) + Y2+(aq) X2+(aq) + Y(s)
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only Which of the following deductions are correct?
C (2) and (3) only (1) X is more reactive than Y.
D (1), (2) and (3) C (2) Y2+(aq) ion acts as an oxidizing agent in
the reaction.

63
 (3) X acts as the cathode when X and Y Which of the chemical changes represented by
are used as the electrodes in a chemical the following ionic half-equations would occur
cell. when the cell is producing a current?
A (1) and (2) only (1) MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e–
2+
B (1) and (3) only Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l)
2+
C (2) and (3) only (2) Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l)
MnO4–(aq) + 8H (aq) + 5e
+ –
D (1), (2) and (3) A
2+ –
(3) Cu(s) Cu (aq) + 2e
68 The following diagram shows the set-up of a
A (1) only
chemical cell.
B (2) only
EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS C (1) and (3) only
BT
WPMUNFUFS D (2) and (3) only C

70 The diagram below shows a sodium-nickel(II)

chloride cell connected to an external circuit.
The cell operates at a high temperature of about
DBSCPO
SPE DBSCPO
SPE 300 °C.

TBMU
MPBE
NJYUVSF
PG
CSJEHF NJYUVSF
PG


4O BR
BOE
#Sm BR
JPOT

4O BR
JPOT BOE
#S BR

Given that Br 2 (aq) is a stronger oxidizing

JOFSU
FMFDUSPEF
#
agent than Sn4+(aq) ion, which of the changes
represented by the following ionic half-equations OJDLFM **
DIMPSJEF


FMFDUSPMZUF
would occur if the cell is producing a current?
JOFSU
FMFDUSPEF
"
(1) Sn2+(aq) Sn4+(aq) + 2e– TPEJVN
(2) Br2(aq) + 2e– 2Br–(aq)
Part B

(3) 2Br–(aq) Br2(aq) + 2e–

A (1) and (2) only Which of the following statements are correct
B (1) and (3) only when the cell operates?
C (2) and (3) only (1) A current flows from electrode A to
D (1), (2) and (3) A
electrode B in the external circuit.
(2) Sodium is oxidized.
69 Consider the set-up shown below. (3) Sodium is in molten state.
7 A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
DPQQFS
DBSCPO
D (1), (2) and (3) D
FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
:
TBMU

CSJEHF


NPM
ENm

NPM
ENm
)40 BR

$V40 BR

NPM
ENm
,.O0 BR



NPM
ENm
.O40 BR

64
71 The diagram below shows an aluminium-air The ionic half-equations for the chemical changes
cell. that occur at the aluminium can and the carbon rod
are listed below:
at the aluminium can:
Al(s) + 4OH–(aq) [Al(OH)4]–(aq) + 3e–
"M T JOFSU
QPSPVT
NBUFSJBM
0
at the carbon rod:
0 OCl–(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e– Cl–(aq) + 2OH–(aq)
GMPXJOH
0
FMFDUSPMZUF
FMFDUSPEF
9 FMFDUSPEF
: 72 Which of the following statements concerning
the chemical cell are correct?
The ionic half-equations for the chemical changes
that occur at electrodes X and Y are listed (1) Electrons flow from the aluminium can to
below: the carbon rod in the external circuit.
(2) The aluminium can acts as the anode.
at X: Al(s) + 3OH–(aq) Al(OH3)(s) + 3e
–
(3) OCl–(aq) ions are oxidized.
at Y: O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– 4OH–(aq)
A (1) and (2) only
Which of the following statements concerning B (1) and (3) only
the cell are correct? C (2) and (3) only
(1) Reduction occurs at X. D (1), (2) and (3) A

(2) Y is the cathode.

(3) Electrons flow from X to Y in the external 73 A student wants to investigate the relation
circuit. between the current produced by the chemical
cell and the concentration of OCl–(aq) ions in the
A (1) and (2) only bleach.
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only Which of the following should the student keep
D (1), (2) and (3) C
constant when conducting this experiment?

Part B
(1) The depth of immersion of the carbon rod
Directions: Questions 72 and 73 refer to the following in the bleach
chemical cell. (2) The separation between the carbon rod
and the aluminium can
A chemical cell consists of an aluminium can, a carbon
(3) The size of the aluminium can and the
rod and household bleach (containing OCl– ions). The
carbon rod
diagram below shows the set-up of the cell connected
to a load and an ammeter. A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
MPBE C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) D

"
DBSCPO
SPE 74 For the electrolysis of 2 mol dm–3 sodium chloride
solution using carbon electrodes, which of the
following statements is / are correct?
BMVNJOJVN
DBO
(1) Reduction occurs at the cathode.
(2) Hydrogen gas is liberated at the anode.
(3) The pH of the solution in the electrolytic
IPVTFIPME
CMFBDI
cell increases.

65
 A (1) only 78 During the electrolysis of an electrolyte using
B (2) only carbon electrodes, only one gas is produced. The
C (1) and (3) only electrolyte could be
D (2) and (3) only C
(1) dilute copper(II) chloride solution.
(2) molten calcium chloride.
75 An iron bolt is nickel-plated using the set-up
(3) dilute sodium hydroxide solution.
shown below:
A (1) and (2) only
ED
QPXFS
B (1) and (3) only
TVQQMZ C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
OJDLFM

FMFDUSPEF
JSPO
CPMU 79 Which of the following methods can help to
OJDLFM **
TVMQIBUF
control the pollution from the electroplating
TPMVUJPO industry?
(1) Use less water to rinse electroplated
Which of the following statements concerning
objects.
the set-up are correct?
(2) Add sodium hydroxide solution to
(1) The nickel electrode is the cathode. effluents to remove heavy metal ions as
(2) Reduction occurs at the iron bolt. precipitates.
(3) The concentration of nickel(II) ions in the (3) Add sulphuric acid to adjust the pH of
solution remains unchanged. alkaline effluents.
A (1) and (2) only A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C D (1), (2) and (3) D

76 Using carbon as electrodes, which of the 80 Which of the following processes would give an
Part B

following solutions would give hydrogen upon obvious colour change?

electrolysis?
(1) Electrolysis of concentrated magnesium
(1) 1 mol dm–3 copper(II) chloride solution bromide solution using carbon electrodes
(2) 2 mol dm–3 sodium sulphate solution (2) Adding copper to concentrated nitric
(3) 3 mol dm–3 calcium chloride solution acid
(3) Passing sulphur dioxide gas into sodium
A (1) only
iodide solution
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only A (1) and (2) only
D (2) and (3) only D B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
77 Using carbon as electrodes, which of the following D (1), (2) and (3) A
solutions would give oxygen upon electrolysis?
(1) 1 mol dm–3 nickel(II) sulphate solution
(2) 2 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution
(3) 3 mol dm–3 magnesium chloride solution
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A

66
 Directions : Each question (Questions 81 – 100) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :

A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.

1st statement 2nd statement

81 Silver oxide cells are commonly used in portable Silver oxide cells are rechargeable. D
CD players.

82 A lithium ion secondary cell is capable of A lithium ion secondary cell has a high energy C
delivery high discharge currents. density.

83 Alkaline manganese cells and nickel metal Potassium hydroxide acts as the electrolyte C
hydride cells are both rechargeable. in both alkaline manganese cells and nickel
metal hydride cells.

84 When a zinc-carbon cell is supplying electricity, When a zinc-carbon cell is supplying electricity, B
ammonium ions are consumed. oxidation occurs at the anode.

85 In a nickel-silver chemical cell using sodium Nickel releases electrons more readily than A

Part B
chloride solution as the electrolyte, the nickel silver.
electrode acts as the anode.

86 When a current flows through a simple When a current flows through the copper-zinc A
copper-zinc chemical cell using dilute sulphuric chemical cell, hydrogen ions in the electrolyte
acid as the electrolyte, colourless gas bubbles are reduced to hydrogen gas.
are given off from the copper electrode.

87 The reaction between sodium and water is a Sodium reacts vigorously with water. B
redox reaction.

88 Aqueous chlorine can decolorize acidified Both aqueous chlorine and acidified potassium C
potassium permanganate solution. permanganate solution are common oxidizing
agents.

89 Aqueous chlorine can be used to distinguish Aqueous chlorine can oxidize sodium bromide A
between sodium bromide solution and sodium solution but not sodium chloride solution.
chloride solution.

67
 90 A colourless solution results when ammonium Aqueous bromine can oxidize iodide ions to C
iodide solution is mixed with aqueous bromine. iodine.

91 The reaction between dilute nitric acid and Dilute nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent. C
iron(II) carbonate is a redox reaction.

92 When mixed with concentrated sulphuric acid, Hydrogen iodide is a stronger reducing agent C
sodium iodide reacts to give a halogen while than hydrogen bromide.
sodium bromide does not give a halogen.

93 Sodium carbonate powder can be used to Concentrated nitric acid reacts with sodium D
distinguish between concentrated nitric acid and carbonate powder to give nitrogen dioxide
concentrated sulphuric acid. gas while concentrated sulphuric acid reacts
to give sulphur dioxide gas.

94 When sulphur dioxide gas is passed into an A displacement reaction occurs when sulphur D
iodine solution prepared by dissolving iodine in dioxide gas is passed into the iodine solution.
potassium iodide solution, the colour of the
solution changes from purple to colourless.

95 Sodium sulphite solution and sodium sulphate Aqueous bromine can be reduced by sodium A
solution can be distinguished by using aqueous sulphite to colourless bromide ions, but not
bromine. by sodium sulphate.

96 In direct methanol fuel cell, both methanol and A direct methanol fuel cell requires both C
oxygen function as fuels. methanol and oxygen to operate.

97 Platinum can be used to make electrodes for Platinum is inert towards all chemicals. D
Part B

the electrolysis of all electrolytes.

98 During the electrolysis of 0.1 mol dm–3 CuCl2(aq) A chloride ion is a stronger reducing agent D
using platinum electrodes, chlorine is the major than a hydroxide ion.
product formed at the anode.

99 During the refining of copper using electrolysis, During the refining process, copper is C
the concentration of copper(II) ions in the transferred from the anode to the cathode.
electrolyte remains unchanged.

100 During the electroplating of nickel on an iron During the electroplating process, oxidation D
object, a nickel electrode is made the cathode occurs at the cathode while reduction occurs
while the iron object is made the anode. at the anode.

