Employability skill grade 9

[Weightage 10 marks from 5 chapters] Self study

Chapter 5

Green Skill

Green skills refer to the knowledge, abilities, and expertise required to understand, address, and adapt
to the challenges of environmental sustainability and promote a more sustainable and eco-friendly
economy. These skills are essential for individuals working in various sectors to contribute to
environmental conservation, climate change mitigation, and the transition to a more sustainable and
low-carbon society.

Green Economy

A green economy is an economic system that aims to promote sustainable development while
minimizing environmental degradation. In a green economy, economic growth and environmental
sustainability are seen as mutually supportive rather than conflicting goals.

Key features of a green economy include:

Environmental Sustainability, Resource Efficiency, Renewable Energy:

Innovation and Green Technologies, Green Jobs etc.

Components of a green economy

Refer pg no 185 Employability skill for gr9 (only the terms to learn)

SDG: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 global goals adopted by United Nations
(UN) member states in 2015. The SDGs were established to address a wide range of social, economic,
and environmental challenges facing the world. These goals provide a shared blueprint for global
development, aiming to ensure a more sustainable and equitable future by the year 2030.

Pollution - types, solution resources

Refer pg 164 onwards [basic knowledge learnt in other subjects]

Chapter 4

Common myths about entrepreneurship:

Myth: Entrepreneurs are Born, Not Made:

Reality: While certain personality traits may be beneficial, entrepreneurship can be learned and
cultivated. Many successful entrepreneurs develop their skills and mindset through education,
experience, and continuous learning.

Myth: Entrepreneurs are Risk Takers:

Reality: Successful entrepreneurs are often calculated risk-takers. They evaluate risks, make informed
decisions, and work to mitigate potential downsides. It's not about reckless behavior but strategic risk
management.

Myth: Entrepreneurship is All About Money:

Reality: While financial success is a goal for many entrepreneurs, it's not the sole motivation. Many
entrepreneurs are driven by a passion for solving problems, making a positive impact, or pursuing
creative endeavors.

Myth: Entrepreneurship is a Solo Journey:

Reality: Collaboration and teamwork are crucial in entrepreneurship. Successful entrepreneurs often
build strong networks, seek advice, and partner with others to bring their ideas to fruition.

Myth: You Need a Great Idea to Start:

Reality: While a unique and innovative idea can be beneficial, execution is often more critical. Many
successful businesses started by refining existing ideas or addressing common problems more
effectively.

Myth: Entrepreneurship is Glamorous and Easy:

Reality: Entrepreneurship involves hard work, dedication, and resilience. It often comes with challenges,
setbacks, and long hours. The glamorous image portrayed in media doesn't always reflect the day-to-day
reality.

Myth: Entrepreneurs Only Work on Their Business:

Reality: Entrepreneurs wear many hats and often engage in various tasks, from marketing and sales to
operations and finance. It's not uncommon for entrepreneurs to be involved in multiple aspects of their
business.

Myth: You Need a Lot of Money to Start a Business:

Reality: While some businesses require significant capital, many successful ventures started with
minimal funding. Bootstrapping, crowdfunding, and other creative financing methods are viable options
for many entrepreneurs.

Myth: Success Happens Overnight:

Reality: Building a successful business takes time. Overnight success is often the result of years of hard
work, learning, and persistence. Patience is a crucial virtue in entrepreneurship.

Myth: Failure Means the End:

Reality: Failure is a part of the entrepreneurial journey. Many successful entrepreneurs faced setbacks
before achieving success. Failure provides valuable lessons and can be a stepping stone to future
achievements.

Understanding the realities of entrepreneurship can help aspiring entrepreneurs make more informed
decisions and navigate the challenges that come with starting and growing a business.

[any 4 points to learn]

Qualities of successful entrepreneur:

Refer pg 142 or

Vision: Successful entrepreneurs have a clear vision of what they want to achieve. They can articulate
their long-term goals and create a roadmap for their business.

Passion: Passion is a driving force behind entrepreneurial success. Successful entrepreneurs are deeply
passionate about their ideas, products, or services, which helps them persevere through challenges.

