Chemical Principles 5th Edition Atkins

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Chapter 8: Thermodynamics: The First Law

1. Hot coffee in a vacuum flask (thermos) is an example of a(n) __________________

(open, closed, isolated) system.
Ans: isolated

2. A closed system can exchange energy with the surroundings. True or false?
Ans: True

3. An isolated system can exchange energy and small particles with the surroundings.
True or false?
Ans: False

4. Work is reported in joules; and 1 joule = ____________

Ans: 1 kgm2s−2

5. How much work is done by a person of mass 185 kg who climbs a ladder to the top of
his house, a total of 15.0 m?
A) 2.78 kJ B) 12.3 kJ C) 27.2 kJ D) No work is done. E) 121 kJ
Ans: C

6. If an isolated system contained +5 kJ of energy, after 100 years U =

A) The answer is impossible to D) 0 kJ.
determine
B) Slightly less than +5 kJ. E) −5 kJ.
C) +5 kJ.
Ans: C

7. What is the total motional contribution to the molar internal energy of gaseous HCN?
A) 3RT B) 3.5RT C) 2.5RT D) RT E) 1.5RT
Ans: C

8. What is the total motional contribution to the molar internal energy of gaseous BF3?
A) RT B) 3.5RT C) 3RT D) 1.5RT E) 2.5RT
Ans: C

9. What is the total motional contribution to the molar internal energy of gaseous H2O at
25C?
A) 6.19 kJmol−1 D) 12.4 kJmol−1
B) 7.43 kJmol−1 E) 2.48 kJmol−1
C) 3.72 kJmol−1
Ans: B

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10. A CD player and its battery together do 500 kJ of work. The battery also releases 250
kJ of energy as heat and the CD player releases 50 kJ as heat due to friction from
spinning. What is the change in internal energy of the system, with the system regarded
as the battery and CD player together?
A) +200 kJ B) −700 kJ C) −800 kJ D) −200 kJ E) −750 kJ
Ans: C

11. A CD player and its battery together do 500 kJ of work. The battery also releases 250
kJ of energy as heat, and the CD player releases 50 kJ as heat due to friction from
spinning. What is the change in internal energy of the system, with the system regarded
as the battery alone? Assume that the battery does 500 kJ of work on the CD player,
which then does the same amount of work on the surroundings.
A) +200 kJ B) −800 kJ C) −750 kJ D) −50 kJ E) −700 kJ
Ans: C

12. A CD player and its battery together do 500 kJ of work. The battery also releases 250
kJ of energy as heat and the CD player releases 50 kJ as heat due to friction from
spinning. What is the change in internal energy of the system, with the system regarded
as the CD player alone? Assume that the battery does 500 kJ of work on the CD player,
which then does the same amount of work on the surroundings.
A) –550 kJ B) −50 kJ C) −950 kJ D) −800 kJ E) +450 kJ
Ans: B

13. When a gas expands into a vacuum, w = 0. True or false?

Ans: True

14. A system had 150 kJ of work done on it and its internal energy increased by 60 kJ. How
much energy did the system gain or lose as heat?
A) The system lost 90 kJ of energy as heat.
B) The system lost 210 kJ of energy as heat.
C) The system gained 60 kJ of energy as heat.
D) The system gained 90 kJ of energy as heat.
E) The system gained 210 kJ of energy as heat.
Ans: A

15. If 2.00 mol of an ideal gas at 300 K and 3.00 atm expands from 6.00 L to 18.00 L and
has a final pressure of 1.20 atm, isothermally and reversibly, which of the following is
correct?
A) w = −5.48 kJ, q = +5.48 kJ, U = 0
B) w = −3.65 kJ, q = +3.65 kJ, U = 0
C) w = +3.65 kJ, q = +3.65 kJ, U = +7.30 kJ
D) w = −5.48 kJ, q = −5.48 kJ, U = −11.0 kJ
E) w = +5.48 kJ, q = +5.48 kJ, U = +11.0 kJ
Ans: A

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16. If 2.00 mol of an ideal gas at 300 K and 3.00 atm expands from 6.00 L to 18.00 L and a
final pressure of 1.20 atm in two steps: (1) the gas is cooled at constant volume until its
pressure has fallen to 1.20 atm, and (2) it is heated and allowed to expand against a
constant pressure of 1.20 atm until its volume reaches 18.00 L, which of the following is
correct?
A) w = 0 for step (1) and w = −1.46 kJ for step (2)
B) w = −4.57 kJ for the overall process
C) w = −6.03 kJ for the overall process
D) w = −4.57 kJ for step (1) and w = −1.46 kJ for step (2)
E) w = 0 for the overall process
Ans: A

17. In a system composed of nitrogen gas in a cylinder fitted with a piston, when 2.00 kJ of
energy is transferred as heat at an external pressure of 2.00 atm, the nitrogen gas
expands from 2.00 to 5.00 L against this constant pressure. What is U for the process?
A) −0.608 kJ B) +1.39 kJ C) +2.61 kJ D) 0 E) −2.61 kJ
Ans: B

