Imperial/Inch Cutter Information Julien's Router at 30 kRPM & 10 kRPM Router

Cutter Material (Carbide, HSS, or Cobalt) Carbide Constant Torque Type HF Spindle (Most Chinese) Rated Input Voltage (Volts) 120
Cutter Diameter (D) 0.125 Rated kW (@ Max. Speed) Rated Input Current (Amps) 6.5
Cutter Length 0.5 Rated (Maximum) Speed (RPM) 60000 Rated Input Power (Watts) 780
# of Cutter Flutes/Teeth 2 Max Power (HP) (FROM SFM) Efficiency 50%
Shank Diameter 0.125 Max Power (HP) (FROM RPM) Rated Output Power (HP) 0.52
Overall Stickout 1 Rated (Maximum?) Speed (RPM) 30000
Required Inches Per Tooth @ WOC (IPT) 0.00089 Material (from K Factor Sheet) Use This K Max Power (HP) (FROM SFM)? 0.52
IPT for Feed Rate Calculation (@WOC=1/2 D) 0.0015 Material K Factor Factor Max Power (HP) (FROM RPM)? 0.52
Young's Modulus 8.70E+07 6061-T6 Aluminum 3.34 3.34
Maximum Acceptable Deflection (in) 0.0010 CNC Machine Rigidity or Feed Drive Limited Maximum Machine Force (lbf) 18

Milling Speeds (RPM) & Feeds (IPM) - For "Required Inches Per Tooth @ WOC (IPT)"
Use climb milling to minimize reduce rubbing. "Think thick to thin."
FROM SFM OR FROM RPM
SFM 981 SFM 327
Don't exceed cutter Higher speeds (RPMs) reduces force and cutter deflection, but requires
Spindle RPM 29,977 Spindle RPM 10,000 higher feed rates (IPMs) to maintain Required Inches per Tooth (IPT)
maximum RPM/SFM! chiploads. Using cutters with fewer flutes increases IPTs.
Feed Rate (IPM) 90.6 Feed Rate (IPM) 30.2

Speeds & Feeds: Depth of Cut, Width of Cut

Minimum Maximum Fusion Adaptive Minimum Maximum Fusion Adaptive Use these values
As Percentage of
Depth of Cut (DOC) 0% 300% 100% Diameter
0 0.375 0.125 In Inches 0.400
Width of Cut (WOC) 5% 100% 20% 0.00625 0.125 0.025 0.012

Material Removal Rate, Horsepower, Torque, Force, and Cutter Deflection Estimates
Cutter % Maximum % Spindle/Router
Feed Rate Value IPM DOC (in) WOC (in) MRR (in3/min))
Power (HPc) Torque (in-lbf) % Max Deflection Machine Force Power Rating (HP)
FROM SFM 90.6 0.43 0.13 0.27 7.78% 24% 25%
0.40 0.012
FROM RPM 30.2 0.15 0.04 0.27 7.78% 24% 8%
Deflection can be reduced without decreasing MRR by increasing RPM and/or reducing cutter stickout, using a carbide cutter, increasing diameter of cutter/shank
Deflection, Force, and Power can be reduced at the expense of MRR by decreasing WOC, DOC, and/or IPM (at the expense of IPT)

