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AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON GROWTH & PERFORMANCE OF ICT SECTORS IN THE

EMERGING KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY IN SAUDI ARABIA

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 ISSN: 01173375
Volume 11, Issue 01, January, 2021

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON GROWTH &

PERFORMANCE OF ICT SECTORS IN THE
EMERGING KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY IN SAUDI
ARABIA
Abdulnaser S. H. Al-MSloum1
1
University of Jeddah -Al-

ABSTRACT Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been the most active portion of
investment in recent years and until recently, the excellent growth of ICT investment has been based on or
added to the gross domestic product (GDP) in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia, like many other nations, has
undergone the socio-economic effect of the ICT revolution. The key factor behind this revolution is the
accelerated growth and use of ICT infrastructure in Saudi Arabia. In this sense, the research carried out the
requisite goals with adequate functioning statistical analysis. The thesis adopts a system of objective
screening, using secondary data for interpretation. The report finds excellent growth and advancement in the
information economy ICT industries. In addition, this study showed that the IT-enabled services sectors had
an excellent growth pace.

KEYWORDS: ICT, Growth, Development, ITES, Economy.

1. INTRODUCTION
For the last 200 years, neoclassical economics have accepted only two variables in manufacturing resource
intelligence as resources and expertise substitute wealth and energy as a primary commodity, much as
technical advances in the 20th century conformed and transformed the sophistication of riches, shifting
function from a tangible to a knowledge-based basis 200 years ago. The importance of knowledge for
business performance in global growth and sustainability is being widely understood to both developing and
developed countries. Technology and expertise are the forces of production with greater information
availability and employee knowledge and understanding can be transferred quickly across the globe and
many of the benefits obtained from one organization can be offset immediately with technical changes. The
only comparative advantage a company will profit from is its innovation process, mixing industry and
technological know-how with the creative skill of knowledge employees in order to overcome an infinite
stream of competitive problems, and its capacity to extract value from intelligence.

2. Knowledge and knowledge economy

accumulation has taken place through a long history of discoveries and inventions learning and
improvements in the past. Define not only contributes to the accumulation of physical capital and
accelerated growth of society, but also increases the accumulation of knowledge in material investment in
A. S. H. Al-MSloum, 2021
knowledge-building through education and research and development at an ever-accelerated rate, so that
knowledge manifests new ideas of skills and learning by doing so has become invisible and the subtitle
development. History of Civilization four basic types of economic have been identified the primitive
source of socio-economic growth. Knowledge has to be considered at the core of technological development
economy which hunting was the only source of livelihood was followed by the agricultural economy the
several forms of knowledge including technical knowledge of quality knowledge pertaining to contact
transition from primitive economy to Agricultural economy took a few Thousand Years the industrial
knowing how to learn knowledge, would be required to be integrated for initiating and maintaining a
economy followed by the agricultural economy under translation to nearly 200 years and digital Revolution
the internet has given but to the knowledge economy the most remarkable feature of the knowledge 947
Academy is the speed at which it was developed does it took only 25 years on the knowledge economy to
develop but what it is mean by knowledge economy and how can we define it. The knowledge economy
differs from other economics in significantly in the service rather than agricultural are manufacture of good
dominate the source of employment consequently the new commodity in the knowledge economy is killed
educated of course what consists of not only people with formal education but also those who have attitude
expertise through tacit knowledge with his knowledge gained by the experience the knowledge economy
emphasize tacit knowledge with is as important as institutionalized knowledge. Intelligence economics are
mostly brought to me only by high-tech companies, which are knowledge and communication technologies,
so that we use the term wider to cover the amount of noble businesses and how many use the
competitiveness of agriculture and services for Sachin's overall economic welfare to raise productivity by
moving to low productivity. Knowledge in the wisdom economy is well transformed into an innovation
mechanism and an efficient innovative system in the country involves the creation of a cluster comprising
our network of a) interdependent firms b) technology and knowledge cutting institutions such as
universities, research institutes and companies c) Organization think tanks, professional services technology