18. A battery does 35 kJ of work driving an electric motor and 7 kJ of heat are released.
What is the change in internal energy of the system?
A) −35 kJ B) +42 kJ C) −42 kJ D) −28 kJ E) +28 kJ
Ans: C

19. A piece of a newly synthesized material of mass 25.0 g at 80.0C is placed in a

calorimeter containing 100.0 g of water at 20.0C. If the final temperature of the system
is 24.0C, what is the specific heat capacity of this material?
A) 0.30 Jg−1(C)−1 D) 4.76 Jg−1(C)−1
B) 7.46 Jg−1(C)−1 E) 0.84 Jg−1(C)−1
C) 1.19 Jg−1(C)−1
Ans: C

20. A piece of a newly synthesized material of mass 12.0 g at 88.0C is placed in a

calorimeter containing 100.0 g of water at 20.0C. If the final temperature of the system
is 24.0C, what is the specific heat capacity of this material?
A) 10.2 Jg−1(C)−1 D) 9.50 Jg−1(C)−1
B) 1.58 Jg−1(C)−1 E) 0.54 Jg−1(C)−1
C) 2.18 Jg−1(C)−1
Ans: C

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21. A reaction known to release 2.00 kJ of heat takes place in a calorimeter containing
0.200 L of solution and the temperature rose by 4.46C. When 100 mL of nitric acid and
100 mL of sodium hydroxide were mixed in the same calorimeter, the temperature rose
2.01C. What is the heat output for the neutralization reaction?
A) 0.0186 kJ(C)−1 D) 17.9 kJ(C)−1
B) 0.448 kJ(C) − 1 E) 0.901 kJ(C)−1
C) 0.816 kJ(C)−1
Ans: E

22. A reaction known to release 4.00 kJ of heat takes place in a calorimeter containing
0.200 L of solution and the temperature rose by 6.14C. When 200 mL of hydrochloric
acid was added to a small piece of calcium carbonate in the same calorimeter, the
temperature rose by 4.25C. What is the heat output for this reaction?
A) 0.0257 kJ(C)−1 D) 2.77 kJ(C)−1
B) 0.941 kJ(C)−1 E) 2.12 kJ(C)−1
C) 0.651 kJ(C) − 1

Ans: D

23. Which of the following is not a state function?

A) H B) T C) U D) S E) None; they are all state functions.
Ans: E

24. Calculate the final temperature when 2.50 kJ of energy is transferred as heat to 1.50 mol
N2 at 298 K and 1 atm at constant volume.
A) 80C B) 145C C) 159C D) 120C E) 105C
Ans: E

25. Calculate the final temperature when 2.50 kJ of energy is transferred as heat to 1.50 mol
BF3 at 298 K and 1 atm at constant volume.
A) 100C B) 80C C) 67C D) 125C E) 92C
Ans: E

26. Calculate the change in internal energy when 2.50 kJ of energy is transferred as heat to
1.50 mol N2 at 298 K and 1 atm at constant volume.
A) −2.50 kJ B) +2.50 kJ C) +1.00 kJ D) −1.50 kJ E) +1.50 kJ
Ans: B

27. Calculate the change in internal energy when 2.50 kJ of energy is transferred as heat to
1.50 mol BF3 at 298 K and 1 atm at constant volume.
A) +1.00 kJ B) +2.50 kJ C) −1.50 kJ D) −2.50 kJ E) +1.50 kJ
Ans: B

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28. Calculate the final temperature when 2.50 kJ of energy is transferred as heat to 1.50 mol
N2 at 298 K and 1 atm at constant pressure.
A) 75C B) 159C C) 80C D) 82C E) 92C
Ans: D

29. Calculate the final temperature when 2.50 kJ of energy is transferred as heat to 1.50 mol
BF3 at 298 K and 1 atm at constant pressure.
A) 82C B) 80C C) 159C D) 75C E) 92C
Ans: D

30. Calculate the change in internal energy when 2.50 kJ of energy is transferred as heat to
1.50 mol N2 at 298 K and 1 atm at constant pressure.
A) +2.14 kJ B) −1.79 kJ C) +2.50 kJ D) −2.50 kJ E) +1.79 kJ
Ans: E

31. Calculate the change in internal energy when 2.50 kJ of energy is transferred as heat to
1.50 mol BF3 at 298 K and 1 atm at constant pressure.
A) +1.56 kJ B) +2.50 kJ C) 1.87 kJ D) −2.50 kJ E) −1.87 kJ
Ans: C

32. Calculate the enthalpy change that occurs when 1.00 kg of acetone condenses at its
boiling point (329.4 K). The standard enthalpy of vaporization of acetone is
29.1 kJmol−1.
A) −502 kJ B) −29.1 kJ C) −2.91  104 kJ D) +502 kJ E) +29.1 kJ
Ans: A