Formulas and Definitions

RPM = Spindle Speed (Revoultions Per Minute) = (12 * SFM) / (π * cutter diameter)
IPM = Feed Rate (Inches Per Minute) = RPM * IPT (Cut Inches Per Flute/Tooth) * # of Cutter Flutes/Teeth
IPT = Cut Inches Per Tooth) = IPM / (RPM * # of Cutter Flutes/Teeth)
SFM = Cutter Surface Speed (Surface Feet per Minute) = (RPM * π * Cutter Diameter) /12
MRR = Material Removal Rate = WOC * DOC * IPM
Cutter Power (HPc) = MRR / K Factor
K Factor = Ammount of material (in3 per minute) that can be milled in 1 minute by 1 horsepower
Cutter Torque = Cutter Power * 63024 / RPM
Cutter Force (lbf) = Torque / (Cutter Diameter / 2)
HP = Horsepower = 745.7 Watts
Carbide = Solid Tungsten Carbide
HSS = M2 High Speed Steel
Cobalt = M42 Super High Speed Steel
 Imperial/Inch Cutter Information Winston's Router at 30 kRPM & 16 kRPM Router
Cutter Material (Carbide, HSS, or Cobalt) Carbide Constant Torque Type HF Spindle (Most Chinese) Rated Input Voltage (Volts) 120
Cutter Diameter (D) 0.25 Rated kW (@ Max. Speed) Rated Input Current (Amps) 6.5
Cutter Length 0.75 Rated (Maximum) Speed (RPM) 60000 Rated Input Power (Watts) 780
# of Cutter Flutes/Teeth 3 Max Power (HP) (FROM SFM) Efficiency 50%
Shank Diameter 0.25 Max Power (HP) (FROM RPM) Rated Output Power (HP) 0.52
Overall Stickout 1 Rated (Maximum?) Speed (RPM) 30000
Required Inches Per Tooth @ WOC (IPT) 0.00120 Material (from K Factor Sheet) Use This K Max Power (HP) (FROM SFM)? 0.52
IPT for Feed Rate Calculation (@WOC=1/2 D) 0.0020 Material K Factor Factor Max Power (HP) (FROM RPM)? 0.52
Young's Modulus 8.70E+07 6061-T6 Aluminum 3.34 3.34
Maximum Acceptable Deflection (in) 0.0010 CNC Machine Rigidity or Feed Drive Limited Maximum Machine Force (lbf) 18

Milling Speeds (RPM) & Feeds (IPM) - For "Required Inches Per Tooth @ WOC (IPT)"
Use climb milling to minimize reduce rubbing. "Think thick to thin."
FROM SFM OR FROM RPM
SFM 1,963 SFM 1,047
Don't exceed cutter Higher speeds (RPMs) reduces force and cutter deflection, but requires
Spindle RPM 29,992 Spindle RPM 16,000 higher feed rates (IPMs) to maintain Required Inches per Tooth (IPT)
maximum RPM/SFM! chiploads. Using cutters with fewer flutes increases IPTs.
Feed Rate (IPM) 180.0 Feed Rate (IPM) 96.0

Speeds & Feeds: Depth of Cut, Width of Cut

Minimum Maximum Fusion Adaptive Minimum Maximum Fusion Adaptive Use these values
As Percentage of
Depth of Cut (DOC) 0% 300% 100% Diameter
0 0.75 0.25 In Inches 0.075
Width of Cut (WOC) 5% 100% 20% 0.0125 0.25 0.05 0.025

Material Removal Rate, Horsepower, Torque, Force, and Cutter Deflection Estimates
Cutter % Maximum % Spindle/Router
Feed Rate Value IPM DOC (in) WOC (in) MRR (in3/min))
Power (HPc) Torque (in-lbf) % Max Deflection Machine Force Power Rating (HP)
FROM SFM 180.0 0.34 0.10 0.21 0.19% 9% 19%
0.08 0.025
FROM RPM 96.0 0.18 0.05 0.21 0.19% 9% 10%
Deflection can be reduced without decreasing MRR by increasing RPM and/or reducing cutter stickout, using a carbide cutter, increasing diameter of cutter/shank
Deflection, Force, and Power can be reduced at the expense of MRR by decreasing WOC, DOC, and/or IPM (at the expense of IPT)
 Imperial/Inch Cutter Information Vince's HF Spindle at 30 kRPM & 60 kRPM Router
Cutter Material (Carbide, HSS, or Cobalt) Carbide Constant Torque Type HF Spindle (Most Chinese) Rated Input Voltage (Volts)
Cutter Diameter (D) 0.25 Rated kW (@ Max. Speed) 1.2 Rated Input Current (Amps) 6.5
Cutter Length 0.75 Rated (Maximum) Speed (RPM) 60000 Rated Input Power (Watts)
# of Cutter Flutes/Teeth 3 Max Power (HP) (FROM SFM) 0.80 Efficiency 50%
Shank Diameter 0.25 Max Power (HP) (FROM RPM) 1.61 Rated Output Power (HP)
Overall Stickout 1 Rated (Maximum?) Speed (RPM) 30000
Required Inches Per Tooth @ WOC (IPT) 0.00089 Material (from K Factor Sheet) Use This K Max Power (HP) (FROM SFM)?
IPT for Feed Rate Calculation (@WOC=1/2 D) 0.0011 Material K Factor Factor Max Power (HP) (FROM RPM)?
Young's Modulus 8.70E+07 6061-T6 Aluminum 3.34 3.34
Maximum Acceptable Deflection (in) 0.0010 CNC Machine Rigidity or Feed Drive Limited Maximum Machine Force (lbf) 18

