Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering

(TEGT3542)
Lecture Notes

AT Ndapuka TEGT3542
 Course Logistics
Lecturer: AT Ndapuka,
andapuka@unam.na,
Office: E227, Ext: 4095

Contact Hours/Week: 2L, 1T or 1PS

Consultation: Tue:15h30-17h00, Wed: 12:30-14h30,

Thur: 15h30-17h00

Assessment: 100% CA (Tests, Assignments, Quizes, Lab

Reports)

Attendance: At least 80% attendance is required (UNAM

policy)

Text Books: Introductory Circuit Analysis, 13e.

Author: Robert L. Boylestad
AT Ndapuka TEGT3542
 Course Logistics
Course Outline: http://my.unam.edu.na/

Lecturer Notes: http://my.unam.edu.na/

Tutorials: http://my.unam.edu.na/ [Every Wed!]

Labs: http://my.unam.edu.na/ [When Applicable]

NB: Keep an eye on your portal!

Tests: [To be announced accordingly]

Quizes: [Unannounced]

AT Ndapuka TEGT3542
 Course Logistics
Text Books:
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 13e.
Author: Robert L. Boylestad

AT Ndapuka TEGT3542
 Learning Outcomes
 Distinguish between real and ideal voltage and current sources.

 Competently describe the electrical properties of materials

and their use.

 State and apply the laws and rules of electrical circuit analysis
including: Ohms law, Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws,
current and voltage division laws, superposition theorem,
Norton and Thevenin theorems for problem solving.

 Apply the principles of circuit analysis to series and parallel

R,L,C circuits.

 Practice circuit construction/assembling and use of

multimeters and RLC meters to perform electrical
measurements and do basic circuit troubleshooting.

AT Ndapuka TEGT3542
 Learning Outcomes
 Demonstrate the proper techniques for performing a range of
measurements in an electric laboratory environment and be
able to manipulate the measured data to derive supplementary
information.

 Describe the principles of a transformer and the basic AC

generator and DC motors.

 Use laboratory equipment proficiently.

 Analyse and solve electric circuits using simulation software.

AT Ndapuka TEGT3542
 CH1 Outline
 Brief History of Electricity and Electronics

 Units and Notations

 Basic Concepts
• Charge
• Current
• Voltage
• Conductivity, resistivity and properties of metals,
insulators and semiconductors.

 Voltage and Current Sources

• Ideal and Real Voltage Sources.
• Ideal and Real Current Sources.

 Basic Electric Circuit

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 Introduction
 Brief History
• Electricity – Derived from a latin word “electricus or
electrum” meaning amber. First came in use in 17th century.
• 1733 – It was discovered that there is –ve and +ve.
• 1800 – First battery is made by Alessandro Volta.
• 1816 – First electric company opens in the US.
• 1821 – Michael Faraday invents the electric motor.
• 1826 – George Simon Ohm relates conduction law to
current (resistance).
• 1827 – Joseph Henry discovers the concept of induction.
• 1841 – Joule’s law of electric heating is discovered.
• 1879 – The first incandescent bulb is invented.

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 Introduction
 Brief History (cont’d)
• The Age of Electronics

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 Introduction
 Units and Notations

• Units and notations were discussed in both Physics and

Mathematics courses.

• The same notations do apply here (SI or metric Units).

• Respective SI units of measurement MUST always be

indicated were applicable for the final result.

• Always indicate the equation to be employed in any calculation

or working.

• No need to show units in equations (in this course).

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 Introduction
 Objectives of this chapter…

• Become aware of the basic atomic structure of conductors

such as copper and aluminum and understand why they are
used so extensively in this field.

• Understand how the terminal voltage of a battery or any DC

supply is established and how it creates a flow of charge in
the system.

• Understand how current is established in a circuit and how its

magnitude is affected by the charge flowing in the system and
the time involved.

AT Ndapuka TEGT3542
 Introduction
 Charge
• The orbiting electron carries a negative charge equal in
magnitude to the positive charge of the proton.

• The atomic structure of any stable atom has an equal number

of electrons and protons.