68
 Short questions

101 Complete the following table. (10 marks)

Species Oxidation number of the underlined element

KMnO4 +7

ClO4– +7

Co(NH3)4Cl2 +2

H2S2O7 +6

NH4NO3 –3

Cr2O72– +6

NH4VO3 +5

[Pb(OH)4]2– +2

Na2S2O3 +2

H2O2 –1

102 Which of the following equations represent redox reactions? Explain your answer in each case.

a) Cu2+ + 2OH– Cu(OH)2 (2 marks)

This is not a redox reaction (1)

because oxidation numbers of all elements remain unchanged in the reaction. (1)

Part B
+2 –2 +1 +2 –2 +1
2+
Cu + 2OH– Cu(OH)2

b) PCl3 + Cl2 PCl5 (2 marks)

The oxidation number of P increases from +3 to +5 while that of Cl decreases from 0 to –1. (1)

Therefore it is a redox reaction. (1)

+3 0 +5 –1
PCl3 + Cl2 P Cl5

c) SO2 + 2Mg 2MgO + S (2 marks)

The oxidation number of S decreases from +4 to 0 while that of Mg increases from 0 to +2. (1)

Therefore it is a redox reaction. (1)

+4 0 +2 0
SO2 + 2Mg 2MgO + S

69
 d) 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 (2 marks)

This is not a redox reaction (1)

because oxidation numbers of all elements remain unchanged in the reaction. (1)
+1 +1+4 –2 +1 +4 –2 +1 –2 +4 –2
2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

e) Zn + 2AgNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag (2 marks)

The oxidation number of Zn increases from 0 to +2 while that of Ag decreases from +1 to 0. (1)

Therefore it is a redox reaction. (1)

0 +1 +2 0
Zn + 2AgNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag

f) 2NH3 + 3CuO 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O (2 marks)

The oxidation number of N increases from –3 to 0 while that of Cu decreases from +2 to 0. (1)

Therefore it is a redox reaction. (1)

–3 +2 0 0
2NH3 + 3CuO 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O

g) 2CrO42– + 2H
+
Cr2O72– + H2O (2 marks)

This is not a redox reaction (1)

Part B

because oxidation numbers of all elements remain unchanged in the reaction. (1)
+6 –2 +1 +6 –2 +1 –2
2– +
2CrO4 + 2H Cr2O72– + H2O

h) 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 (2 marks)

The oxidation number of Cl decreases from +5 to –1 while that of O increases from –2 to 0. (1)

Therefore it is a redox reaction. (1)

+5 –2 –1 0
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

i) 4HNO3 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2 (2 marks)

The oxidation number of N decreases from +5 to +4 while that of O increases from –2 to 0. (1)

Therefore it is a redox reaction. (1)

+5 –2 +4 0
4HNO3 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2

70
 j) N2O4 + H2O HNO2 + HNO3 (2 marks)

The oxidation number of N decreases from +4 to +3 and increases from +4 to +5. (1)

Therefore it is a redox reaction. (1)

+4 +3 +5
N2O4 + H2O HNO2 + HNO3

103 In which of the following reactions is the underlined reactant reduced? Explain your answers.

a) Mg + CuSO4 MgSO4 + Cu (2 marks)

The oxidation number of Cu decreases from +2 to 0. (1)

Therefore CuSO4 is reduced. (1)

+2 0
Mg + CuSO4 MgSO4 + Cu

b) 2CrO42– + 2H+ Cr2O72– + H2O (2 marks)

The oxidation numbers of all elements remain unchanged in the reaction. This is not a redox reaction. (1)

Therefore CrO42– is not reduced. (1)

+6 –2 +1 +6 –2 +1 –2
2– +
2CrO4 + 2H Cr2O72– + H2O

c) CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2 marks)

Part B
The oxidation numbers of all elements remain unchanged in the reaction. This is not a redox reaction. (1)

Therefore CaCO3 is not reduced. (1)

+2 +4 –2 +1 –1 +2 –1 +4 –2 +1 –2
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

d) Fe2(SO4)3 + H2S 2FeSO4 + S + H2SO4 (2 marks)

The oxidation number of Fe decreases from +3 to +2. (1)

Therefore Fe2(SO4)3 is reduced. (1)

+3 +2
Fe2(SO4)3 + H2S 2FeSO4 + S + H2SO4

71
 e) 2KBr + Cl2 2KCl + Br2 (2 marks)

The oxidation number of Br increases from –1 to 0. (1)

Therefore KBr is oxidized, not reduced. (1)

–1 0
2KBr + Cl2 2KCl + Br2

f) C + 2H2SO4 CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O (2 marks)

The oxidation number of S decreases from +6 to +4. (1)

Therefore H2SO4 is reduced. (1)

+6 +4
C + 2H2SO4 CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O

g) Mg + 2NO3– + 4H
+ 2+
Mg + 2NO2 + 2H2O (2 marks)

The oxidation number of N decreases from +5 to +4. (1)

–
Therefore NO3 is reduced. (1)
+5 +4
– +
Mg + 2NO3 + 4H Mg2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O

h) 2VO2+ + 4H + 2I
+ – 2+
2VO + 2H2O + I2 (2 marks)

The oxidation number of V decreases from +5 to +4. (1)

Part B

+
Therefore VO2 is reduced. (1)
+5 +4
2VO2+ + 4H+ + 2I– 2VO2+ + 2H2O + I2

104 State and explain what would be observed in each of the following cases. Write an appropriate equation
for each reaction.

a) Adding sodium sulphite solution to aqueous bromine (3 marks)

The yellow-brown aqueous bromine becomes colourless. (1)

This is because the yellow-brown bromine is reduced to colourless bromide ions. (1)

2–
Br2(aq) + SO3 (aq) + H2O(l) 2Br–(aq) + SO42–(aq) + 2H+(aq) (1)

72
b) Adding aqueous chlorine to potassium iodide solution (3 marks)

A brown colour develops. (1)

This is due to the formation of iodine in the reaction. (1)

–
Cl2(aq) + 2I (aq) 2Cl–(aq) + I2(aq) (1)

c) Adding iron(III) sulphate solution to potassium iodide solution (3 marks)

A brown colour develops. (1)

This is due to the formation of iodine in the reaction. (1)

– 3+
2I (aq) + 2Fe (aq) I2(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq) (1)

d) Adding sodium sulphite solution to acidified potassium permanganate solution (3 marks)

The purple colour of acidified potassium permanganate solution fades. (1)

This is because the purple permanganate ions are reduced to pale pink / colourless manganese(II) ions. (1)

2– – +
5SO3 (aq) + 2MnO4 (aq) + 6H (aq) 5SO42–(aq) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 3H2O(l) (1)

e) Adding concentrated nitric acid to silver (3 marks)

The silver dissolves. / A brown gas is given off. (1)

Part B
This is because the nitrate ions are reduced to brown nitrogen dioxide gas. (1)

– +
Ag(s) + NO3 (aq) + 2H (aq) Ag+(aq) + NO2(g) + H2O(l) (1)

f) Adding dilute nitric acid to zinc (3 marks)

The zinc dissolves. / A colourless gas is given off. This gas gives a brown gas when mixed with air. (1)

This is because the nitrate ions are reduced to colourless nitrogen monoxide gas. This gas gives brown nitrogen dioxide

gas when mixed with air. (1)

– +
3Zn(s) + 2NO3 (aq) + 8H (aq) 3Zn2+(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l) (1)

g) Adding concentrated sulphuric acid to carbon (3 marks)

Colourless gas bubbles are given off. (1)

This is because concentrated sulphuric acid oxidizes carbon. Carbon dioxide gas and sulphur dioxide gas are formed. (1)

C(s) + 2H2SO4(l) CO2(g) + 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) (1)

73
 105 For each of the following pairs of substances, suggest a chemical test to distinguish one substance from the
other and state the expected observations.

a) Sodium bromide and sodium iodide (3 marks)

Any one of the following:

• Add concentrated sulphuric acid to each solid separately. (1)

Concentrated sulphuric acid gives reddish brown fumes when it reacts with sodium bromide. (1)

Concentrated sulphuric acid gives purple fumes that condense to a black solid when it reacts with sodium iodide. (1)

• Dissolve each solid in water. Then add aqueous chlorine to each solution separately. (1)

Solution of sodium bromide becomes yellow-brown in colour (bromine is formed). (1)

Add an organic solvent to the reaction mixture.

The bromine formed dissolves in the solvent and an orange layer appears.

Solution of sodium iodide becomes brown in colour (iodine is formed). (1)

Add an organic solvent to the reaction mixture.

The iodine formed dissolves in the solvent and a purple layer appears.

b) Concentrated sulphuric acid and concentrated nitric acid (3 marks)

Add copper to each acid separately. (1)

Concentrated nitric acid gives a brown gas with copper. (1)

Concentrated sulphuric acid gives a colourless gas with copper. (1)

Part B

c) Sodium sulphite solution and sodium sulphate solution (3 marks)

Any one of the following:

• Mix aqueous bromine with each solution separately. (1)

Sodium sulphite solution turns the yellow-brown aqueous bromine to colourless. (1)

Sodium sulphate solution shows no observable change. (1)

• Mix acidified potassium permanganate solution with each solution separately. (1)

Sodium sulphite solution turns the purple permanganate solution to colourless. (1)

Sodium sulphate solution shows no observable change. (1)

74
106 Complete the following table on the products and changes in solutions upon the electrolysis of some aqueous
solutions. (15 marks)

Material of Product at
Solution Change in the solution
anode cathode anode cathode

a) Dilute sulphuric acid platinum platinum oxygen hydrogen becomes more concentrated

b) Concentrated hydrochloric
carbon carbon chlorine hydrogen becomes more dilute
acid

c) Very dilute sodium chloride carbon carbon oxygen hydrogen becomes more concentrated

becomes sodium hydroxide

d) Dilute sodium chloride carbon carbon chlorine hydrogen
solution

e) Dilute magnesium sulphate carbon carbon oxygen hydrogen becomes more concentrated

f) Concentrated sodium
carbon mercury chlorine sodium becomes more dilute
chloride

g) Dilute copper(II) sulphate carbon carbon oxygen copper becomes sulphuric acid

copper(II)
h) Dilute copper(II) sulphate copper carbon copper remains unchanged
ions
copper(II)
i) Dilute copper(II) sulphate copper copper copper remains unchanged
ions

j) Dilute copper(II) chloride carbon carbon chlorine copper becomes more dilute

Part B
Structured questions

107 Consider the following alkaline manganese cells.

a) What is the material used to make

i) the cathode? (1 mark)

Manganese(IV) oxide (1)

ii) the anode? (1 mark)

Zinc (1) 75
 b) What is the material used as the electrolyte? (1 mark)

Potassium hydroxide (1)

c) State TWO advantages of this type of cells compared with a zinc-carbon cell. (2 marks)

Any two of the following:

Voltage falls slowly over discharge (1) / Able to supply a steady current (1) / Able to supply a large current (1) /

Long shelf life (1) / Long service life (1) / Leak proof (1)

d) State ONE disadvantage of this type of cells compared with a zinc-carbon cell. (1 mark)

More expensive (1)

e) Give ONE use of this type of cells where zinc-carbon cells are unsuitable. (1 mark)

Any one of the following:

Portable CD players (1) / Motorized toys (1) / Flash guns (1) / Appliances with moderate and continuous drains (1)

108 a) Explain why you would NOT use

i) an alkaline manganese cell in a pacemaker. (1 mark)

The size of an alkaline manganese cell is too large. (1)

ii) a zinc-carbon cell in a toy car with an electric motor. (1 mark)

A toy car with an electric motor requires a large current. A zinc-carbon cell is used when small currents are

needed. (1)
Part B

iii) a silver oxide cell in a torch. (1 mark)

The size of a silver oxide cell is small and cannot supply enough electrical energy for torches. (1)

b) Consider the chemical changes that occur at the two electrodes, A and B, of a silver oxide cell during
discharge:

A: Zn + OH– ZnO + H2O

B: Ag2O + H2O Ag + OH–

i) Complete and balance the ionic half-equations. (2 marks)

A: Zn + 2OH– ZnO + H2O + 2e– (1)

–
B: Ag2O + H2O + 2e 2Ag + 2OH– (1)

ii) Decide and explain which electrode, A or B, is the cathode of the cell. (2 marks)

Electrode B is the cathode. (1)

This is because reduction occurs at this electrode. (1)

76
109 The results of an experiment between zinc sulphate solution and three other metals X, Y, Z are summarized
in the following table.