Resilience: Entrepreneurship involves facing numerous challenges and setbacks. Successful

entrepreneurs demonstrate resilience by learning from failures, adapting to changes, and bouncing back
from setbacks.

Adaptability: The business landscape is dynamic, and successful entrepreneurs are adaptable. They can
pivot their strategies, embrace change, and stay flexible in the face of evolving market conditions.
Risk-Taking: While not reckless, successful entrepreneurs are willing to take calculated risks. They
understand that innovation and growth often involve stepping outside the comfort zone.

Decision-Making Skills: Entrepreneurs need to make numerous decisions daily. Successful ones possess
strong decision-making skills, often based on a combination of analysis, intuition, and experience.

Leadership: Effective leadership is crucial in entrepreneurship. Successful entrepreneurs inspire and

motivate their teams, set a positive tone, and lead by example.

Problem-Solving Skills: Entrepreneurship involves solving a myriad of problems. Successful

entrepreneurs are adept at identifying challenges, analyzing them, and finding creative and effective
solutions.

Adherence to Values: Successful entrepreneurs often have a set of core values that guide their decision-
making. These values contribute to the company culture and help establish trust with stakeholders.

Networking Skills: Building and maintaining relationships is vital for success in business. Successful
entrepreneurs cultivate strong networks that provide support, mentorship, and valuable business
connections.

Customer-Centric Focus: Understanding and meeting customer needs is fundamental to business

success. Successful entrepreneurs prioritize customer satisfaction and continually seek ways to enhance
their products or services.

Financial Literacy: Successful entrepreneurs have a solid understanding of financial concepts. They can
manage budgets, interpret financial reports, and make informed financial decisions.

Continuous Learning: The business landscape evolves rapidly, and successful entrepreneurs are
committed to ongoing learning. They stay informed about industry trends, market changes, and new
technologies.

Time Management: Entrepreneurs often wear multiple hats, and time is a precious resource. Successful
entrepreneurs are skilled at prioritizing tasks, delegating effectively, and managing their time efficiently.
Effective Communication: Clear and effective communication is essential for building relationships,
conveying ideas, and leading a team. Successful entrepreneurs can communicate their vision,
expectations, and goals effectively.

[any four qualities with explanation]

How important is entrepreneurship?

Entrepreneurship is critically important for various reasons, playing a significant role in economic
development, job creation, innovation, and societal progress. Here are some key aspects highlighting
the importance of entrepreneurship:

Economic Growth:

Entrepreneurship is a major driver of economic growth. New businesses contribute to the expansion of
industries, increased productivity, and the creation of wealth.

Job Creation:

Entrepreneurs are often job creators. New and growing businesses require a workforce, contributing to
employment opportunities and reducing unemployment rates.

Innovation and Creativity: Entrepreneurs are at the forefront of innovation. They bring new ideas,
products, and services to the market, fostering technological advancements and driving economic
competitiveness.

Wealth Generation: Successful entrepreneurship can lead to the accumulation of wealth, not only for
entrepreneurs themselves but also for investors, employees, and the broader community.

Increased Competition: Entrepreneurial ventures introduce competition into markets, driving businesses
to improve products, services, and operational efficiency to stay competitive.

Economic Resilience: A diverse and dynamic entrepreneurial ecosystem enhances a country's economic
resilience. A mix of small, medium, and large enterprises helps mitigate economic downturns and
shocks.

Community Development: Entrepreneurial activities contribute to the development of local

communities. Successful businesses often engage in community development initiatives, supporting
local infrastructure, education, and social programs.

Global Impact: Entrepreneurial innovations have the potential to address global challenges, including
environmental issues, healthcare, poverty, and education.

Cultural Change: Entrepreneurship can foster a culture of initiative, risk-taking, and problem-solving. It
encourages a mindset that values innovation and the pursuit of opportunities.

Technological Advancement: Many technological breakthroughs and advancements are driven by

entrepreneurial ventures. Entrepreneurs often leverage technology to create scalable solutions.

Ecosystem Development: Entrepreneurial ecosystems, consisting of incubators, accelerators,

mentorship networks, and access to funding, create a supportive environment for startups to thrive.
Diversity and Inclusion: Entrepreneurship can provide opportunities for individuals from diverse
backgrounds, fostering inclusivity and addressing economic disparities.

