Chapter 4.

Thermodynamics
2. The law of Thermodynamics: Pressure vs. translational kinetic energy
3. The Root mean square speed of gas molecule
4. Dalton’s Law (Law of partial pressures)
5. The Internal Energy of a thermodynamic system (Thermal Energy)
6. Heat/Specific heat capacity/Molar heat capacity

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 𝑄 = 𝑛𝑐𝑚 𝑐∆𝑇

Example 1. Amount of heat needed to increase 2 kg of water at 20°C to 50°C
Example 2. 0.5 kg metal at 90 °C is put into a 2-kg water tank at 20°C. Find out
the equilibrium temperature of the system
Example 3. Amount of heat needed to transform 2 kg water into steam

Heat of fusion/Vaporization is how much heat we need to

change the phase of the matter
Example 4. Amount of heat needed to transform 3-kg ice at -40 °C to vapor at 160 °C
Relationship between molar heat capacity between constant volume and
constant pressure processes: mono-atomic molecule
7. Công
7. Các quá trình biến đổi của khí lý tưởng
 8. The 1st law of Thermodynamics ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 + 𝑊

Example 1

Example 2

Example 3

• Gas constant R = 8.31 J·mol-1·K-1

• Avogadro number NA = 6.02×1023
𝑅
• Boltzmann constant kB = 𝑁 = 1.38×10−23 J⋅K−1
𝐴
9. The 4 most popular gas processes
9.1. Isobaric Process (Constant Pressure)

How to setup the gas system?

⟹ Let the piston move freely

1st law of thermodynamics

 9.2. Isothermal Process (Constant Temperature)

How to setup the gas system?

⟹ Let the gas system be inside
a heat sink in order for the heat
to leave the cylinder
9.3. Isovolumetric Process (Constant Volume)

How to setup the gas system?

⟹ Don’t let the piston move
9.4. Adiabatic Process (zero heat is exchanged)

How to setup the gas system?

⟹ Don’t let heat enter or leave the system ⟹ isolating the gas system. Normally,
we let the process happen very fast thus heat has no time to conduct in and out of
the system
Summary: 4 most popular Processes
Nguyên lý 2 nhiệt động
Heat Engine
Refrigerator
Nội dung cuối kỳ