Osha-1910-Subpart D

§ 1910.21 29 CFR Ch.
XVII (7–1–02 Edition)
on exposure to BD which would other- nish persons with a handhold in case of

wise be applicable by virtue of those tripping.
sections. (4) Platform. A working space for per-
(m) Methylene chloride (MC). Section sons, elevated above the surrounding
1910.1052 shall apply to the exposure of floor or ground; such as a balcony or
every employee to MC in every employ- platform for the operation of machin-
ment and place of employment covered ery and equipment.
by §1910.16 in lieu of any different (5) Runway. A passageway for per-
standard on exposure to MC which sons, elevated above the surrounding
would otherwise be applicable by virtue floor or ground level, such as a
of that section when it is not present footwalk along shafting or a walkway
in sealed, intact containers. between buildings.
[43 FR 28473, June 30, 1978, as amended at 43 (6) Standard railing. A vertical barrier
FR 45809, Oct. 3, 1978; 43 FR 53007, Nov. 14, erected along exposed edges of a floor
1978; 44 FR 5447, Jan. 26, 1979; 46 FR 32022, opening, wall opening, ramp, platform,
June 19, 1981; 49 FR 25796, June 22, 1984; 50 FR or runway to prevent falls of persons.
51173, Dec. 13, 1985; 52 FR 46291, Dec. 4, 1987; (7) Standard strength and construction.
57 FR 35666, Aug. 10, 1992; 57 FR 42388, Sept.
Any construction of railings, covers, or
14, 1992; 59 FR 41057, Aug. 10, 1994; 61 FR 56831,
Nov. 4, 1996; 62 FR 1600, Jan. 10, 1997] other guards that meets the require-
ments of § 1910.23.
(8) Stair railing. A vertical barrier
Subpart C [Reserved] erected along exposed sides of a stair-
way to prevent falls of persons.
Subpart D—Walking-Working (9) Toeboard. A vertical barrier at
Surfaces floor level erected along exposed edges
of a floor opening, wall opening, plat-
AUTHORITY: Secs. 4, 6, and 8 of the Occupa- form, runway, or ramp to prevent falls
tional Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 of materials.
U.S.C. 653, 655, and 657); Secretary of Labor’s (10) Wall hole. An opening less than 30
Order No. 12–71 (36 FR 8754), 8–76 (41 FR
inches but more than 1 inch high, of
25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736), or 1–90 (55 FR 9033),
as applicable; and 29 CFR part 1911. unrestricted width, in any wall or par-
tition; such as a ventilation hole or
§ 1910.21 Definitions. drainage scupper.
(a) As used in § 1910.23, unless the con- (11) Wall opening. An opening at least
text requires otherwise, floor and wall 30 inches high and 18 inches wide, in
opening, railing and toe board terms any wall or partition, through which
shall have the meanings ascribed in persons may fall; such as a yard-arm
this paragraph. doorway or chute opening.
(1) Floor hole. An opening measuring (b) As used in § 1910.24, unless the con-
less than 12 inches but more than 1 text requires otherwise, fixed indus-
inch in its least dimension, in any trial stair terms shall have the mean-
floor, platform, pavement, or yard, ing ascribed in this paragraph.
through which materials but not per- (1) Handrail. A single bar or pipe sup-
sons may fall; such as a belt hole, pipe ported on brackets from a wall or par-
opening, or slot opening. tition to provide a continuous hand-
(2) Floor opening. An opening meas- hold for persons using a stair.
uring 12 inches or more in its least di- (2) Nose, nosing. That portion of a
mension, in any floor, platform, pave- tread projecting beyond the face of the
ment, or yard through which persons riser immediately below.
may fall; such as a hatchway, stair or (3) Open riser. The air space between
ladder opening, pit, or large manhole. the treads of stairways without upright
Floor openings occupied by elevators, members (risers).
dumb waiters, conveyors, machinery, (4) Platform. An extended step or
or containers are excluded from this landing breaking a continuous run of
subpart. stairs.
(3) Handrail. A single bar or pipe sup- (5) Railing. A vertical barrier erected
ported on brackets from a wall or par- along exposed sides of stairways and
tition, as on a stairway or ramp, to fur- platforms to prevent falls of persons.
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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.21
The top member of railing usually the sections measured along the side
serves as a handrail. rails.
(6) Rise. The vertical distance from (5) Sectional ladder. A sectional ladder
the top of a tread to the top of the next is a non-self-supporting portable lad-
higher tread. der, nonadjustable in length, consisting
(7) Riser. The upright member of a of two or more sections of ladder so
step situated at the back of a lower constructed that the sections may be
tread and near the leading edge of the combined to function as a single lad-
next higher tread. der. Its size is designated by the overall
(8) Stairs, stairway. A series of steps length of the assembled sections.
leading from one level or floor to an- (6) Trestle ladder. A trestle ladder is a
other, or leading to platforms, pits, self-supporting portable ladder, non-
boiler rooms, crossovers, or around ma- adjustable in length, consisting of two
chinery, tanks, and other equipment sections hinged at the top to form
that are used more or less continuously equal angles with the base. The size is
or routinely by employees, or only oc- designated by the length of the side
casionally by specific individuals. A se- rails measured along the front edge.
ries of steps and landings having three (7) Extension trestle ladder. An exten-
or more risers constitutes stairs or sion trestle ladder is a self-supporting
stairway. portable ladder, adjustable in length,
(9) Tread. The horizontal member of a consisting of a trestle ladder base and
step. a vertically adjustable single ladder,
(10) Tread run. The horizontal dis- with suitable means for locking the
tance from the leading edge of a tread ladders together. The size is designated
to the leading edge of an adjacent by the length of the trestle ladder base.
tread. (8) Special-purpose ladder. A special-
(11) Tread width. The horizontal dis- purpose ladder is a portable ladder
tance from front to back of tread in- which represents either a modification
cluding nosing when used. or a combination of design or construc-
(c) As used in § 1910.25, unless the con- tion features in one of the general-pur-
text requires otherwise, portable wood pose types of ladders previously de-
ladders terms shall have the meanings fined, in order to adapt the ladder to
ascribed in this paragraph. special or specific uses.
(1) Ladders. A ladder is an appliance (9) Trolley ladder. A trolley ladder is a
usually consisting of two side rails semifixed ladder, nonadjustable in
joined at regular intervals by cross- length, supported by attachments to an
pieces called steps, rungs, or cleats, on overhead track, the plane of the ladder
which a person may step in ascending being at right angles to the plane of
or descending. motion.
(2) Stepladder. A stepladder is a (10) Side-rolling ladder. A side-rolling
selfsupporting portable ladder, non- ladder is a semifixed ladder, nonadjust-
adjustable in length, having flat steps able in length, supported by attach-
and a hinged back. Its size is des- ments to a guide rail, which is gen-
ignated by the overall length of the erally fastened to shelving, the plane of
ladder measured along the front edge of the ladder being also its plane of mo-
the side rails. tion.
(3) Single ladder. A single ladder is a (11) Wood characteristics. Wood char-
non-self-supporting portable ladder, acteristics are distinguishing features
nonadjustable in length, consisting of which by their extent and number de-
but one section. Its size is designated termine the quality of a piece of wood.
by the overall length of the side rail. (12) Wood irregularities. Wood irreg-
(4) Extension ladder. An extension lad- ularities are natural characteristics in
der is a non-self-supporting portable or on wood that may lower its dura-
ladder adjustable in length. It consists bility, strength, or utility.
of two or more sections traveling in (13) Cross grain. Cross grain (slope of
guides or brackets so arranged as to grain) is a deviation of the fiber direc-
permit length adjustment. Its size is tion from a line parallel to the sides of
designated by the sum of the lengths of the piece.
113
§ 1910.21 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–02 Edition)
(14) Knot. A knot is a branch or limb, the overall length of the ladder meas-
imbedded in the tree and cut through ured along the front edge of the side
in the process of lumber manufacture, rails.
classified according to size, quality, (3) Single ladder. A single ladder is a
and occurrence. The size of the knot is non-self-supporting portable ladder,
determined as the average diameter on nonadjustable in length, consisting of
the surface of the piece. but one section. Its size is designated
(15) Pitch and bark pockets. A pitch by the overall length of the side rail.
pocket is an opening extending parallel (4) Extension ladder. An extension lad-
to the annual growth rings containing, der is a non-self-supporting portable
or that has contained, pitch, either ladder adjustable in length. It consists
solid or liquid. A bark pocket is an of two or more sections traveling in
opening between annual growth rings guides or brackets so arranged as to
that contains bark. permit length adjustment. Its size is
(16) Shake. A shake is a separation designated by the sum of the lengths of
along the grain, most of which occurs the sections measured along the side
between the rings of annual growth. rails.
(17) Check. A check is a lengthwise (5) Platform ladder. A self-supporting
separation of the wood, most of which ladder of fixed size with a platform pro-
occurs across the rings of annual vided at the working level. The size is
growth.
determined by the distance along the
(18) Wane. Wane is bark, or the lack
front rail from the platform to the base
of wood from any cause, on the corner
of the ladder.
of a piece.
(19) Decay. Decay is disintegration of (6) Sectional ladder. A sectional ladder
wood substance due to action of wood- is a non-self-supporting portable lad-
destroying fungi. It is also known as der, non-adjustable in length, con-
dote and rot. sisting of two or more sections so con-
(20) Compression failure. A compres- structed that the sections may be com-
sion failure is a deformation (buckling) bined to function as a single ladder. Its
of the fibers due to excessive compres- size is designated by the overall length
sion along the grain. of the assembled sections.
(21) Compression wood. Compression (7) Trestle ladder. A trestle ladder is a
wood is an aberrant (abnormal) and self-supporting portable ladder, non-ad-
highly variable type of wood structure justable in length, consisting of two
occurring in softwood species. The sections, hinged at the top to form
wood commonly has density somewhat equal angles with the base. The size is
higher than does normal wood, but designated by the length of the side
somewhat lower stiffness and tensile rails measured along the front edge.
strength for its weight in addition to (8) Extension trestle ladder. An exten-
high longitudinal shrinkage. sion trestle ladder is a self-supporting
(22) Low density. Low-density wood is portable ladder, adjustable in length,
that which is exceptionally light in consisting of a trestle ladder base and
weight and usually deficient in a vertically adjustable single ladder,
strength properties for the species. with suitable means for locking the
(d) As used in § 1910.26, unless the con- ladders together. The size is designated
text requires otherwise, portable metal by the length of the trestle ladder base.
ladder terms shall have the meanings (9) Special-purpose ladder. A special-
ascribed in this paragraph. purpose ladder is a portable ladder
(1) Ladder. A ladder is an appliance which represents either a modification
usually consisting of two side rails or a combination of design or construc-
joined at regular intervals by cross- tion features in one of the general-pur-
pieces called steps, rungs, or cleats, on pose types of ladders previously de-
which a person may step in ascending fined, in order to adapt the ladder to
or descending. special or specific uses.
(2) Step ladder. A step ladder is a self- (e) As used in § 1910.27, unless the con-
supporting portable ladder, nonadjust- text requires otherwise, fixed ladder
able in length, having flat steps and a terms shall have the meanings ascribed
hinged back. Its size is designated by in this paragraph.
114
(1) Ladder. A ladder is an appliance (13) Ladder safety device. A ladder