33. Calculate the enthalpy change that occurs when 1 lb (454 g) of mercury freezes at its
freezing point (234.3 K). The standard enthalpy of fusion of mercury is 2.29 kJmol−1.
A) −2.29 kJ B) −1.04  103 kJ C) +5.18 kJ D) +2.29 kJ E) −5.18 kJ
Ans: E

34. Calculate the standard enthalpy of vaporization of liquid bromine if the standard
enthalpy of sublimation of solid bromine is +40.1 kJmol−1 and the standard enthalpy of
fusion of solid bromine is +10.6 kJmol−1.
A) −50.7 kJmol−1 D) +14.8 kJmol−1
B) −29.5 kJmol−1 E) +29.5 kJmol−1
C) +50.7 kJmol − 1

Ans: E

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35. How much heat is required to vaporize 50.0 g of water if the initial temperature of the
water is 25.0C and the water is heated to its boiling point, where it is converted to
steam? The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J(C)−1g−1 and the standard enthalpy
of vaporization of water at its boiling point is 40.7 kJmol−1.
A) 169 kJ B) 64.2 kJ C) 40.7 kJ D) 193 kJ E) 23.5 kJ
Ans: D

36. When a solution of 1.691 g of silver nitrate is mixed with an excess of sodium chloride
in a calorimeter of heat capacity 216 J(C)−1, the temperature rises 3.03C. What is the
reaction enthalpy?
A) −65.7 kJmol−1 D) +65.7 kJmol−1
B) −0.654 kJmol− 1 E) +0.654 kJmol−1
C) +111 kJmol−1
Ans: A

37. The combustion of 1 mole of octane, C8H18(l), to produce carbon dioxide and liquid
water has Hr = −5471 kJmol−1 at 298 K. What is the change in internal energy for this
reaction?
A) −5460 kJmol−1 D) −5471 kJmol−1
B) −5482 kJmol−1 E) −5493 kJmol−1
C) −5449 kJmol−1
Ans: A

38. The combustion of 1 mole of ethanol, C2H5OH(l), to produce carbon dioxide and
gaseous water has Hr = −1235 kJmol−1 at 298 K. What is the change in internal energy
for this reaction?
A) −1237 kJmol−1 D) −1247 kJmol−1
B) −1240 kJmol− 1 E) −1223 kJmol−1
C) −1230 kJmol−1
Ans: B

39. The combustion of one mole of octane, C8H18(l), in a bomb calorimeter released 5460 kJ
of heat at 298 K. The products of the reaction are carbon dioxide and liquid water. What
is the enthalpy change for this reaction?
A) +5471 kJmol−1 D) −5449 kJmol−1
B) −5460 kJmol−1 E) +5460 kJmol−1
C) −5471 kJmol− 1

Ans: C

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40. The combustion of 1 mole of ethanol, C2H5OH(l), in a bomb calorimeter released 1240
kJ of heat. The products of the reaction are carbon dioxide and liquid water. What is the
enthalpy change for this reaction?
A) −1245 kJmol−1 D) +1240 kJmol−1
B) −1235 kJmol− 1 E) −1240 kJmol−1
C) +1235 kJmol−1
Ans: B

41. Given the standard reaction enthalpies below:

N2(g) + O2 → 2NO(g) H° = +180.5 kJmol−1
2NO2(g) → N2(g) + 2O2(g) H° = −66.4 kJmol−1
calculate the standard reaction enthalpy for the oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrogen
dioxide, shown below:
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
A) +114.1 kJmol−1 D) −294.6 kJmol−1
B) +246.9 kJmol−1 E) −246.9 kJmol−1
C) −114.1 kJmol− 1

Ans: C

42. If the standard reaction enthalpy for the reaction

NO2(g) → NO(g) + O(g)
Is needed, calculate it from the standard enthalpy of formation of ozone, +142.7
kJmol−1, and from the reactions listed below:
O2(g) → 2O(g) H° = +498.4 kJmol−1
NO(g) + O3(g) → NO2(g) + O2(g) H° = −200 kJmol−1
A) +355 kJmol−1 D) +592 kJmol−1
B) +555 kJmol − 1 E) +306 kJmol−1
C) +192 kJmol−1
Ans: E

43. Calculate the standard reaction enthalpy for the reaction.

N2H4(l) + H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
Given: N2H4(l) + O2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g) H° = −543 kJmol−1
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) H° = −484 kJmol−1
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) H° = −92.2 kJmol−1
A) −935 kJmol−1 D) −59 kJmol−1
B) −1119 kJmol −1 E) −243 kJmol−1
C) −151 kJmol−1
Ans: C

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44. Calculate the standard reaction enthalpy for the following reaction.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + 3H2(g)
Given: 2H2(g) + CO(g) → CH3OH(l) H° = −128.3 kJmol−1
2CH4(g) + O2(g) → 2CH3OH(l) H° = −328.1 kJmol−1
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) H° = −483.6 kJmol−1
A) +155.5 kJmol−1 D) +42.0 kJmol−1
B) + 216 kJmol − 1 E) +206.1 kJmol−1
C) +412.1 kJmol−1
Ans: E