AT Ndapuka TEGT3542
 Introduction
 Charge (Cont’d)
• Atomic Structure of Copper.
• Copper is the most commonly used metal in the electrical
industry next to aluminium.

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 Introduction
 Voltage
• The orbiting electron carries a
negative charge equal in magnitude
to the positive charge of the proton.

• What happens if the last electron is

detached from the atom?

• Therefore, every source of voltage is

established by simply creating a
separation of positive and negative charges.

• This is also called a Potential Difference…

• The voltage magnitude is defined with the

help of Coulomb's Law…

AT Ndapuka TEGT3542
 Introduction
 Coulomb's Law…
• The force of attraction between two opposite charges is
expressed as:

• 1 V [volt] is therefore expressed as the amount of energy

used to move the negative charge of 1 coulomb (6.242 ×
1018 electrons) between two points.

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 Introduction
 Voltage between two given points…
• Same charge, different distances.

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 Introduction
 Current
• Which one came first, Voltage or Current?

• Current is the flow of charges in an organized manner

across a certain point.

• 1 A [Ampere] is the flow of 1 coulomb crossing a certain

point in 1 second.

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 Introduction
 Basic Electric Circuit
• The applied voltage (or potential difference) is the
“pressure” to set the system in motion, and the current is
the reaction to that pressure.

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 Introduction
 Voltage Sources
• An electromotive force (EMF) is a force that establishes
the flow of charges (or current) in a system.

• For example: Batteries, solar cells, generators, power

supplies, etc…

AT Ndapuka TEGT3542
 Introduction
 Voltage Sources (Cont’d)

• An Ideal Voltage source has a terminal voltage which is

independent of the variations in the load (its internal
resistance is 0 (𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0)).

• Note: ideal voltage sources do not exist in practice.

• Real or Practical Voltage Sources have a voltage which

changes with variations in load current (its internal
resistance is not equal to 0, (𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡 ≠ 0)).

• These are the types of sources you have seen or going

to see.

AT Ndapuka TEGT3542
 Introduction
 Voltage Sources (Cont’d)
• Real or Practical Voltage Sources

𝑉𝐿 = 𝐸 – 𝐼𝐿𝑅𝑠

AT Ndapuka TEGT3542
 Introduction
 Current Sources

• The Ideal Current source produces current which is

independent of the variations in load (its internal
resistance is very large, (𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ∞)).

• Note: Ideal current sources do not exist in practice.

• Real or Practical Current Sources produce current that

changes with variations in load or load voltage.

• These are the type of current sources in existence.

AT Ndapuka TEGT3542
 Introduction
 Current Sources (Cont’d)
• Real or Practical Current Sources

𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼 – 𝑉𝐿/𝑅𝑝

AT Ndapuka TEGT3542
 Introduction
 Conductors & Insulators
• Materials that permit a generous flow of electrons with very
little external force (voltage) applied are called conductors.

• Good conductors typically have only one electron in the

valence (most distant from the nucleus) ring.

• Materials that have few free

electrons and require a large
applied potential (voltage) to
establish a measurable current
level are called Insulators.

• Example: Air, porcelain, oils,

rubber, paper, glass, etc…

AT Ndapuka TEGT3542
 Introduction
 Semiconductors
• A group of materials that exhibit characteristics between
those of insulators and those of conductors.

• Electronic devices and integrated circuits (ICs) are

constructed of semiconductor materials.

• Semiconductor materials typically have four electrons in the

outermost valence ring (Silicon, Germanium, Gallium
Arsenide).

• Doping – a process of introducing impurities into

semiconductor materials makes them very useful in
semiconductor applications.

• Semiconductors are the heart of elctronics due to their

properties.
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 Introduction
 Measuring Voltage & Current
• Caution: The circuit might have high current and voltage
which can endanger your life..

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 Introduction
Chapter 1 Summary
 Brief History
 Units and Notations
 Basic Concepts
• Charge
• Current
• Voltage
• Conductivity and properties of metals, insulators and
semiconductors.
 Voltage and Current Sources
• Ideal and Real Voltage Sources.
• Ideal and Real Current Sources.
 Basic Electric Circuit

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