3. Knowledge on economic growth

In the 21st century the continuous acquisition and development of knowledge is not nearly advantages it is
indispensable as knowledge and complete and diffusers across the planet it becomes more plentiful and less
costly to share the knowledge component in every industry become larger and larger comparative
advantages in global contest and natural resources available becomes progressively less important to repair
and maintain a globally competitive knowledge base in core business activity is a simple challenge to every
modern business firm more than any other factor production knowledge capital is becoming the most critical
factor for nation long term competitive success. Appreciation of knowledge is not limited to production our
any viable industry today is using highly sophisticated knowledge to evaluation is its marketing channel and
improve human resource development to increase the efficiency of Management to strengthen corporate
accountability in government to lower capital cost to reduce all types of risks and challenges to build
supportive policy environment to enhance brand identity consumer trust and consumer loyalty. In recent
years, more and more policy makers at the Academy recognise the fact that the economic growth of the 21st
century is shifting knowledge based on the industrial economy is leading this shift to a knowledge-based
economy. Many recent economic growth theories coined by many Scholars' computer knowledge both as
input and output as a source of long-term growth and job creation, like many others.
of information, which in turn has an impact on economic and social practices, including how producers,
service providers and governments are coordinated and how they execute their roles. ICT technologies
increase the productivity of current resources and generate new possibilities in the fields of trade regulation,
education, enterprise accessibility, health care delivery and environmental and natural resource creation as
information becomes an increasingly essential strategic aspect of ICT usage, which decreases transaction
costs and creates space barriers to ICT use.

5. Review of Existing Studies

948

ISSN: 01173375
Volume 11, Issue 01, January, 2021

This segment discusses the literature on the information economy of Saudi Arabia in the sense of
globalization and concerns relevant to the development and success of ICT in Saudi Arabia. The Global
Appraisal has opened up new possibilities for society to create new kinds of wealth and opportunity through
the usage of the information economy. The New Millennium has unfolded a critical sense of
interconnectedness across the globe, manifesting itself in a kind of information transformation that has
expanded in the scope, speed, elasticity and effect of global engagement, transforming the structure of
global control. This is based not only on physical resource accumulation and human expertise, but also on
knowledge learning and adoption. Observed that through technological transfer, FDI expands the current
knowledge base through labour preparation and expertise development, on the one hand, and through the
implementation of alternative management strategies and operational structures, on the other. As a
consequence, FDI may be assumed to encourage technical development and thus diffusion. Offer yet
another proof of the claim that in the absence of an effective technological transfer of human resources from
the FDI, productivity growth in the host country does not improve. Using outward FDI data from the US to
40 countries, they found that information transfer by FDI leads to productivity growth and to more
developed countries, but not to less developed countries because they lack sufficient human resources. Use
regression methods in the manufacturing sector to allow for various effects of FDI on the distribution of
productivity. The research supports the theory that only businesses with a minimum degree of absorption
ability profit from productivity spillovers. With regard to the decentralisation and marketing of education in
Singapore, has stressed that the influence of business management and management cultures in schools and
institutions can be reflected in the evolving organisational culture. The author thought that in the present
social and economic climate modem countries could manage their companies with limited resources, along
with growing pressure to boost their competitiveness, different governance strategies were adopted.
Decentralization, privatisation, marketing, etc. are those tactics. In the larger political sense of marketing
and privatisation, a number of higher education institutions that wish to and seek to emulate the business
example by implementing corporate decision-making and planning methods as well as the use of economic
information economy. It focuses on generating, exchanging and leveraging knowledge and information to
build resources and enhance the quality of life of knowledge-based economy information that has changed
through the business and in certain cases across the sector in order to promote generation of a knowledge-
based economy. It is necessary to consider how information is needed to change growth levels and progress
towards higher growth rates.

Vein, argues that building and sustaining infrastructure capacity strengthens information employees and
increases their competitiveness by developing, growing and using new knowledge are essential factors in
assessing the prosperity of the knowledge economy. If a nation has reached the information society stage,
how the country successfully handles knowledge production and knowledge growth in all fields such as
manufacturing, agriculture, healthcare and innovation is a key element in developing a knowledge economy.
It contributes to a developed economy in exchange. Study in the area of information economy education and
training. [20] has undergone a comprehensive review and found that while it is evident that the demand for
education and training in the existing information economy will increase. It poses a variety of questions. But
it is not clear after this phase how the modern economy can be shaped, how people and companies can better
A. S. H. Al-MSloum,
accomplish 2021 goals, and how learning institutions will best fulfil the demand for knowledge.
their education
demonstrates in his paper that the information economy is shifting roles between all economic parties. It
would says.
paper see a This
comprehensive partnership
is because all economicinoperators
which consumers
(players) use
are the tools of sellers
empowered to engage
to develop, in the
manage anddesign
view
and supply of goods and services. Similarly, sellers would have access to buyers' experience
digital information. Business services and the knowledge economy have been studied in Malaysia, [13]. and new
wishes.
Instead ofAccording to Christopher,
the knowledge economy, this would both
the authors claimgreatly
that thefavour buyers and
compilation and distribution
sellers, adding considerable
of information is
money.
not The knowledge
sufficient. Instead aeconomy
knowledgewilleconomy
make a quantum
relies onleap
theininformation
efficiency over the industrial
analysis sector,critical,
of competent, as the
creative and efficient analysts. Sensitivity is a critical component of strategic practise. Regions around 949 the
world have been rapidly eroded by a vigorous competition to encourage and retain high quality companies
to provide healthy, moderate to highly paid employment to improve broader Community and national
objectives. Although manufacturing firms had formerly been the largest prize, service firms have recently
become the highlight. This current emphasis on the importance of the service sector is intensified by a
knowledge economy theory that has been in development since the sixties. Global players in the global
development and export of goods and services are key multinationals. They are more than enough
competent in the domestic market compared to foreign markets. The paper from [21] details all these aspects
with supporting evidence. In this paper, multinationals are faced with rising costs of technology transfer
abroad. This is contrary to international technology. This is contrary to the common perception that
multinationals have a cost advantage in developed countries due to low cost of labour and transport costs.