45. What mass of propane, C3H8(g), must be burned to supply 2580 kJ of heat? The
standard enthalpy of combustion of propane at 298 K is −2220 kJmol−1.
A) 25.6 g B) 51.2 g C) 102 g D) 75.9 g E) 37.9 g
Ans: B

46. What mass of ethanol, C2H5OH(l), must be burned to supply 500 kJ of heat? The
standard enthalpy of combustion of ethanol at 298 K is −1368 kJmol−1.
A) 126 g B) 2.74 g C) 16.8 g D) 10.9 g E) 29.7 g
Ans: C

47. Calculate the standard enthalpy of combustion of ethanol at 298 K from standard
enthalpy of formation data.
A) −957.0 kJmol−1 D) −1922 kJmol−1
B) −1367 kJmol−1 E) −401.7 kJmol−1
C) −687.5 kJmol−1
Ans: B

48. Calculate the standard enthalpy of combustion of butane, C4H10(g), at 298 K from
standard enthalpy of formation data.
Ans: −2877.04 kJmol−1

49. If the standard enthalpy of combustion of ethanol, C2H5OH(l), at 298 K is −1368

kJmol−1, what is the standard enthalpy of formation of ethanol? The standard enthalpies
of formation of carbon dioxide and liquid water are −393.51 and −285.83 kJmol−1,
respectively.
A) +688.7 kJmol−1 D) −276.5 kJmol−1
B) −344.3 kJmol− 1 E) −688.7 kJmol−1
C) +276.5 kJmol−1
Ans: D

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50. If the standard enthalpy of combustion of octane, C8H18(l), at 298 K is −5471 kJmol−1,
calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of octane. The standard enthalpies of
formation of carbon dioxide and liquid water are −393.51 and −285.83 kJmol−1,
respectively.
Ans: −249 kJmol−1

51. The standard enthalpy of formation of ammonium perchlorate at 298 K is −295.31

kJmol−1. Write the equation that corresponds to this value.
Ans: ½N2(g) + ½Cl2(g) + 2O2(g) + 2H2(g) → NH4ClO4(s)

52. Match the values with the correct enthalpy change.

Enthalpy Value
Hf(C(g)) −1300 kJmol−1
Hf(C(s), (graphite)) +717 kJmol−1
Hc(C2H2(g)) +31 kJmol−1
Hf(Br2(g)) 0
Ans:
Hf(C(g)) +717 kJmol−1
Hf(C(s), (graphite)) 0
Hc(C2H2(g)) −1300 kJmol−1
Hf(Br2(g)) +31 kJmol−1

53. What equation corresponds to the standard enthalpy of formation of gaseous hydrogen
atoms, which, at 298 K is +217 kJmol−1?
Ans: ½H2(g) → H(g)

54. The lattice enthalpy of calcium bromide is the energy change for the reaction
A) CaBr2(s) → Ca(g) + 2Br(g) D) CaBr2(s) → Ca(g) + Br2(g)
B) CaBr2(s) → Ca (g) + 2Br (g)
2+ − E) Ca(g) + 2Br(g) → CaBr2(g)
C) Ca(s) + Br2(l) → CaBr2(s)
Ans: B

55. The lattice enthalpy of calcium oxide is the energy change for the reaction
A) CaO(s) → Ca(g) + O(g) D) CaO(s) → Ca2+(g) + O2−(g)
B) CaO(s) → Ca(g) + ½O2(g) E) Ca(s) + ½O2(g) → CaO(s)
C) Ca(g) + O(g) → CaO(g)
Ans: D

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56. The standard enthalpy of formation of NaCl(s) is −411 kJ/mol. In a Born-Haber cycle
for the formation of NaCl(s), which enthalpy change(s) is/are endothermic?
A) the lattice enthalpy of NaCl(s)
B) the electron affinity of chlorine
C) the reverse of the lattice enthalpy of NaCl(s)
D) All of the enthalpy changes are endothermic except for the standard enthalpy of
formation of NaCl(s).
Ans: A

57. Calculate the lattice enthalpy of silver chloride from the following data.
enthalpy of formation of Ag(g): +284 kJmol−1
first ionization energy of Ag(g): +731 kJmol−1
enthalpy of formation of Cl(g): +122 kJmol−1
electron affinity of Cl(g): +349 (H = −349) kJmol−1
enthalpy of formation of AgCl(s): −127 kJmol−1
A) 1613 kJmol−1 D) 1359 kJmol−1
B) 915 kJmol−1 E) 661 kJmol−1
C) 1037 kJmol−1
Ans: B

58. Calculate the lattice enthalpy of potassium fluoride from the following data.
enthalpy of formation of K(g): +89 kJmol−1
first ionization energy of K(g): +418 kJmol−1
enthalpy of formation of F(g): +79 kJmol−1
electron affinity of F(g): +328 (H = −328) kJmol−1
enthalpy of formation of KF(s): −567 kJmol−1
A) 1481 kJmol−1 D) 497 kJmol−1
B) 825 kJmol−1 E) 347 kJmol−1
C) 904 kJmol−1
Ans: B

