Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Suggested Problems
Serway: Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 8th edition.
Eastop: Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologists, 5th edition.
Serway 19.21,19.24,19.25,19.27,19.29,19.34,19.54,20.69
(Note: Molar mass from Periodic Table, Appendix C. Values of R and k in p.555)
Serway
• 21.15
• Isochoric: 21.14
• Isobaric: 21.17, 20.33
• Isothermal: 20.31
• Adiabatic: 21.19, 21.23, 21.24, 21.71
• Polytropic: 21.53
• 21.51
Eastop
• 2.10, 2.12
• Isochoric: 3.1
• Isobaric: 3.3
• Isothermal: 3.5, 3.7
• Adiabatic: 3.8, 3.9, 3.10
• Polytropic: 1.5, 3.11, 3.12
(Note: For air, r = 0.287 kJ/ kg ◦K, cp = 1.005 kJ/ kg ◦K, cv = 0.718 kJ/ kg ◦K,
γ = 1.4.)
1
Serway
• Cycles: 22.30, 22.35, 22.57, 22.62, 22.67
• Entropy: 22.37, 22.38, 22.40
• HE&R: 22.11, 22.19, 22.28, 22.59, 22.60, 22.61
Eastop
• Entropy: 4.5, 4.7, 4.12, 4.15, 4.18
• HE&R: 5.1, 5.2
Additional Exercises
1 Specific Heat, Latent Heat
Question 1.1. A lead bullet initially at 30◦ C just melts upon striking a target. Assuming that
all of the initial kinetic energy of the bullet goes into the internal energy of the bullet to raise its
temperature and melt it, calculate the speed of the bullet upon impact. (clead = 0.128 kJ/ kg ◦K,
Tmelting = 327◦C, Lmelting = 24.7 kJ/ kg) [Ans: 353.31 m/s]
Question 1.2. If 500 g of molten lead at 327◦ C is poured into a cavity in a large block of ice
at 0◦ C, how much of the ice melts ? [Ans: 100 g]
Question 1.3. A 200 g piece of ice at 0◦ C is placed in 500 g of water at 20◦ C. The system is
in a container of negligible heat capacity and is isolated from its surroundings.
a) If 20 g of steam at 100◦C is injected into the bucket, what is the final equilibrium tem-
perature of the system ? [Ans: Tf = 5.09◦C]
Question 1.5. How many calories must be supplied to 60 g of ice at −10◦ C to melt it and
raise the temperature of the water to 40◦ C ? [Ans: 7.48 kcal]
Question 1.6. What is the amount of vapour at 130◦ C that is needed to heat up 200 g of
water and its glass container (100 g) from 20 to 50◦ C ? (cvapour = 2.01 kJ/ kg ◦C, cglass =
0.212 kJ/ kg ◦C, Lvapour = 2.26 kJ/ kg, cwater = 4.18 kJ/ kg ◦C)
2
2 Ideal Gases: State Equation, Equipartition Theorem
and Internal Energy
Question 2.1. A 10 L (1 L(liter) = 1000 cm3) vessel contains a gas at a temperature of 0◦ C
and a pressure of 4 atm. How many moles of gas are in the vessel ? How many molecules ?
[Ans: 1.76 moles, 1.06 × 1024 molecules]
Question 2.2. The molecular mass of carbon dioxide CO2 is 44 g/ mol. Calculate the specific
gas constant r of CO2 . [Ans: 0.189 kJ/ kg ◦K]
Question 2.3. A motorist inflates the tires of her car to a pressure of 180 kP a on a day when
the temperature is −8◦ C. When she arrives at her destination, the tire pressure increased to
245 kP a. What is the temperature of the tires if we assume that:
Question 2.4. An automobile tire is filled to a gauge pressure of 200 kP a when its temperature
is 20◦ C. After the car has been driven at high speeds, the tire temperature increases to 50◦ C.