Illustrates the perspective of the IT sector in India. The success of the tech and IT services industry has been
exceptional. The annual compound growth rate reported was over 50% in 1990 and 38% since 1997 and 98,
and India has been unprecedentedly independent. As of now, exports of software and services account for
more than 20% of exports of commodities and also more than one of India's big commodity cloth and textile
items in India's exports. Papadopoulos (2012) researched creativity as a movement to an information
economy. According to the author, scientific and technological growth, new knowledge production and
management and a rapidly changing business economic climate need new methods of adapting economic
activities to continuous change. This adaptation of knowledge and the development of new economic
resources and capability are the product of innovation. In the background of the global financial crisis, they
information economy is a complex and diverse term. [17] have studied the increasing dematerialization of
the economy primarily because of the growth of information and communication technologies (TICS). This
technological evolution transforms the traditional capitalistic structure, where the new values of
technological information, intellectual property and expertise are the immaterial capital that replaces the
tangible capital of industrial capitalism. Information capitalism can be characterized as another
accumulation mechanism where the key sources of accumulation and valuation are intellectual ideas,
inventions, patents, concepts, access, relationships and business models. Terminology is not well known in
literature and popular use is made of the words "cognitive," "knowledge" or "intellectual" capitalism.
Although "intangible" is a useful term, intangibles prefer to be viewed as properties rather than
"capabilities." [16] has explained in a conference paper Russia is subject to the U.S. and EU sanctions due to
its foreign policy, and this self-isolation makes it hard or even impossible to integrate into the global
network of advanced knowledge. It prevents efficient exchange of knowledge with other countries and
access to such knowledge. The slogan of 'import replacement' proclaimed by the Russian government leads
to conservation of technological and scientific backwardness. Domestically, the government is discouraging
private and foreign entrepreneurship and increases the proportion of bureaucracy-controlled economy,
which is not the best environment for innovation.ISSN: 01173375
Education and science are grossly underfinanced by the
federal budget, the Russian universities are losing their weight and 2021
Volume 11, Issue 01, January, prestige on the international arena. The
number of schools is shrinking, and the quality of educational programs is open to criticism. As a result of
Based on this studies reviewed the study answering the following questions
this policy, Russia is suffering from brain drain as talented researchers, inventors and skilled workers prefer
1. What is the sustainable growth & Development of ICT sector?
to emigrate in great numbers. Russia needs a series of structural reforms and a radical change of its foreign
2. Measure the Productive growth of IT enabled sectors.
policy attitudes to build a knowledge-based economy.
The present study proposes to highlight the Growth & Development of ICT Sectors in Saudi Arabia950
&
Measuring the Strengthening growth of IT enabled sectors. The objectives are as follows.
1. To know the Growth & Development of ICT Sectors contribution by the knowledge economy.
2. To examine the Role & Contribution of ICT sectors towards the IT Enabled Services in the
knowledge economy.

6. Data, Scope and Methodology

The nature of the study was given above, since this study used the Secondary data, the study adopts
purposive sampling. The data was collected from various sources. The time span of the study ranges from
2001-02 to 2017-18. Since the ICT sectors and its enabled service sectors contribute to the notable growth of
the knowledge economy. ICT arbitration is quite phenomenal thus it is helpful to the growth of other sectors
of the country. Ascertain the measure the extent of relationship among the variables, focusing in view of the
objectives of the study Compound Annual Growth rate (CAGR), T- Test analysis have been used.

7. Objectives Analyzing
Saudi information services exports to foreign markets in bulk and focused in North America USA and
Canada, the main demand for software in Europe, account for 25 per cent of Saudi exports and the rest of
the world is 7.70 per cent in 2017-18, as described in the table below.