59. Calculate the lattice enthalpy of calcium oxide from the following data.
enthalpy of formation of Ca(g): +178 kJmol−1
first ionization energy of Ca(g): +590 kJmol−1
second ionization energy of Ca(g): +1150 kJmol−1
enthalpy of formation of O(g): +249 kJmol−1
first electron affinity of O(g): +141 (H = −141) kJmol−1
second electron affinity of O(g): −844 (H = +844) kJmol−1
enthalpy of formation of CaO(s): −635 kJmol−1
A) 1817 kJmol−1 D) 3754 kJmol−1
B) 1391 kJmol−1 E) 3505 kJmol−1
C) 2235 kJmol−1
Ans: E

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60. Calculate the lattice enthalpy of potassium chloride given the following enthalpy data.
K(s) → K(g) +89 kJmol−1
K(g) → K+(g) + e− +418 kJmol−1
½Cl2(g) → Cl(g) +122 kJmol−1
Cl(g) e− → Cl−(g) −349 kJmol−1
K(s) + ½Cl2(g) → KCl(s) −437 kJmol−1
Ans: +717 kJmol − 1

61. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of potassium chloride given the following
enthalpy data.
K(s) → K(g) +89 kJmol−1
K(g) → K+(g) + e− +418 kJmol−1
½Cl2(g) → Cl(g) +122 kJmol−1
Cl(g) e → Cl (g)
− − −349 kJmol−1
KCl(s) → K+(g) + Cl−(g) +717 kJmol−1
Ans: −437 kJmol−1

62. The formation of solid calcium chloride from a gas of its ions is an exothermic process.
True or false?
Ans: True

63. The formation of solid calcium oxide from a gas of its ions is an exothermic process and
is equal to the reverse of the lattice enthalpy.
Ans: True

64. The standard enthalpy of formation of ammonia gas is −46.11 kJmol−1 at 298 K. What
is the standard reaction enthalpy for the Haber process at 500C? The molar heat
capacities of nitrogen, hydrogen, and ammonia are 29.12, 28.82, and 35.06 JK−1mol−1
respectively.
A) −97.65 kJmol−1 D) −92.22 kJmol−1
B) −113.81 kJmol−1 E) −103.09 kJmol−1
C) −56.91 kJmol −1

Ans: B

65. The standard enthalpy of formation of gaseous water is −241.82 kJmol-1 at 298 K.
Estimate this value at 370 K. The molar heat capacities of hydrogen, oxygen, and
gaseous water are 28.82, 29.36, and 33.58 JK−1mol−1.
A) −241.82 kJmol−1 D) −240.39 kJmol−1
B) −243.25 kJmol −1 E) −241.10 kJmol−1
C) −242.54 kJmol−1
Ans: C

Page 79
 Chapter 8: Thermodynamics: The First Law

66. Calculate the average H-S bond enthalpy in H2S(g) given the standard enthalpies of
formation for H2S(g), H(g), and S(g): −20.1, 218, and 223 kJmol−1, respectively.
A) 340 kJmol−1 D) 679 kJmol−1
B) 231 kJmol −1 E) 461 kJmol−1
C) 10.1 kJmol−1
Ans: A

67. Calculate the H-Br bond enthalpy given the standard enthalpies of formation for HBr(g),
H(g), and Br(g): −36.2, 218, and 112 kJmol−1, respectively.
A) 320 kJmol−1 D) 284 kJmol−1
B) 366 kJmol −1 E) 196 kJmol−1
C) 124 kJmol−1
Ans: B

68. Calculate the Br-Br bond enthalpy given the standard enthalpies of formation for Br2(g)
and Br(g), 30.7 and 112 kJmol−1, respectively.
A) 193 kJmol−1 D) 81 kJmol−1
B) 255 kJmol −1 E) 30.7 kJmol−1
C) 143 kJmol−1
Ans: A

69. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of bicyco[1.1.0]butane (shown below)

given the standard enthalpies of formation of C(g) and H(g), 717 and 218 kJmol–1,
respectively, and the average C-H and C-C bond enthalpies, 412 and 348 kJmol–1,
respectively.
A) +175 kJmol−1 D) −36 kJmol−1
B) −472 kJmol −1 E) −124 kJmol−1
C) +312 kJmol−1
Ans: D

70. At constant pressure and temperature, which of the following statements is true for the
reaction:
N2O5(s) → 2NO2(g) + ½O2(g), Hr = 109.5 kJmol−1 at 298 K.
A) H is independent of the physical states of the reactants.
B) H = U
C) w = 0
D) H < U
E) H > U
Ans: E

Page 80
 Chapter 8: Thermodynamics: The First Law

71. For the reaction CO2(aq) → CO2(g), Hr = 19.4 kJmol−1 at 298. At constant
temperature and pressure, which of the following statements is true?
A) w = 0 B) U = 2.48 kJ C) H <  U D) H = U E) H > U
Ans: E