usually consisting of two side rails safety device is any device, other than
joined at regular intervals by cross- a cage or well, designed to eliminate or
pieces called steps, rungs, or cleats, on reduce the possibility of accidental
which a person may step in ascending falls and which may incorporate such
or descending. features as life belts, friction brakes,
(2) Fixed ladder. A fixed ladder is a and sliding attachments.
ladder permanently attached to a (14) Grab bars. Grab bars are indi-
structure, building, or equipment. vidual handholds placed adjacent to or
(3) Individual-rung ladder. An indi- as an extension above ladders for the
vidual-rung ladder is a fixed ladder purpose of providing access beyond the
each rung of which is individually at- limits of the ladder.
tached to a structure, building, or (15) Through ladder. A through ladder
equipment. is one from which a man getting off at
(4) Rail ladder. A rail ladder is a fixed the top must step through the ladder in
ladder consisting of side rails joined at order to reach the landing.
regular intervals by rungs or cleats and (16) Side-step ladder. A side-step lad-
fastened in full length or in sections to der is one from which a man getting off
a building, structure, or equipment. at the top must step sideways from the
(5) Railings. A railing is any one or a ladder in order to reach the landing.
combination of those railings con- (f) As used in § 1910.28, unless the con-
structed in accordance with § 1910.23. A text requires otherwise, scaffolding
standard railing is a vertical barrier terms shall have the meaning ascribed
erected along exposed edges of floor in this paragraph.
openings, wall openings, ramps, plat- (1) Bearer. A horizontal member of a
forms, and runways to prevent falls of scaffold upon which the platform rests
persons. and which may be supported by ledg-
ers.
(6) Pitch. Pitch is the included angle
(2) Boatswain’s chair. A seat sup-
between the horizontal and the ladder,
ported by slings attached to a sus-
measured on the opposite side of the
pended rope, designed to accommodate
ladder from the climbing side.
one workman in a sitting position.
(7) Fastenings. A fastening is a device
(3) Brace. A tie that holds one scaf-
to attach a ladder to a structure, build-
fold member in a fixed position with
ing, or equipment.
respect to another member.
(8) Rungs. Rungs are ladder cross- (4) Bricklayers’ square scaffold. A scaf-
pieces of circular or oval cross-section fold composed of framed wood squares
on which a person may step in ascend- which support a platform limited to
ing or descending. light and medium duty.
(9) Cleats. Cleats are ladder cross- (5) Carpenters’ bracket scaffold. A scaf-
pieces of rectangular cross-section fold consisting of wood or metal brack-
placed on edge on which a person may ets supporting a platform.
step in ascending or descending. (6) Coupler. A device for locking to-
(10) Steps. Steps are the flat cross- gether the component parts of a tubu-
pieces of a ladder on which a person lar metal scaffold. The material used
may step in ascending or descending. for the couplers shall be of a structural
(11) Cage. A cage is a guard that may type, such as a drop-forged steel, mal-
be referred to as a cage or basket guard leable iron, or structural grade alu-
which is an enclosure that is fastened minum. The use of gray cast iron is
to the side rails of the fixed ladder or prohibited.
to the structure to encircle the climb- (7) Crawling board or chicken ladder. A
ing space of the ladder for the safety of plank with cleats spaced and secured at
the person who must climb the ladder. equal intervals, for use by a worker on
(12) Well. A well is a permanent com- roofs, not designed to carry any mate-
plete enclosure around a fixed ladder, rial.
which is attached to the walls of the (8) Double pole or independent pole
well. Proper clearances for a well will scaffold. A scaffold supported from the
give the person who must climb the base by a double row of uprights, inde-
ladder the same protection as a cage. pendent of support from the walls and
115
constructed of uprights, ledgers, hori- cured to the uprights erected along the
zontal platform bearers, and diagonal exposed sides and ends of platforms.
bracing. (22) Needle beam scaffold. A light duty
(9) Float or ship scaffold. A scaffold scaffold consisting of needle beams
hung from overhead supports by means supporting a platform.
of ropes and consisting of a substantial (23) Outrigger scaffold. A scaffold sup-
platform having diagonal bracing un- ported by outriggers or thrustouts pro-
derneath, resting upon and securely jecting beyond the wall or face of the
fastened to two parallel plank bearers building or structure, the inboard ends
at right angles to the span. of which are secured inside of such a
(10) Guardrail. A rail secured to building or structure.
uprights and erected along the exposed (24) Putlog. A scaffold member upon
sides and ends of platforms. which the platform rests.
(11) Heavy duty scaffold. A scaffold de- (25) Roofing bracket. A bracket used in
signed and constructed to carry a sloped roof construction, having provi-
working load not to exceed 75 pounds sions for fastening to the roof or sup-
per square foot. ported by ropes fastened over the ridge
(12) Horse scaffold. A scaffold for light and secured to some suitable object.
or medium duty, composed of horses (26) Runner. The lengthwise hori-
supporting a work platform.
zontal bracing or bearing members or
(13) Interior hung scaffold. A scaffold both.
suspended from the ceiling or roof
(27) Scaffold. Any temporary elevated
structure.
platform and its supporting structure
(14) Ladder jack scaffold. A light duty
used for supporting workmen or mate-
scaffold supported by brackets at-
rials or both.
tached to ladders.
(28) Single-point adjustable suspension
(15) Ledger (stringer). A horizontal
scaffold. A manually or power-operated
scaffold member which extends from
unit designed for light duty use, sup-
post to post and which supports the
putlogs or bearer forming a tie between ported by a single wire rope from an
the posts. overhead support so arranged and oper-
ated as to permit the raising or low-
(16) Light duty scaffold. A scaffold de-
ering of the platform to desired work-
signed and constructed to carry a
working load not to exceed 25 pounds ing positions.
per square foot. (29) Single pole scaffold. Platforms
(17) Manually propelled mobile scaffold. resting on putlogs or crossbeams, the
A portable rolling scaffold supported outside ends of which are supported on
by casters. ledgers secured to a single row of posts
(18) Masons’ adjustable multiple-point or uprights and the inner ends of which
suspension scaffold. A scaffold having a are supported on or in a wall.
continuous platform supported by bear- (30) Stone setters’ adjustable multiple-
ers suspended by wire rope from over- point suspension scaffold. A swinging-
head supports, so arranged and oper- type scaffold having a platform sup-
ated as to permit the raising or low- ported by hangers suspended at four
ering of the platform to desired work- points so as to permit the raising or
ing positions. lowering of the platform to the desired
(19) Maximum intended load. The total working position by the use of hoisting
of all loads including the working load, machines.
the weight of the scaffold, and such (31) Toeboard. A barrier secured along
other loads as may be reasonably an- the sides and ends of a platform, to
ticipated. guard against the falling of material.
(20) Medium duty scaffold. A scaffold (32) Tube and coupler scaffold. An as-
designed and constructed to carry a sembly consisting of tubing which
working load not to exceed 50 pounds serves as posts, bearers, braces, ties,
per square foot. and runners, a base supporting the
(21) Mid-rail. A rail approximately posts, and special couplers which serve
midway between the guardrail and to connect the uprights and to join the
platform, used when required, and se- various members.
116
(33) Tubular welded frame scaffold. A (9) Ladder stand. A mobile fixed size
sectional, panel, or frame metal scaf- self-supporting ladder consisting of a
fold substantially built up of prefab- wide flat tread ladder in the form of
ricated welded sections which consist stairs. The assembly may include hand-
of posts and horizontal bearer with in- rails.
termediate members. Panels or frames (10) Ledger (stringer). A horizontal
shall be braced with diagonal or cross scaffold member which extends from
braces. post to post and which supports the
(34) Two-point suspension scaffold bearer forming a tie between the posts.
(swinging scaffold). A scaffold, the plat- (11) Mobile scaffold (tower). A light,
form of which is supported by hangers medium, or heavy duty scaffold mount-
(stirrups) at two points, suspended ed on casters or wheels.
from overhead supports so as to permit (12) Mobile. ‘‘Manually propelled.’’
the raising or lowering of the platform (13) Mobile work platform. Generally a
to the desired working position by fixed work level one frame high on
tackle or hoisting machines. casters or wheels, with bracing diago-
(35) Window jack scaffold. A scaffold, nally from platform to vertical frame.
the platform of which is supported by a (14) Runner. The lengthwise hori-
bracket or jack which projects through zontal bracing and/or bearing members.
a window opening. (15) Scaffold. Any temporary elevated
(36) Working load. Load imposed by platform and its necessary vertical, di-
men, materials, and equipment. agonal, and horizontal members used
(g) As used in § 1910.29, unless the con- for supporting workmen and materials.
text requires otherwise, manually pro- (Also known as a scaffold tower.)
pelled mobile ladder stand and scaffold (16) Toeboard. A barrier at platform
(tower) terms shall have the meaning level erected along the exposed sides
ascribed in this paragraph. and ends of a scaffold platform to pre-
vent falls of materials.
(1) Bearer. A horizontal member of a
(17) Tube and coupler scaffold. An as-
scaffold upon which the platform rests
sembly consisting of tubing which
and which may be supported by ledg-
serves as posts, bearers, braces, ties,
ers.
and runners, a base supporting the
(2) Brace. A tie that holds one scaf-
posts, and uprights, and serves to join
fold member in a fixed position with
the various members, usually used in
respect to another member.
fixed locations.
(3) Climbing ladder. A separate ladder (18) Tubular welded frame scaffold. A
with equally spaced rungs usually at- sectional, panel, or frame metal scaf-
tached to the scaffold structure for fold substantially built up of prefab-
climbing and descending. ricated welded sections, which consist
(4) Coupler. A device for locking to- of posts and bearers with intermediate
gether the components of a tubular connecting members and braced with
metal scaffold which shall be designed diagonal or cross braces.
and used to safely support the max- (19) Tubular welded sectional folding
imum intended loads. scaffold. A sectional, folding metal
(5) Design working load. The max- scaffold either of ladder frame or inside
imum intended load, being the total of stairway design, substantially built of
all loads including the weight of the prefabricated welded sections, which
men, materials, equipment, and plat- consist of end frames, platform frame,
form. inside inclined stairway frame and
(6) Equivalent. Alternative design or braces, or hinged connected diagonal
features, which will provide an equal and horizontal braces, capable of being
degree or factor of safety. folded into a flat package when the
(7) Guardrail. A barrier secured to scaffold is not in use.
uprights and erected along the exposed (20) Work level. The elevated plat-
sides and ends of platforms to prevent form, used for supporting workmen and
falls of persons. their materials, comprising the nec-
(8) Handrail. A rail connected to a essary vertical, horizontal, and diago-
ladder stand running parallel to the nal braces, guardrails, and ladder for
slope and/or top step. access to the work platform.
117
§ 1910.22 General requirements. which such floor or roof is approved by

the building official.
This section applies to all permanent
places of employment, except where § 1910.23 Guarding floor and wall
domestic, mining, or agricultural work openings and holes.
only is performed. Measures for the
control of toxic materials are consid- (a) Protection for floor openings. (1)
ered to be outside the scope of this sec- Every stairway floor opening shall be
tion. guarded by a standard railing con-
(a) Housekeeping. (1) All places of em- structed in accordance with paragraph
ployment, passageways, storerooms, (e) of this section. The railing shall be
and service rooms shall be kept clean provided on all exposed sides (except at
and orderly and in a sanitary condi- entrance to stairway). For infrequently
tion. used stairways where traffic across the
(2) The floor of every workroom shall opening prevents the use of fixed stand-
be maintained in a clean and, so far as ard railing (as when located in aisle
possible, a dry condition. Where wet spaces, etc.), the guard shall consist of
processes are used, drainage shall be a hinged floor opening cover of stand-
maintained, and false floors, platforms, ard strength and construction and re-
mats, or other dry standing places movable standard railings on all ex-
should be provided where practicable. posed sides (except at entrance to
stairway).
(3) To facilitate cleaning, every floor,
working place, and passageway shall be (2) Every ladderway floor opening or
kept free from protruding nails, splin- platform shall be guarded by a stand-
ters, holes, or loose boards. ard railing with standard toeboard on
all exposed sides (except at entrance to
(b) Aisles and passageways. (1) Where
opening), with the passage through the
mechanical handling equipment is
railing either provided with a swinging
used, sufficient safe clearances shall be
gate or so offset that a person cannot
allowed for aisles, at loading docks,
walk directly into the opening.
through doorways and wherever turns
or passage must be made. Aisles and (3) Every hatchway and chute floor
passageways shall be kept clear and in opening shall be guarded by one of the
good repairs, with no obstruction following:
across or in aisles that could create a (i) Hinged floor opening cover of
hazard. standard strength and construction
(2) Permanent aisles and passageways equipped with standard railings or per-
shall be appropriately marked. manently attached thereto so as to
(c) Covers and guardrails. Covers and/ leave only one exposed side. When the
or guardrails shall be provided to pro- opening is not in use, the cover shall be
tect personnel from the hazards of open closed or the exposed side shall be
pits, tanks, vats, ditches, etc. guarded at both top and intermediate
(d) Floor loading protection. (1) In positions by removable standard rail-
every building or other structure, or ings.
part thereof, used for mercantile, busi- (ii) A removable railing with
ness, industrial, or storage purposes, toeboard on not more than two sides of
the loads approved by the building offi- the opening and fixed standard railings
cial shall be marked on plates of ap- with toeboards on all other exposed
proved design which shall be supplied sides. The removable railings shall be
and securely affixed by the owner of kept in place when the opening is not
the building, or his duly authorized in use.
agent, in a conspicuous place in each Where operating conditions necessitate
space to which they relate. Such plates the feeding of material into any hatch-
shall not be removed or defaced but, if way or chute opening, protection shall
lost, removed, or defaced, shall be re- be provided to prevent a person from
placed by the owner or his agent. falling through the opening.
(2) It shall be unlawful to place, or (4) Every skylight floor opening and
cause, or permit to be placed, on any hole shall be guarded by a standard
floor or roof of a building or other skylight screen or a fixed standard
structure a load greater than that for railing on all exposed sides.
118
(5) Every pit and trapdoor floor open- opening with its center approximately
ing, infrequently used, shall be guarded 4 feet above floor level and of standard
by a floor opening cover of standard strength and mounting.
strength and construction. While the (ii) Extension platform onto which
cover is not in place, the pit or trap materials can be hoisted for handling,
opening shall be constantly attended and which shall have side rails or
by someone or shall be protected on all equivalent guards of standard speci-
exposed sides by removable standard fications.
railings. (2) Every chute wall opening from
(6) Every manhole floor opening shall which there is a drop of more than 4
be guarded by a standard manhole feet shall be guarded by one or more of
cover which need not be hinged in the barriers specified in paragraph
place. While the cover is not in place, (b)(1) of this section or as required by
the manhole opening shall be con- the conditions.
stantly attended by someone or shall (3) Every window wall opening at a
be protected by removable standard stairway landing, floor, platform, or
railings. balcony, from which there is a drop of
(7) Every temporary floor opening more than 4 feet, and where the bottom
shall have standard railings, or shall be of the opening is less than 3 feet above
constantly attended by someone. the platform or landing, shall be guard-
(8) Every floor hole into which per- ed by standard slats, standard grill
sons can accidentally walk shall be work (as specified in paragraph (e)(11)
guarded by either: of this section), or standard railing.
(i) A standard railing with standard Where the window opening is below the
toeboard on all exposed sides, or landing, or platform, a standard toe
(ii) A floor hole cover of standard board shall be provided.
strength and construction. While the (4) Every temporary wall opening
cover is not in place, the floor hole shall have adequate guards but these
shall be constantly attended by some- need not be of standard construction.
one or shall be protected by a remov- (5) Where there is a hazard of mate-
able standard railing. rials falling through a wall hole, and
(9) Every floor hole into which per- the lower edge of the near side of the
sons cannot accidentally walk (on ac- hole is less than 4 inches above the
count of fixed machinery, equipment, floor, and the far side of the hole more
or walls) shall be protected by a cover than 5 feet above the next lower level,
that leaves no openings more than 1 the hole shall be protected by a stand-
inch wide. The cover shall be securely ard toeboard, or an enclosing screen ei-
held in place to prevent tools or mate- ther of solid construction, or as speci-
rials from falling through. fied in paragraph (e)(11) of this section.
(10) Where doors or gates open di- (c) Protection of open-sided floors, plat-
rectly on a stairway, a platform shall forms, and runways. (1) Every open-
be provided, and the swing of the door sided floor or platform 4 feet or more
shall not reduce the effective width to above adjacent floor or ground level
less than 20 inches. shall be guarded by a standard railing
(b) Protection for wall openings and (or the equivalent as specified in para-
holes. (1) Every wall opening from graph (e)(3) of this section) on all open
which there is a drop of more than 4 sides except where there is entrance to
feet shall be guarded by one of the fol- a ramp, stairway, or fixed ladder. The
lowing: railing shall be provided with a
(i) Rail, roller, picket fence, half toeboard wherever, beneath the open
door, or equivalent barrier. Where sides,
there is exposure below to falling ma- (i) Persons can pass,
terials, a removable toe board or the (ii) There is moving machinery, or
equivalent shall also be provided. When (iii) There is equipment with which
the opening is not in use for handling falling materials could create a hazard.
materials, the guard shall be kept in (2) Every runway shall be guarded by
position regardless of a door on the a standard railing (or the equivalent as
opening. In addition, a grab handle specified in paragraph (e)(3) of this sec-
shall be provided on each side of the tion) on all open sides 4 feet or more
119
above floor or ground level. Wherever (e) Railing, toe boards, and cover speci-
tools, machine parts, or materials are fications. (1) A standard railing shall
likely to be used on the runway, a consist of top rail, intermediate rail,
toeboard shall also be provided on each and posts, and shall have a vertical
exposed side. height of 42 inches nominal from upper
Runways used exclusively for special surface of top rail to floor, platform,
purposes (such as oiling, shafting, or runway, or ramp level. The top rail
filling tank cars) may have the railing shall be smooth-surfaced throughout
on one side omitted where operating the length of the railing. The inter-
conditions necessitate such omission, mediate rail shall be approximately
providing the falling hazard is mini- halfway between the top rail and the
mized by using a runway of not less floor, platform, runway, or ramp. The
than 18 inches wide. Where persons en- ends of the rails shall not overhang the
tering upon runways become thereby terminal posts except where such over-
exposed to machinery, electrical equip- hang does not constitute a projection
ment, or other danger not a falling haz- hazard.
ard, additional guarding than is here (2) A stair railing shall be of con-
specified may be essential for protec- struction similar to a standard railing
tion. but the vertical height shall be not
(3) Regardless of height, open-sided more than 34 inches nor less than 30
floors, walkways, platforms, or run- inches from upper surface of top rail to
ways above or adjacent to dangerous surface of tread in line with face of
equipment, pickling or galvanizing riser at forward edge of tread.
tanks, degreasing units, and similar (3) [Reserved]
hazards shall be guarded with a stand- (i) For wood railings, the posts shall
ard railing and toe board. be of at least 2-inch by 4-inch stock
(d) Stairway railings and guards. (1) spaced not to exceed 6 feet; the top and
Every flight of stairs having four or intermediate rails shall be of at least 2-
more risers shall be equipped with inch by 4-inch stock. If top rail is made
standard stair railings or standard of two right-angle pieces of 1-inch by 4-
handrails as specified in paragraphs inch stock, posts may be spaced on 8-
(d)(1) (i) through (v) of this section, the foot centers, with 2-inch by 4-inch in-
width of the stair to be measured clear termediate rail.
of all obstructions except handrails: (ii) For pipe railings, posts and top
(i) On stairways less than 44 inches and intermediate railings shall be at
wide having both sides enclosed, at least 11⁄2 inches nominal diameter with
least one handrail, preferably on the posts spaced not more than 8 feet on
right side descending. centers.
(ii) On stairways less than 44 inches (iii) For structural steel railings,
wide having one side open, at least one posts and top and intermediate rails
stair railing on open side. shall be of 2-inch by 2-inch by 3⁄8-inch
(iii) On stairways less than 44 inches angles or other metal shapes of equiva-
wide having both sides open, one stair lent bending strength with posts
railing on each side. spaced not more than 8 feet on centers.
(iv) On stairways more than 44 inches (iv) The anchoring of posts and fram-
wide but less than 88 inches wide, one ing of members for railings of all types
handrail on each enclosed side and one shall be of such construction that the
stair railing on each open side. completed structure shall be capable of
(v) On stairways 88 or more inches withstanding a load of at least 200
wide, one handrail on each enclosed pounds applied in any direction at any
side, one stair railing on each open point on the top rail.
side, and one intermediate stair railing (v) Other types, sizes, and arrange-
located approximately midway of the ments of railing construction are ac-
width. ceptable provided they meet the fol-
(2) Winding stairs shall be equipped lowing conditions:
with a handrail offset to prevent walk- (a) A smooth-surfaced top rail at a
ing on all portions of the treads having height above floor, platform, runway,
width less than 6 inches. or ramp level of 42 inches nominal;
120
(b) A strength to withstand at least (7) Floor opening covers may be of