Metal
X Y Z
Experiment
Reaction with zinc sulphate solution no reaction zinc is deposited a gas is given off

a) What is the gas evolved in the reaction of Z with zinc sulphate solution? (1 mark)

Hydrogen (1)

b) Arrange zinc and the three metals in descending order of reactivity. Briefly explain your answer.
(4 marks)

Z, Y, zinc, X (1)

Z is the most reactive because only Z reacts with the water in zinc sulphate solution to give hydrogen. (1)

Y is more reactive than zinc because it displaces zinc from zinc sulphate solution. (1)

X is less reactive than zinc because it cannot displace zinc from zinc sulphate solution. Therefore X is the least

reactive. (1)

c) One of the three metals, X, Y or Z is used to build a potato cell with a zinc rod, as shown in the diagram
below.

DVSSFOU

Part B
7

NFUBM [JOD
SPE

QPUBUP

Which of the three metals, X, Y or Z should be used for building a cell with the maximum voltage?
Explain your choice. (3 marks)

A metal higher than zinc in the reactivity series is suitable as it forms ions more readily than zinc. This matches the

direction of current flow in the external circuit of the potato cell. (1)

Z and zinc are furthest apart in the reactivity series (or electrochemical series). The difference between the tendencies

for Z and zinc to form ions is the greatest. (1)

Hence Z should be used to build a potato cell with the maximum voltage. (1)

77
 110 A student was given pieces of different metal strips: copper, zinc and magnesium.

He was asked to investigate which two metal strips would give the highest voltage when used in the chemical
cell.

"

NFUBM
TUSJQ
 NFUBM
TUSJQ



NPM
ENm
)40 BR

a) i) Which pair of metal strips gives the highest voltage? (1 mark)

Magnesium and copper (1)

ii) Explain your choice of metals. (1 mark)

They are furthest apart in the electrochemical series. (1)

b) In one half-cell zinc was used as metal 1 and copper was used as metal 2.

i) The student found that the zinc strip dissolved gradually, and colourless gas bubbles were given off
from the surface of the copper strip.

(1) Write an ionic half-equation, involving zinc, for the reaction that occurred at the zinc strip.
(1 mark)

Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e– (1)

(2) Write an ionic half-equation for the reaction that occurred on the surface of the copper strip.
Part B

(1 mark)

2H+(aq) + 2e– H2(g) (1)

ii) Describe and explain the flow of electrons in the external circuit of this cell. (2 marks)

Zinc loses electrons more readily than copper. (1)

So electrons flow from the zinc strip to the copper strip. (1)

c) The student also used the zinc-copper chemical cell to investigate the relation between the current
produced by the cell and the concentration of sulphuric acid used as the electrolyte.

i) Suggest TWO conditions which should be kept constant when conducting this investigation.
(2 marks)

Any two of the following:

• the volume of acid used / the depth of immersion of the metal strips (1)

• the separation between the metal strips (1)

• temperature (1)

78 • the size of the metal strips (1)

 ii) The student noticed that the current produced by the cell increases with the concentration of the
sulphuric acid used as the electrolyte. Suggest an explanation for the phenomenon. (1 mark)

The electrical conductivity of the sulphuric acid increases with its concentration. (1)

∴ the current produced by the cell increases.

111 A chemical cell is assembled based on the following reaction between nickel (Ni) and copper(II) sulphate
solution.

Ni(s) + CuSO4(aq) NiSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

a) i) Which species has been oxidized in the above reaction? Explain your answer. (2 marks)

Nickel (1)

The oxidation number of nickel increases from 0 to +2. (1)

ii) Which species has been reduced in the above reaction? Explain your answer. (2 marks)

Copper(II) ions (1)

The oxidation number of copper decreases from +2 to 0. (1)

iii) Write an ionic equation for the overall reaction. (1 mark)

Ni(s) + Cu2+(aq) Ni2+(aq) + Cu(s) (1)

b) A chemical cell is set up as shown below:

Part B
7

OJDLFM DPQQFS

TBMU

/J40 BR CSJEHF $V40 BR

i) In what direction will electrons flow in the external circuit? Explain your answer. (2 marks)

From the nickel electrode to the copper electrode (1)

because nickel forms ions more readily than copper. (1)

ii) Which electrode is the anode? Explain your answer. (2 marks)

Nickel (1)

Oxidation occurs at the nickel electrode. (1)

79
 iii) What would happen to the mass of the copper electrode after the chemical cell has operated for
some time? Explain your answer with the aid of an appropriate equation. (3 marks)

The mass increases. (1)

Copper(II) ions in the copper(II) sulphate solution near to the copper electrode gain electrons and form copper

atoms. As a result, a deposit of copper forms on the copper electrode. (1)

2+ –
Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s) (1)

iv) The purpose of the salt bridge is to complete the circuit. Suggest why sodium carbonate solution
should NOT be used in the salt bridge. (1 mark)

Sodium carbonate reacts with both solutions. (1)

c) Another chemical cell is set up as shown below:

DPQQFS OJDLFM

/J40 BR

An electric current has flowed through the external circuit for some time.
Part B

i) What would happen to the mass of the anode? Explain your answer. (2 marks)

Decreases (1)

Nickel atoms lose electrons and form nickel(II) ions. (1)

ii) What would happen to the colour intensity of the nickel(II) sulphate solution? Explain your answer.
(3 marks)

Nickel(II) ions near to the copper electrode gain electrons and form nickel atoms.

The net effect is the transfer of nickel from the nickel electrode to the copper electrode. (1)

The concentration of nickel(II) ions in the nickel(II) sulphate remains unchanged. (1)

Hence the colour intensity of the solution remains unchanged. (1)

80
112 Consider the following ionic half-equations in the electrochemical series:

higher in electrochemical series Sn2+(aq) + 2e– Sn(s)

+ –
2H (aq) + 2e H2(g)

Cu2+(aq) + 2e– Cu(s)

Ag+(aq) + e– Ag(s)

Br2(aq) + 2e– 2Br–(aq)

lower in electrochemical series
MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e– Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

Predict and explain what would occur in each of the following cases. Write an appropriate equation for each
reaction you expect.

a) Tin(II) chloride solution was placed in a copper vessel. (2 marks)

No reaction would occur. (1)

The position of tin in the electrochemical series is higher than that of copper, i.e. tin is more reactive than copper. (1)

Hence copper cannot displace tin from tin(II) chloride solution.

b) Acidified potassium permanganate solution was placed in a silver-plated sugar bowl. (3 marks)

A reaction would occur. (1)

Permanganate ion is a stronger oxidizing agent than silver ion.

Hence acidified potassium permanganate solution would oxidize silver to silver ions. (1)

Part B
– +
MnO4 (aq) + 5Ag(s) + 8H (aq) Mn2+(aq) + 5Ag+(aq) + 4H2O(l) (1)

c) Hydrogen was bubbled through silver nitrate solution. (3 marks)

A reaction would occur. (1)

Silver ion is a stronger oxidizing agent than hydrogen ion.

Hence silver nitrate solution can oxidize hydrogen gas to hydrogen ions. (1)

+
H2(g) + 2Ag (aq) 2H+(aq) + 2Ag(s) (1)

81
 d) Aqueous bromine was stored in a tin-plated can. Write equations for all reactions you expect. (3 marks)

A reaction would occur. (1)

Aqueous bromine is a stronger oxidizing agent than tin(II) ion.

Hence aqueous bromine can oxidize tin to tin(II) ions. (1)

Br2(aq) + Sn(s) 2Br–(aq) + Sn2+(aq) (1)

113 Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an oxide of hydrogen.

a) What is the oxidation number of oxygen in hydrogen peroxide? (1 mark)

–1 (1)

b) Acidified potassium permanganate solution can oxidize hydrogen peroxide solution to oxygen.

i) Write the ionic half-equation for the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide solution. (1 mark)

H2O2(aq) O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– (1)

ii) State the expected observation and write an ionic equation for the reaction involved. (2 marks)

The colour of the acidified potassium permanganate solution changes from purple to colourless. (1)

5H2O2(aq) + 2MnO4–(aq) + 6H+(aq) 5O2(g) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l) (1)

Part B

c) In the presence of a dilute acid, hydrogen peroxide solution can oxidize iron(II) sulphate solution and it
is reduced to water.

i) Write the ionic half-equation for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide solution. (1 mark)

H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– 2H2O(l) (1)

ii) State the expected observation and write an ionic equation for the reaction involved. (2 marks)

The colour of the iron(II) sulphate solution changes from pale green to yellow-brown. (1)

2+ +
H2O2(aq) + 2Fe (aq) + 2H (aq) 2H2O(l) + 2Fe3+(aq) (1)

82
 d) Hydrogen peroxide solution decomposes slowly at room temperature.

2H2O2(aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Explain, using oxidation numbers, why this is a disproportionation reaction. (2 marks)

The oxidation number of oxygen in H2O2 is –1.

The oxidation number of oxygen in O2 is 0. (0.5)

The oxidation number of oxygen in H2O is –2. (0.5)

Oxygen is simultaneously reduced and oxidized. (1)

Hence this is a disproportionation reaction.