a) Assuming that the volume of the tire does not change, and that air behaves as an ideal
gas, find the pressure of the air in the tire. [Ans: 2.3 atm (gauge)]
b) Calculate the gauge pressure if the volume of the tire expands by 10%. [Ans: 2 atm (gauge)]
Question 2.5. Two bulbs of volumes 200 cm3 and 100 cm3 , are connected by a short tube con-
taining an insulating porous plug that permits equalization of pressure but not of temperature
between the bulbs. The system is sealed at 27◦ C when it contains oxygen under a pressure of
1 bar. The small bulb is immersed in an ice bath at 0◦ C and the large bulb is placed in a steam
bath at 100◦C. What is the final pressure inside the system ? Neglect thermal expansion of
the bulbs. [Ans: 1.108 bar]
111
000
000
111
Question 2.7. If one mole of oxygen is heated from 27 to 35◦ C, what is the change in the
internal energy ? What are the changes in the translational and the rotational energy ? Assume
that the two atoms of the oxygen molecule have a fixed bond. [Ans: 166.28 J, 99.77 J, 66.51 J]
3
3 Work, First Law of Thermodynamics
Question 3.1. The initial state A of a certain amount of a monoatomic ideal gas is P1 = 5 bar,
V1 = 3 L, and its final state B is P2 = 2 bar, V2 = 6 L.
a) Find the change in internal energy of the ideal gas from states A to B. [Ans: ∆UAB =
−450 J]
b) Find the quasi-static work done and the net heat absorbed by this system in each of the
following processes which take the system from state A to state B:
i) The system is expanded from its original to its final volume, heat being added to
maintain the pressure constant. The volume is then kept constant, and heat is
extracted to reduce the pressure to 2 bar. [Ans: W = 1500 J, Q = 1050 J]
ii) The volume is increased and heat is supplied to cause the pressure to decrease linearly
with the volume. [Ans: W = 1050 J, Q = 600 J]
Question 3.2. Two containers of volume V1 = V2 = V are connected by a small tube with a
valve. Initially, the valve is closed and the two volumes contain monoatomic gas at pressures
P1 and P2 , and temperatures T1 and T2 respectively. After the valve is opened, what will be the
final pressure and temperature inside the joint volume ? (Neglect heat lost from the system).
P1 + P2 T1 T2 (P1 + P2 )
[Ans: Pf = , Tf = ]
2 P1 T2 + P2 T1
a) Find the change in temperature if the pressure is kept constant. [Ans: 8.6◦ K]
c) Find the ratio of the final volume of the gas to the initial volume if the initial temperature
is 20◦ C. [Ans: 1.03]
4
Question 4.3. [Isobaric] 100 mol of a monoatomic gas is cooled at constant pressure such
that its volume is reduced by 3%. If the original temperature of the gas is 24◦ C, find:
d) The work done. Is it done “on” or “by” the gas ? [Ans: −7.407 kJ (on the gas)]
a) cv = 23 R [Ans: 465.1◦K ]
b) cv = 52 R [Ans: 386.6◦K ]
5
5 Thermodynamic Cycles, Second Law of Thermody-
namics: Entropy, Heat Engines and Refrigerators
Question 5.1. The compression ratio in an air-standard Otto cycle is 8. At the beginning
of the compression stroke, the pressure is 0.1 MP a and the temperature is 15◦ C. The heat
transfer to the air per cycle is 1800 kJ/ kg. Determine:
a) The pressure and temperature at the end of each process of the cycle. [Ans: P2 =
1.838 MP a, T2 = 661.65◦K, P3 = 8.817 MP a, T3 = 3174◦K, P4 = 0.4797 MP a, T4 =
1381◦K]
P 3
Adiabatic expansion
Q in
2 4
Q out
Adiabatic contraction 1
6
Question 5.5 (HE&R, Final exam 13/6/2005).
Th = 500 K
Tl = 150 K
6 Heat Transfer
Question 6.1 (Final exam, 9/6/2008).
7
Question 6.2 (Final exam, 18/6/2007).