the minimum requirement of 200 any material that meets the following
pounds top rail pressure; strength requirements:
(c) Protection between top rail and (i) Trench or conduit covers and their
floor, platform, runway, ramp, or stair supports, when located in plant road-
treads, equivalent at least to that af- ways, shall be designed to carry a
forded by a standard intermediate rail; truck rear-axle load of at least 20,000
(4) A standard toeboard shall be 4 pounds.
inches nominal in vertical height from (ii) Manhole covers and their sup-
its top edge to the level of the floor, ports, when located in plant roadways,
platform, runway, or ramp. It shall be shall comply with local standard high-
securely fastened in place and with not way requirements if any; otherwise,
more than 1⁄4-inch clearance above they shall be designed to carry a truck
floor level. It may be made of any sub- rear-axle load of at least 20,000 pounds.
stantial material either solid or with (iii) The construction of floor open-
openings not over 1 inch in greatest di- ing covers may be of any material that
mension. meets the strength requirements. Cov-
Where material is piled to such height ers projecting not more than 1 inch
that a standard toeboard does not pro- above the floor level may be used pro-
vide protection, paneling from floor to viding all edges are chamfered to an
intermediate rail, or to top rail shall angle with the horizontal of not over 30
be provided. degrees. All hinges, handles, bolts, or
(5)(i) A handrail shall consist of a other parts shall set flush with the
lengthwise member mounted directly floor or cover surface.
on a wall or partition by means of (8) Skylight screens shall be of such
brackets attached to the lower side of construction and mounting that they
the handrail so as to offer no obstruc- are capable of withstanding a load of at
tion to a smooth surface along the top least 200 pounds applied perpendicu-
and both sides of the handrail. The larly at any one area on the screen.
handrail shall be of rounded or other They shall also be of such construction
section that will furnish an adequate and mounting that under ordinary
handhold for anyone grasping it to loads or impacts, they will not deflect
avoid falling. The ends of the handrail downward sufficiently to break the
should be turned in to the supporting glass below them. The construction
wall or otherwise arranged so as not to shall be of grillwork with openings not
constitute a projection hazard. more than 4 inches long or of slatwork
(ii) The height of handrails shall be with openings not more than 2 inches
not more than 34 inches nor less than wide with length unrestricted.
30 inches from upper surface of hand- (9) Wall opening barriers (rails, roll-
rail to surface of tread in line with face ers, picket fences, and half doors) shall
of riser or to surface of ramp. be of such construction and mounting
(iii) The size of handrails shall be: that, when in place at the opening, the
When of hardwood, at least 2 inches in barrier is capable of withstanding a
diameter; when of metal pipe, at least load of at least 200 pounds applied in
11⁄2 inches in diameter. The length of any direction (except upward) at any
brackets shall be such as will give a point on the top rail or corresponding
clearance between handrail and wall or member.
any projection thereon of at least 3 (10) Wall opening grab handles shall
inches. The spacing of brackets shall be not less than 12 inches in length and
not exceed 8 feet. shall be so mounted as to give 3 inches
(iv) The mounting of handrails shall clearance from the side framing of the
be such that the completed structure is wall opening. The size, material, and
capable of withstanding a load of at anchoring of the grab handle shall be
least 200 pounds applied in any direc- such that the completed structure is
tion at any point on the rail. capable of withstanding a load of at
(6) All handrails and railings shall be least 200 pounds applied in any direc-
provided with a clearance of not less tion at any point of the handle.
than 3 inches between the handrail or (11) Wall opening screens shall be of
railing and any other object. such construction and mounting that
121
they are capable of withstanding a load where the diameter of the structure is
of at least 200 pounds applied hori- not less than five (5) feet.
zontally at any point on the near side (c) Stair strength. Fixed stairways
of the screen. They may be of solid con- shall be designed and constructed to
struction, of grillwork with openings carry a load of five times the normal
not more than 8 inches long, or of live load anticipated but never of less
slatwork with openings not more than strength than to carry safely a moving
4 inches wide with length unrestricted. concentrated load of 1,000 pounds.
(d) Stair width. Fixed stairways shall
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43
have a minimum width of 22 inches.
FR 49744, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5321, Feb. 10,
1984] (e) Angle of stairway rise. Fixed stairs
shall be installed at angles to the hori-
§ 1910.24 Fixed industrial stairs. zontal of between 30° and 50°. Any uni-
form combination of rise/tread dimen-
(a) Application of requirements. This sions may be used that will result in a
section contains specifications for the stairway at an angle to the horizontal
safe design and construction of fixed within the permissible range. Table D–
general industrial stairs. This classi- 1 gives rise/tread dimensions which will
fication includes interior and exterior produce a stairway within the permis-
stairs around machinery, tanks, and sible range, stating the angle to the
other equipment, and stairs leading to horizontal produced by each combina-
or from floors, platforms, or pits. This tion. However, the rise/tread combina-
section does not apply to stairs used tions are not limited to those given in
for fire exit purposes, to construction Table D–1.
operations to private residences, or to
articulated stairs, such as may be in- TABLE D–1
stalled on floating roof tanks or on
dock facilities, the angle of which Tread
Rise (in
Angle to horizontal run (in
inches)
changes with the rise and fall of the inches)
base support.
30°35′ .................................................... 61⁄2 11
(b) Where fixed stairs are required. 32°08′ .................................................... 63⁄4 103⁄4
Fixed stairs shall be provided for ac- 33°41′ .................................................... 7 101⁄2
cess from one structure level to an- 35°16′ .................................................... 71⁄4 101⁄4
36°52′ .................................................... 7 ⁄2
1 10
other where operations necessitate reg- 38°29′ .................................................... 73⁄4 93⁄4
ular travel between levels, and for ac- 40°08′ .................................................... 8 91⁄2
cess to operating platforms at any 41°44′ .................................................... 81⁄4 91⁄4
equipment which requires attention 43°22′ .................................................... 81⁄2 9
45°00′ .................................................... 83⁄4 83⁄4
routinely during operations. Fixed 46°38′ .................................................... 9 8 ⁄2
1
stairs shall also be provided where ac- 48°16′ .................................................... 91⁄4 81⁄4
cess to elevations is daily or at each 49°54′ .................................................... 91⁄2 8
shift for such purposes as gauging, in-
spection, regular maintenance, etc., (f) Stair treads. All treads shall be rea-
where such work may expose employ- sonably slip-resistant and the nosings
ees to acids, caustics, gases, or other shall be of nonslip finish. Welded bar
harmful substances, or for which pur- grating treads without nosings are ac-
poses the carrying of tools or equip- ceptable providing the leading edge can
ment by hand is normally required. (It be readily identified by personnel de-
is not the intent of this section to pre- scending the stairway and provided the
clude the use of fixed ladders for access tread is serrated or is of definite non-
to elevated tanks, towers, and similar slip design. Rise height and tread width
structures, overhead traveling cranes, shall be uniform throughout any flight
etc., where the use of fixed ladders is of stairs including any foundation
common practice.) Spiral stairways structure used as one or more treads of
shall not be permitted except for spe- the stairs.
cial limited usage and secondary access (g) Stairway platforms. Stairway plat-
situations where it is not practical to forms shall be no less than the width of
provide a conventional stairway. Wind- a stairway and a minimum of 30 inches
ing stairways may be installed on in length measured in the direction of
tanks and similar round structures travel.
122
(h) Railings and handrails. Standard (b) A uniform step spacing shall be
railings shall be provided on the open employed which shall be not more than
sides of all exposed stairways and stair 12 inches. Steps shall be parallel and
platforms. Handrails shall be provided level when the ladder is in position for
on at least one side of closed stairways use.
preferably on the right side descending. (c) The minimum width between side
Stair railings and handrails shall be in- rails at the top, inside to inside, shall
stalled in accordance with the provi- be not less than 111⁄2 inches. From top
sions of § 1910.23. to bottom, the side rails shall spread at
(i) Vertical clearance. Vertical clear- least 1 inch for each foot of length of
ance above any stair tread to an over- stepladder.
head obstruction shall be at least 7 feet (d)–(e) [Reserved]
measured from the leading edge of the (f) A metal spreader or locking device
tread. of sufficient size and strength to se-
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43 curely hold the front and back sections
FR 49744, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5321, Feb. 10, in open positions shall be a component
1984] of each stepladder. The spreader shall
have all sharp points covered or re-
§ 1910.25 Portable wood ladders. moved to protect the user. For Type III
(a) Application of requirements. This ladder, the pail shelf and spreader may
section is intended to prescribe rules be combined in one unit (the so-called
and establish minimum requirements shelf-lock ladder).
for the construction, care, and use of (3) Portable rung ladders.
the common types of portable wood (i) [Reserved]
ladders, in order to insure safety under (ii) Single ladder. (a) Single ladders
normal conditions of usage. Other longer than 30 feet shall not be sup-
types of special ladders, fruitpicker’s plied.
ladders, combination step and exten- (b) [Reserved]
sion ladders, stockroom step ladders, (iii) Two-section ladder. (a) Two-sec-
aisle-way step ladders, shelf ladders, tion extension ladders longer than 60
and library ladders are not specifically feet shall not be supplied. All ladders of
covered by this section. this type shall consist of two sections,
(b) Materials—(1) Requirements appli- one to fit within the side rails of the
cable to all wood parts. (i) All wood other, and arranged in such a manner
parts shall be free from sharp edges and that the upper section can be raised
splinters; sound and free from accepted and lowered.
visual inspection from shake, wane, (b) [Reserved]
compression failures, decay, or other (iv) Sectional ladder. (a) Assembled
irregularities. Low density wood shall combinations of sectional ladders
not be used. longer than lengths specified in this
(ii) [Reserved] subdivision shall not be used.
(2) [Reserved] (b) [Reserved]
(c) Construction requirements. (v) Trestle and extension trestle ladder.
(1) [Reserved] (a) Trestle ladders, or extension sec-
(2) Portable stepladders. Stepladders tions or base sections of extension tres-
longer than 20 feet shall not be sup- tle ladders longer than 20 feet shall not
plied. Stepladders as hereinafter speci- be supplied.
fied shall be of three types: (b) [Reserved]
Type I—Industrial stepladder, 3 to 20 feet
(4) Special-purpose ladders.
for heavy duty, such as utilities, contrac- (i) [Reserved]
tors, and industrial use. (ii) Painter’s stepladder. (a) Painter’s
Type II—Commercial stepladder, 3 to 12 stepladders longer than 12 feet shall
feet for medium duty, such as painters, of- not be supplied.
fices, and light industrial use. (b) [Reserved]
Type III—Household stepladder, 3 to 6 feet
(iii) Mason’s ladder. A mason’s ladder
for light duty, such as light household use.
is a special type of single ladder in-
(i) General requirements. tended for use in heavy construction
(a) [Reserved] work.
123
(a) Mason’s ladders longer than 40 with larger dimensions of the parts
feet shall not be supplied. should be procured;
(b) [Reserved] (iii) Portable ladders shall be so
(5) Trolley and side-rolling ladders—(i) placed that the side rails have a secure
Length. Trolley ladders and side-rolling footing. The top rest for portable rung
ladders longer than 20 feet should not and cleat ladders shall be reasonably
be supplied. rigid and shall have ample strength to
(ii) [Reserved] support the applied load;
(d) Care and use of ladders—(1) Care. (iv) Ladders shall not be placed in
To insure safety and serviceability the front of doors opening toward the lad-
following precautions on the care of der unless the door is blocked upon,
ladders shall be observed: locked, or guarded;
(i) Ladders shall be maintained in (v) Ladders shall not be placed on
good condition at all times, the joint boxes, barrels, or other unstable bases
between the steps and side rails shall to obtain additional height;
be tight, all hardware and fittings se- (vi)–(vii) [Reserved]
curely attached, and the movable parts (viii) Ladders with broken or missing
shall operate freely without binding or steps, rungs, or cleats, broken side
undue play. rails, or other faulty equipment shall
(ii) Metal bearings of locks, wheels, not be used; improvised repairs shall
pulleys, etc., shall be frequently lubri- not be made;
cated. (ix) Short ladders shall not be spliced
(iii) Frayed or badly worn rope shall together to provide long sections;
be replaced. (x) Ladders made by fastening cleats
(iv) Safety feet and other auxiliary across a single rail shall not be used;
equipment shall be kept in good condi- (xi) Ladders shall not be used as
tion to insure proper performance. guys, braces, or skids, or for other than
(v)–(ix) [Reserved] their intended purposes;
(x) Ladders shall be inspected fre- (xii) Tops of the ordinary types of
quently and those which have devel- stepladders shall not be used as steps;
oped defects shall be withdrawn from (xiii) On two-section extension lad-
service for repair or destruction and ders the minimum overlap for the two
tagged or marked as ‘‘Dangerous, Do sections in use shall be as follows:
Not Use.’’ Overlap
Size of ladder (feet)
(xi) Rungs should be kept free of (feet)
grease and oil. Up to and including 36 ........................................ 3
(2) Use. The following safety pre- Over 36 up to and including 48 ........................... 4
cautions shall be observed in connec- Over 48 up to and including 60 ........................... 5
tion with the use of ladders:
(i) Portable rung and cleat ladders (xiv) Portable rung ladders with rein-
shall, where possible, be used at such a forced rails (see paragraphs (c)(3) (ii)(c)
pitch that the horizontal distance from and (iii)(d) this section) shall be used
the top support to the foot of the lad- only with the metal reinforcement on
der is one-quarter of the working the under side;
length of the ladder (the length along (xv) No ladder should be used to gain
the ladder between the foot and the top access to a roof unless the top of the
support). The ladder shall be so placed ladder shall extend at least 3 feet above
as to prevent slipping, or it shall be the point of support, at eave, gutter, or
lashed, or held in position. Ladders roofline;
shall not be used in a horizontal posi- (xvi) [Reserved]
tion as platforms, runways, or scaf- (xvii) Middle and top sections of sec-
folds; tional or window cleaner’s ladders
(ii) Ladders for which dimensions are should not be used for bottom section
specified should not be used by more unless the user equips them with safety
than one man at a time nor with ladder shoes;
jacks and scaffold planks where use by (xviii) [Reserved]
more than one man is anticipated. In (xix) The user should equip all port-
such cases, specially designed ladders able rung ladders with nonslip bases
124
when there is a hazard of slipping. Non- (iv) Extension ladders shall be