Table 1:
Markets/
 America 62 67.10 69.10 69.40 68.30 67.80 61

Europe 24 23.70 22.20 22.60 23.10 25.10 18

Rest of
14 6 8.70 8 8.60 7.70 21
the World

With the backdrop slowdown in the US economy Saudi IT companies are actively expanding into new
markets to increasing their presence in Europe setting up Alliance with the companies in Asia Japan and
Europe as their increasing their Outsourcing to Saudi while the US and the UK reminds the largest export
markets in country the industries footprint is steadily expanding to other geographical countries. The extent
of Software Exports has increased exponentially over the last 10 years. The general understanding is that
these exports include value services in the early years, the majority of the software export operations of
Saudi firms consisted of sending their applications to their clients for the purpose of offering their services
on-site
A. S. H.which was deemed
Al-MSloum, 2021 a much lower degree of capacity strength compared. Saudi firms have
increasingly demonstrated their technical and project management expertise by effectively executing
ventures for major
period export revenuecompanies. During
of software the same
companies period top
increased IT companies
as foreign triedstepped
companies to focusuponOutsourcing
the high margin
their
segments of it Consulting are system integration and Information Service Outsourcing
software employment to Saudi this the phenomenal growth in software revenue has been due to growing and packaged
software
world support
demand system integration
comparative and cost consists
advantageof and
designing anddifference
the time configuring the different
between Saudi andit platforms on
us with still
which different
continues software
to be the major packages from in
export market some companies also branded their Geographic areas after a certain
Saudi.
951
Table 2: IT Share in Domestic and Export Market
Share of Revenue of Share of
IT business export profits IT industry Domestic
income from in overall IT from Revenue in Total revenue
YEARS
the export industry domestic Total revenue IT industry
sector revenue market of IT industry

2001-02 .16 55.17 0.13`` 44.83 0.29

2002-03 0.23(43.73) 58.97 0.16(23.08) 41.03 0.39(34.48)

2003-04 0.33(43.49) 58.93 0.23(43.75) 41.07 0.56(43.59)

2004-05 0.48(45.44) 28.57 1.20(421.74) 71.43 1.68(200.00)

2005-06 0.73(52.08) 28.85 1.80(50.00) 71.15 2.53(50.59)

2006-07 1.10(50.68) 34.81 2.06(14.44) 65.19 3.16(24.90)

2007-08 1.80(63.63) 40.91 2.60(2.21) 59.09 4.40(39.24)

2008-09 2.60(44.44) 44.07 3.30(26.92) 55.93 5.90(34.09)

 2010-11 6.20(55.00) 52.10 5.70(35.71) 47.90 11.90(45.12)

2011-12 7.70(24.19) 57.04 5.80(1.75) 42.96 13.50(13.44)

2012-13 9.60(24.67) 60.38 6.30(8.62) 39.62 15.90(17.78)

2013-14 13.00(35.42) 61.03 8.30(31.75) 38.97 21.30(33.96)

2014-15 18.20(40.00) 64.49 10.02(20.72) 35.51 28.22(32.49)

2015-16 24.20(32.97) 64.71 13.20(31.74) 35.29 37.40(32.53)

2016-17 31.90(31.82) 66.32 16.20(22.73) 33.68 48.10(28.61)

2017-18 40.80(27.89) 63.75 23.20(43.21) 36.25 64.00(33.06)

CAGR 43.52* 32.23*

ISSN: 01173375 39.30*
Volume 11, Issue 01, January, 2021
t - value 36.34 9.08 16.12
rendered their services globally. The above table explicit the details about Share of IT industry in domestic
and as well as foreign market although the domestic IT market has registered a healthy annual growth rate
Software Industry is the largest component of Saudi Arabia as IT industry software Enterprises have grown
but it is still not being able to catch up with the revenue of it export market at briefly explain it in above the
up considering and contributing towards the GDP have grown rapidly and the country's software companies
table the total size of domestic market was just us 0.13 billion in 2001 and increased US dollar 23.20 billion
in 2018. Statistical significance growth rate of 32.23. In the year of 2011 at domestic revenue of the952 IT
sector grow at a rate of 35.7 1% as compared 27.27 percent growth in 2009 the share of domestic revenue in
total revenue of IT industry decline and from 71.4 3% in 2004-05 and 36.25% in 2017 to 18 that decline in
the revenue of domestic market is due to expansion of export market and less observe capacity for
information technology.