114 The following three redox reactions take place at room temperature:

(1) Acidified KMnO4(aq) reacts with Fe2+(aq) ions to give Fe3+(aq) ions.
(2) Sn2+(aq) ions react with Fe3+(aq) ions to give Sn4+(aq) ions.
(3) Acidified KMnO4(aq) is decolorized by SO2(g).

a) Write an ionic equation for each of the three reactions described above. (3 marks)

MnO4–(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) + 8H+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 5Fe3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) (1)

Sn2+(aq) + 2Fe3+(aq) Sn4+(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq) (1)

2– – +
5SO3 (aq) + 2MnO4 (aq) + 6H (aq) 5SO42–(aq) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 3H2O(l) (1)

Part B
b) Is it possible to predict from the above information whether any reaction would occur in the following
experiments? Explain your answer. If it is possible to predict a reaction, write an ionic equation for the
reaction.

i) Adding acidified KMnO4(aq) to Sn2+(aq) ions (3 marks)

As revealed in the given experimental results, oxidizing power is in the order:

– 3+ 4+
MnO4 (aq) ion > Fe (aq) ion > Sn (aq) ion (1)

2+
∴ acidified KMnO4(aq) can oxidize Sn (aq) ions. (1)

– 2+ +
2MnO4 (aq) + 5Sn (aq) + 16H (aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5Sn4+(aq) + 8H2O(l) (1)

ii) Passing SO2(g) into Fe3+(aq) ions (2 marks)

The experimental results only reveal the following:

– 3+ – 2–
Oxidizing power: MnO4 (aq) ion > Fe (aq) ion, and MnO4 (aq) ion > SO4 (aq) ion

83
 No comparison of oxidizing power between Fe3+(aq) ion and SO42–(aq) ion can be deduced from the experimental

results. (1)

∴ it is not possible to predict whether a reaction would occur. (1)

115 Chlorine is used in the preparation of many commercially important materials such as bleach.

a) Bleach is a solution of sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl, made by dissolving chlorine in sodium hydroxide
solution.

Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) NaOCl(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Determine the changes in oxidation number of chlorine during the preparation of bleach and comment
on your results. (2 marks)

The oxidation number of chlorine changes from 0 to +1 in NaOCl. (0.5)

The oxidation number of chlorine changes from 0 to –1 in NaCl. (0.5)

Chlorine is simultaneously reduced and oxidized / chlorine undergoes disproportionation. (1)

b) The diagram below shows the set-up used in performing a microscale experiment. A drop of hydrochloric
acid was added to the drop of chlorine bleach in a petri dish and the dish was immediately covered with
its lid. Chlorine gas formed by the reaction between chlorine bleach and hydrochloric acid eventually filled
up the whole set-up.
Part B

JSPO **
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TPMVUJPO MJE

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B
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i) Chlorine bleach and dilute hydrochloric acid react according to the following word equation:

sodium hypochlorite + dilute hydrochloric acid chlorine + sodium chloride + water

Transcribe the word equation into a chemical equation. (1 mark)

NaOCl(aq) + 2HCl(aq) Cl2(g) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) (1)

ii) State the expected observations at positions X, Y and Z. In each case, write an appropriate equation
if a reaction occurred.

(1) Position X (1 mark)

No observable change (1)

84
 (2) Position Y (2 marks)

The iron(II) sulphate solution changes from pale green to yellow-brown. (1)

2+
2Fe (aq) + Cl2(aq) 2Fe3+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) (1)

(3) Position Z (2 marks)

The potassium bromide solution changes from colourless to yellow-brown. (1)

–
Cl2(g) + 2Br (aq) 2Cl–(aq) + Br2(aq) / Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq) (1)

iii) Suggest TWO advantages of replacing test tube experiments with microscale experiments. (2 marks)

Any two of the following:

• Save chemicals / reduce the cost of chemicals used. (1)

• Reduce the chemical waste produced / disposal of chemicals after experiment is easier. (1)

• Shorten the time for conducting the experiment. (1)

• Require less work space for carrying out an experiment. (1)

• Less dangerous / easier to handle. (1)

116 Consider the conversions between three nitrogen compounds shown in the flow diagram below:

)/0 BR

Part B
3FBDUJPO
 3FBDUJPO


3FBDUJPO

/0 H /0 H

a) Refer to Reaction 1.

i) Suggest how NO(g) can be converted to NO2(g) (1 mark)

By exposing nitrogen monoxide to air. (1)

ii) State the expected observation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

The colourless nitrogen monoxide gas changes to brown nitrogen dioxide gas. (1)

iii) Write an equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) (1)

85
 b) Refer to Reaction 2.

i) Suggest how HNO3(aq) can be converted to NO2(g) (1 mark)

By adding concentrated nitric acid to magnesium / zinc / copper. (1)

ii) State the expected observation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

Any one of the following:

The magnesium / zinc / copper dissolves. (1) / A brown gas is given off. (1)

iii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

Mg(s) + 2NO3–(aq) + 4H+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) /

– +
Zn(s) + 2NO3 (aq) + 4H (aq) Zn2+(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) /

– +
Cu(s) + 2NO3 (aq) + 4H (aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) (1)

c) Refer to Reaction 3.

i) Suggest how HNO3(aq) can be converted to NO(g) (1 mark)

By adding dilute nitric acid to magnesium / zinc / copper. (1)

ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

3Mg(s) + 2NO3–(aq) + 8H+(aq) 3Mg2+(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l) / (1)

– +
3Zn(s) + 2NO3 (aq) + 8H (aq) 3Zn2+(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l) / (1)

3Cu(s) + 2NO3–(aq) + 8H+(aq) 3Cu2+(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l) (1)

Part B

117 a) The following hazard warning symbol is found on a bottle of concentrated nitric acid.

i) What property of concentrated nitric acid does the above hazard warning symbol indicate? (1 mark)

Corrosive property (1)

ii) Suggest another hazard warning symbol that should be displayed on a bottle of concentrated nitric
acid. (1 mark)

Oxidizing hazard warning symbol (1)

b) When element X is added to concentrated nitric acid, a brown gas is evolved. The unreacted element is
then removed from the reaction mixture. A bluish-green solution Y remains. When a few drops of dilute
sodium hydroxide solution are added to solution Y, a pale blue precipitate forms.

i) Name element X. (1 mark)

Copper (1)

86
 ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between X and concentrated nitric acid. (1 mark)

Cu(s) + 2NO3–(aq) + 4H+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) (1)

iii) How would you separate the unreacted element from the reaction mixture? (1 mark)

By filtration (1)

iv) Name the solution Y. (1 mark)

Copper(II) nitrate solution (1)

v) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between solution Y and dilute sodium hydroxide solution.
(1 mark)

Cu2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) (1)

118 In an experiment to study sulphur dioxide, copper turnings and concentrated sulphuric acid were heated in
a test tube as shown in the diagram below.

EFMJWFSZ
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9

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TVMQIVSJD
BDJE
CMVF
MJUNVT
TPEJVN
IZESPYJEF

DPQQFS
UVSOJOHT
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IFBU
UFTU
UVCF
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UVCF
# UFTU
UVCF
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a) i) State TWO observable changes in test tube A. (2 marks)

Part B
Any two of the following:

• Gas bubbles were given off. (1)

• The liquid turned blue. (1)

• The copper turnings dissolved. (1)

ii) Write an equation for the reaction between copper and concentrated sulphuric acid. (1 mark)

Cu(s) + 2H2SO4(l) CuSO4(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) (1)

b) State the observable change in test tube B. Explain your answer. (2 marks)

The blue litmus solution turned red (1)

because sulphur dioxide dissolved in water to form an acidic solution. (1)

87
 c) What was the use of sodium hydroxide solution in test tube C? State the potential hazard if sodium
hydroxide solution was not used. (2 marks)

Sodium hydroxide solution was used to absorb the excess sulphur dioxide. (1)

Potential hazard — if sodium hydroxide solution was not used, toxic sulphur dioxide gas might escape into the air and

attack human’s respiratory system. (1)

d) In another experiment, sulphur dioxide was prepared by heating copper and concentrated sulphuric acid
in test tube A (test tubes B and C were NOT included). The delivery tube X was connected to a suitable
set-up for collecting the sulphur dioxide produced.

i) Explain why set-ups 1 and 2 shown below were NOT suitable for the collection. (2 marks)

HBT
KBS
HBT
KBS

XBUFS

4FUVQ
 4FUVQ


Set-up 1 was not suitable because sulphur dioxide was soluble in water. (1)

Set-up 2 was not suitable because sulphur dioxide was denser than air. (1)

ii) Draw a suitable set-up for collecting the sulphur dioxide produced. (1 mark)
Part B

HBT
KBS PS

HBT
TZSJOHF

(1)

88
119 The diagram below shows the set-up used in an experiment to study the reaction of carbon and concentrated
sulphuric acid.

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BDJE QPUBTTJVN

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UVCF
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UVCF
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a) Write a chemical equaton for the reaction that occurred in test tube A. (1 mark)

C(s) + 2H2SO4(l) CO2(g) + 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) (1)

b) What property of concentrated sulphuric acid is responsible for the reaction in test tube A? (1 mark)

Oxidizing property (1)

c) Consider test tube B containing acidified potassium permanganate solution.

i) State and explain the observable change in test tube B. (2 marks)

The purple colour of the acidified potassium permanganate solution fades gradually. (1)

Sulphite ions are formed when sulphur dioxide produced in test tube A dissolves in water. Sulphite ions reduce the

permanganate ions to manganese(II) ions. (1)

Part B
ii) Write an equation for the reaction occurred. (1 mark)

5SO32–(aq) + 2MnO4–(aq) + 6H+(aq) 5SO42–(aq) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 3H2O(l) (1)

d) State and explain the observable change in test tube C. (2 marks)

The carbon dioxide gas produced in test tube A turns the limewater milky. (1)

This is because the gas reacts with calcium hydroxide solution to form insoluble white calcium carbonate. (1)

e) State ONE safety precaution that should be taken in the experiment. Explain your answer. (2 marks)

Any one of the following:

Conduct the experiment in fume cupboard (1)

because the sulphur dioxide given off in the reaction is toxic. (1)

Wear safety glasses and protective gloves (1)

because concentrated sulphuric acid is corrosive. (1)

89
 120 a) Concentrated sulphuric acid can be reduced by solid sodium halide X to H2S.

i) Give the oxidation number of sulphur in H2S. (1 mark)

–2 (1)

ii) Identify solid sodium halide X. (1 mark)

Sodium iodide (1)

iii) Write an ionic half-equation for the formation of H2S from sulphuric acid. (1 mark)

H2SO4(l) + 8H+(aq) + 8e– H2S(g) + 4H2O(l) (1)

b) Concentrated sulphuric acid can be reduced by solid sodium halide Y to SO2, but not H2S.

i) Give the oxidation number of sulphur in SO2. (1 mark)

+4 (1)

ii) Identify solid sodium halide Y. (1 mark)

Sodium bromide (1)

iii) Write an equation for the reaction between solid sodium halide Y and concentrated sulphuric acid.
(1 mark)