8
7 Steam Tables, Quasi-static Processes with Steam, Steady
Flow Equation
Question 7.1. Use the following table:
p ts vf vg uf ug hf hf g hg
3 3
[ bar] [ C]
◦
[ m /kg] [ m /kg] [ kJ/ kg] [ kJ/ kg] [ kJ/ kg] [ kJ/ kg] [ kJ/ kg]
11 184.1 0.001133 0.1774 780 2586 781 2000 2781
12 188.0 0.001139 0.1632 797 2588 798 1986 2784
13 191.6 0.001144 0.1512 813 2590 815 1972 2787
14 195.0 0.001149 0.1408 828 2593 830 1960 2790
15 198.3 0.001154 0.1317 843 2595 845 1947 2792
b) What is the state of water (compressed liquid, or mixture of liquid and vapor, or super-
heated vapour) under the following conditions:
c) A vessel having a volume of 0.5 m3 contains 5 kg of liquid water and water vapour mixture
in equilibrium at a pressure of 14 bar.
Question 7.2. Calculate the specific volume of wet steam at a pressure of 15 bar having
a dryness fraction of 70%. (The specific volume of the saturated fluid at 15 bar is vf =
0.00115 m3/kg). [Ans: v = 0.0925 m3 /kg]
Question 7.3. A vessel having a volume of 0.4 m3 contains 2.0 kg of a liquid water and water
vapor mixture in equilibrium at a pressure of 600 kP a. Calculate:
b) The volume and mass of vapour. [Ans: 0.399 m3, 1.265 kg]
Question 7.4. Determine whether water at each of the following states is a compressed liquid,
a superheated vapor, or a mixture of saturated liquid and vapor:
9
c) 160◦C, 0.4 m3 /kg [Ans: Superheated vapour]
Question 7.5. A vessel of volume 0.03 m3 contains dry saturated steam at 17 bar. What is
the temperature of the steam ? Calculate the mass of steam in the vessel. [Ans: 204.3◦C,
0.257 kg]
Question 7.6. Steam at 7 bar and 250◦ C enters a pipeline and flows along it at constant
pressure. If the steam rejects heat steadily to the surroundings, at what temperature will
droplets of water begin to form in the vapour ? [Ans: 165◦C]
10
Question 7.14. [Steady flow - Open system]
A compressor receives air from the ambient at 95 kP a, 20◦ C, with a low velocity. At the
compressor discharge, air exits at 1.14 MP a, 380◦ C, with a speed of 110 m/s. The power input
to the compressor is 5000 kW . Determine the mass flow rate of air through the unit. (Take for
air: cp = 1.0035 kJ/kg ◦K). [Ans: ṁ = 13.6 kg/s]
Turbine
Exit
b) It the inlet area is 0.1 m2 and the specific volume at inlet is 0.19 m3 /kg, find the rate of
flow of fluid. [Ans: 31.6 kg/s]
c) If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is 0.5 m3 /kg, find the exit area of the nozzle.
[Ans: 0.0229 m3]
11
Question 7.19. [Steady flow - Open system]
The mass rate of flow into a steam turbine is 1.5 kg/s, and the heat transfer from the turbine
is 8.5 kW . The following data are known for the steam entering and leaving the turbine:
Inlet Exit
Conditions Conditions
Pressure 2.0 MP a 0.1 MP a
Temperature 350◦ C
Dryness Fraction 100%
Speed 50 m/s 200 m/s
Elevation above reference plane 6m 3m
Conversions
B Theory
• Proof of the relation between the internal energy and the specific heat at constant volume.
• Proof of the relation between the specific heat at constant volume and the specific heat
at constant pressure.
– Proofs for the relations between P V , P T and V T for the adiabatic process.
– The relations between P V , P T and V T for the polytropic process.
12
|QL | TL
– Proof of the efficiency of a Carnot cycle; and the relation = .
QH TH
• Proofs of the change in entropy for all processes.
13