slip bases are not intended as a sub- equipped with positive stops which will
stitute for care in safely placing, lash- insure the overlap specified in the
ing, or holding a ladder that is being table above.
used upon oily, metal, concrete, or slip- (3) General specifications—step ladders.
pery surfaces; (i)–(ii) [Reserved]
(xx) The bracing on the back legs of (iii) The length of a stepladder is
step ladders is designed solely for in- measured by the length of the front
creasing stability and not for climbing. rail. To be classified as a standard
length ladder, the measured length
FR 49744, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5321, Feb. 10, shall be within plus or minus one-half
1984] inch of the specified length. Step-
ladders shall not exceed 20 feet in
§ 1910.26 Portable metal ladders. length.
(a) Requirements—(1) General. Specific (iv)–(vi) [Reserved]
design and construction requirements (vii) The bottoms of the four rails are
are not part of this section because of to be supplied with insulating nonslip
the wide variety of metals and design material for the safety of the user.
possibilities. However, the design shall (viii) A metal spreader or locking de-
be such as to produce a ladder without vice of sufficient size and strength to
structural defects or accident hazards securely hold the front and back sec-
such as sharp edges, burrs, etc. The tions in the open position shall be a
metal selected shall be of sufficient component of each stepladder. The
strength to meet the test require- spreader shall have all sharp points or
ments, and shall be protected against edges covered or removed to protect
corrosion unless inherently corrosion- the user.
resistant. (4) General specifications—trestles and
(i)–(ii) [Reserved] extension trestle ladders. (i) Trestle lad-
(iii) The spacing of rungs or steps ders or extension sections or base sec-
shall be on 12-inch centers. tions of extension trestle ladders shall
(iv) [Reserved] be not more than 20 feet in length.
(v) Rungs and steps shall be cor- (ii) [Reserved]
rugated, knurled, dimpled, coated with (5) General specifications—platform lad-
skid-resistant material, or otherwise ders. (i) The length of a platform ladder
treated to minimize the possibility of shall not exceed 20 feet. The length of
slipping. a platform ladder shall be measured
(2) General specifications—straight and along the front rail from the floor to
extension ladders. (i) The minimum the platform.
width between side rails of a straight (ii) [Reserved]
ladder or any section of an extension (b) [Reserved]
ladder shall be 12 inches. (c) Care and maintenance of ladders—
(ii) The length of single ladders or in- (1) General. To get maximum service-
dividual sections of ladders shall not ability, safety, and to eliminate unnec-
exceed 30 feet. Two-section ladders essary damage of equipment, good safe
shall not exceed 48 feet in length and practices in the use and care of ladder
over two-section ladders shall not ex- equipment must be employed by the
ceed 60 feet in length. users.
(iii) Based on the nominal length of The following rules and regulations
the ladder, each section of a multisec- are essential to the life of the equip-
tion ladder shall overlap the adjacent ment and the safety of the user.
section by at least the number of feet (2) Care of ladders.
stated in the following: (i)–(iii) [Reserved]
(iv) Ladders must be maintained in
Overlap good usable condition at all times.
Normal length of ladder (feet) (feet)
(v) [Reserved]
Up to and including 36 ........................................ 3 (vi) If a ladder is involved in any of
Over 36, up to and including 48 .......................... 4
the following, immediate inspection is
Over 48, up to 60 ................................................ 5
necessary:
125
(a) If ladders tip over, inspect ladder signed to meet the following load re-
for side rails dents or bends, or exces- quirements:
sively dented rungs; check all rung-to- (i) The minimum design live load
side-rail connections; check hardware shall be a single concentrated load of
connections; check rivets for shear. 200 pounds.
(b)–(c) [Reserved] (ii) The number and position of addi-
(d) If ladders are exposed to oil and tional concentrated live-load units of
grease, equipment should be cleaned of 200 pounds each as determined from an-
oil, grease, or slippery materials. This ticipated usage of the ladder shall be
can easily be done with a solvent or considered in the design.
steam cleaning.
(iii) The live loads imposed by per-
(vii) Ladders having defects are to be
sons occupying the ladder shall be con-
marked and taken out of service until
sidered to be concentrated at such
repaired by either maintenance depart-
points as will cause the maximum
ment or the manufacturer.
(3) Use of ladders. (i). A simple rule stress in the structural member being
for setting up a ladder at the proper considered.
angle is to place the base a distance (iv) The weight of the ladder and at-
from the vertical wall equal to one- tached appurtenances together with
fourth the working length of the lad- the live load shall be considered in the
der. design of rails and fastenings.
(ii) Portable ladders are designed as a (2) Design stresses. Design stresses for
one-man working ladder based on a 200- wood components of ladders shall not
pound load. exceed those specified in § 1910.25. All
(iii) The ladder base section must be wood parts of fixed ladders shall meet
placed with a secure footing. the requirements of § 1910.25(b).
(iv) The top of the ladder must be For fixed ladders consisting of wood
placed with the two rails supported, side rails and wood rungs or cleats,
unless equipped with a single support used at a pitch in the range 75 degrees
attachment. to 90 degrees, and intended for use by
(v) When ascending or descending, no more than one person per section,
the climber must face the ladder. single ladders as described in
(vi) Ladders must not be tied or fas-
§ 1910.25(c)(3)(ii) are acceptable.
tened together to provide longer sec-
(b) Specific features—(1) Rungs and
tions. They must be equipped with the
hardware fittings necessary if the man- cleats. (i) All rungs shall have a min-
ufacturer endorses extended uses. imum diameter of three-fourths inch
(vii) Ladders should not be used as a for metal ladders, except as covered in
brace, skid, guy or gin pole, gangway, paragraph (b)(7)(i) of this section and a
or for other uses than that for which minimum diameter of 11⁄8 inches for
they were intended, unless specifically wood ladders.
recommended for use by the manufac- (ii) The distance between rungs,
turer. cleats, and steps shall not exceed 12
(viii) See § 1910.333(c) for work prac- inches and shall be uniform throughout
tices to be used when work is per- the length of the ladder.
formed on or near electric circuits. (iii) The minimum clear length of
rungs or cleats shall be 16 inches.
FR 49745, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5321, Feb. 10, (iv) Rungs, cleats, and steps shall be
1984; 55 FR 32014, Aug. 6, 1990] free of splinters, sharp edges, burrs, or
projections which may be a hazard.
§ 1910.27 Fixed ladders. (v) The rungs of an individual-rung
(a) Design requirements—(1) Design ladder shall be so designed that the
considerations. All ladders, appur- foot cannot slide off the end. A sug-
tenances, and fastenings shall be de- gested design is shown in figure D–1.
126
shall be treated with a nonirritating

preservative, and the details shall be
such as to prevent or minimize the ac-
cumulation of water on wood parts.
(iii) When different types of mate-
rials are used in the construction of a
ladder, the materials used shall be so
treated as to have no deleterious effect
one upon the other.
FIGURE D–1.—SUGGESTED DESIGN FOR RUNGS

ON INDIVIDUAL-RUNG LADDERS.
(2) Side rails. Side rails which might
be used as a climbing aid shall be of
such cross sections as to afford ade-
quate gripping surface without sharp
edges, splinters, or burrs.
(3) Fastenings. Fastenings shall be an
integral part of fixed ladder design.
(4) Splices. All splices made by what-
ever means shall meet design require-
ments as noted in paragraph (a) of this
section. All splices and connections
shall have smooth transition with
original members and with no sharp or
extensive projections.
(5) Electrolytic action. Adequate means
shall be employed to protect dissimilar FIGURE D–2.—RAIL LADDER WITH BAR STEEL
metals from electrolytic action when RAILS AND ROUND STEEL RUNGS
such metals are joined. (c) Clearance—(1) Climbing side. On
(6) Welding. All welding shall be in fixed ladders, the perpendicular dis-
accordance with the ‘‘Code for Welding tance from the centerline of the rungs
in Building Construction’’ (AWSD1.0– to the nearest permanent object on the
1966). climbing side of the ladder shall be 36
(7) Protection from deterioration. (i) inches for a pitch of 76 degrees, and 30
Metal ladders and appurtenances shall inches for a pitch of 90 degrees (fig. D–
be painted or otherwise treated to re- 2 of this section), with minimum clear-
sist corrosion and rusting when loca-
ances for intermediate pitches varying
tion demands. Ladders formed by indi-
between these two limits in proportion
vidual metal rungs imbedded in con-
to the slope, except as provided in sub-
crete, which serve as access to pits and
to other areas under floors, are fre- paragraphs (3) and (5) of this para-
quently located in an atmosphere that graph.
causes corrosion and rusting. To in- (2) Ladders without cages or wells. A
crease rung life in such atmosphere, in- clear width of at least 15 inches shall
dividual metal rungs shall have a min- be provided each way from the center-
imum diameter of 1 inch or shall be line of the ladder in the climbing
painted or otherwise treated to resist space, except when cages or wells are
corrosion and rusting. necessary.
(ii) Wood ladders, when used under (3) Ladders with cages or baskets. Lad-
conditions where decay may occur, ders equipped with cage or basket are
EC27OC91.002
127
EC27OC91.001
excepted from the provisions of sub-

paragraphs (1) and (2) of this para-
graph, but shall conform to the provi-
sions of paragraph (d)(1)(v) of this sec-
tion. Fixed ladders in smooth-walled
wells are excepted from the provisions
of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph,
but shall conform to the provisions of
paragraph (d)(1)(vi) of this section.
(4) Clearance in back of ladder. The
distance from the centerline of rungs,
cleats, or steps to the nearest perma-
nent object in back of the ladder shall
be not less than 7 inches, except that
when unavoidable obstructions are en-
countered, minimum clearances as
shown in figure D–3 shall be provided.
MINIMUM LADDER CLEARANCES
FIGURE D–4.—LADDER FAR FROM WALL

(7) Hatch cover. Counterweighted
hatch covers shall open a minimum of
60 degrees from the horizontal. The dis-
tance from the centerline of rungs or
cleats to the edge of the hatch opening
on the climbing side shall be not less
than 24 inches for offset wells or 30
inches for straight wells. There shall be
not protruding potential hazards with-
in 24 inches of the centerline of rungs
or cleats; any such hazards within 30
inches of the centerline of the rungs or
cleats shall be fitted with deflector
plates placed at an angle of 60 degrees
FIGURE D–3.—CLEARANCE FOR UNAVOIDABLE from the horizontal as indicated in fig-
OBSTRUCTION AT REAR OF FIXED LADDER ure D–5. The relationship of a fixed lad-
(5) Clearance in back of grab bar. The der to an acceptable counterweighted
distance from the centerline of the hatch cover is illustrated in figure D–6.
grab bar to the nearest permanent ob- (d) Special requirements—(1) Cages or
ject in back of the grab bars shall be wells. (i) Cages or wells (except on
not less than 4 inches. Grab bars shall chimney ladders) shall be built, as
not protrude on the climbing side be- shown on the applicable drawings, cov-
yond the rungs of the ladder which ered in detail in figures D–7, D–8, and
they serve. D–9, or of equivalent construction.
(6) Step-across distance. The step- (ii) Cages or wells (except as provided
across distance from the nearest edge in subparagraph (5) of this paragraph)
of ladder to the nearest edge of equip- conforming to the dimensions shown in
ment or structure shall be not more figures D–7, D–8, and D–9 shall be pro-
than 12 inches, or less than 21⁄2 inches vided on ladders of more than 20 feet to
(fig. D–4). a maximum unbroken length of 30 feet.
EC27OC91.004
128
EC27OC91.003
than 4 inches, or portion of cage oppo-

site ladder shall be carried to the base.
(v) Cages shall not extend less than
27 nor more than 28 inches from the
centerline of the rungs of the ladder.
Cage shall not be less than 27 inches in
width. The inside shall be clear of pro-
jections. Vertical bars shall be located
at a maximum spacing of 40 degrees
around the circumference of the cage;
this will give a maximum spacing of
approximately 91⁄2 inches, center to
center.
(vi) Ladder wells shall have a clear
width of at least 15 inches measured
FIGURE D–5.—DEFLECTOR PLATES FOR HEAD each way from the centerline of the
HAZARDS ladder. Smooth-walled wells shall be a
minimum of 27 inches from the center-
line of rungs to the well wall on the
climbing side of the ladder. Where
other obstructions on the climbing side
of the ladder exist, there shall be a
minimum of 30 inches from the center-
line of the rungs.
FIGURE D–6.—RELATIONSHIP OF FIXED LADDER

TO A SAFE ACCESS HATCH
(iii) Cages shall extend a minimum of
42 inches above the top of landing, un-
less other acceptable protection is pro-
vided.
(iv) Cages shall extend down the lad-
der to a point not less than 7 feet nor
more than 8 feet above the base of the FIGURE D–7.—CAGES FOR LADDERS MORE
ladder, with bottom flared not less THAN 20 FEET HIGH
EC27OC91.007
EC27OC91.006
129
EC27OC91.005
FIGURE D–8.—CLEARANCE DIAGRAM FOR FIXED LADDER IN WELL
130
EC27OC91.008
(3) Ladder extensions. The side rails of

through or side-step ladder extensions
shall extend 31⁄2 feet above parapets and
landings. For through ladder exten-
sions, the rungs shall be omitted from
the extension and shall have not less
than 18 nor more than 24 inches clear-
ance between rails. For side-step or off-
set fixed ladder sections, at landings,
the side rails and rungs shall be carried
to the next regular rung beyond or
above the 31⁄2 feet minimum (fig. D–10).
FIGURE D–9.—CAGES—SPECIAL APPLICATIONS.

(2) Landing platforms. When ladders
are used to ascend to heights exceeding
20 feet (except on chimneys), landing
platforms shall be provided for each 30
feet of height or fraction thereof, ex-
cept that, where no cage, well, or lad-
der safety device is provided, landing
platforms shall be provided for each 20
feet of height or fraction thereof. Each
ladder section shall be offset from adja-
cent sections. Where installation con-
ditions (even for a short, unbroken
length) require that adjacent sections
be offset, landing platforms shall be
provided at each offset.
(i) Where a man has to step a dis-
tance greater than 12 inches from the
centerline of the rung of a ladder to the
nearest edge of structure or equipment,
a landing platform shall be provided. FIGURE D–10.—OFFSET FIXED LADDER
The minimum step-across distance SECTIONS
shall be 21⁄2 inches. (4) Grab bars. Grab bars shall be
(ii) All landing platforms shall be spaced by a continuation of the rung
equipped with standard railings and spacing when they are located in the
toeboards, so arranged as to give safe horizontal position. Vertical grab bars
access to the ladder. Platforms shall be shall have the same spacing as the lad-
not less than 24 inches in width and 30 der side rails. Grab-bar diameters shall
inches in length. be the equivalent of the round-rung di-
(iii) One rung of any section of ladder ameters.
shall be located at the level of the (5) Ladder safety devices. Ladder safe-
landing laterally served by the ladder. ty devices may be used on tower, water
Where access to the landing is through tank, and chimney ladders over 20 feet
the ladder, the same rung spacing as in unbroken length in lieu of cage pro-
used on the ladder shall be used from tection. No landing platform is re-
the landing platform to the first rung quired in these cases. All ladder safety
below the landing. devices such as those that incorporate
EC27OC91.010
131
EC27OC91.009
lifebelts, friction brakes, and sliding § 1910.28 Safety requirements for scaf-
attachments shall meet the design re- folding.
quirements of the ladders which they (a) General requirements for all scaf-
serve. folds. (1) Scaffolds shall be furnished
(e) Pitch—(1) Preferred pitch. The pre- and erected in accordance with this
ferred pitch of fixed ladders shall be standard for persons engaged in work
considered to come in the range of 75 that cannot be done safely from the
degrees and 90 degrees with the hori- ground or from solid construction, ex-
zontal (fig. D–11). cept that ladders used for such work
shall conform to § 1910.25 and § 1910.26.
(2) The footing or anchorage for scaf-
folds shall be sound, rigid, and capable
of carrying the maximum intended
load without settling or displacement.
Unstable objects such as barrels, boxes,
loose brick, or concrete blocks shall
not be used to support scaffolds or
planks.
(3) [Reserved]
(4) Scaffolds and their components
shall be capable of supporting without
failure at least four times the max-
imum intended load.
(5) Scaffolds and other devices men-
tioned or described in this section shall
be maintained in safe condition. Scaf-
folds shall not be altered or moved
horizontally while they are in use or
occupied.
(6) Any scaffold damaged or weak-
ened from any cause shall be imme-
diately repaired and shall not be used
FIGURE D–11.—PITCH OF FIXED LADDERS until repairs have been completed.
(2) Substandard pitch. Fixed ladders (7) Scaffolds shall not be loaded in
shall be considered as substandard if excess of the working load for which
they are installed within the sub- they are intended.
standard pitch range of 60 and 75 de- (8) All load-carrying timber members
grees with the horizontal. Substandard of scaffold framing shall be a minimum
fixed ladders are permitted only where of 1,500 f. (Stress Grade) construction
it is found necessary to meet condi- grade lumber. All dimensions are nomi-
tions of installation. This substandard nal sizes as provided in the American
pitch range shall be considered as a Lumber Standards, except that where
critical range to be avoided, if possible. rough sizes are noted, only rough or
(3) Scope of coverage in this section. undressed lumber of the size specified
will satisfy minimum requirements.
This section covers only fixed ladders
(NOTE: Where nominal sizes of lumber
within the pitch range of 60 degrees
are used in place of rough sizes, the
and 90 degrees with the horizontal.
nominal size lumber shall be such as to
(4) Pitch greater than 90 degrees. Lad- provide equivalent strength to that
ders having a pitch in excess of 90 de- specified in tables D–7 through D–12
grees with the horizontal are prohib- and D–16.)
ited. (9) All planking shall be Scaffold
(f) Maintenance. All ladders shall be Grade as recognized by grading rules
maintained in a safe condition. All lad- for the species of wood used. The max-
ders shall be inspected regularly, with imum permissible spans for 2- × 9-inch
the intervals between inspections being or wider planks are shown in the fol-
determined by use and exposure. lowing table:
132
EC27OC91.011
Material involving the use of corrosive sub-