2NaBr + 3H2SO4(l) 2NaHSO4(s) + SO2(g) + Br2(g) + 2H2O(l) (1)

c) A different solid sodium halide Z reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid without reduction. A halogen-
containing product is formed in the reaction.

i) Suggest an identity for the halogen-containing product formed. (1 mark)

Part B

Hydrogen fluoride / hydrogen chloride (1)

ii) Identify solid sodium halide Z. (1 mark)

Sodium fluoride / sodium chloride (1)

iii) Write an equation for the reaction between solid sodium halide Z and concentrated sulphuric acid.
(1 mark)

NaF(s) + H2SO4(l) NaHSO4(s) + HF(g) or NaCl(s) + H2SO4(l) NaHSO4(s) + HCl(g) (1)

121 Zinc can react with both dilute sulphuric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid.

a) i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between zinc and dilute sulphuric acid. (1 mark)

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) (1)

ii) What property of sulphuric acid does this reaction show? (1 mark)

This shows the acidic property of dilute sulphuric acid. (1)

90
 b) i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between zinc and concentrated sulphuric acid. (1 mark)

Zn(s) + 2H2SO4(l) ZnSO4(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) (1)

ii) What property of sulphuric acid does this reaction show? (1 mark)

This shows the oxidizing property of concentrated sulphuric acid. (1)

c) Draw a hazard warning label that should be displayed on a bottle of concentrated sulphuric acid.
(1 mark)

(1)

d) Suggest TWO safety precautions to take when working with concentrated sulphuric acid in a school
laboratory. (2 marks)

Any two of the following:

• Wear safety glasses / protective gloves. (1)

• Never add water to the acid. (1)

• In case any acid is spilt on the skin or clothes, wash the affeted area with plenty of water. (1)

e) Describe the way of diluting concentrated sulphuric acid with water safely. (1 mark)

Dilute concentrated sulphuric acid by adding it slowly to a large amount of water while stirring. (1)

Part B
122 A syringe containing sulphur dioxide and a 6-well plate are placed in a zip-lock plastic bag as shown
below.

JSPO ***
TVMQIBUF
TPMVUJPO

[JQMPDL
QMBTUJD
CBH
BRVFPVT
CSPNJOF

NPJTU
Q)
QBQFS TZSJOHF
XJUI
TVMQIVS
EJPYJEF

XFMM
QMBUF

The syringe is pushed to eject the sulphur dioxide gas.

91
 a) State TWO advantages of doing the experiment this way, rather than using test tubes of sulphur dioxide
gas. (2 marks)

Any two of the following:

• Save chemicals / reduce the cost of chemicals used. (1)

• Reduce the chemical waste produced / disposal of chemicals after experiment is easier. (1)

• Shorten the time for conducting the experiment. (1)

• Require less work space for carrying out an experiment. (1)

• Less dangerous / easier to handle. (1)

b) i) What would happen to the pH paper? (1 mark)

The pH paper turns red. (1)

ii) What property of sulphur dioxide does this show? (1 mark)

This shows the acidic property of sulphur dioxide. (1)

c) i) What would happen to the aqueous bromine? (1 mark)

The aqueous bromine turns from yellow-brown to colourless. (1)

ii) What property of sulphur dioxide does this show? (1 mark)

This shows the reducing property of sulphur dioxide. (1)

iii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

SO32–(aq) + H2O(l) + Br2(aq) SO42–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2Br–(aq) (1)

Part B

d) i) What would happen to the iron(III) sulphate solution? (1 mark)

The iron(III) sulphate solution turns from yellow-brown to pale green. (1)

ii) What property of sulphur dioxide does this show? (1 mark)

This shows the reducing property of sulphur dioxide. (1)

iii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

SO32–(aq) + H2O(l) + 2Fe3+(aq) SO42–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq) (1)

e) Suggest a test for sulphur dioxide gas. Write an ionic equation for the reaction involved. (2 marks)

Test the gas with a piece of filter paper soaked with acidified potassium dichromate solution. (1)

The gas turns the paper from orange to green.

2– +
Cr2O7 (aq) + 3SO2(aq) + 2H (aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 3SO42–(aq) + H2O(l) (1)

92
123 A chemical cell is set up using the following materials and apparatus:

1 mol dm–3 iron(III) sulphate solution, 1 mol dm–3 potassium iodide solution, beakers, filter paper soaked with
potassium nitrate solution, carbon rods, connecting wires and voltmeter

a) Explain the function of the filter paper soaked with potassium nitrate solution in the chemical cell.
(1 mark)

It is used as a salt bridge / to complete the circuit. (1)

b) Draw a labelled diagram to show how the chemical cell can be set up in a laboratory. (3 marks)

DBSCPO
SPE DBSCPO
SPE

TBMU


NPM
ENm
'F 40  BR CSJEHF 
NPM
ENm
,M BR

(1 mark for correct set-up; 1 mark for correct labels of the solutions and voltmeter; 1 mark for correct label of the salt
bridge; 0 mark if the set-up is not workable.) (3)

c) Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents in the chemical cell. (2 marks)

Oxidizing agent: iron(III) sulphate (1)

Reducing agent: potassium iodide (1)

d) i) State the observable changes in the two half-cells. (2 marks)

Iron(III) sulphate solution changes from yellow-brown to pale green. (1)

Part B
Potassium iodide solution changes from colourless to brown. (1)

ii) Write an ionic equation for the overall reaction that occurs in the chemical cell. (1 mark)

2Fe3+(aq) + 2I–(aq) 2Fe2+(aq) + I2(aq) (1)

e) State the difference, in terms of energy change, between this chemical cell and the reaction by direct
mixing the two solutions. (2 marks)

Chemical energy is converted into electrical energy in a chemical cell, (1)

while chemical energy is converted into heat when the solutions are mixed directly. (1)

93
 124 The following diagram shows the set-up of a chemical cell.

"

DBSCPO
FMFDUSPEF
9 DBSCPO
FMFDUSPEF
:

TBMU

NJYUVSF
PG
.O BR
CSJEHF NJYUVSF
PG
4O BR

.O0m BR
BOE
BOE
4O BR
JPOT
) BR
JPOT
CFBLFS
" CFBLFS
#

It is known that MnO4–(aq) ion is a stronger oxidizing agent than Sn4+(aq) ion.

a) i) Write an ionic half-equation for the chemical change that occurs in beaker A. (1 mark)

MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e– Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) (1)

ii) What would be observed in the mixture in beaker A after some time? Explain your answer.
(2 marks)

The purple colour of the mixture fades (1)

because purple permanganate ions are reduced to pale pink / colourless manganese(II) ions. (1)

b) i) Write an ionic half-equation for the chemical change that occurs in beaker B. (1 mark)

Sn2+(aq) Sn4+(aq) + 2e– (1)

Part B

ii) Explain, in terms of change in oxidation number, whether an oxidation or a reduction occurs in beaker
B. (2 marks)

An oxidation occurs (1)

because the oxidation number of tin increases from +2 to +4. (1)

c) Identify the direction of electron flow in the external circuit. (1 mark)

From electrode Y to electrode X (1)

d) What are the functions of the salt bridge in the set-up? (2 marks)

• It completes the circuit by allowing ions to move from one half-cell to the other. (1)

• It provides ions that can move into the half-cells to prevent the build-up of excess positively or negatively charged

ions in the solutions which would cause the reaction to stop. (1)

94
125 The following diagram shows the set-up of a chemical cell.

EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
BT
WPMUNFUFS

DBSCPO
FMFDUSPEF
9 DBSCPO
FMFDUSPEF
:

TBMU

NJYUVSF
PG
,#S BR
BOE
#S BR CSJEHF NJYUVSF
PG
'F40 BR
BOE

'F 40  BR

CFBLFS
" CFBLFS
#

It is known that Br2(aq) is a stronger oxidizing agent than Fe3+(aq) ion.

a) i) Write an ionic half-equation for the chemical change that occurs in beaker A. (1 mark)

Br2(aq) + 2e– 2Br–(aq) (1)

ii) What would be observed in the mixture in beaker A after some time? Explain your answer.
(2 marks)

The colour of the mixture fades (1)

because the amount of yellow-brown bromine in the mixture decreases. (1)

b) i) Write an ionic half-equation for the chemical change that occurs in beaker B. (1 mark)

Part B
Fe2+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + e– (1)

ii) Explain, in terms of change in oxidation number, whether an oxidation or a reduction occurs in beaker
B. (2 marks)

An oxidation occurs (1)

because the oxidation number of iron increases from +2 to +3. (1)

c) Identify the direction of electron flow in the external circuit. (1 mark)

From electrode Y to electrode X (1)

d) Explain whether a sodium sulphite solution can be used to prepare the salt bridge. (2 marks)

No (1)

Sodium sulphite solution can react with Br2(aq) / Fe2(SO4)3(aq). (1)

95
 126 One cell of a lead-acid accumulator is shown below.

9
TVMQIVSJD
BDJE

MFBE
QMBUFT
DPBUFE

XJUI
MFBE *7
PYJEF
MFBE
QMBUF

a) State whether X is the positive or negative terminal of the cell. (1 mark)

Positive terminal (1)

b) Write ionic half-equations for the cathodic and anodic reactions of the cell during discharge. (2 marks)

At the cathode: PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + 2e– PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) (1)

2–
At the anode: Pb(s) + SO4 (aq) PbSO4(s) + 2e– (1)

c) A simplified diagram of the recharging process of a lead-acid cell is shown below.

FYUFSOBM

QPXFS
TPVSDF
Part B

MFBE
QMBUF MFBE
QMBUF
DPBUFE

XJUI
MFBE *7
PYJEF

TVMQIVSJD
BDJE
MFBE **
TVMQIBUF

i) Suggest whether the lead plate should be connected to the positive or negative terminal of the external
power source. Explain your choice. (3 marks)

Negative terminal (1)

The overall reaction for the recharging process is the reverse of the discharging process. (1)

Hence reduction should take place at the lead plate during the recharging process, (1)

i.e. it should be made the cathode (connected to the negative terminal of the external power source).

96
 ii) Write an ionic half-equation for the reaction that occurs at the lead plate during the recharging
process. (1 mark)

PbSO4(s) + 2e– Pb(s) + SO42–(aq) (1)

127 a) The position of nickel (Ni) in the electrochemical series is lower than that of cadmium (Cd).