Milling Speeds (RPM) & Feeds (IPM) - For "Required Inches Per Tooth @ WOC (IPT)"
Use climb milling to minimize reduce rubbing. "Think thick to thin."
FROM SFM OR FROM RPM
SFM 1,963 SFM 3,927
Don't exceed cutter Higher speeds (RPMs) reduces force and cutter deflection, but requires
Spindle RPM 29,992 Spindle RPM 60,000 higher feed rates (IPMs) to maintain Required Inches per Tooth (IPT)
maximum RPM/SFM! chiploads. Using cutters with fewer flutes increases IPTs.
Feed Rate (IPM) 100.1 Feed Rate (IPM) 200.2

Speeds & Feeds: Depth of Cut, Width of Cut

Minimum Maximum Fusion Adaptive Minimum Maximum Fusion Adaptive Use these values
As Percentage of
Depth of Cut (DOC) 0% 300% 100% Diameter
0 0.75 0.25 In Inches 0.500
Width of Cut (WOC) 5% 100% 20% 0.0125 0.25 0.05 0.050

Material Removal Rate, Horsepower, Torque, Force, and Cutter Deflection Estimates
Cutter % Maximum % Spindle/Router
Feed Rate Value IPM DOC (in) WOC (in) MRR (in3/min))
Power (HPc) Torque (in-lbf) % Max Deflection Machine Force Power Rating (HP)
FROM SFM 100.1 2.50 0.75 1.57 1.40% 70% 93%
0.50 0.050
FROM RPM 200.2 5.01 1.50 1.57 1.40% 70% 93%
Deflection can be reduced without decreasing MRR by increasing RPM and/or reducing cutter stickout, using a carbide cutter, increasing diameter of cutter/shank
Deflection, Force, and Power can be reduced at the expense of MRR by decreasing WOC, DOC, and/or IPM (at the expense of IPT)
John's Tips:
Matching Brinell is what drives K-Value
McMaster Carr has good chart for material hardness

Common Materials
1018
4140 alloy steel
A2 Tool steel 200-230
304 stainless cold rolled
6061-T6 Aluminum
7075-T6 Aluminum