Nominal
stances or chemicals.
Full thickness un- (22) Wire or fiber rope used for scaf-
thickness
dressed lumber lumber fold suspension shall be capable of sup-
porting at least six times the intended
load.
Working load
(p.s.f.) ............... 25 50 75 25 50
(23) When acid solutions are used for
Permissible span cleaning buildings over 50 feet in
(ft.) ................... 10 8 6 8 9 height, wire rope supported scaffolds
shall be used.
The maximum permissible span for 11⁄4 (24) The use of shore scaffolds or
x 9-inch or wider plank of full thick- lean-to scaffolds is prohibited.
ness is 4 feet with medium loading of 50 (25) Lumber sizes, when used in this
p.s.f. section, refer to nominal sizes except
(10) Nails or bolts used in the con- where otherwise stated.
struction of scaffolds shall be of ade- (26) Scaffolds shall be secured to per-
quate size and in sufficient numbers at manent structures, through use of an-
each connection to develop the de- chor bolts, reveal bolts, or other equiv-
signed strength of the scaffold. Nails alent means. Window cleaners’ anchor
shall not be subjected to a straight pull bolts shall not be used.
and shall be driven full length. (27) Special precautions shall be
(11) All planking or platforms shall taken to protect scaffold members, in-
be overlapped (minimum 12 inches) or cluding any wire or fiber ropes, when
secured from movement. using a heat-producing process.
(12) An access ladder or equivalent (b) General requirements for wood pole
safe access shall be provided. scaffolds. (1) Scaffold poles shall bear
(13) Scaffold planks shall extend over on a foundation of sufficient size and
their end supports not less than 6 strength to spread the load from the
inches nor more than 18 inches. poles over a sufficient area to prevent
settlement. All poles shall be set
(14) The poles, legs, or uprights of
plumb.
scaffolds shall be plumb, and securely
(2) Where wood poles are spliced, the
and rigidly braced to prevent swaying
ends shall be squared and the upper
and displacement.
section shall rest squarely on the lower
(15) Materials being hoisted onto a section. Wood splice plates shall be
scaffold shall have a tag line. provided on at least two adjacent sides
(16) Overhead protection shall be pro- and shall not be less than 4 feet 0
vided for men on a scaffold exposed to inches in length, overlapping the abut-
overhead hazards. ted ends equally, and have the same
(17) Scaffolds shall be provided with a width and not less than the cross-sec-
screen between the toeboard and the tional area of the pole. Splice plates of
guardrail, extending along the entire other materials of equivalent strength
opening, consisting of No. 18 gauge U.S. may be used.
Standard Wire one-half-inch mesh or (3) Independent pole scaffolds shall be
the equivalent, where persons are re- set as near to the wall of the building
quired to work or pass under the scaf- as practicable.
folds. (4) All pole scaffolds shall be securely
(18) Employees shall not work on guyed or tied to the building or struc-
scaffolds during storms or high winds. ture. Where the height or length ex-
(19) Employees shall not work on ceeds 25 feet, the scaffold shall be se-
scaffolds which are covered with ice or cured at intervals not greater than 25
snow, unless all ice or snow is removed feet vertically and horizontally.
and planking sanded to prevent slip- (5) Putlogs or bearers shall be set
ping. with their greater dimensions vertical,
(20) Tools, materials, and debris shall long enough to project over the ledgers
not be allowed to accumulate in quan- of the inner and outer rows of poles at
tities to cause a hazard. least 3 inches for proper support.
(21) Only treated or protected fiber (6) Every wooden putlog on single
rope shall be used for or near any work pole scaffolds shall be reinforced with a
133
3⁄16 x 2-inch steel strip or equivalent se- prevent tipping. The planks that meet
cured to its lower edge throughout its the corner putlog at an angle shall be
entire length. laid first, extending over the diago-
(7) Ledgers shall be long enough to nally placed putlog far enough to have
extend over two pole spaces. Ledgers a good safe bearing, but not far enough
shall not be spliced between the poles. to involve any danger from tipping.
Ledgers shall be reinforced by bearing The planking running in the opposite
blocks securely nailed to the side of direction at right angles shall be laid
the pole to form a support for the ledg- so as to extend over and rest on the
er. first layer of planking.
(8) Diagonal bracing shall be provided (14) When moving platforms to the
to prevent the poles from moving in a next level, the old platform shall be
direction parallel with the wall of the left undisturbed until the new putlogs
building, or from buckling. or bearers have been set in place, ready
(9) Cross bracing shall be provided be- to receive the platform planks.
tween the inner and outer sets of poles
(15) Guardrails not less than 2 × 4
in independent pole scaffolds. The free
inches or the equivalent and not less
ends of pole scaffolds shall be cross
than 36 inches or more than 42 inches
braced.
(10) Full diagonal face bracing shall high, with a mid-rail, when required, of
be erected across the entire face of pole 1 × 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and
scaffolds in both directions. The braces toeboards, shall be installed at all open
shall be spliced at the poles. sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet
(11) Platform planks shall be laid above the ground or floor. Toeboards
with their edges close together so the shall be a minimum of 4 inches in
platform will be tight with no spaces height. Wire mesh shall be installed in
through which tools or fragments of accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
material can fall. this section.
(12) Where planking is lapped, each (16) All wood pole scaffolds 60 feet or
plank shall lap its end supports at least less in height shall be constructed and
12 inches. Where the ends of planks erected in accordance with tables D–7
abut each other to form a flush floor, through D–12 of this section. If they are
the butt joint shall be at the centerline over 60 feet in height they shall be de-
of a pole. The abutted ends shall rest signed by a registered professional en-
on separate bearers. Intermediate gineer and constructed and erected in
beams shall be provided where nec- accordance with such design. A copy of
essary to prevent dislodgment of the typical drawings and specifications
planks due to deflection, and the ends shall be made available to the em-
shall be nailed or cleated to prevent ployer and for inspection purposes.
their dislodgment. (17) Wood-pole scaffolds shall not be
(13) When a scaffold turns a corner, erected beyond the reach of effective
the platform planks shall be laid to firefighting apparatus.
TABLE D–7—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF SINGLE POLE
SCAFFOLDS—LIGHT DUTY
Maximum height of scaffold
20 feet 60 feet
Uniformly distributed load ................................................ Not to exceed 25 pounds per

square foot..
Poles or uprights .............................................................. 2 by 4 in ....................................... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal) ............................................... 6 ft. 0 in ........................................ 10 ft. 0 in.
Maximum width of scaffold .............................................. 5 ft. 0 in ........................................ 5 ft. 0 in.
Bearers or putlogs to 3 ft. 0 in. width .............................. 2 by 4 in ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
Bearers or putlogs to 5 ft. 0 in. width .............................. 2 by 6 in. or 3 by 4 in .................. 2 by 6 in. or 3 by 4 in.(rough).
Ledgers ............................................................................ 1 by 4 in ....................................... 11⁄4 by 9 in.
Planking ........................................................................... 11⁄4 by 9 in. (rough) ...................... 2 by 9 in.
Vertical spacing of horizontal members .......................... 7 ft. 0 in ........................................ 7 ft. 0 in.
Bracing, horizontal and diagonal ..................................... 1 by 4 in ....................................... 1 by 4 in.
Tie-ins .............................................................................. 1 by 4 in ....................................... 1 by 4 in.
Toeboards ........................................................................ 4 in. high (minimum) .................... 4 in. high (minimum).
134
TABLE D–7—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF SINGLE POLE
SCAFFOLDS—LIGHT DUTY—Continued
20 feet 60 feet
Guardrail .......................................................................... 2 by 4 in ....................................... 2 by 4 in.

All members except planking are used on edge.
TABLE D–8—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND MAX- TABLE D–9—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND MAX-
IMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF SINGLE POLE IMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF SINGLE POLE
SCAFFOLDS—MEDIUM DUTY SCAFFOLDS—HEAVY DUTY
Uniformly distributed load ............. Not to exceed 50 pounds Uniformly distributed load ............. Not to exceed 75 pounds
per square foot. per square foot.
Maximum height of scaffold ......... 60 ft. Maximum height of scaffold ......... 60 ft.
Poles or uprights .......................... 4 by 4 in. Poles or uprights .......................... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal) ........... 8 ft. 0 in. Pole spacing (longitudinal) ........... 6 ft. 0 in.
Maximum width of scaffold ........... 5 ft. 0 in. Maximum width of scaffold ........... 5 ft. 0 in.
Bearers or putlogs ........................ 2 by 9 in. or 3 by 4 in. Bearers or putlogs ........................ 2 by 9 in. or 3 by 5 in.
Spacing of bearers or putlogs ...... 8 ft. 0 in. (rough).
Ledgers ......................................... 2 by 9 in. Spacing of bearers or putlogs ...... 6 ft. 0 in.
Vertical spacing of horizontal 9 ft. 0 in. Ledgers ......................................... 2 by 9 in.
members. Vertical spacing of horizontal 6 ft. 6 in.
Bracing, horizontal ........................ 1 by 6 in. or 11⁄4 by 4 in. members.
Bracing, diagonal .......................... 1 by 4 in. Bracing, horizontal and diagonal .. 2 by 4 in.
Tie-ins ........................................... 1 by 4 in. Tie-ins ........................................... 1 by 4 in.
Planking ........................................ 2 by 9 in. Planking ........................................ 2 by 9 in.
Toeboards ..................................... 4 in. high (minimum). Toeboards ..................................... 4 in. high (minimum).
Guardrail ....................................... 2 by 4 in. Guardrail ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
All members except planking are used on edge. All members except planking are used on edge.
TABLE D–10—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF INDEPENDENT POLE
SCAFFOLDS—LIGHT DUTY
20 feet 60 feet
Uniformly distributed load ................................................ Not to exceed 25 pounds per