A chemical cell is shown below:

OJDLFM
TUSJQ DBENJVN
TUSJQ

TBMU

m m

NPM
EN
CSJEHF 
NPM
EN

/J /0  BR $E /0  BR

i) Identify the direction of electron flow in the external circuit. (1 mark)

From the cadmium strip to the nickel strip (1)

ii) Give an ionic half-equation for the chemical change that occurs at the anode of this cell. (1 mark)

Cd(s) Cd2+(aq) + 2e– (1)

iii) List TWO factors that need to be considered when selecting a chemical for preparing the salt
bridge. (2 marks)

It should be a soluble ionic compound. (1)

It must not react with the two solutions in the half-cells. (1)

Part B
b) The rechargeable nickel-cadmium cell is used to power small appliances. When the cell is supplying
electricity, the chemical changes that occur are represented by the following ionic half-equations:

at electrode X: NiO2(s) + 2H2O(l) + 2e– Ni(OH)2(s) + 2OH–(aq)

at electrode Y: Cd(s) + 2OH–(aq) Cd(OH)2(s) + 2e–

i) Give the oxidation state of nickel in NiO2. (1 mark)

+4 (1)

ii) Decide and explain which electrode, X or Y, is the cathode of the cell. (2 marks)

X is the cathode. (1)

Reduction occurs at X. (1)

97
 iii) (1) When the cell is recharging, decide and explain which electrode should be connected to the negative
terminal of the external power source. (3 marks)

Electrode Y (1)

The overall reaction for the recharging process is the reverse of the discharging process. (1)

Hence reduction should occur at Y during the recharging process. (1)

Hence Y should be made the cathode (connected to the negative terminal of the external power source).

(2) Give an ionic half-equation for the chemical change that occurs at the electrode stated in (1).
(1 mark)

Cd(OH)2(s) + 2e– Cd(s) + 2OH–(aq) (1)

iv) Nickel-cadmium cells have been used to power most professional cameras. Recently there is a switch
to nickel metal hydride cells.

Suggest TWO advantages of using nickel metal hydride cells over nickel-cadmium cells. (2 marks)

Nickel metal hydride cells offer more energy than nickel-cadmium cells. (1)

Nickel metal hydride cells contain much less toxic cadmium than nickel-cadmium cells. (1)
Part B

128 The following diagram shows an alkaline fuel cell. Hydrogen and oxygen are passed into the fuel cell.

MPBE

0 H ) H
DPODFOUSBUFE
/B0) BR
0 H ) H

)0 H

QMBUJOVNDPOUBJOJOH
QMBUJOVNDPOUBJOJOH

QPSPVT
FMFDUSPEF
: QPSPVT
FMFDUSPEF
9

a) Write ionic half-equations for the cathodic and anodic reactions of the fuel cell. (2 marks)

Cathodic reaction: O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– 4OH–(aq) (1)

–
Anodic reaction: H2(g) + 2OH (aq) 2H2O(l) + 2e– (1)

b) Identify the direction of electron flow in the external circuit. (1 mark)

From electrode X to electrode Y (1)

98
 c) Suggest TWO advantages of using fuel cells over using conventional chemical cells. (2 marks)

Any two of the following:

• Fuel cells do not emit air pollutants. (1)

• Fuel cells have high fuel efficiency. (1)

• Fuel cells can operate continuously if the flow of hydrogen and oxygen can be maintained (they do not run down

or require charging). (1)

129 The diagram below shows a set-up with metal strips inserted in lemons. The multimeter reading in the set-
up is +3.8 V.

EJHJUBM
NVMUJNFUFS
BT
WPMUNFUFS

[JOD DPQQFS NHBOFTJVN DPQQFS

MFNPO
" MFNPO
#

a) Which metal strip in lemon B is the anode? Explain your answer. (2 marks)

Part B
The magnesium strip. (1)

Oxidation occurs at it. (1)

b) Write ionic half-equations for the chemical changes that occur at the electrodes in lemon B. (2 marks)

At the magnesium strip: Mg(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2e– (1)

2+ –
At the copper strip: Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s) (1)

c) What would happen to the multimeter reading if the zinc and copper strips in lemon A are interchanged?
Explain your answer. (3 marks)

The multimeter reading would decrease. (1)

When the zinc and copper strips in lemon A are interchanged, the set-up consists of two competing lemon cells. (1)

The total voltage of the set-up is less than the sum of the voltages of the two lemon cells. (1)

99
 130 A student used the set-up shown below to investigate the electrolysis of dilute sodium sulphate solution.
A drop of dilute sodium sulphate solution with some universal indicator was put to the circle shown in the
set-up. The drop was green in colour.

QFODJM
" QFODJM
#
TIBSQFOFE
PO
CPUI
FOET TIBSQFOFE
PO
CPUI
FOET

B
ESPQ
PG
EJMVUF
TPEJVN

NJDSPTDPQJD
TMJEF TVMQIBUF
TPMVUJPO
XJUI
TPNF

VOJWFSTBM
JOEJDBUPS

a) i) State the colour change of the liquid around pencil A after some time. (1 mark)

The liquid around pencil A turned red. (1)

ii) Explain your answer in (i) with the aid of an ionic half-equation. (3 marks)

Around pencil A, hydroxide ions were preferentially discharged to form oxygen gas. (1)

4OH–(aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– (1)

Water dissociated continuously to replace the hydroxide ions discharged. Thus there was an excess of hydrogen ions

near pencil A. The solution there became acidic. (1)

The universal indicator turned red.

Part B

b) i) State the colour change of the liquid around pencil B after some time. (1 mark)

The liquid around pencil B turned blue. (1)

ii) Explain your answer in (i) with the aid of an ionic half-equation. (3 marks)

Around pencil B, hydrogen ions were preferentially discharged to form hydrogen gas. (1)

+ –
2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) (1)

Water dissociated continuously to replace the hydrogen ions discharged. Thus there was an excess of hydroxide ions

near pencil B. The solution there became alkaline. (1)

The universal indicator turned blue.

100
 c) Draw a labelled diagram to show the laboratory set-up for the electrolysis of dilute sodium sulphate
solution, with the collection of the gaseous products. (3 marks)

PYZHFO IZESPHFO
PYZHFO IZESPHFO

EJMVUF
TPEJVN

TVMQIBUF
TPMVUJPO PS
EJMVUF
TPEJVN

TVMQIBUF
TPMVUJPO
QMBUJOVN
QMBUJOVN

DBSCPO
DPQQFS

FMFDUSPEF FMFDUSPEF
FMFDUSPEF FMFDUSPEF
BOPEF DBUIPEF
BOPEF DBUIPEF

(1 mark for correct labels of the electrodes; 1 mark for showing gases collected above the electrodes; 1 mark for correct
labels of hydrogen and oxygen; 0 mark if the set-up is not workable.) (3)

131 One important use of a gas X is to sterilize swimming pool water. The gas can be prepared in the laboratory
by the electrolysis of a solution.

A student tried to prepare gas X by the electrolysis of a very dilute sodium chloride solution as shown below.
Contrary to the student’s expectation, a colourless gas, instead of gas X, was liberated at the anode.

WFSZ
EJMVUF
TPEJVN

Part B
DIMPSJEF
TPMVUJPO

DBSCPO
FMFDUSPEF DBSCPO
FMFDUSPEF

[JODDBSCPO
DFMMT

a) What is the colourless gas liberated? (1 mark)

Oxygen

b) Suggest a chemical test for the colourless gas. (1 mark)

The gas relights a glowing splint.

101
 c) The experiment was then modified to prepare gas X.

i) Suggest how the experiment could be modified. Explain your answer. (3 marks)

Use concentrated sodium chloride solution instead of very dilute sodium chloride solution. (1)

The concentration of chloride ions in the solution is much higher than that of hydroxide ions. (1)

Therefore chloride ions are preferentially discharged to form chlorine gas. (1)

ii) Suggest the solution left after electrolysis. (1 mark)

Sodium hydroxide solution (1)

iii) Suggest ONE use of the solution left. (1 mark)

Any one of the following: • Manufacture of bleach (1) • Manufacture of soaps / detergents (1)

d) The following diagram shows a zinc-carbon cell.

DBSCPO
SPE

[JOD
DBTF

NBOHBOFTF *7
PYJEF

DBSCPO
QPXEFS
Part B

NPJTU
QBTUF
PG
BNNPOJVN
DIMPSJEF

i) Describe how chemical energy is converted to electrical energy when the cell is producing a current.
(4 marks)

Zinc loses electrons to form zinc ions. (1)

Ammonium ions gain electrons to form ammonia and hydrogen gas. (1)

Manganese(IV) oxide is an oxidizing agent used to remove the hydrogen gas. (1)

When the cell is connected to an external circuit, electrons will flow from the zinc case to the carbon rod in the

external circuit. (1)

102
 ii) Suggest TWO disadvantages of the cell. (2 marks)

• If a current is drawn from the cell rapidly, the gaseous product cannot be removed fast enough. The voltage

drops as a result. (1)

• There is a slow direct reaction between the zinc electrode and ammonium ions. After some time, the zinc case

becomes too thin and the paste leaks out. (1)

iii) Most dry cells have the following message printed on the outer cases:

$BVUJPO
%P
OPU
EJTQPTF
PG
JO
GJSF

Explain the above warning statement. (1 mark)

It may lead to the explosion if the dry cell is disposed of in fire. (1)

132 Each of the following experiments produces a sodium hydroxide solution.

&YQFSJNFOU
*
BDUJPO
PG
TPEJVN
PO
XBUFS

TPEJVN
IZESPYJEF
TPMVUJPO

FMFDUSPMZTJT
PG
DPODFOUSBUFE
&YQFSJNFOU
**

Part B
TPEJVN
DIMPSJEF
TPMVUJPO

a) i) Write a chemical equation for the action of sodium on water. (1 mark)

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) (1)

ii) With reference to the action of sodium on water, identify the species undergoing oxidation and the
species undergoing reduction. Explain your answers in terms of changes in oxidation numbers.
(2 marks)

Sodium undergoes oxidation

because the oxidation number of sodium increases from 0 to +1. (1)

Water undergoes reduction

because the oxidation number of hydrogen decreases from +1 to 0. (1)

103
 b) Explain whether experiment I or experiment II is preferred for preparing a sodium hydroxide solution.
(1 mark)

Any one of the following:

• Experiment I is preferred

because a sodium hydroxide solution of high purity can be obtained. (1)

• Experiment II is preferred

because the reaction in Experiment I is very vigorous and difficult to control. (1)

c) During the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution, chlorine and hydrogen are produced
at the anode and cathode respectively. A sodium hydroxide solution remains in the electrolytic cell after
some time.

i) Explain why chlorine, instead of oxygen, is produced at the anode. (1 mark)

The concentration of chloride ions in concentrated sodium chloride solution is much higher than that of hydroxide

ions. (1)

ii) Explain why hydrogen, instead of sodium, is produced at the cathode. (1 mark)

A hydrogen ion is a stronger oxidizing agent than a sodium ion, i.e. it is more readily reduced. (1)

iii) Explain why a sodium hydroxide solution remains in the electrolytic cell. (1 mark)

Hydrogen ions and chloride ions are consumed in the electrolysis. Sodium ions and hydroxide ions remain in the

solution. (1)
Part B

iv) Write ionic half-equations for the chemical changes that occur at the anode and the cathode.
(2 marks)

At the anode: 2Cl–(aq) Cl2(g) + 2e– (1)

+ –
At the cathode: 2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) (1)

d) Draw a labelled diagram to show the laboratory set-up for the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride
solution and the collection of the gaseous products. (3 marks)

DIMPSJOF IZESPHFO

DPODFOUSBUFE
TPEJVN

DIMPSJEF
TPMVUJPO
DBSCPO
FMFDUSPEF DBSCPO
FMFDUSPEF
BOPEF DBUIPEF

(1 mark for correct labels of the electrodes; 1 mark for showing the collection of gases above the electrodes; 1 mark for
104 correct labels of chlorine and hydrogen; 0 mark if the set-up is not workable.) (3)
133 A 2 mol dm–3 copper(II) chloride solution is electrolyzed using carbon electrodes.

