The human nervous system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that coordinates the

actions and responses of the body. It is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS)
and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

 Central Nervous System (CNS):

o The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are encased and protected by the skull and
vertebral column, respectively.
o The brain is the command center of the nervous system and is responsible for processing sensory
information, initiating motor responses, and coordinating higher cognitive functions such as thinking,
memory, and emotions.
o The spinal cord serves as a communication pathway between the brain and the rest of the body. It
relays sensory information from the peripheral nerves to the brain and sends motor commands from
the brain to the muscles and glands.
 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
o The PNS includes all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. It is further divided into the somatic
nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
o The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements and sensations. It consists of sensory
neurons that transmit information from the sensory organs (such as the skin, eyes, ears) to the CNS
and motor neurons that convey signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles, enabling voluntary
movements.
o The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions, such as heartbeat, digestion,
and breathing. It is subdivided into the sympathetic nervous system, which activates the body's "fight
or flight" response during stress or danger, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes
relaxation and restorative functions.
 Neurons:
o Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. They are specialized cells that transmit
electrical and chemical signals.
o Neurons consist of three main parts: the cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon. Dendrites receive
signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits signals away from the cell
body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
o Neurons communicate with each other at specialized junctions called synapses, where
neurotransmitters are released from one neuron and received by receptors on another neuron.
 Glial Cells:
o Glial cells, or neuroglia, are supportive cells that provide structural support, insulation, and nutrients
to neurons. They also play a role in regulating the chemical environment of the nervous system and
repairing damaged neurons.
o Types of glial cells include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, each with specific functions
in maintaining the health and function of the nervous system.
Overall, the human nervous system is a remarkably intricate and vital system that enables
communication and coordination throughout the body, allowing for sensory perception, motor control,
and complex cognitive processes. Dysfunction or damage to the nervous system can lead to a wide
range of neurological disorders and impairments, highlighting the importance of understanding and
caring for this essential system.