square foot..
Poles or uprights .............................................................. 2 by 4 in ....................................... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal) ............................................... 6 ft. 0 in ........................................ 10 ft. 0 in.
Pole spacing (transverse) ................................................ 6 ft. 0 in ........................................ 10 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers ............................................................................ 11⁄4 by 4 in ................................... 11⁄4 by 9 in.
Bearers to 3 ft. 0 in. span ................................................ 2 by 4 in ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
Bearers to 10 ft. 0 in. span .............................................. 2 by 6 in. or 3 by 4 in .................. 2 by 9 (rough) or 3 by 8 in.
Planking ........................................................................... 11⁄4 by 9 in ................................... 2 by 9 in.
Vertical spacing of horizontal members .......................... 7 ft. 0 in ........................................ 7 ft. 0 in.
Bracing, horizontal and diagonal ..................................... 1 by 4 in ....................................... 1 by 4 in.
Tie-ins .............................................................................. 1 by 4 in ....................................... 1 by 4 in.
Toeboards ........................................................................ 4 in. high ...................................... 4 in. high (minimum).
Guardrail .......................................................................... 2 by 4 in ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
All members except planking are used on edge.
TABLE D–11—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND TABLE D–11—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND
MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF INDE- MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF INDE-
PENDENT POLE SCAFFOLDS—MEDIUM DUTY PENDENT POLE SCAFFOLDS—MEDIUM DUTY—
Uniformly distributed load ............. Not to exceed 50 pounds
Continued
per square foot. Bracing, diagonal .......................... 1 by 4 in.
Maximum height of scaffold ......... 60 ft. Tie-ins ........................................... 1 by 4 in.
Poles or uprights .......................... 4 by 4 in.
Planking ........................................ 2 by 9 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal) ........... 8 ft. 0 in.
Pole spacing (transverse) ............. 8 ft. 0 in. Toeboards ..................................... 4 in. high (minimum).
Ledgers ......................................... 2 by 9 in. Guardrail ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
Vertical spacing of horizontal 6 ft. 0 in. All members except planking are used on edge.
members.
Spacing of bearers ....................... 8 ft. 0 in.
Bearers ......................................... 2 by 9 in. (rough) or 2 by
10 in.
Bracing, horizontal ........................ 1 by 6 in. or 11⁄4 by 4 in.
135
TABLE D–12—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND (2) A medium-duty tube and coupler
MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF INDE- scaffold shall have all posts, runners,
PENDENT POLE SCAFFOLDS—HEAVY DUTY and bracing of nominal 2-inch O.D.
Uniformly distributed load ............. Not to exceed 75 pounds steel tubing. Posts spaced not more
per square foot. than 6 feet apart by 8 feet along the
Maximum height of scaffold ......... 60 ft. length of the scaffold shall have bear-
Poles or uprights .......................... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal) ........... 6 ft. 0 in. ers of nominal 21⁄2-inch O.D. steel tub-
Pole spacing (transverse) ............. 8 ft. 0 in. ing. Posts spaced not more than 5 feet
Ledgers ......................................... 2 by 9 in. apart by 8 feet along the length of the
Vertical spacing of horizontal 4 ft. 6 in.
members. scaffold shall have bearers of nominal
Bearers ......................................... 2 by 9 in. (rough). 2-inch O.D. steel tubing. Other struc-
Bracing, horizontal and diagonal .. 2 by 4 in.
Tie-ins ........................................... 1 by 4 in.
tural metals when used must be de-
Planking ........................................ 2 by 9 in. signed to carry an equivalent load.
Toeboards ..................................... 4 in. high (minimum). (3) A heavy-duty tube and coupler
Guardrail ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
scaffold shall have all posts, runners,
All members except planking are used on edge. and bracing of nominal 2-inch O.D.
TABLE D–13—TUBE AND COUPLER steel tubing, with the posts spaced not
SCAFFOLDS—LIGHT DUTY more than 6 feet apart by 6 feet 6
inches along the length of the scaffold.
Uniformly distributed load ............. Not to exceed 25 p.s.f. Other structural metals when used
post spacing (longitudinal) ............ 10 ft. 0 in.
Post spacing (transverse) ............. 6 ft. 0 in. must be designed to carry an equiva-
lent load.
Working levels Additional planked Maximum height
(4) Tube and coupler scaffolds shall
levels be limited in heights and working lev-
1 8 125 ft. els to those permitted in tables D–13,
2 4 125 ft. 14, and 15, of this section. Drawings and
3 0 91 ft. 0 in.
specifications of all tube and coupler
scaffolds above the limitations in ta-
TABLE D–14—TUBE AND COUPLER bles D–13, 14, and 15 of this section
SCAFFOLDS—MEDIUM DUTY shall be designed by a registered pro-
Uniformly distributed load ............. Not to exceed 50 p.s.f. fessional engineer and copies made
Post spacing (longitudinal) ........... 8 ft. 0 in. available to the employer and for in-
Post spacing (transverse) ............. 6 ft. 0 in.
spection purposes.
Additional planked
(5) All tube and coupler scaffolds
Working levels Maximum height shall be constructed and erected to
levels
support four times the maximum in-
1 6 125 ft.
2 0 78 ft. 0 in. tended loads as set forth in tables D–13,
14, and 15 of this section, or as set forth
TABLE D–15—TUBE AND COUPLER in the specifications by a registered
SCAFFOLDS—HEAVY DUTY professional engineer, copies which
shall be made available to the em-
Uniformly distributed load ............. Not to exceed 75 p.s.f. ployer and for inspection purposes.
Post spacing (longitudinal) ........... 6 ft. 6 in.
Post spacing (transverse) ............. 6 ft. 0 in. (6) All tube and coupler scaffolds
shall be erected by competent and ex-
Additional planked perienced personnel.
Working levels Maximum height
levels (7) Posts shall be accurately spaced,
1 6 125 ft. erected on suitable bases, and main-
tained plumb.
(c) Tube and coupler scaffolds. (1) A (8) Runners shall be erected along the
light-duty tube and coupler scaffold length of the scaffold located on both
shall have all posts, bearers, runners, the inside and the outside posts at even
and bracing of nominal 2-inch O.D. height. Runners shall be interlocked to
steel tubing. The posts shall be spaced form continuous lengths and coupled to
no more than 6 feet apart by 10 feet each post. The bottom runners shall be
along the length of the scaffold. Other located as close to the base as possible.
structural metals when used must be Runners shall be placed not more than
designed to carry an equivalent load. 6 feet 6 inches on centers.
136
(9) Bearers shall be installed trans- (2) Spacing of panels or frames shall
versely between posts and shall be se- be consistent with the loads imposed.
curely coupled to the posts bearing on (3) Scaffolds shall be properly braced
the runner coupler. When coupled di- by cross bracing or diagonal braces, or
rectly to the runners, the coupler must both, for securing vertical members to-
be kept as close to the posts as pos- gether laterally, and the cross braces
sible. shall be of such length as will auto-
(10) Bearers shall be at least 4 inches matically square and aline vertical
but not more than 12 inches longer members so that the erected scaffold is
than the post spacing or runner spac- always plumb, square, and rigid. All
ing. Bearers may be cantilevered for brace connections shall be made se-
use as brackets to carry not more than cure.
two planks. (4) Scaffold legs shall be set on ad-
(11) Cross bracing shall be installed justable bases or plain bases placed on
across the width of the scaffold at least mud sills or other foundations ade-
every third set of posts horizontally quate to support the maximum in-
and every fourth runner vertically. tended load.
Such bracing shall extend diagonally (5) The frames shall be placed one on
from the inner and outer runners up- top of the other with coupling or stack-
ward to the next outer and inner run- ing pins to provide proper vertical
ners. alinement of the legs.
(12) Longitudinal diagonal bracing
(6) Where uplift may occur, panels
shall be installed at approximately a
shall be locked together vertically by
45-degree angle from near the base of
pins or other equivalent suitable
the first outer post upward to the ex-
means.
treme top of the scaffold. Where the
(7) Guardrails not less than 2 × 4
longitudinal length of the scaffold per-
mits, such bracing shall be duplicated
beginning at every fifth post. In a simi-
high, with a mid-rail, when required, of
lar manner, longitudinal diagonal brac-
1- × 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and
ing shall also be installed from the last
toeboards, shall be installed at all open
post extending back and upward to-
sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet
ward the first post. Where conditions
above the ground or floor. Toeboards
preclude the attachment of this brac-
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in
ing to the posts, it may be attached to
height. Wire mesh shall be installed in
the runners.
accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
(13) The entire scaffold shall be tied
this section.
to and securely braced against the
building at intervals not to exceed 30 (8) All tubular metal scaffolds shall
feet horizontally and 26 feet vertically. be constructed and erected to support
(14) Guardrails not less than 2×4 four times the maximum intended
inches or the equivalent and not less loads.
than 36 inches or more than 42 inches (9) To prevent movement, the scaf-
high, with a mid-rail, when required, of fold shall be secured to the building or
1×4-inch lumber or equivalent, and structure at intervals not to exceed 30
toeboards, shall be installed at all open feet horizontally and 26 feet vertically.
sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet (10) Maximum permissible spans of
above the ground or floor. Toeboards planking shall be in conformity with
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in paragraph (a)(9) of this section.
height. Wire mesh shall be installed in (11) Drawings and specifications for
accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of all frame scaffolds over 125 feet in
this section. height above the base plates shall be
(d) Tubular welded frame scaffolds. (1) designed by a registered professional
Metal tubular frame scaffolds, includ- engineer and copies made available to
ing accessories such as braces, brack- the employer and for inspection pur-
ets, trusses, screw legs, ladders, etc., poses.
shall be designed and proved to safely (12) All tubular welded frame scaf-
support four times the maximum in- folds shall be erected by competent and
tended load. experienced personnel.
137
(13) Frames and accessories for scaf- building wall. Planking shall be nailed
folds shall be maintained in good re- or bolted to outriggers.
pair and every defect, unsafe condition, (5) Where there is danger of material
or noncompliance with this section falling from the scaffold, a wire mesh
shall be immediately corrected before or other enclosure shall be provided be-
further use of the scaffold. Any broken, tween the guardrail and the toeboard.
bent, excessively rusted, altered, or (6) Where additional working levels
otherwise structurally damaged frames are required to be supported by the
or accessories shall not be used. outrigger method, the plans and speci-
(14) Periodic inspections shall be fications of the outrigger and scaf-
made of all welded frames and acces- folding structure shall be designed by a
sories, and any maintenance, including registered professional engineer.
painting, or minor corrections author- (f) Masons’ adjustable multiple-point
ized by the manufacturer, shall be suspension scaffolds. (1) The scaffold
made before further use. shall be capable of sustaining a work-
(e) Outrigger scaffolds. (1) Outrigger ing load of 50 pounds per square foot
beams shall extend not more than 6 and shall not be loaded in excess of
feet beyond the face of the building. that figure.
The inboard end of outrigger beams, (2) The scaffold shall be provided
measured from the fulcrum point to with hoisting machines that meet the
the extreme point of support, shall be requirements of a nationally recog-
not less than one and one-half times nized testing laboratory. Refer to
the outboard end in length. The beams § 1910.7 for definition of nationally rec-
shall rest on edge, the sides shall be ognized testing laboratory.
plumb, and the edges shall be hori-
zontal. The fulcrum point of the beam TABLE D–16—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND
shall rest on a secure bearing at least MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF OUT-
RIGGER SCAFFOLDS
6 inches in each horizontal dimension.
The beam shall be secured in place Medium
Light duty
against movement and shall be se- duty
curely braced at the fulcrum point Maximum scaffold load ............... 25 p.s.f. ..... 50 p.s.f.
against tipping. Outrigger size ............................. 2 x 10 in .... 3 x 10 in.
(2) The inboard ends of outrigger Maximum outrigger spacing ....... 10 ft 0 in .... 6 ft 0 in.
beams shall be securely supported ei- Planking ...................................... 2 x 9 in ...... 2 x 9 in.
Guardrail ..................................... 2 x 4 in ...... 2 x 4 in.
ther by means of struts bearing against Guardrail uprights ....................... 2 x 4 in ...... 2 x 4 in.
sills in contact with the overhead Toeboards (minimum) ................ 4 in ............ 4 in.
beams or ceiling, or by means of ten-
sion members secured to the floor (3) The platform shall be supported
joists underfoot, or by both if nec- by wire ropes in conformity with para-
essary. The inboard ends of outrigger graph (a)(22) of this section, suspended
beams shall be secured against tipping from overhead outrigger beams.
and the entire supporting structure (4) The scaffold outrigger beams shall
shall be securely braced in both direc- consist of structural metal securely
tions to prevent any horizontal move- fastened or anchored to the frame or
ment. floor system of the building or struc-
(3) Unless outrigger scaffolds are de- ture.
signed by a licensed professional engi- (5) Each outrigger beam shall be
neer, they shall be constructed and equivalent in strength to at least a
erected in accordance with table D–16. standard 7-inch, 15.3-pound steel I-
Outrigger scaffolds designed by a reg- beam, be at least 15 feet long, and shall
istered professional engineer shall be not project more than 6 feet 6 inches
constructed and erected in accordance beyond the bearing point.
with such design. A copy of the de- (6) Where the overhang exceeds 6 feet
tailed drawings and specifications 6 inches, outrigger beams shall be com-
showing the sizes and spacing of mem- posed of stronger beams or multiple
bers shall be kept on the job. beams and be installed in accordance
(4) Planking shall be laid tight and with approved designs and instruc-
shall extend to within 3 inches of the tions.
138
(7) If channel iron outrigger beams sional engineer, and supervised by a

are used in place of I-beams, they shall competent, designated person.
be securely fastened together with the (g) Two-point suspension scaffolds
flanges turned out. (swinging scaffolds). (1) Two-point sus-
(8) All outrigger beams shall be set pension scaffold platforms shall be not
and maintained with their webs into less than 20 inches no more than 36
vertical position. inches wide overall. The platform shall
(9) A stop bolt shall be placed at each be securely fastened to the hangers by
end of every outrigger beam. U-bolts or by other equivalent means.
(10) The outrigger beam shall rest on (2) The hangers of two-point suspen-
suitable wood-bearing blocks. sion scaffolds shall be made of wrought
(11) All parts of the scaffold such as iron, mild steel, or other equivalent
bolts, nuts, fittings, clamps, wire rope, material having a cross-sectional area
and outrigger beams and their fas- capable of sustaining four times the
tenings, shall be maintained in sound maximum intended load, and shall be
and good working condition and shall designed with a support for guardrail,
be inspected before each installation intermediate rail, and toeboard.
and periodically thereafter. (3) When hoisting machines are used
(12) The free end of the suspension on two-point suspension scaffolds, such
wire ropes shall be equipped with prop- machines shall be of a design tested
er size thimbles and be secured by and approved by a nationally recog-
splicing or other equivalent means. nized testing laboratory. Refer to
The running ends shall be securely at- § 1910.7 for definition of nationally rec-
tached to the hoisting drum and at ognized testing laboratory.
least four turns of rope shall at all
(4) The roof irons or hooks shall be of
times remain on the drum.
wrought iron, mild steel, or other
(13) Where a single outrigger beam is
equivalent material of proper size and
used, the steel shackles or clevises
design, securely installed and an-
with which the wire ropes are attached
chored. Tie-backs of three-fourth inch
to the outrigger beams shall be placed
manila rope or the equivalent shall
directly over the hoisting drums.
serve as a secondary means of anchor-
(14) The scaffold platform shall be
age, installed at right angles to the
equivalent in strength to at least 2-
face of the building whenever possible
inch planking. (For maximum planking
spans see paragraph (a)(9) of this sec- and secured to a structurally sound
tion.) portion of the building.
(15) Guardrails not less than 2 × 4 (5) Guardrails not less than 2 × 4
inches or the equivalent and not less inches or the equivalent and not less
than 36 inches or more than 42 inches than 36 inches or more than 42 inches
high, with a mid-rail, when required, of high, with a mid-rail, when required, of
1 × 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and 1- × 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and
toeboards, shall be installed at all open toeboards, shall be installed at all open
sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet
above the ground or floor. Toeboards above the ground or floor. Toeboards
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in shall be a minimum of 4 inches in
height. Wire mesh shall be installed in height. Wire mesh shall be installed in
accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
this section. this section.
(16) Overhead protection shall be pro- (6) Two-point suspension scaffolds
vided on the scaffold, not more than 9 shall be suspended by wire or fiber
feet above the platform, consisting of ropes. Wire and fiber ropes shall con-
2-inch planking or material of equiva- form to paragraph (a)(22) of this sec-
lent strength laid tight, when men are tion.
at work on the scaffold and an over- (7) The blocks for fiber ropes shall be
head hazard exists. of standard 6-inch size, consisting of at
(17) Each scaffold shall be installed least one double and one single block.
or relocated in accordance with designs The sheaves of all blocks shall fit the
and instructions, of a registered profes- size of rope used.
139
(8) All wire ropes, fiber ropes, slings, eighth inch. The stringers shall be tied
hangers, platforms, and other sup- together with the tie rods not less than
porting parts shall be inspected before one-quarter inch in diameter, passing
every installation. Periodic inspections through the stringers and riveted up
shall be made while the scaffold is in tight against washers on both ends.
use. The flooring strips shall be spaced not
(9) On suspension scaffolds designed more than five-eighth inch apart ex-
for a working load of 500 pounds no cept at the side rails where the space
more than two men shall be permitted may be 1 inch. Ladder-type platforms
to work at one time. On suspension shall be constructed in accordance with
scaffolds with a working load of 750 table D–17.
pounds, no more than three men shall (ii) Plank-type platforms shall be
be permitted to work at one time. Each composed of not less than nominal 2- x
workman shall be protected by a safety 8-inch unspliced planks, properly
lifebelt attached to a lifeline. The life- cleated together on the underside
line shall be securely attached to sub-
starting 6 inches from each end; inter-
stantial members of the structure (not
vals in between shall not exceed 4 feet.
scaffold), or to securely rigged lines,
The plank-type platform shall not ex-
which will safely suspend the workman
tend beyond the hangers more than 18
in case of a fall.
(10) Where acid solutions are used, inches. A bar or other effective means
fiber ropes are not permitted unless shall be securely fastened to the plat-
acid-proof. form at each end to prevent its slipping
(11) Two-point suspension scaffolds off the hanger. The span between hang-
shall be securely lashed to the building ers for plank-type platforms shall not
or structure to prevent them from exceed 10 feet.
swaying. Window cleaners’ anchors (iii) Beam platforms shall have side
shall not be used for this purpose. stringers of lumber not less than 2 x 6
(12) The platform of every two-point inches set on edge. The span between
suspension scaffold shall be one of the hangers shall not exceed 12 feet when
following types: beam platforms are used. The flooring
(i) The side stringer of ladder-type shall be supported on 2- and 6-inch
platforms shall be clear straight- crossbeams, laid flat and set into the
grained spruce or materials of equiva- upper edge of the stringers with a snug
lent strength and durability. The rungs fit, at intervals of not more than 4 feet,
shall be of straight-grained oak, ash, or securely nailed in place. The flooring
hickory, at least 11⁄8 inch in diameter, shall be of 1- x 6-inch material properly
with seven-eighth inch tenons mortised nailed. Floorboards shall not be spaced
into the side stringers at least seven- more than one-half inch apart.
TABLE D–17—SCHEDULE FOR LADDER-TYPE PLATFORMS
Length of platform (feet)
12 14 & 16 18 & 20 22 & 24 28 & 30
Side stringers, minimum cross section (finished sizes):