DBSCPO
FMFDUSPEF
9 DBSCPO
FMFDUSPEF
:


NPM
ENm
DPQQFS **

DIMPSJEF
TPMVUJPO

a) Describe and explain what would happen at the two carbon electrodes. (4 marks)

At electrode X:

The chloride ions and hydroxide ions in the copper(II) chloride solution move towards electrode X (the anode) in the

electrolysis process.

The concentration of chloride ions in the solution is much higher than that of hydroxide ions. (1)

Therefore chloride ions are preferentially discharged to form chlorine gas. (1)

At electrode Y:

The copper(II) ions and hydrogen ions are attracted to the electrode Y.

A copper(II) ion is a stronger oxidizing agent than a hydrogen ion. (1)

Therefore copper(II) ions are preferentially discharged to form a deposit of copper on electrode Y. (1)

Part B
b) Write ionic half-equations for the chemical changes that occur at electrodes X and Y. (2 marks)

At electrode X: 2Cl–(aq) Cl2(aq) + 2e– (1)

2+ –
At electrode Y: Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s) (1)

c) What would be the colour change of the electrolyte after some time? Explain your answer. (2 marks)

The blue colour of the electrolyte becomes less intense (1)

because the concentration of copper(II) ions in the electrolyte decreases. (1)

d) Explain what would happen to the copper(II) chloride solution if a copper anode and a carbon cathode
were used in the above experiment. (2 marks)

The copper(II) chloride solution would remain unchanged (1)

because the net effect is the transfer of copper from the anode to the cathode. (1)

105
 134 The following circuit is set up. Electrodes A and B are made of copper while electrodes C and D are made
of carbon.

"

DPQQFS
FMFDUSPEF
" DBSCPO
FMFDUSPEF
$

DPQQFS
FMFDUSPEF
# DBSCPO
FMFDUSPEF
%

EJMVUF
DPQQFS **
TVMQIBUF
TPMVUJPO NPMUFO
DPNQPVOE
9

a) What are the functions of the ammeter and rheostat respectively? (2 marks)

The ammeter is an instrument used to measure the electric current passing through the circuit. (1)

The rheostat is used to vary the resistance in the circuit and regulate the current. (1)

b) i) What would be observed at electrodes A and B respectively? (2 marks)

Electrode A dissolves. (1)

A reddish brown deposit forms on electrode B. (1)

ii) Write ionic half-equations for the chemical changes that occur at electrodes A and B respectively.
(2 marks)

At electrode A: Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2e– (1)

Part B

2+ –
At electrode B: Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s) (1)

iii) Would you expect any colour change in the dilute copper(II) sulphate solution during the process?
Explain your answer. (2 marks)

The blue colour of the dilute copper(II) sulphate solution remains unchanged. (1)

Copper is transferred from A to B. The concentration of copper(II) ions in the copper(II) sulphate solution remains

the same. (1)

c) Compound X is composed of metal M and hydrogen. During the electrolysis of this molten compound,
hydrogen is produced at electrode C while M is produced at electrode D.

i) Write an ionic half-equation for the chemical change that occurs at electrode C. (1 mark)

2H–(l) H2(g) + 2e– (1)

106
 ii) The number of M atoms produced at electrode D equals to the number of hydrogen molecules
produced at electrode C. Deduce the oxidation number of M in compound X. (2 marks)

Let the oxidation number of M in compound X be +n. The chemical formula of X is MHn.
n
The overall cell reaction is MHn M + H
2 2 (1)

The number of M atoms produced equals the number of hydrogen molecules produced,
n
i.e. = 1
2

n = 2

∴ the oxidation number of M in compound X is +2. (1)

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Part B
When the circuit is closed, a current flows in the external circuit. After some time, silver deposits on carbon
electrode B.

a) What is the direction of electron flow in the external circuit? Explain your answer. (2 marks)

From the electrode made of metal M to electrode B / from electrode A to the copper electrode. (1)

Silver ions receive electrons and are reduced at electrode B. (1)

b) What is the function of set-up X in this experiment? (1 mark)

As a chemical cell / source of electricity (1)

107
 c) Suggest and explain what metal M might be. (3 marks)

Zinc (or any metal higher than copper in the electrochemical series, except for potassium and sodium) (1)

Metal M is the negative electrode of the chemical cell; (1)

it loses electrons more readily than copper and is thus higher than copper in the electrochemical series. (1)

d) After the circuit has been closed for some time, what would be observed at each of the following
electrodes? Write an appropriate ionic half-equation for the reaction that occurs at each electrode.

i) Electrode A (2 marks)

Bubbles of gas (oxygen) are given off. (1)

–
4OH (aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 4e– (1)

ii) Electrode made of metal M (2 marks)

Metal M (or zinc) dissolves. (1)

M(s) Mn+(aq) + ne– or Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e– (1)

iii) Copper electrode (2 marks)

A reddish-brown deposit forms on the electrode. (1)

2+ –
Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s) (1)
Part B

136 The following diagram shows the experimental set-up for electroplating. The plastic item is first coated with
copper and then electroplated with chromium.

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a) Name metal X. (1 mark)

Chromium (1)

b) Why is the plastic item first coated with copper before electroplating? (1 mark)

To make it a conductor of electricity. (1)

108
c) Give a reason why the plastic item is electroplated with chromium. (1 mark)

To improve its appearance. (1)

d) Which terminal of the battery should be connected to the copper-coated plastic item? (1 mark)

Negative terminal (1)

e) Write an ionic half-equation for the chemical change that occurs at

i) metal X; (1 mark)

Cr(s) Cr3+(aq) + 3e– (1)

ii) the copper-coated plastic item. (1 mark)

Cr3+(aq) + 3e– Cr(s) (1)

f) A student suggested that Cr(NO3)4 instead of Cr(NO3)3 can be used as the electrolyte for electroplating.
Determine whether the use of Cr(NO3)3 or Cr(NO3)4 is more economical in terms of the quantity of
electricity consumed. (2 marks)

Cr(NO3)3 (1)

It is because to deposit 1 mole of Cr from 1 mole of Cr(NO3)4, 4 moles of electrons are required

4+ –
[Cr (aq) + 4e Cr(s)] while it requires only 3 moles of electrons to deposit 1 mole of Cr from 1 mole of

Cr(NO3)3 [Cr3+(aq) + 3e– Cr(s)]. (1)

Part B
g) Suggest an object which is usually electroplated with chromium. (1 mark)

Knobs / water taps / any other suitable items (1)

h) The wastewater generated from an electroplating factory contains dichromate ions. Before the wastewater
is discharged, it is treated in two stages as described below to remove the chromium-containing
substances.

Stage 1 Treat the wastewater with excess sodium sulphite solution in the presence of acid to reduce
the dichromate ions to chromium(III) ions.
Stage 2 Add a suitable chemical to the treated wastewater from Stage 1 to precipitate the chromium(III)
ions.

i) Explain how heavy metal ions affect the environment. (1 mark)

Heavy metal ions are toxic / may poison water life. (1)

ii) Suggest another reason why it is important to remove heavy metal ions from the wastewater.
(1 mark)

To recover the chromium metal. (1)

109
 iii) In Stage 1, the sulphite ions are oxidized to sulphate ions by the dichromate ions. Write an ionic
equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

3SO32–(aq) + Cr2O72–(aq) + 8H+(aq) 3SO42–(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) (1)

iv) (1) Suggest a suitable chemical for the precipitation of chromium(III) ions in Stage 2. (1 mark)

Sodium hydroxide solution (1)

(2) Write an ionic equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

Cr3+(aq) + 3OH–(aq) Cr(OH)3(s) (1)

137 The flow diagram below shows the processes in the extraction of copper from copper(I) sulphide.

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a) Consider Process 1.

i) Write a chemical equation for the roasting of copper(I) sulphide to obtain copper. (1 mark)

Cu2S(s) + O2(g) 2Cu(s) + SO2(g) (1)

ii) Identify the species undergoing oxidation and the species undergoing reduction in Process 1. Explain
your answers in terms of changes in oxidation numbers. (3 marks)

The sulphide ion undergoes oxidation (0.5)

because the oxidation number of sulphur increases from –2 to +4. (0.5)

The copper(I) ion undergoes reduction (0.5)

Part B

because the oxidation number of copper decreases from +1 to 0. (0.5)

The oxygen undergoes reduction (0.5)

because the oxidation number of oxygen decreases from 0 to –2. (0.5)

110
b) The impure copper obtained in Process 1 contains impurities including metals such as silver, iron, zinc and
gold. The impure copper is then purified as shown in the diagram below in Process 2.

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i) State whether the impure copper is the anode or the cathode. (1 mark)

Anode (1)

ii) Describe and explain what would happen at the anode and the cathode. (4 marks)

Iron and zinc form ions more readily than copper. Iron and zinc in the anode give up electrons first. (1)

The copper gives up electrons to form copper(II) ions. (1)

Impurities such as silver and gold settle at the bottom of the container. (1)

Copper(II) ions are preferentially discharged to form copper at the cathode. (1)

Part B
iii) What would be the change in the copper(II) sulphate solution after some time? Explain your
answer. (2 marks)

The concentration of copper(II) ions in the copper(II) sulphate solution drops gradually. (1)

This is because at the anode iron and zinc dissolves as ions readily while at the cathode copper(II) ions are always

preferentially discharged. (1)

111
 138 Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.

Extracting bromine from sea water

Bromine is a reddish brown liquid that has a range of uses, such as in flame retardants.

Sea water contains bromine in the form of bromide ions. The extraction of bromine from sea water involves
four main stages.

First the bromide ions are converted into bromine using chlorine. The acidity is adjusted to pH 3.5 to prevent
the bromine liberated from reacting with water. Then air is blown through the reaction mixture to separate
out the bromine vapour.

In the third stage, a mist of sulphur dioxide and water are mixed with the bromine vapour. The hydrogen
bromide and sulphuric acid mist formed are then condensed. The bromine at this stage is 2 200 times more
concentrated than it is in sea water.