Material
Very soft low-carbon steel
very low-carbon steel
Free cutting magnetic steels
1108, 1109, 1115, 1117, 1118, 1120, 1126, 1211 plain carbon steels
1108, 1109, 1115, 1117, 1118, 1120, 1126, 1211, plain carbon steels
1144 carbon steel cold rolled
11L17, 11L18, 12L13, 18, 12L13, 12L14, leaded carbon steels
11L17, 11L18, 12L13, 12L14 Leaded carbon steels
11L17, 11L18, 12L13, 12L14 Leaded carbon steels
1212, 1213, 1215, Plain carbon steels
A36, 44W hot rolled steels
low carbon steel 5-20Rc
structrul steel, ordinary low to medium carbon steel (0-5%c)
ASTM A516-70 Pressure vessel steel
1015, Ck15, C16,
1018
1035, c35 cold drawn
1043, 1045, C45, Hot Rolled
1148
plain high carbon steel
1055, 1060, 1064, 1065, 1070, 1074, 1078, 1080, 1084, 1086, 1090, 1095, 1548-1566
1055, 1060, 1064, 1065, 1070, 1074, 1078, 1080, 1084, 1086, 1090, 1095, 1548-1566
1055, 1060, 1064, 1065, 1070, 1074, 1078, 1080, 1084, 1086, 1090, 1095, 1548-1566
1055, 1060, 1064, 1065, 1070, 1074, 1078, 1080, 1084, 1086, 1090, 1095, 1548-1566
low alloy steel medium-hard
4130 alloy steel
4130 PH alloy steel
8620 alloy steel
8620 HT alloy steel
high-carbon and alloy steel medium-hard
4140 alloy steel
4140PH Alloy steel
4150 Alloy steel
5160 Alloy spring steel
6150 Alloy spring steel
low carbon steel
low carbon steel
high-strength structual steel
1132, 1137, 1139, 1140, 1144, 1146, 1151
1132, 1137, 1139, 1140, 1144, 1146, 1151
1132,1137, 1139, 1140, 1144, 1146, 1151
A514, T-1
armox 370T
armox 440
armox 500T
armox 600T
armox advance
astralloy 4800
astralloy 8000
astralloy Rol-man
astralloy -v EB-450
weldox 1030-1100
weldox 700
weldox 900/960
normal tool steels. Hard- quenching an tempering steel
low carbon steel 5-20Rc
01 Tool steel
S7 Tool steel
uddeholm Tool Steel
ame
caldie
dievar annealed
sleipner
sverker3, alsi d6, alsi d3
UHB 11 (alsi 1158)
unimax
vanadais 10 superclean
vanadais 6,23,30 ALSI superclean
vanadais 60 superclean
vancron 30,40 superclean
high-alloy, high hardness steel
300M alloy steel annealed
4340 alloy steel
4340 PH alloy steel
A2 Tool steel 200-230
AerMet 100, 310, 340, Alloy steel annealed
D2 Dc53 Tool Steel annealed
H13 Tool Steel
P20 Tool Steel
SB Wear
high-strength, hardned Tool and HSS steel.
300mAlloy steel hadrened
AerMet 100, 310, 340, Alloy steel annealed
D2, DC53 Tool Steel
D2, DC53 Tool Steel
D2, DC53 Tool Steel
D2, DC53 Tool Steel
D2, DC53 Tool Steel
 D2, DC53 Tool Steel
H13 Tool Steel
H13 Tool Steel
H13 Tool Steel
H13 Tool Steel
H13 Tool Steel
H13 Tool Steel
Hardox 500
M1, M2, M6, M10, T1, T2, T6
S7 Tool steel
S7 Tool steel
S7 Tool steel
S7 Tool steel
toolox 33
Toolox 40
Toolox 44
High Speed Steel
M1, M2, M6, M10, T1, T2, T6
M3-1, M4, M7, M30, M33, M36, M41, M42, M43, M36, M41, M42, M43, M44, M46, M47, T5, T8
T15 M3-2
Powdered metals
anvioy 1150
free-cutting stainless steel
1.2085 stainless
302 Stainless
303 Stainless
416 Stainless
416 Stainless
416 Stainless
430F Stainless
moderately difficuit stainless steel
13-8 Aged h1025 Stainless
13-3 aged H1150 Stainless
15-5 PH H1150 Stainless
17-4 ph Stainless 150-200
17-4 ph Stainless
304 stainless cold rolled
316 Stainless
321 Stainless
410 Stainless steel annealed
422 Stainless
440 Stainless
CPM-154 Stainless Annealed
CPM-s30V-S35VN Stainless Annealed
Duplex 2205 (UNS S32205 / S31803)
Nitronic 50
Nitronic 60
13-8 aged h950 stainless
15-5 ph 1025-h1075
15-5 ph p 900 stainless
17-4 aged H1075 Stainless
17-4 aged h900 stainless
410 Stainless steel annealed
440 Stainless
440n stainless
CPM-154 Stainless Annealed
cpm-S90V stainless
p550 stainless
cast iron Sg iron
cast iron Sg iron
cast iron
cast iron
aluminum alloys
2024-t4
3003
5000
6061-t4
6061-t6
6063-t5,t6
7075-t6
alumec 89
cast aluminum
cast aluminum hi
cast aluminum 200, 500, 700 ,800
Wrought Aluminum 3000, 5000, 6000, 7000
sodt non-ferrous alloys
magnesium
zinc
copper alloys
c10100 copper
c18200 chrome copper
c18200 chrome copper
c863000 maganese bronze
c90300, c9220, c90500 tin bronze alloy
c90700 tin bronze (SAE 65)
c93200 sae 660
c95500 nickel aluminum bronze
copper 110
high lead brass
low lead brass
low lead brass
high alloyed copper
ampcoloy 83
ampcoloy 88
ampcoloy 940,95,972
ampcoloy 944 moldmate 90
tough2
tough 3
ampco aluminum bronze
ampco 18
ampco 21
amco 22
ampco 25
ampco 26
ampco 8
ampco m4
ferrous superalloy
nitronic 50
nitronic 60
nickel an colbalt super alloys
hastelloy b-3
hastelloy c c276
hastelloy x
inconel 600
inconel 700
invar 46
monel k 500
waspaloy
plastic, soft non-metals
acrylic
delrin, nylon, nylatron
duration xp, vespel pc , celazole pbi
HDPE, UHMW, POLYETHYLENE
machining wax
phenolic
plycarbonate, polysulone uitem 100
REN, Pattern/ modeling
wood
Hard wood
hard playwwod
mahogsny
MDF
soft plywood
soft wood
hard non- metals
fiber glass
graphite
ketron PEEK 1000
K Factor Hardness, Brinell
1.88 126
1.44 200
1.064 200-300
0.633 225-275
3.344 95
2.00 150