72. The heat flow for the reaction

C2H6(g) + 3.5O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
measured in a bomb calorimeter is −1553.5 kJ/mol at 298 K. At this temperature, U is
A) −1553.5 kJ/mol C) −1547.3 kJ/mol
B) −1552.3 kJ/mol D) −1559.7 kJ/mol
Ans: A

73. Give Hr values for each of the following reactions from the information below.
Hf(HCl(g)) = −92.31 kJmol−1
H-Cl bond enthalpy = +431 kJmol−1
O-H bond enthalpy = +463 kJmol−1
Hf(H2O(g)) = −241.8 kJmol−1
(a) 2H(g) + O(g) → H2O(g)
(b) H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)
(c) H(g) + Cl(g) → HCl(g)
Ans: (a) −926 kJmol−1
(b) −184.62 kJmol−1
(c) −431 kJmol−1

74. Determine Hf(HCl(g)) from the following data.

H-Cl bond enthalpy = +431 kJmol−1
Hf(H(g)) = +217.9 kJmol−1
Hf(Cl(g)) = +121.4 kJmol−1
A) +92 kJmol−1 D) +431 kJmol−1
B) −261 kJmol− 1 E) −92 kJmol−1
C) −431 kJmol−1
Ans: E

75. Use the following information to determine the standard enthalpy of formation of
NH3(g).
N-H bond enthalpy = 390 kJmol−1
Hf(H(g)) = 217.9 kJmol−1
Hf(N(g)) = 472.6 kJmol−1
A) −44 kJmol−1 D) −83 kJmol−1
B) −691 kJmol −1 E) −1170 kJmol−1
C) −516 kJmol−1
Ans: A

Page 81
 Chapter 8: Thermodynamics: The First Law

76. An isothermal change is one that occurs at a constant temperature. True or false?
Ans: True

77. Combustion reactions can be exothermic or endothermic. True or false?

Ans: False

78. For any isothermal process, U > 0 for an ideal gas. True or false?
Ans: False

79. The molar heat capacity of a monatomic ideal gas is independent of temperature and
pressure. True or false?
Ans: True

80. The enthalpy of sublimation of a substance is related to its enthalpy of vaporization and
enthalpy of fusion by the equation, Hsublimation = Hvaporization − Hfusion. True or false?
Ans: True

81. The temperature of a sample increases at its boiling point until all the liquid has been
vaporized. True or false?
Ans: False

82. For most reactions, the value of U is very close to that for H. True or false?
Ans: True

83. For Br2(l), the standard enthalpy of formation is ______________________ (positive/

negative/ zero).
Ans: Zero

84. All bond enthalpies are positive. True or false?

Ans: True

85. In the combustion of coal, C(s), the C=O bonds are stronger than the O=O bond. True or
false?
Ans: True

86. What can an isolated system exchange with the surroundings?

A) Energy only
B) Matter only
C) Energy and matter
D) Neither energy or matter
E) None of the above
Ans: D

Page 82
 Chapter 8: Thermodynamics: The First Law

87. When nitrogen gas expands from 3.00 to 6.00 L and 2.00 kJ of energy is transferred as
heat to the nitrogen in a cylinder fitted with a piston at an external pressure of 2.00 atm,
against this constant pressure, what is U for the process?
A) −0.608 kJ B) +2.61 kJ C) −2.61 kJ D) 0 E) +1.39 kJ
Ans: E

88. Of the following, which is not a state function?

A) q
B) T
C) U
D) H
E) A and B
Ans: B

89. Calculate the standard reaction enthalpy for the following reaction:
2NO2(g) → 2NO(g) + O2(g)
From the standard reaction enthalpies of
N2(g) + O2 → 2NO(g) H° = +180.5 kJmol−1
2NO2(g) → N2(g) + 2O2(g) H° = −66.4 kJmol−1
A) −114.1 kJmol−1 D) −294.6 kJmol−1
B) −246.9 kJmol −1 E) +246.9 kJmol−1
C) +114.1 kJmol−1
Ans: C

90. Given the following standard reaction enthalpies:

O2(g) → 2O(g) H° = +498.4 kJmol−1
NO(g) + O3(g) → NO2(g) + O2(g) H° = −200 kJmol−1
And the standard enthalpy of formation of ozone, +142.7 kJmol−1, calculate the
standard reaction enthalpy for the reaction
NO(g) + O(g) → NO2(g)
A) −306 kJmol−1 D) +555 kJmol−1
B) +355 kJmol−1 E) +192 kJmol−1
C) +592 kJmol− 1

Ans: A

91. For gaseous hydrogen atoms at 298 K is +217. kJmol−1, the standard enthalpy of
formation can be best written as:
A) 2 H(g) → H2(g)
B) ½H2(g) → H(g)
C) H2(g) → 2 H(g)
D) 2 H2(g) → 4 H(g)
E) H(g) → ½H2(g)
Ans: B

Page 83
 Chapter 8: Thermodynamics: The First Law

92. What type of process is the formation of solid magnesium chloride from a gas of its
ions?
A) a state function
B) an adiabatic process
C) an endothermic process
D) an exothermic process
E) not enough information is given to permit an answer
Ans: D

93. True or false: for the reaction

N2O5(s) → 2NO2(g) + ½O2(g), Hr = 109.5 kJmol−1 at 298 K
at constant temperature and pressure, H > U.
Ans: True.