Adaptability to Change: Entrepreneurs are often more adaptable to change, responding quickly to shifts
in market dynamics, consumer preferences, and technological advancements.

Education and Skill Development: Entrepreneurship education and training contribute to the
development of essential skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and financial literacy.

Social Mobility: Successful entrepreneurship can be a pathway to social mobility, allowing individuals to
rise economically and improve their standard of living. [ Any 4 points with explanation]

In summary, entrepreneurship is crucial for driving economic development, fostering innovation,

creating job opportunities, and addressing societal challenges. A thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem
contributes to the overall well-being of communities, nations, and the global economy.

Wage and Salary

Wage: Wages are typically paid on an hourly basis. Employees earn a specific amount of money for each
hour worked. Wages are common in jobs where employees are paid for the number of hours they put
in, and the payment is usually calculated weekly or bi-weekly.

Salary: Salaries are fixed amounts of money paid to employees on a regular basis, usually monthly.
Salary is not based on the number of hours worked but is agreed upon in advance as an annual or
monthly sum.

Chapter 3

BIOS:

BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System. It is a fundamental piece of software that is stored on a
computer's motherboard or firmware. BIOS plays a crucial role in the startup process of a computer,
facilitating communication between the operating system and the hardware components.

POST

The Power-On Self-Test (POST) is a diagnostic process that occurs during the startup or boot sequence
of a computer. It is a series of tests performed by the computer's Basic Input/Output System (BIOS). The
primary purpose of the POST is to check the functionality of the computer's essential hardware
components before loading the operating system.

System software and Application Software :

System software is a category of computer software designed to provide a platform for other software
to run. It acts as an interface between the hardware and the end-user applications.
Application software refers to programs and software applications designed to perform specific tasks or
provide specialized functions for end-users. Application software is diverse and covers a wide range of
functions, from productivity tools to entertainment software

The operating system (OS) is a fundamental and critical component of a computer system. Its
importance stems from its role in managing hardware resources, providing a user interface, and
enabling the execution of application software. Here are several key reasons highlighting the importance
of an operating system:

Hardware Resource Management:

The OS manages and allocates hardware resources such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory
(RAM), storage devices, and input/output devices. It ensures efficient utilization of these resources
among various applications and processes.

Process and Task Management:

The OS facilitates the creation, scheduling, and termination of processes. It manages multitasking,
allowing multiple programs to run simultaneously without interference. This enhances overall system
performance and responsiveness.

Memory Management:

The OS oversees the allocation and deallocation of memory space for different programs and processes.
It helps prevent conflicts and ensures efficient use of available memory resources.

File System Management:

Operating systems provide a file system that organizes and manages files on storage devices. This
includes creating, reading, writing, and deleting files. The file system is crucial for data organization and
retrieval.

Device Management:

The OS handles communication between the computer's hardware devices and software applications.
Device drivers, part of the operating system, enable seamless interaction between the OS and
peripherals such as printers, graphics cards, and network interfaces.

[any four points/functions to learn]

General precautionary measures

Taking precautionary measures for electronic devices is essential to ensure their longevity and proper
functionality. Here are some general precautionary measures you can follow:

Keep devices in a controlled environment:

Avoid exposing electronic devices to extreme temperatures, humidity, or direct sunlight.

Store devices in a cool, dry place to prevent damage caused by heat or moisture.
Use proper power sources:

Connect devices to stable power sources and use the recommended power adapters.

Avoid using cheap or uncertified chargers, as they can damage the device's battery or other
components.

Surge protection:

Use surge protectors to safeguard devices from power surges caused by lightning or other electrical
issues.

Handle with care:

Be gentle when handling electronic devices, especially portable ones like laptops and smartphones.

Avoid dropping or subjecting devices to physical shocks.

Clean regularly:

Keep devices free from dust and debris. Use appropriate cleaning tools, such as compressed air, to clean
vents and ports.

Use soft, lint-free cloths for cleaning screens and surfaces.