K Factor Hardness, Brinell

1.56 100-160
1.50 120
2.00 100-260
2.13 100-150
1.86 150-200
1.78 217
2.12 100-150
1.86 150-200
1.64 200-250
2.12 100-150
1.75 160-220
1.40
1.67 100-200
1.54
2.43 111
1.88 126
2.00 143
1.88 162
1.60 200
1.04 125-275
1.54 175-220
1.25 225-275
1.00 275-375
0.91 375-425
1.35 120-360
1.66 156
1.81 245
1.69 149
1.26 300
1.25 160-360
1.44 200
1.13 300
1.43 200
1.43 200
1.43 200
1.08 18-26Rc
1.14 24-32Rc
0.72 250-650
0.92 275-325
0.83 325-375
0.75 375-425
0.98 300
0.78 380-430
0.70 420-480
0.64 480-540
0.70 570-640
0.53 58-63 Rc
0.83 370
0.71 430-470
1.11 180-245
0.66 418-512
0.77 430
1.08 260
0.94 320
1.04 170-270
0.88 30-40Rc
1.33 175-225
1.33 187-220
1.14 170-360
1.29 190
1.26 215
1.33 160
1.22 235
1.14 240
1.60 200
1.22 185
1.13 300
1.11 310
1.07 340
1.13 300
1.11 270-360
1.14 260
1.09 217
0.93 300
1.06 200-300
0.87 336
1.14 200-250
1.14 200-250
0.88 330
1.14 225-255
0.77 >360
0.60 50-55Rc
0.60 50-55Rc
0.77 35-40Rc
0.65 40-45Rc
0.60 45-50Rc
0.58 50-55Rc
0.53 55-60Rc
0.50 60-65Rc
0.77 35-40
0.65 40-45
0.61 45-50
0.58 50-55
0.53 55-60
0.50 60-65
0.58 50-55Rc
0.45 60-65RC
0.78 40-45Rc
0.71 45-50Rc
0.64 50-55Rc
0.56 55-60Rc
0.83 275-325
0.77 360-420
0.71 410-475
1.33 200-275
1.30 200-250
1.25 225-275
1.25 225-275
0.77 360
0.90 36Rc
0.73 135-375
0.65 30-35Rc
1.00 135-185
1.00 135-185
1.00 187-235
1.00 200-285
0.86 200-285
1.00 170-185
1.44 135-325
0.56 381
0.63 280
0.66 270
1.75 150-200
0.59 275-325
0.63 225-275
0.69 185-220
0.63 225-275
0.68 225
0.62 285-300
0.63 255-275
0.67 235
0.63 255-275
0.63 30Rc
0.67 189-241
0.65 170-255
0.55 410
0.61 310-330
0.57 388
0.58 325-375
0.57 420
0.60 40rc
0.53 50rc
0.61 275-325
0.54 375-425
0.67 50-60
0.54 350-430
1.54 120-260
1.85 120-150
1.57 190-220
1.44 250-260
3.34 28-150
2.50 120
4.99 28
3.34 60
3.69 65
3.34 95
3.32 60-75
2.00 150
1.67
2.51
3.35 60-100
3.32 28-100
3.29 30-150
3.34 28-150
9.07 65
3.99 100
2.01 50-250
1.73 95
1.65 150
3.01 60
1.19 225
2.55 80
2.14 105
2.55 65
1.38 190
2.00 42
3.33 60
1.20 120
1.67 80
0.77 180-390
0.77 340-390
0.91 260-280
1.14 180-255
0.91 275
0.78 260-280
0.69 300-336
0.91 100-450
1.75 159--183
0.96 285-311
0.83 321-352
0.80 356-394
0.71 395-450
1.78 108-124
0.97 270-305
 0.63 200-300
0.55 189-241
0.65 170-255
0.99 200-450
0.39 345
0.49 207
0.63 180
0.63 180
0.46 238
0.62 180
0.42 277
0.41 300
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
10.00 1
1
 K Factor
Material
(in3/min/HP)
MDF 35
Yellow Poplar 23
Santos Mahogany 18
Acrylic 20
 Material K Factor (in3/min/HP) Cutting
Type Hardness Scale Average Minimum Maximum DOC (in)
17.0 14 20 0.125-0.5
Santos Mahogany 2200 Janka
17.5 14 21 0.25-0.5
28.6 23.3 33.9 0.125-0.75
Yellow Poplar 540 Janka
22.7 0.5
74.0 73.7 74.3 0.36&0.35
MDF
35.0 31 39 0.25-0.375
20.4 0.125
Acrylic
20.1 0.25