94. What is the standard enthalpy of formation of Br2(l)?

A) a positive value.
B) a negative value.
C) zero.
D) a positive value if it is forming from ions or a solid.
E) a negative value if it is forming from ions or a solid.
Ans: C

Page 84
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
that you, a man of science—"
"As a scientist, your Borsu fascinates me, of course. I'd like to
interrogate him for years. I'd like to dissect his mind and body until I
know everything about him and his people. But you're asking me a
different question. You're asking—do I want Borsu as a neighbor?"
Woodward stood up. His face was pale, and the leg that wasn't there
throbbed with pain. He was sweating, a gray sweat that coursed
down his seamed cheek and soiled the collar of his shirt.
"I don't feel well," he said. "If you'd excuse me—"
"Of course," Ridgemont said solicitously. "We can talk more about this
later, when you feel up to it...."
"Yes," Woodward said.

That night, in a hotel room in Washington, Dr. Carl Woodward died of

a coronary thrombosis.
Secretary of Science Ridgemont, however, was curious enough about
the doctor's story to send a deputation to his home in Pennsylvania.
As a simple precaution, one of the men in the party was an armed
policeman named Sergeant Kemmer. At the first sight of the blue-
skinned man, Kemmer became alarmed enough to draw his gun.
Borsu recognized the weapon, and its dangerous potential, from his
reading. Frightened, he tried to flee through the front door, and
Kemmer misinterpreted his movement as an attack. He fired three
times. One of the bullets penetrated Borsu's temple, and killed him
instantly.
Three months passed before the next delegation from the aliens
appeared on Earth. This time, their arrival was detected, and the
visitors were brought safely to the local authorities in the Nebraska
community where their vessel landed. Their names were Cor, Basuc,
and Stytin. Stytin was a female, lovely in her blue-skinned
shapeliness.
A team of scientists were dispatched from Washington, Tokyo, and
London to take charge of the alien trio. It was another two weeks
before their marvelous facility with language permitted them to talk
intelligently to their examiners.
On November 8, 1973, Stytin, the blue female, was found assaulted,
mutilated, and murdered in the woods near the town of Ponchi. The
brutal slaying shocked the scientists, who tried to assure Cor and
Basuc that the episode had not been typical of the behavior of the
people of Earth. But Cor and Basuc, who had no memory-record of
killing, became terrified, and fled. Cor was shot and killed by a farmer,
and Basuc was accidently drowned while forging a stream during his
escape.
The death of the four aliens, however, didn't prevent the migration
from beginning. Hunger—not for food alone, but for the blessed green
promise of the Earth—drove the blue aliens to make the journey
before receiving assurance of their welcome. Their tiny two, three,
and four-man craft began dotting the heavens, filling the world with
fears and panics that were only partially allayed by the repeated
assurances of the world's leaders. Despite explanations and pleas for
order, the blue people were frequently slain the moment their ships
touched Earth. There was never an official estimate of the deaths, but
it was certain that well over three thousand of the aliens lost their
lives before ever tasting a drop of cool Earth water, or knowing the
shade of an Earth tree, the peaceful blue of an Earth sky.
Finally, the killings were over. Less than seven thousand Blues
survived the perilous journey, protected upon their arrival by
contingents of armed soldiers, sped to the scene of the landings in
time to stop the citizens from their slaughter.

It was Mostyn Herbert, Secretary-General of the United Nations, who

made the first speech of welcome, before the general assembly.
"The world," he said, "has seen a new migration in these past
months, an event which has brought new hours of infamy to the
human race. The savagery of man to beast, the bestiality of man to
man, has now been exceeded by our shameful record of cruelty
towards these homeless wanderers from a forgotten world. We have
slain almost a third of their number wantonly and without cause. They
proffered to us the wisdom and knowledge of their own civilization,
and asked for nothing in return but sanctuary. We have answered
them with murder, and rape, and a bigotry that has exceeded all
others in the long and reeking history of human injustice. It is time for
the human race to call a halt; not merely for the sake of our alien
visitors, but for the sake of the almighty soul of Man. We must hold
out our hand, and say 'Welcome. Welcome to Earth!'"
Moved by the plea of the Secretary-General, the assembly voted to
form a 12-nation commission to study the problem. Many
governments made offers of hospitality to the aliens; the United
States, Canada, Australia, the Scandinavian and Low Countries, all
expressed a willingness to set aside land areas for the exclusive use
of the aliens. The U.S.S.R. made no offer of land, but suggested that
the Blues could be completely integrated into Russian society. The
choice was left to the Blues and their leader, an Elder named Trecor.
The wisdom of Trecor's decision became a subject of debate for
generations to come. He declined to isolate his people as a "nation,"
separate and apart from the human race. He declined to have them
as boarders within any one sovereign state. Instead, he asked that
the Blues be divided into small communities and dispersed over the
world, where each could work out their individual destiny. His purpose
was a noble one: he wished to make his people truly the neighbors,
even the partners, of the Earthmen.
And so it was.
In the United States, a Blue community began a collective farming
project on acreage deeded to them by the government in Kansas.
Within three years, the crops of winter wheat and corn produced on
the Blue farmlands were so superior in quality that they provoked the
admiration, and envy, of every farmer in the district. In '77, the year of
the Terrible Twisters, only the Blue farmlands were miraculously
spared the destruction of their fields. The ignorant claimed that some
spiritual agency had helped the Blues; the more enlightened credited
the sturdiness of their crops. But both became united in a sullen
resentment of the Blues, the strangers who had committed the
unpardonable sin of prospering in a season of want. From these
beginnings came the illicit organization of terrorists who called
themselves the Dom-Dom, a name originally meaning Defenders of
Mankind. Between the years 1977 and 1991, the Dom-Dom could
take the blame for the violent deaths of more than a thousand Blues.