In the final stage, the hydrogen bromide is fed into the top of a tower to meet a counter-current stream of
chlorine which converts the hydrogen bromide to bromine. The bromine vapour is removed from the mixture.
The hot vapour is condensed and then dried using concentrated sulphuric acid.

Bromine is stored in storage tanks that are lined with glass.

a) Bromide ions in sea water are converted to bromine using chlorine in the first stage of the extraction.

i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

Cl2(g) + 2Br–(aq) 2Cl–(aq) + Br2(g) (1)

ii) Identify the oxidizing agent in the conversion. Explain your answer in terms of the change in oxidation
Part B

number. (2 marks)

Chlorine is the oxidizing agent (1)

because it causes the oxidation number of bromine to increase from –1 to 0. (1)

b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction of bromine with water. (1 mark)

Br2(g) + H2O(l) HBr(aq) + HOBr(aq) (1)

c) In the third stage, a mist of sulphur dioxide and water are mixed with the bromine vapour.

i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

Br2(g) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(g) 2HBr(g) + H2SO4(g) (1)

112
 ii) Suggest whether a redox reaction is involved. Explain your answer. (2 marks)

A redox reaction is involved (1)

because the oxidation number of Br decreases from 0 to –1 while that of S increases from +4 to +6. (1)

d) Explain why bromine is stored in storage tanks that are lined with glass. (1 mark)

Glass is hard to corrode. (1)

e) Suggest ONE precaution workers in a bromine extraction plant should take. (1 mark)

Any one of the following:

• Wearing protective suits (1)

• Wearing eye protection (1)

f) Draw a hazard warning label that should be displayed on a bottle of liquid bromine. (1 mark)

PS

Part B
(1)

113
 139 Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.

China competes to be the world’s leader in electric cars

Chinese leaders aim at turning the country into one of the leading producers of hybrid and all-electric vehicles
by 2012, and making China the world leader in electric cars and buses after that.

Electric cars have several practical advantages in China. Intercity driving is rare. Commutes are fairly short
and frequently at low speeds because of traffic jams. So the limitations of electric cars are less of a problem.
A switch to electric vehicles is more plausible in China than in other countries.

Large fleet owners now get subsidies worth up to $8,800 per vehicle if they buy electric.

But the electric car industry faces obstacles too. Rechargeable cobalt lithium ion cells have a poor safety
reputation in China. Counterfeit lithium ion cells in mobile phones occasionally explode, causing injuries.
Fortunately these safety problems have not been associated with the more stable lithium ion phosphate cells
now being adapted to automotive use.

China’s intention is to reduce urban air pollution and decrease her dependence on oil. However, a report
estimates that replacing a petrol-driven car with a similar-size electric car in China would reduce greenhouse
emissions by only 19%.

a) Explain why a switch to electric vehicles is more plausible in China than in other countries. (2 marks)

In China, driving distances are relatively short and speeds are frequently low because of traffic jams. (1)

So the limitations of electric cars are less of a problem. (1)

Part B

b) Describe the working principle of a cobalt lithium cell. (4 marks)

The negative electrode consists of lithium atoms lying between graphite sheets. (1)

The positive electrode is made of lithium cobalt oxide. (1)

During discharge, lithium atoms at the negative electrode give out electrons to form lithium ions. The lithium ions

migrate across the electrolyte to the positive electrode. (1)

Electrons flow from the negative electrode to the positive electrode in the external circuit. (1)

114
c) Suggest ONE situation that may lead to the explosion of a lithium ion cell. (1 mark)

Any one of the following:

• Charging the cell with a high current (1)

• Loading the cell with excess discharge current (1)

d) Besides the safety concern of lithium ion cells, suggest TWO other obstacles the electric car industry
faces. (2 marks)

Any two of the following:

• There are not enough recharging stations in convenient locations for electric cars. (1)

• Electric cars are more expensive than petrol-driven cars. (1)

• There are not enough maintenance centers for providing services to electric cars. (1)

• Any other sensible suggestion (1)

e) An electric car has zero emission of exhaust gas. However, a report estimates that using electric cars in
China would reduce greenhouse emissions by only 19%.

Suggest a possible explanation for that. (1 mark)

Electricity is required for the charging of lithium ion cells.

China gets much of its electricity from coal, which produces more soot and more greenhouse gases than other

fuels. (1)

Part B

115
 140 Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.

Aluminium-air fuel cells

Driven by the facts of depleting fossil fuels, increasing air pollution and the demand for higher power
levels over longer periods, manufacturers have developed an aluminium-air fuel cell that has the potential to
evolutionize the car industry.

While most other fuel cell technologies rely on gas or liquid, the aluminium-air fuel cell derives its power
from a solid fuel.

The aluminium-air fuel cell is composed of an aluminium anode set in an aqueous alkaline solution. The
emission-free oxidation of aluminium by oxygen from air generates electricity. The overall reaction can be
represented by the following equation:

4Al(s) + 3O2(g) + 6H2O(l) 4Al(OH)3(s)

Traditional rechargeable cells require an external power source for recharging. The aluminium-air fuel cell
can regain energy simply by replacing a new cartridge containing the aluminium anode (the fuel). The old
cartridge can be recycled back to aluminium dozens of times. This makes the cell ideal for use in instances
where an external power source is unavailable.

Unfortunately fuel cells are not widely used in daily life despite of their having a number of advantages.

a) Write ionic half-equations for the cathodic and anodic reactions of an aluminium-air fuel cell. (2 marks)

Cathodic reaction: O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– 4OH–(aq) (1)

–
Anodic reaction: Al(s) + 3OH (aq) Al(OH)3(s) + 3e– (1)
Part B

b) Suggest TWO advantages of using an aluminium-air fuel cell over conventional chemical cells. (2 marks)

• Does not emit air pollutants (1)

• Can operate continuously if replaceable cartridges are available (it does not run down or require recharging using an

external power source) (1)

c) Suggest ONE advantage of an aluminium-air fuel cell over a hydrogen-air fuel cell. (1 mark)

Hydrogen is explosive. Aluminium is easier to handle. (1)

116
d) Briefly describe how aluminium can be extracted from bauxite, a common ore of aluminium. (4 marks)

Bauxite consists mainly of aluminium oxide. Aluminium is extracted from bauxite using electrolysis of the molten ore. (1)

The electrolysis is carried out in a steel tank.

The tank is lined with a graphite cathode while huge blocks of graphite anodes hang in the middle of the tank. (1)

During the electrolysis, aluminium ions are attracted to the cathode where they undergo reduction to form

aluminium. (1)

Oxide ions are attracted to the anode where they undergo oxidation to form oxygen gas. (1)

Part B

117
 141 The relative oxidizing power of three chemical species is in the following order:

SO42– < Br2 < Cl2

You are provided with the following substances and apparatus:

sodium bromide solution, aqueous bromine, aqueous chlorine, sodium sulphite solution and test tubes

Design a simple test-tube scale experiment to verify this order. You should state and explain the expected
observations of the tests.

(For this question, you are required to give answers in paragraph form.) (9 marks)

Place a few cm3 of sodium bromide solution in a test tube and then add aqueous chlorine to it. (1)

The solution changes from colourless to yellow-brown. (1)

In this experiment, bromide ions are oxidized to yellow-brown bromine by chlorine and chlorine is reduced to colourless

chloride ions. Therefore the oxidizing power of chlorine is stronger than that of bromine. (1)

3
Now place a few cm of aqueous bromine in a test tube and then add sodium sulphite solution to it. (1)

The yellow-brown solution becomes colourless. (1)

In this experiment, sulphite ions are oxidized to sulphate ions by bromine and bromine is reduced to colourless bromide

ions. Therefore the oxidizing power of bromine is stronger than that of sulphate ion. (1)

(3 marks for organization and presentation)

Part B

118
142 Write an essay on the interconversion between chemical energy and electrical energy. (9 marks)

(For this question, you are required to give answers in paragraph form.)

Conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy

Any one of the following:

• Daniell cell

A Daniell cell consists of a zinc strip (the negative electrode) immersed in zinc sulphate solution contained in a porous

pot and a copper container (the positive electrode) containing copper(II) sulphate solution. (1)

Zinc atoms give up electrons to form zinc ions. (1)

The copper(II) ions in the copper(II) sulphate solution gain electrons from the external circuit to form copper metal. (1)

• Zinc-carbon cell

A zinc-carbon cell contains a carbon rod surrounded by a mixture of powdered carbon and manganese(IV) oxide. The

carbon rod is the positive electrode. The outer zinc case is the negative electrode. The electrolyte is a moist paste of

ammonium chloride. (1)

Zinc atoms give up electrons to form zinc ions. (1)

Ammonium ions gain electrons from the external circuit to form ammonia and hydrogen. (1)

• Any chemical cell upon discharge

Set-up of the cell (1)

Part B
Chemical changes that occur at the electrodes (2)

Conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy

Any one of the following:

• Electrolysis of acidified water

During the electrolysis of acidified water using platinum electrodes, sulphate ions and hydroxide ions are attracted to

the anode. Hydrogen ions are attracted to the cathode. (1)

Hydroxide ions are preferentially discharged (oxidized) to form oxygen gas at the anode. (1)

Hydrogen ions are discharged (reduced) to form hydrogen gas at the cathode. (1)

• Electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution

During the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution using carbon electrodes, chloride ions and hydroxide

ions are attracted to the anode. Sodium ions and hydrogen ions are attracted to the cathode. (1)
Chloride ions are preferentially discharged (oxidized) to form chlorine gas at the anode. (1)
Hydrogen ions are discharged (reduced) to form hydrogen gas at the cathode. (1)
• Electrolysis of other species
The electrodes used and the movement of anions and cations. (1)
The ions preferentially discharged at the anode. (1)
The ions preferentially discharged at the cathode. (1)
(3 marks for organization and presentation) 119
 143 Briefly describe how you would conduct an experiment, using the materials and apparatus listed below, to
copper-plate a clean metal key. State the expected observations of the experiment.

a clean metal key, a copper plate, copper(II) sulphate crystals, a large beaker of distilled water, a d.c. power
supply and connecting wires

(Diagrams and equations are NOT required.)

(For this question, you are required to give answers in paragraph form.) (9 marks)

First dissolve the copper(II) sulphate crystals in the beaker of distilled water. (1)

Then connect the positive terminal of the d.c. power supply to the copper plate (1)

and the negative terminal of the d.c. power supply to the metal key. (1)

Dip both the copper plate and the key into the copper(II) sulphate solution. (1)

Pass electricity through the circuit for some time. The copper plate becomes thinner. (1)

A layer of shiny metal deposits onto the key. (1)

(3 marks for organization and presentation)

Part B

120