Material K Factor (in3/min/HP) Cutting

Type Hardness Scale Average Minimum Maximum DOC (in)
Torrey Pine 24.1 0.111
Baltic Birch 9.4 8.32 10.92 0.125

Material K Factor (in3/min/HP) Cutting

Type Hardness Scale Average Minimum Maximum DOC (in)
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
 Cutting Conditions Cutter Cutting Input Power (Watts) In
WOC (in) Feed (IPM) MRR (in3/min) Diameter (in) # Flutes Speed (RPM) Maximum
1 56-85 10-25 1 2 16980-21300 1284
0.125-0.25 60-114 4-13 0.25 2 18160-21600 450
1 34-91 11-25 1 2 18060-22560 810
0.25 61 8 0.25 2 15840
1 255&279 98&92 1 2 22500&23040 983
0.25 58-117 5-11 0.25 2 13980-26400 213
0.25 139 4.34 0.25 2 25800
0.25 102 6.38 0.25 2 25020

Cutting Conditions Cutter Input Power (

WOC (in) Feed (IPM) MRR (in3/min) Diameter (in) Speed (RPM) Not Cutting
0.113 75 0.940725 0.25 2 15960 97
0.125 60 0.9375 0.125 2 27000 156

Cutting Conditions Cutter Input Power (

WOC (in) Feed (IPM) MRR (in3/min) Diameter (in) Speed (RPM) Not Cutting
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cutting Input Power (Watts) Increase Bosch 1617EVS "2.25 HP, 12A, 120V" Router in router table
Minimum Average Cutter
476 880 Freud 12-172 Carbide Insert Straight 1" Router Bit
154 302 Yonico 31010-SC 1/4" Low Helix Up Cut Endmill
309 559.5 Freud 12-172 Carbide Insert Straight 1" Router Bit
263 Yonico 31010-SC 1/4" Low Helix Up Cut Endmill
931 957 Freud 12-172 Carbide Insert Straight 1" Router Bit
123 168
159 Yonico 31010-SC 1/4" Low Helix Up Cut Endmill
237

Input Power (Watts) Dewalt DWP611 on Shapeoko XXL

Cutting Max Cutting Min Cutting Ave Cutter
126 0.25" Carbide Upcut Endmill
240 220 230 Whiteside RU1600 0.125” Upcut Endmill

Input Power (Watts)

Cutting Max Cutting Min Cutting Ave Cutter
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0