Table 3: Employment of ITES Segment by Type of Services

Customer Care 30(28.17) 66.40(36.90) 96(37.87) 122(24.54) 270(26.54)

Payment
services 7(6.57) 12(6.70) 21(8.62) 30(8.62) 50(4.55)

Administration 14(13.14) 26(14.44) 40(13.78) 57(16.38) 180(16.36)

HR 1.50 (1.41) 2.10(1.17) 4.50(1.78) 10(2.87) 300(27.27)

Finance 15(14.08) 25.50(14.17) 41(16.17) 64(18.39) -

Content
Development 36(36.26) 48(26.72) 51(20.12) 65(18.68) 300(27.27)

total 106.5 180 25..50 348 1100

The most qualified sub-sectors of BPO include the outsourcement of information processes and legal
processes and engineering services Outsourcing in industry groups, in worldwide business processes which
require domain expertise and talent. KPO is recognised. KPO encompasses practices such as data search
integration and biotechnology management and design of pharmaceutical science engineering and
encourages the publication of animation and market research analyses in the area of international patent and
intellectual properity rights similarly lions and so on in the LPO section. In addition, nearly 2,1 million
employees have been employed directly on a Saudi site in industry and by this year they have helped to
create additional 8 million jobs by indirect and induced employment and are expected to generate 14 million
direct jobs including expenditure and vendors including telecom construction equipment and transport
creatures Saudi successfully make development has increased understanding to achieve economic and
Technical self-Reliance it was evidently visualized that self-Reliance would be an returnable unless
domestically groomed what force and skill does integrated with educational Institutions, universities and
Institute of Technologies including Medical and other technical research interest was four years it has made
the country's largest reservoir of technically trained and skilled workers in the world it provided natural
attraction to IT companies to set up business in country as inexpensive and workforce was available.
A. S. H. Al-MSloum, 2021
Table 4: MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS FOR ITES/IT SECTOR in Saudi
TYPES OF IT IT Exports 2014-
Services (A) 2017- ANNUAL
SERVICES 2012-13 2013-14 15 2016-17 18 GROWTH RATE
Consultancy .01 0.02 0.03 0.09 0.27 39.00

IT Development .07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.11 4.60

953
Outsourced IT
Support 0.09 0.11 0.17 0.28 0.53 19.40

Preparation&
Education 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.06 44.00

Total (A) 0.17 0.21 0.28 0.47 0.97 19.10

IT Enabled Services ( B)

Customer care 0.03 0.05 0.15 0.42 1.03 42.20

Finance 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.09 0.21 26.50

Human Resource 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.15 0.69 80.40

Compensation
services 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.14 0.45 52.60

Administration 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.15 0.15 22.30

Content
Development 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.20 20.90
 Total (B) 0.10 0.16 0.39 1.04 2.73 39.20

Total (A+B) 0.27 0.37 0.67 1.51 3.70 29.90

Development of the IT industry has generated demand for skilled labour at different levels of professional,
moderately skilled labour and demand in numerous activities including applications such as data processing
back office operations Call Center medical transcription claims processing including health claims and web
design claims. The below table total demand of ITes segment of ICT sector is expected to 2.73 million by
current year does the aggregate workforce requirement of IT sector during the period 2019-20 is expected to
escalate by about 30% per annum due to massive expansion of the sector

Table 5: Share of Women & Men in IT Workforce

Men Women

79 21
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Volume 11, Issue 01, January, 2021
65 35
65
68 35
32

66 34
In the 30-year age group, female participation is significantly lower than that of 20-year-old women, due to
their failure to achieve a strong work/life balance, some of the reasons for comparatively fewer female 954
participation include Leke International Mobility, since a family party is less active in the workplace. In
addition, IT-enabled services are projected to expand in the coming years, it will also create employment
opportunities for women and increase their unemployment Call centres and back office services in particular
data entry operations, which are mainly women worldwide. A large part of these services can be delivered
from home, e.g. home-based work, as a call from home enters data tr. Generally, employment produced in
the IT industry is physically less stressful than those created in other industrial industries under the White
Colored Industry, where they would often be appropriate for women.

8. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

Software Industry is the largest component of Saudi Arabia as IT industry software Enterprises have grown
up considering and contributing towards the GDP have grown rapidly and the country's software companies
rendered their services globally. Within the beginning in the early phases 2018 export revenue has grown up
at a higher and statistical significant and higher rate within the domestic market Software Exports have been
actually driving the growth of export value of IT industry since is ITES enabled services industry In the field
of job growth, almost 2.1 million workers work directly in the Saudi IT industry helped generate a potential
8 million job openings for the direct and indirect jobs bank 2020 customer care content Production Finance
and administration are significant sub-sectors for employment in the Saudi IT industry. Analyzing the
effects of its industries' growth and advancement across the information ecosystem in Saudi Arabia, the
sector has expanded steadily over the last 10 years.
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International License.

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