At ends (in.) ...................................................................... 13⁄4 x 23⁄4 13⁄4 x 23⁄4 13⁄4 x 3 13⁄4 x 3 13⁄4 x 31⁄2
At middle (in.) ................................................................... 13⁄4 x 33⁄4 13⁄4 x 33⁄4 13⁄4 x 4 13⁄4 x 41⁄4 13⁄4 x 5
Reinforcing strip (minimum) 1 ................................................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ..................
Rungs 2 ..................................................................................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ..................
Tie rods:
Number (minimum) ........................................................... 3 4 4 5 6
Diameter (minimum) ......................................................... 1⁄4 in 1⁄4 in 1⁄4 in 1⁄4 in 1⁄4 in.
Flooring, minimum finished size (in.) ....................................... ⁄ x 23⁄4

12 ⁄ x 23⁄4
12 ⁄ x 23⁄4
12 ⁄ x 3⁄4
12 ⁄ x 23⁄4
12
1 A 1⁄8x7⁄8-in. steel reinforcing strip or its equivalent shall be attached to the side or underside full length.
2 Rungs shall be 11⁄8-in. minimum, diameter with at least 7⁄8-in. diameter tenons, and the maximum spacing shall be 12 in. cen-
ter to center.
(h) Stone setters’ adjustable multiple- working load of 25 pounds per square
point suspension scaffolds. (1) The scaf-
fold shall be capable of sustaining a
140
foot and shall not be overloaded. Scaf- power units or manually operated
folds shall not be used for storage of winches, shall be a type tested and list-
stone or other heavy materials. ed by a nationally recognized testing
(2) The hoisting machine and its sup- laboratory. Refer to § 1910.399(a)(77) for
ports shall be of a type tested and list- definition of listed, and § 1910.7 for na-
ed by a nationally recognized testing tionally recognized testing laboratory.
laboratory. Refer to § 1910.399(a)(77) for (2) [Reserved]
definition of listed, and § 1910.7 for na- (3) All power-operated gears and
tionally recognized testing laboratory. brakes shall be enclosed.
(3) The platform shall be securely fas-
(4) In addition to the normal oper-
tened to the hangers by U-bolts or
other equivalent means. ating brake, all-power driven units
(4) The scaffold unit shall be sus- must have an emergency brake which
pended from metal outriggers, iron engages automatically when the nor-
brackets, wire rope slings, or iron mal speed of descent is exceeded.
hooks which will safely support the (5) Guards, mid-rails, and toeboards
maximum intended load. shall completely enclose the cage or
(5) Outriggers when used shall be set basket. Guardrails shall be no less than
with their webs in a vertical position, 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent in-
securely anchored to the building or stalled no less than 36 inches nor more
structure and provided with stop bolts than 42 inches above the platform. Mid-
at each end. rails shall be 1 by 6 inches or the equiv-
(6) The scaffold shall be supported by alent, installed equidistant between
wire rope conforming with paragraph the guardrail and the platform.
(a)(22) of this section, suspended from Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4
overhead supports. inches in height.
(7) The free ends of the suspension (6) The hoisting machines, cables,
wire ropes shall be equipped with prop- and equipment shall be regularly serv-
er size thimbles, secured by splicing or iced and inspected after each installa-
other equivalent means. The running
tion and every 30 days thereafter.
ends shall be securely attached to the
hoisting drum and at least four turns (7) The units may be combined to
of rope shall remain on the drum at all form a two-point suspension scaffold.
times. Such scaffold shall comply with para-
(8) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 graph (g) of this section.
inches or the equivalent and not less (8) The supporting cable shall be
than 36 inches or more than 42 inches straight for its entire length, and the
high, with a mid-rail, when required, of operator shall not sway the basket and
1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and fix the cable to any intermediate
toeboards, shall be installed at all open points to change his original path of
sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet travel.
above the ground or floor. Toeboards (9) Equipment shall be maintained
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in and used in accordance with the manu-
height. Wire mesh shall be installed in facturers’ instructions.
accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of (10) Suspension methods shall con-
this section. form to applicable provisions of para-
(9) When two or more scaffolds are graphs (f) and (g) of this section.
used on a building or structure they (j) Boatswain’s chairs. (1) The chair
shall not be bridged one to the other
seat shall be not less than 12 by 24
but shall be maintained at even height
inches, and of 1-inch thickness. The
with platforms butting closely.
(10) Each scaffold shall be installed seat shall be reinforced on the under-
or relocated in accordance with designs side to prevent the board from split-
and instructions of a registered profes- ting.
sional engineer, and such installation (2) The two fiber rope seat slings
or relocation shall be supervised by a shall be of 5⁄8-inch diameter, reeved
competent designated person. through the four seat holes so as to
(i) Single-point adjustable suspension cross each other on the underside of
scaffolds. (1) The scaffolding, including the seat.
141
(3) Seat slings shall be of at least 3⁄8- height. Wire mesh shall be installed in
inch wire rope when a workman is con- accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
ducting a heat producing process such this section.
as gas or arc welding. (l) Bricklayers’ square scaffolds. (1) The
(4) The workman shall be protected squares shall not exceed 5 feet in width
by a safety life belt attached to a life- and 5 feet in height.
line. The lifeline shall be securely at- (2) Members shall be not less than
tached to substantial members of the those specified in Table D–18.
structure (not scaffold), or to securely (3) The squares shall be reinforced on
rigged lines, which will safely suspend both sides of each corner with 1- by 6-
the worker in case of a fall. inch gusset pieces. They shall also have
(5) The tackle shall consist of correct braces 1 by 8 inches on both sides run-
size ball bearing or bushed blocks and ning from center to center of each
properly spliced 5⁄8-inch diameter first- member, or other means to secure
grade manila rope. equivalent strength and rigidity.
(6) The roof irons, hooks, or the ob- (4) The squares shall be set not more
ject to which the tackle is anchored than 5 feet apart for medium duty scaf-
shall be securely installed. Tiebacks folds, and not more than 8 feet apart
when used shall be installed at right for light duty scaffolds. Bracing 1 x 8
angles to the face of the building and inches, extending from the bottom of
securely fastened to a chimney. each square to the top of the next
(k) Carpenters’ bracket scaffolds. (1) square, shall be provided on both front
The brackets shall consist of a tri- and rear sides of the scaffold.
angular wood frame not less than 2 by
TABLE D–18—MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR
3 inches in cross section, or of metal of
BRICKLAYERS’ SQUARE SCAFFOLD MEMBERS
equivalent strength. Each member
shall be properly fitted and securely Members Dimensions
joined. (inches)
(2) Each bracket shall be attached to Bearers or horizontal members ....................... 2 by 6.
the structure by means of one of the Legs ................................................................. 2 by 6.
following: Braces at corners ............................................. 1 by 6.
Braces diagonally from center frame ............... 1 by 8.
(i) A bolt no less than five-eighths
inch in diameter which shall extend (5) Platform planks shall be at least
through the inside of the building wall. 2- by 9-inch nominal size. The ends of
(ii) A metal stud attachment device. the planks shall overlap the bearers of
(iii) Welding to steel tanks. the squares and each plank shall be
(iv) Hooking over a well-secured and supported by not less than three
adequately strong supporting member. squares.
The brackets shall be spaced no more (6) Bricklayers’ square scaffolds shall
than 10 feet apart. not exceed three tiers in height and
(3) No more than two persons shall shall be so constructed and arranged
occupy any given 10 feet of a bracket that one square shall rest directly
scaffold at any one time. Tools and ma- above the other. The upper tiers shall
terials shall not exceed 75 pounds in ad- stand on a continuous row of planks
dition to the occupancy. laid across the next lower tier and be
(4) The platform shall consist of not nailed down or otherwise secured to
less than two 2- by 9-inch nominal size prevent displacement.
planks extending not more than 18 (7) Scaffolds shall be level and set
inches or less than 6 inches beyond upon a firm foundation.
each end support. (m) Horse scaffolds. (1) Horse scaffolds
(5) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 shall not be constructed or arranged
inches or the equivalent and not less more than two tiers or 10 feet in
than 36 inches or more than 42 inches height.
high, with a mid-rail, when required, of (2) The members of the horses shall
1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and be not less than those specified in
toeboards, shall be installed at all open Table D–19.
sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet (3) Horses shall be spaced not more
above the ground or floor. Toeboards than 5 feet for medium duty and not
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in more than 8 feet for light duty.
142
(4) When arranged in tiers, each horse shall be designed based on design re-
shall be placed directly over the horse quirements for the special span. The
in the tier below. overhang of each end of the platform
(5) On all scaffolds arranged in tiers, planks shall be not less than 1 foot and
the legs shall be nailed down to the not more than 18 inches.
planks to prevent displacement or (5) When one needle beam is higher
thrust and each tier shall be substan- than the other or when the platform is
tially cross braced. not level the platform shall be secured
against slipping.
TABLE D–19—MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR
(6) All unattached tools, bolts, and
HORSE SCAFFOLD MEMBERS
nuts used on needle beam scaffolds
Members Dimensions shall be kept in suitable containers.
(inches)
(7) One end of a needle beam scaffold
Horizontal members or bearers ....................... 3 by 4. may be supported by a permanent
Legs ................................................................. 11⁄4 by 41⁄2. structural member conforming to para-
Longitudinal brace between legs ..................... 1 by 6.
Gusset brace at top of legs ............................. 1 by 8. graphs (a) (4) and (8) of this section.
Half diagonal braces ........................................ 11⁄4 by 41⁄2. (8) Each man working on a needle
beam scaffold 20 feet or more above the
(6) Horses or parts which have be- ground or floor and working with both
come weak or defective shall not be hands, shall be protected by a safety
used. life belt attached to a lifeline. The life-
(7) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 line shall be securely attached to sub-
inches or the equivalent and not less stantial members of the structure (not
than 36 inches or more than 42 inches scaffold), or to securely rigged lines,
high with a mid-rail, when required, of which will safely suspend the workman
1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent and in case of a fall.
toeboards, shall be installed at all open (o) Plasterers’, decorators’, and large
sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet area scaffolds. (1) Plasterers’, decora-
above the ground or floor. Toeboards tors’, lathers’, and ceiling workers’ in-
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in side scaffolds shall be constructed in
height. Wire mesh shall be installed in accordance with the general require-
accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of ments set forth for independent wood
this section. pole scaffolds.
(n) Needle beam scaffold. (1) Wood nee-
(2) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4
dle beams shall be in accordance with
paragraph (a) (5) and (9) of this section,
and shall be not less than 4 by 6 inches
high, with a mid-rail, when required, of
in size, with the greater dimension
1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and
placed in a vertical direction. Metal
toeboards, shall be installed at all open
beams or the equivalent conforming to
sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet
paragraph (a) (4) and (8) of this section
above the ground or floor. Toeboards
may be used.
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in
(2) Ropes or hangers shall be provided
height. Wire mesh shall be installed in
for supports. The span between sup-
accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
ports on the needle beam shall not ex-
this section.
ceed 10 feet for 4- by 6-inch timbers.
Rope supports shall be equivalent in (3) All platform planks shall be laid
strength to 1-inch diameter first-grade with the edges close together.
manila rope. (4) When independent pole scaffold
(3) The ropes shall be attached to the platforms are erected in sections, such
needle beams by a scaffold hitch or a sections shall be provided with con-
properly made eye splice. The loose end necting runways equipped with sub-
of the rope shall be tied by a bowline stantial guardrails.
knot or by a round turn and one-half (p) Interior hung scaffolds.
hitch. (1) [Reserved]
(4) The platform span between the (2) The suspended steel wire rope
needle beams shall not exceed 8 feet shall conform to paragraph (a)(22) of
when using 2-inch scaffold plank. For this section. Wire may be used pro-
spans greater than 8 feet, platforms viding the strength requirements of
143
paragraph (a)(22) of this section are tened, held, or equipped with devices so
met. as to prevent slipping.
(3) For hanging wood scaffolds, the (5) The wood platform planks shall be
following minimum nominal size mate- not less than 2 inches nominal in
rial is recommended: thickness. Both metal and wood plat-
(i) Supporting bearers 2 by 9 inches form planks shall overlap the bearing
on edge. surface not less than 12 inches. The
(ii) Planking 2 by 9 inches or 2 by 10 span between supports for wood shall
inches, with maximum span 7 feet for not exceed 8 feet. Platform width shall
heavy duty and 10 feet for light duty or be not less than 18 inches.
medium duty. (6) Not more than two persons shall
(4) Steel tube and coupler members occupy any given 8 feet of any ladder-
may be used for hanging scaffolds with jack scaffold at any one time.
both types of scaffold designed to sus- (r) Window-jack scaffolds. (1) Window-
tain a uniform distributed working jack scaffolds shall be used only for the
load up to heavy duty scaffold loads purpose of working at the window
with a safety factor of four. opening through which the jack is
placed.
(5) When a hanging scaffold is sup-
(2) Window jacks shall not be used to
ported by means of wire rope, such wire
support planks placed between one win-
rope shall be wrapped at least twice
dow jack and another or for other ele-
around the supporting members and
ments of scaffolding.
twice around the bearers of the scaf-
(3) Window-jack scaffolds shall be
fold, with each end of the wire rope se-
provided with suitable guardrails un-
cured by at least three standard wire-
less safety belts with lifelines are at-
rope clips.
tached and provided for the workman.
(6) All overhead supporting members Window-jack scaffolds shall be used by
shall be inspected and checked for one man only.
strength before the scaffold is erected. (s) Roofing brackets. (1) Roofing
(7) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 brackets shall be constructed to fit the
inches or the equivalent and not less pitch of the roof.
than 36 inches or more than 42 inches (2) Brackets shall be secured in place
high, with a mid-rail, when required, of by nailing in addition to the pointed
1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and metal projections. The nails shall be
toeboards, shall be installed at all open driven full length into the roof. When
sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet rope supports are used, they shall con-
above the ground or floor. Toeboards sist of first-grade manila of at least
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in three-quarter-inch diameter, or equiva-
height. Wire mesh shall be installed in lent.
accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of (3) A substantial catch platform shall
this section. be installed below the working area of
(q) Ladder-jack scaffolds. (1) All lad- roofs more than 20 feet from the
der-jack scaffolds shall be limited to ground to eaves with a slope greater
light duty and shall not exceed a than 3 inches in 12 inches without a
height of 20 feet above the floor or parapet. In width the platform shall ex-
ground. tend 2 feet beyond the projection of the
(2) All ladders used in connection eaves and shall be provided with a safe-
with ladder-jack scaffolds shall be ty rail, mid-rail, and toeboard. This
heavy-duty ladders and shall be de- provision shall not apply where em-
signed and constructed in accordance ployees engaged in work upon such
with § 1910.25 and § 1910.26. roofs are protected by a safety belt at-
(3) The ladder jack shall be so de- tached to a lifeline.
signed and constructed that it will bear (t) Crawling boards or chicken ladders.
on the side rails in addition to the lad- (1) Crawling boards shall be not less
der rungs, or if bearing on rungs only, than 10 inches wide and 1 inch thick,
the bearing area shall be at least 10 having cleats 1 x 11⁄2 inches. The cleats
inches on each rung. shall be equal in length to the width of
(4) Ladders used in conjunction with the board and spaced at equal intervals
ladder jacks shall be so placed, fas- not to exceed 24 inches. Nails shall be
144
driven through and clinched on the un- rigged lines, which will safely suspend
derside. The crawling board shall ex- the workman in case of a fall.
tend from the ridge pole to the eaves (v) Scope. This section establishes
when used in connection with roof con- safety requirements for the construc-
struction, repair, or maintenance. tion, operation, maintenance, and use
(2) A firmly fastened lifeline of at of scaffolds used in the maintenance of
least three-quarter-inch rope shall be buildings and structures.
strung beside each crawling board for a [39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43
handhold. FR 49746, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5321, Feb. 10,
(3) Crawling boards shall be secured 1984; 53 FR 12121, Apr. 12, 1988]
to the roof by means of adequate ridge
hooks or equivalent effective means. § 1910.29 Manually propelled mobile
(u) Float or ship scaffolds. (1) Float or ladder stands and scaffolds (tow-
ship scaffolds shall support not more ers).
than three men and a few light tools, (a) General requirements—(1) Applica-
such as those needed for riveting, bolt- tion. This section is intended to pre-
ing, and welding. They shall be con- scribe rules and requirements for the
structed in accordance with paragraphs design, construction, and use of mobile
(u) (2) through (6) of this section, un- work platforms (including ladder
less substitute designs and materials stands but not including aerial ladders)
provide equivalent strength, stability, and rolling (mobile) scaffolds (towers).
and safety. This standard is promulgated to aid in
(2) The platform shall be not less providing for the safety of life, limb,
than 3 feet wide and 6 feet long, made and property, by establishing minimum
of three-quarter-inch plywood, equiva- standards for structural design require-
lent to American Plywood Association ments and for the use of mobile work
Grade B–B, Group I, Exterior. platforms and towers.
(3) Under the platform, there shall be (2) Working loads. (i) Work platforms
two supporting bearers made from 2- x and scaffolds shall be capable of car-
4-inch, or 1- x 10-inch rough, selected rying the design load under varying
lumber, or better. They shall be free of circumstances depending upon the con-
knots or other flaws and project 6 ditions of use. Therefore, all parts and
inches beyond the platform on both appurtenances necessary for their safe
sides. The ends of the platform shall and efficient utilization must be inte-
extend about 6 inches beyond the outer gral parts of the design.
edges of the bearers. Each bearer shall (ii) Specific design and construction
be securely fastened to the platform. requirements are not a part of this sec-
(4) An edging of wood not less than 3⁄4 tion because of the wide variety of ma-
x 11⁄2 inches, or equivalent, shall be terials and design possibilities. How-
placed around all sides of the platform ever, the design shall be such as to
to prevent tools from rolling off. produce a mobile ladder stand or scaf-
(5) Supporting ropes shall be 1-inch fold that will safely sustain the speci-
diameter manila rope or equivalent, fied loads. The material selected shall
free from deterioration, chemical dam- be of sufficient strength to meet the
age, flaws, or other imperfections. test requirements and shall be pro-
Rope connections shall be such that tected against corrosion or deteriora-
the platform cannot shift or slip. If two tion.
ropes are used with each float, each of (a) The design working load of ladder
the two supporting ropes shall be stands shall be calculated on the basis
hitched around one end of a bearer and of one or more 200-pound persons to-
pass under the platforms to the other gether with 50 pounds of equipment
end of the bearer where it is hitched each.
again, leaving sufficient rope at each (b) The design load of all scaffolds
end for the supporting ties. shall be calculated on the basis of:
(6) Each workman shall be protected
Light— Designed and constructed to carry
by a safety lifebelt attached to a life- a working load of 25 pounds per square foot.
line. The lifeline shall be securely at- Medium— Designed and constructed to
tached to substantial members of the carry a working load of 50 pounds per square
structure (not scaffold), or to securely foot.
145
Heavy— Designed and constructed to carry have a standard (4-inch nominal)
a working load of 75 pounds per square foot. toeboard.
All ladder stands and scaffolds shall be (vii) All work levels 10 feet or higher
capable of supporting at least four above the ground or floor shall have a
times the design working load. guardrail of 2- by 4-inch nominal or the
(iii) The materials used in mobile equivalent installed no less than 36
ladder stands and scaffolds shall be of inches or more than 42 inches high,
standard manufacture and conform to with a mid-rail, when required, of 1- by
standard specifications of strength, di- 4-inch nominal lumber or equivalent.
mensions, and weights, and shall be se- (viii) A climbing ladder or stairway
lected to safely support the design shall be provided for proper access and
working load. egress, and shall be affixed or built into
(iv) Nails, bolts, or other fasteners the scaffold and so located that its use
used in the construction of ladders, will not have a tendency to tip the
scaffolds, and towers shall be of ade- scaffold. A landing platform shall be
quate size and in sufficient numbers at provided at intervals not to exceed 30
each connection to develop the de- feet.
signed strength of the unit. Nails shall (4) Wheels or casters. (i) Wheels or
be driven full length. (All nails should casters shall be properly designed for
be immediately withdrawn from dis- strength and dimensions to support
mantled lumber.) four (4) times the design working load.
(v) All exposed surfaces shall be free
(ii) All scaffold casters shall be pro-
from sharp edges, burrs or other safety
vided with a positive wheel and/or
hazards.
swivel lock to prevent movement. Lad-
(3) Work levels. (i) The maximum
der stands shall have at least two (2) of
work level height shall not exceed four
(4) times the minimum or least base di- the four (4) casters and shall be of the
mensions of any mobile ladder stand or swivel type.
scaffold. Where the basic mobile unit (iii) Where leveling of the elevated
does not meet this requirement, suit- work platform is required, screw jacks
able outrigger frames shall be em- or other suitable means for adjusting
ployed to achieve this least base di- the height shall be provided in the base
mension, or provisions shall be made to section of each mobile unit.
guy or brace the unit against tipping. (b) Mobile tubular welded frame scaf-
(ii) The minimum platform width for folds—(1) General. Units shall be de-
any work level shall not be less than 20 signed to comply with the require-
inches for mobile scaffolds (towers). ments of paragraph (a) of this section.
Ladder stands shall have a minimum (2) Bracing. Scaffolds shall be prop-
step width of 16 inches. erly braced by cross braces and/or di-
(iii) The supporting structure for the agonal braces for securing vertical
work level shall be rigidly braced, members together laterally. The cross
using adequate cross bracing or diago- braces shall be of a length that will
nal bracing with rigid platforms at automatically square and align
each work level. vertical members so the erected scaf-
(iv) The steps of ladder stands shall fold is always plumb, square, and rigid.
be fabricated from slip resistant treads. (3) Spacing. Spacing of panels or
(v) The work level platform of scaf- frames shall be consistent with the
folds (towers) shall be of wood, alu-
loads imposed. The frames shall be
minum, or plywood planking, steel or
placed one on top of the other with
expanded metal, for the full width of
coupling or stacking pins to provide
the scaffold, except for necessary open-
ings. Work platforms shall be secured proper vertical alignment of the legs.
in place. All planking shall be 2-inch (4) Locking. Where uplift may occur,
(nominal) scaffold grade minimum 1,500 panels shall be locked together
f. (stress grade) construction grade vertically by pins or other equivalent
lumber or equivalent. means.
(vi) All scaffold work levels 10 feet or (5) Erection. Only the manufacturer of
higher above the ground or floor shall a scaffold or his qualified designated
146
agent shall be permitted to erect or su- shall be designed so that the horizontal
pervise the erection of scaffolds exceed- bearers provide supports for multiple
ing 50 feet in height above the base, un- planking levels.
less such structure is approved in writ- (7) Erection. Only the manufacturer of
ing by a registered professional engi- the scaffold or his qualified designated
neer, or erected in accordance with in- agent shall be permitted to erect or su-
structions furnished by the manufac- pervise the erection of scaffolds exceed-
turer. ing 50 feet in height above the base, un-
(c) Mobile tubular welded sectional less such structure is approved in writ-
folding scaffolds—(1) General. Units in- ing by a licensed professional engineer,
cluding sectional stairway and sec- or erected in accordance with instruc-
tional ladder scaffolds shall be de- tions furnished by the manufacturer.
signed to comply with the require- (d) Mobile tube and coupler scaffolds—
ments of paragraph (a) of this section. (1) Design. Units shall be designed to
(2) Stairway. An integral stairway comply with the applicable require-
and work platform shall be incor- ments of paragraph (a) of this section.
porated into the structure of each sec- (2) Material. The material used for
tional folding stairway scaffold. the couplers shall be of a structural
(3) Bracing. An integral set of piv- type, such as a drop-forged steel, mal-
oting and hinged folding diagonal and leable iron or structural grade alu-
horizontal braces and a detachable minum. The use of gray cast iron is
work platform shall be incorporated prohibited.
into the structure of each sectional (3) Erection. Only the manufacturer of
folding ladder scaffold. the scaffold or his qualified designated
(4) Sectional folding stairway scaffolds. agent shall be permitted to erect or su-
Sectional folding stairway scaffolds pervise the erection of scaffolds exceed-
shall be designed as medium duty scaf- ing 50 feet in height above the base, un-
folds except for high clearance. These less such structure is approved in writ-
special base sections shall be designed ing by a licensed professional engineer,
as light duty scaffolds. When upper sec- or erected in accordance with instruc-
tional folding stairway scaffolds are tions furnished by the manufacturer.
used with a special high clearance base, (e) Mobile work platforms—(1) Design.
the load capacity of the entire scaffold Units shall be designed for the use in-
shall be reduced accordingly. The tended and shall comply with the re-
width of a sectional folding stairway quirements of paragraph (a) of this sec-
scaffold shall not exceed 41⁄2 feet. The tion.
maximum length of a sectional folding (2) Base width. The minimum width of
stairway scaffold shall not exceed 6 the base of mobile work platforms shall
feet. not be less than 20 inches.
(5) Sectional folding ladder scaffolds. (3) Bracing. Adequate rigid diagonal
Sectional folding ladder scaffolds shall bracing to vertical members shall be
be designed as light duty scaffolds in- provided.
cluding special base (open end) sections (f) Mobile ladder stands—(1) Design.
which are designed for high clearance. Units shall comply with applicable re-
For certain special applications the quirements of paragraph (a) of this sec-
six-foot (6′) folding ladder scaffolds, ex- tion.
cept for special high clearance base (2) Base width. The minimum base
sections, shall be designed for use as width shall conform to paragraph
medium duty scaffolds. The width of a (a)(3)(i) of this section. The maximum
sectional folding ladder scaffold shall length of the base section shall be the
not exceed 41⁄2 feet. The maximum total length of combined steps and top
length of a sectional folding ladder assembly, measured horizontally, plus
scaffold shall not exceed 6 feet 6 inches five-eighths inch per step of rise.
for a six-foot (6′) long unit, 8 feet 6 (3) Steps. Steps shall be uniformly
inches for an eight-foot (8′) unit or 10 spaced, and sloped, with a rise of not
feet 6 inches for a ten-foot (10′) long less than nine (9) inches, nor more than
unit. ten (10) inches, and a depth of not less
(6) End frames. The end frames of sec- seven (7) inches. The slope of the steps
tional ladder and stairway scaffolds section shall be a minimum of fifty-
147
five (55) degrees and a maximum of (3) Wood platforms used on the floor
sixty (60) degrees measured from the in front of machines shall be substan-
horizontal. tially constructed.
(4) Handrails. (i) Units having more (c) Veneer machinery. (1) Sides of
than five (5) steps or 60 inches vertical steam vats shall extend to a height of
height to the top step shall be equipped not less than 36 inches above the floor,
with handrails. working platform, or ground.
(ii) Handrails shall be a minimum of (2) Large steam vats divided into sec-
29 inches high. Measurements shall be tions shall be provided with substantial
taken vertically from the center of the walkways between sections. Each
step. walkway shall be provided with a
(5) Loading. The load (see paragraph standard handrail on each exposed side.
(a)(2)(ii)(a) of this section) shall be ap- These handrails may be removable, if
plied uniformly to a 31⁄2 inches wide necessary.
area front to back at the center of the (3) Covers shall be removed only from
width span with a safety factor of four that portion of steaming vats on which
(4). men are working and a portable railing
shall be placed at this point to protect
§ 1910.30 Other working surfaces. the operators.
(4) Workmen shall not ride or step on
(a) Dockboards (bridge plates). (1) Port- logs in steam vats.
able and powered dockboards shall be
strong enough to carry the load im- [39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 49
posed on them. FR 5322, Feb. 10, 1984; 61 FR 9235, Mar. 7, 1996]
(2) Portable dockboards shall be se-
cured in position, either by being an- Subpart E—Means of Egress
chored or equipped with devices which
will prevent their slipping. AUTHORITY: Sections 4, 6, and 8 of the Occu-
(3) Powered dockboards shall be de- pational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29
signed and constructed in accordance U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor’s
Order No. 12–71 (36 FR 8754), 8–76 (41 FR
with Commercial Standard CS202–56 25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736), or 1–90 (55 FR 9033),
(1961) ‘‘Industrial Lifts and Hinged as applicable.
Loading Ramps published by the U.S.
Department of Commerce, which is in- § 1910.35 Definitions.
corporated by reference as specified in As used in this subpart.
§ 1910.6. (a) Means of egress. A means of egress
(4) Handholds, or other effective is a continuous and unobstructed way
means, shall be provided on portable of exit travel from any point in a build-
dockboards to permit safe handling. ing or structure to a public way and
(5) Positive protection shall be pro- consists of three separate and distinct
vided to prevent railroad cars from parts: the way of exit access, the exit,
being moved while dockboards or and the way of exit discharge. A means
bridge plates are in position. of egress comprises the vertical and
(b) Forging machine area. (1) Machines horizontal ways of travel and shall in-
shall be so located as to give (i) enough clude intervening room spaces, door-
clearance between machines so that ways, hallways, corridors, passage-
the movement of one operator will not ways, balconies, ramps, stairs, enclo-
interfere with the work of another, (ii) sures, lobbies, escalators, horizontal
ample room for cleaning machines and exits, courts, and yards.
handling the work, including material (b) Exit access. Exit access is that por-
and scrap. The arrangement of ma- tion of a means of egress which leads to
chines shall be such that operators will an entrance to an exit.
not stand in aisles. (c) Exit. Exit is that portion of a
(2) Aisles shall be provided of suffi- means of egress which is separated
cient width to permit the free move- from all other spaces of the building or
ment of employees bringing and remov- structure by construction or equip-
ing material. This aisle space is to be ment as required in this subpart to pro-
independent of working and storage vide a protected way of travel to the
space. exit discharge.
148