Update software regularly:

Install software updates and firmware upgrades provided by the manufacturers to enhance
performance and security.

Backup data:

Regularly backup important data to prevent loss in case of device failure or other unforeseen
circumstances.

Install security software:

Use antivirus and anti-malware software to protect devices from malicious software and online threats.

Password protection:

Set up strong passwords and enable biometric authentication where possible to secure access to your
devices.

Avoid overcharging:

Unplug devices once they are fully charged to prevent overcharging, which can degrade battery life.

Proper shutdown and restart:

Shut down or restart devices regularly to clear memory and refresh the operating system.

Use protective cases and covers:

Invest in high-quality cases or covers to protect devices from scratches, bumps, and other physical
damage.
Secure Wi-Fi networks:

Set up secure passwords for Wi-Fi networks to prevent unauthorized access and potential security
breaches.

Be cautious with liquids:

Keep electronic devices away from liquids. If a spill occurs, turn off the device immediately, disconnect it
from power, and let it dry thoroughly before attempting to use it again.

Chapter 2

Self-management refers to the ability of individuals to take responsibility for their own actions,
behaviors, and well-being. It involves making conscious and informed decisions to regulate and control
one's emotions, thoughts, and actions in order to achieve personal and professional goals. Self-
management encompasses various aspects of life, including time management, emotional regulation,
goal setting, and decision-making.

Self-confidence refers to a person's belief in their own abilities, qualities, and judgment. It is the
assurance and trust one has in oneself, allowing them to face challenges, take risks, and pursue their
goals with a positive and optimistic mindset.

Self-awareness is the ability to recognize and understand one's own thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and
motivations. It involves being conscious and introspective about one's own identity, values, strengths,
weaknesses, and the impact one has on others. Self-aware individuals have a clear understanding of
who they are, how they relate to the world around them, and how their actions align with their beliefs
and goals.

Stress is a natural response to challenging or threatening situations, but chronic or excessive stress can
have adverse effects on health, productivity, and overall quality of life

Stress management refers to the strategies, techniques, and practices employed to cope with and
reduce the negative effects of stress on physical, mental, and emotional well-being.. Stress management
involves developing skills and adopting behaviors that help individuals effectively handle and mitigate
the impact of stressors. Various stress management techniques are:

Deep Breathing: Practice deep, slow breathing to calm the nervous system. Inhale deeply through the
nose, hold for a few seconds, and exhale slowly through the mouth.

Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR): Tense and then relax different muscle groups in the body,
starting from your toes and working your way up. This helps release physical tension.

Mindfulness Meditation: Engage in mindfulness or meditation practices to bring your attention to the
present moment. Focus on your breath, sensations in your body, or guided imagery.

Yoga: Regular practice of yoga combines physical postures, breath control, and meditation to promote
relaxation and flexibility.

Exercise: Engage in regular physical activity, such as walking, jogging, or other forms of exercise, to
release endorphins and reduce stress.
Time Management: Prioritize tasks and set realistic goals to avoid feeling overwhelmed. Break down
larger tasks into smaller, more manageable steps.

Social Support: Seek support from friends, family, or a support network. Sharing concerns and feelings
with others can provide emotional relief.

Cognitive Behavioral Techniques (CBT): Identify and challenge negative thought patterns that
contribute to stress. Replace negative thoughts with more positive and realistic ones.

Artistic Outlets: Engage in creative activities such as painting, drawing, writing, or playing a musical
instrument to express emotions and relax the mind.

Aromatherapy: Use scents like lavender, chamomile, or citrus, either through essential oils or candles,
to create a calming atmosphere.

Humor and Laughter: Watch a funny movie, read a humorous book, or spend time with people who
make you laugh. Laughter triggers the release of endorphins, promoting a sense of well-being.

[any 6 techniques with explanation]

Chapter 1

The various elements of a communication cycle are: Sender: the person beginning the communication.
Message: the information that the sender wants to convey. Channel: the means by which the
information is sent. Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent. Feedback: the receiver’s
acknowledgement and response to the message.
Types of communication

1.verbal communication

2. non - verbal communication

3. written communication

4. visual communication

5. digital communication