In New Zealand, another farming community of Blues fared better

than their fellows in Kansas. But in the year 1982, they fell victim to
the still-unnamed plague which Earthmen merely called the Blue
Disease. It seemed to strike only the aliens, but it resembled typhoid
in its symptoms and deadly progress. The Blues themselves became
unable to cope with the disease; their pleas for outside medical help
brought only a handful of Earth physicians. When one of them, a Dr.
Martin Roebuck, died of a seizure that the Blues swore was unrelated
to the plague, the others fled in fear of contagion. Their statement to
the world press claimed that the biological differences between
Earthmen and Blues were too great for Earth medicine to be of value.
And so the Blues of New Zealand died. The white flash of their
funeral pyres lit the night again and again.
In Russia, a non-farming community of Blues, composed mainly of
artists and scientists, lived in a government-constructed "city" and
were carefully nurtured and pampered like talented, precocious
children. After five years of this treatment, the Blues sickened of it
and yearned for a freer life. With the eyes of the world upon them, the
Russians quickly agreed to the Blue demands. Yes, they could do as
they please, live as they please, work as they please. One by one,
their privileges were withdrawn. The Blues found that they had to
provide their own food, their own clothing, maintain their own
shelters; the Russians had given them independence with a
vengeance. They found themselves unable to care for their own
elementary needs; they were like helpless children; they began
quarreling among themselves. For the first time in the remembered
history of the race, a Blue killed another Blue; it was said that the
shame of this episode was the cause of the Elder Trecor's death.
Eventually, the Blues surrendered; they preferred the easy comforts
of their prison, and begged their jailers to lower the bars again.
In the thirty-six years of the Blues' residence on Earth, only four
thousand births were recorded; while ten thousand of the race
perished.
It was in the year 2009, following the Kansas City Massacre by the
Dom-Dom, in which eight hundred Blues died under the
flamethrowers of the terrorists, that the Decision was reached. It was
relayed to the world by an Elder named Dasru, whose prepared
statement was read to the United Nations.
"We came to your world unbidden and unwelcome," the statement
said. "We came to your world asking no privilege, bearing no arms,
wishing for no more than forbearance for our differences, patience for
our ignorance, and sympathy for our homelessness. We offered love
and received hatred. We came in peace and died in war.
"We love the sweet green fields of your planet, its clear water and
skies, its generous soil. But you have never permitted Earth to
become our home, and so we leave you. We leave you, people of the
cruel planet. Rather than suffer your bigotry, and yes, your tolerance,
we leave you. We go to seek another homeland, and in the minds of
our future generations no memory of this hated visit shall remain. We
shall Forget you, Earth; but may you always remember, what drove
us from your world."
Then the exodus began. One by one, the small spacecraft of the
Blues began to rise towards the heavens. Before the next Spring
came to Earth, the Blues were gone.
Ky-Tann cleared his throat, and looked at his young wife. Devia
stared at Deez.
"How long ago?" Ky-Tann asked. "When did this happen?"
"Perhaps three, four thousand years ago," Deez said. "They left the
Earth to its fate, and eventually that fate was extinction. Some defect
in its sun caused an outburst of nuclear fire, and shriveled the planet
to what it has become. But still she stands, their goddess of welcome,
lifting her torch to the empty skies.
"When we dug up that statue, do you know what we found? There
was an inscription on the base. When we learned the story of that
planet's past, the irony of those words was poignant."
"Do you remember them?"
"I could never forget them," Deez said, and his eyes were dark. "Give
me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe
free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore; send these, the
homeless, tempest-tossed, to me; I lift my lamp beside the golden
door."
There was silence. Ky-Tann became aware of his wife's tears.
He went to her, and she wiped her eyes. "I'd better put Su-Tann to
bed," she said, trying to smile at Deez. "Did you see her tooth, Deez?
It's her very first."
Ky-Tann took his wife's blue hand, and kissed her blue cheek. "A
beautiful tooth," he said.
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