Osha-1910-Subpart D

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§ 1910.21 29 CFR Ch.

XVII (7–1–02 Edition)

on exposure to BD which would other- nish persons with a handhold in case of

(1) Ladder. A ladder is an appliance (13) Ladder safety device. A ladder

§ 1910.22 General requirements. which such floor or roof is approved by

(b) A strength to withstand at least (7) Floor opening covers may be of

when there is a hazard of slipping. Non- (iv) Extension ladders shall be

shall be treated with a nonirritating

FIGURE D–1.—SUGGESTED DESIGN FOR RUNGS

excepted from the provisions of sub-

MINIMUM LADDER CLEARANCES

FIGURE D–4.—LADDER FAR FROM WALL

than 4 inches, or portion of cage oppo-

FIGURE D–6.—RELATIONSHIP OF FIXED LADDER

FIGURE D–8.—CLEARANCE DIAGRAM FOR FIXED LADDER IN WELL

(3) Ladder extensions. The side rails of

FIGURE D–9.—CAGES—SPECIAL APPLICATIONS.

Material involving the use of corrosive sub-

Uniformly distributed load ................................................ Not to exceed 25 pounds per

Guardrail .......................................................................... 2 by 4 in ....................................... 2 by 4 in.

Uniformly distributed load ................................................ Not to exceed 25 pounds per

(7) If channel iron outrigger beams sional engineer, and supervised by a

12 14 & 16 18 & 20 22 & 24 28 & 30

Side stringers, minimum cross section (finished sizes):

Flooring, minimum finished size (in.) ....................................... ⁄ x 23⁄4

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