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ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﻟﻠﻪ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﻴﻦ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﺻﺤﺒﻪ ﺃﺟﻤﻌﻴﻦ
ﻭﺑﻌﺪ:
ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺜﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ،ﻭﺳﻌﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻣﻮﺍﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺪ.
ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮ .ﻭﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﺗﺜﻴﺮ ﺣﺐ
ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻼﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ
ﻭﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ .ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻴﺰ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ
ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻤﻨﺤﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠﻖ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺜﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ،ﻣﻊ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻲ.
ﻭﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺮﺷﺪﹰ ﺍ ﻭﻣﻌﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻔ ﹼﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮ
ﹰ
ﻭﺩﻟﻴﻼ ﻷﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺿﺎ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪ ﹼﹰﻳﺎ ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﺍﻩ ،ﻭﺃﻗﺴﺎﻣﻪ ،ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻪ،
ﹰ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ
ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻓ ﹼﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺔ .ﻭﻳﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺨﻄ ﹰﻄﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ
ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ،ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻛﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ ،ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ،ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ
ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ،ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﺛﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ
ﹴ
ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ،ﻭﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ .ﺛﻢ ﻳﺠﺪ
ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ،ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ.
ﹸﺗﻨﹶﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮ ،ﻭﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮ ،ﻭﻓﻮﻕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮ .ﻭﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ؛ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ،ﻳﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ،ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ
ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ .ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ -ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ -ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ
ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ
4
ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ،ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ،ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ،ﻭﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮ ﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ .ﻭﻓﻲ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ،ﻳﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ
ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ .ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ
ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻣﻲ.
ﹴ
ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﹴ
ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ
ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ
ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ .ﻭﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻪ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﹴ
ﺑﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻮﺩﻩ؛ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮ ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ.
ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ
ﹰ ﻭﺇﺫ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻼﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﻴﻼﺕ ،ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺄﻣﻞ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻘﻴﺪﻫﻢ ،ﺑﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻹﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ؛ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ.
ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻧﺴﺄﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺧﺎﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺧﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ
ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭﻩ.
5
4 .............................................................................................................................................................................
7 .............................................................................................................................
8 .........................................................................................................................................................
10A ............................................................... 4
12 ......................................................................................................................... اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت واﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت4-1
23 ........................................................................................................ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ4-2
33 ................................................................................................... اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ4-3
45 .............................................................................................................................................
46 ..............................................................................................................................................................
50 .................................................................................................................................................................
52A ....................................................................................................5
54 ................................................................................................................................................ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺎدة5-1
60 ............................................................................................................................................. اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ واﻟﻤﻮل5-2
68 ....................................................................................................................................... ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت5-3
76 ................................................................................................ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ا وﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ5-4
86 ................................................................................................................................ ﺻﻴﻎ ا ﻣﻼح اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ5-5
92 ............................................................................................................................................
94 ..............................................................................................................................................................
98 .................................................................................................................................................................
100 ............................................................................................................................................................
102 ................................................................................................................................
25 mL 100 mL
100 mL 150 mL
250 mL
8
4
Zn(NO3)2 HCI KI AgNO3
II
CuO
9
Chemical Reactions 4
. ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ.1
4-1
. ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺆﴍﺍﺕ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ.2
. ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ.3
. ﻳﺰﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ.4
10 A
114
4-3 4-2 4-1
2 3 3 3
15ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﴎﻳﻊ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ :27 ﻛﺮﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ
ﻗﻄﻊ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﳎﻠﻔﻨـﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﺎﺭﺻﲔ ،ﻛﺄﺱ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ،250 mLﲪﺾ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻲ ،ﺻﻔﺤﺔ 28
ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻒ. ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻗﺮﺃﺕ؟ﺻﻔﺤﺔ 31،28
ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ،ﺻﻔﺤﺔ 32
45ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ :44
ﴍﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﺭﻗﻢ 14
،1.0 M Zn (NO 3 ) 2ﻣﺎﺻـﺎﺕ ،ﻗﺎﻃـﻊ ﺃﺳـﻼﻙ ،ﺳـﻠﻚ
ﻧﺤـﺎﳼ ،1.0 M Al (NO 3 ) 3 ،ﺳـﻠﻚ ﺃﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴـﻮﻡ ،ﴍﻳـﻂ ﴍﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺭﻗﻢ 15 ، 14
ﻣﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ،1.0 M Cu (NO3)2 ،ﴍﺍﺋﻂ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺪ ،4ﻭﺭﻕ
ﺻﻨﻔﺮﺓ ،1.0 M Mg (NO3)2 ،ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ.
10ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻋﺮﺽ ﴎﻳﻊ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ :34 ﻛﺮﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ
ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ،ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻧﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻲ ،ﺻﻔﺤﺔ 40
ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻗﺮﺃﺕ؟ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ 40 ،37 ،35
30ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ :35 ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ،ﺻﻔﺤﺔ 42
ﻣﺎﺀ ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ،ﻛﺄﺱ ﺳﻌﺔ ) 150 mLﻋﺪﺩ 4g ،(2ﻣﻦ NaOH ﴍﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﺭﻗﻢ 15
6gﻣﻦ ،MgSO4ﳐﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺳﻌﺔ .100 mL ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ 46
ﴍﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺭﻗﻢ 16
ﴍﳛﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻢ 5
10 B
Chemical Reactions
ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﺣـﲔ ﻗـﺪ ﺗﺸـﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐـﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ
ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺸـﺘﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﺸـﺐ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺨﻦ • ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ.
ﺇﱃ .260°C
ﳜﺮﺝ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﳛﱰﻕ • ﻭﺍﺳـﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻣـﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣـﺮﻕ ﺃﻳـﺔ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﻳـﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ
ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺃﺯﻳﺰ.
ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋـﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﻢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ.ﻧﻌﻢ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ،
ﳛﺘـﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﺧـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗـﺞ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﺣﱰﺍﻕ •
ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 100ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ. ﺍﻟﻔﺤـﻢ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ .ﺍﺳـﺄﻟﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪ
ﺣﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺸـﺐ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻠﻠﻮﺍ ﺍﺳـﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﻢ .ﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ
10
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻣﺎﺩ.
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ :ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ
ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌﻮﺍ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺳﻴﺤﺪﺙ
ﻟﻸﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺷﺐ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ .ﺳﻴﺤﺘﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺙ
ﻟﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﺳﻴﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺤﻢ ﻭﺭﻣﺎﺩ.
ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺪﺩﻭﺍ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﹰ
ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻩ ،ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ .ﺳﺘﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ
ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻛﻨﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺳﺔ،
ﻭﺗﻠﻮﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ.
10
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺳـﻜﺐ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ -ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ. ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﻜﺄﺱ .ﲢﺬﻳﺮ :ﺑﺨـﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴـﺎ ﻣﻬﻴﺞ ﺟﺪﹼﹰ ﺍ.
.3ﺃﺿﻒ 15ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻛﻪ.
ﰲ ﺍﳌﻐﺴﻠﺔ.
ﻻﺣﻆ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ،ﻭﻗﺲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ.
ﻓﻮﺍﺭﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ،ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ .ﺳـﺠﻞ
ﻗﺮﺻﺎ ﹰ
.4ﺿﻊ ﹰ
11
4-1
ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ
ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ.
4-1
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺸـﱰﻱ ﻣﻮﺯﹰ ﺍ ﺃﺧﴬ ﻓﺈﻧـﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ
ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ.
ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺎﻋﻞ
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ. .1
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـــﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤــﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ
Chemical Reactions ﺑﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ.
ﻫـﻞ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻌـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺄﻛﻠـﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﰲ ﻣﻼﺑﺴـﻚ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳـﺘﻴﻚ ﰲ ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺻﻚ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
ﺍﳌﺪﳎـﺔ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻬـﺎ ﳾﺀ ﻣﺸـﱰﻙ؟ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻨﺘـﺞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﹸﻳﻌـﺎﺩ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ،ﺍﻋﺮﺽ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﴍﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﺭﻗﻢ )(13
ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ،ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳـﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧـﺮ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﹰ
ﻣﻮﺿـﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ .ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﻟﻘﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻮﻝ ) ،(4-5ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﻛﺄﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻟﻴﺔ. ﲢﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ. ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ :
ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ
ﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ،ﻛﲈ ﺩﺭﺳـﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ .ﻭﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ .ﻭﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﹰ
ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐ ﹶ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ www.obeikaneducation.com
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺷـﺘﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﺣﻲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ،ﺑﺪ ﹰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻧﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ،ﳑﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ
ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ،ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ
ﺍﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻓﻼﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ .ﻭﻋـﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ
ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻄـﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ، ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ
ﲑﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ،ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .4-1 ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺜ ﹰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ :ﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻳﻔﻜـﺮﻭﺍ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ
ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ؟
ﹼﹰ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌـﺮﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼ
ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﹸﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﺆﴍﺍﺕ ﻗﻄـﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺸـﺎﲠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻋـﲆ ﺍﻓﱰﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ
ﻼ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ )ﳏﺴﻮﺳﺔ( ﻋﲆ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ .ﺇﻥ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺜ ﹰ
ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ؛ ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ـ ﻛﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﺣﱰﺍﻕ ﺍﳋﺸـﺐ ـ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻗﻄـﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﺴـﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺘﻠﻬﺎ .ﻓﲈﺫﺍ ﺳـﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺿﻮﺀ ،ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻤﺘﺺ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ.
ﲬﺴﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ،
ﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﴩ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﻘﺪﻳﺔ ،ﺛﻢ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﹰ
4-1
ﺳﺘﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ.
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋـﻲ .ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ
ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ ،ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ .
12
.2
ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺒـﻮﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
دﻓﺘﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
ﻟﻔﻈﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻀـﲑ ﻛﻌﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ
ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔـﺎﻅ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻤـﺔ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ .ﺳـﺘﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸـﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﲆ :ﻃﺎﻗﺔ
ﰲ ﺩﻓﱰﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﳚﺮﻭﳖـﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻼﺣﻈﻮﳖﺎ. +ﻣﻠﺢ +ﺳـﻜﺮ +ﺻـﻮﺩﺍ ﺍﳋﺒﺰ +ﺑﻴﺾ +ﻣـﺎﺀ +ﺯﺑﺪﺓ +ﻃﺤﲔ
ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻔﻮﺍ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﻳﻀﻤﻨﻮﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﹰ ← ﻛﻌﻜـﺔ .ﻣﺆﻛـﺪ ﹰﺍ ﻋﲆ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ . ﻼ 2.5kg ،ﻣﻠﺢ ، ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ )ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ( .ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻭ 5gﺳـﻜﺮ 4L ،ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﻭ 4ﺩﺭﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﻴﺾ ،ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺐ
ﻟﻦ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻛﻌﻜﺔ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ .
12
ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﻗـﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﻘـﺪ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊـﺮﻭﻑ،
f،d،p،sﺟـﺎﺀﺕ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻋﺸـﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﺘﻤﺜـﻞ ﻣﺴـﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴـﺔ .ﻭﺿـﺢ ﳍـﻢ ﺃﳖﺎ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻷﺣـﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻜﻠﲈﺕ
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸـﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ
ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ:
4-2
ﺗﻐﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ .ﺭﺑﲈ ﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﹰ
ﻣﺜﻼ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻣﲑ ﺍﳌﻠﻘﺎﺓ
ﻋـﲆ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻳﺘﻐـﲑ ﻟﻮﳖﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓـﴤ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻨ ﹼﹼﻲ ﰲ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻗﺼﲑ .ﺇﻥ ﺗﻐـﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﲆ
)(f-fundamental)، (d-diffused)، (P-Poincipal)، (S-Sharp
ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﲔ .ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻮﻝ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺯ ﻣﻦﹼﹰ ﹰ
ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻼ ﺃﻥ
ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ
ﹼ ﺍﻷﺧـﴬ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋـﲆ ﺫﻟﻚ .ﻭﺗﹸﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ،
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 4-2ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻲ، ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻣـﺆﴍﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ .ﻭﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ
4-2ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ.
ﲑﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ، ﻭﻳﻄﻠـﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺭ ﹰ
ﻏـﺎﺯﺍ .ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺧﺒﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺘﺰﺍ ﺗﻐ ﹰ ﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﲤﺜﻴـﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﻬـﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ
f ،d ،p ،s
13
13
ﻭﺃﻗـﴡ ﺳـﻌﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧـﺎﺕ ﳌﺴـﺘﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧـﻮﻱ )(s
ﺇﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﺎﻥ ،ﻭ) (pﺳـﺘﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﺎﺕ ،ﻭ) (dﻋﴩﺓ ﺇﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﺎﺕ ،ﻭ)(f 4-1
ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﴩ ﺇﻟﻜﱰﻭ ﹰﻧﺎ .ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ 4-1ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ
ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ.
6p
6d 5f ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ .
5d
6s 4f
4p
3p
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ. 3s
ﻟﻜـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳـﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜـﱰﻭﲏ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴـﺢ ﳍـﲈ ﻳﻈﻬـﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳉـﺪﻭﻝ ،4-2ﻭﻳﻌـﺪ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﻣﻦ
C05-16C-828378-08 ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺓ ﳎﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ .ﹸﳛﺪﺩ ﻣﺴـﺘﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ
4 -2 7s 7p
ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﻠـﻪ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜـﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟـﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ n
6s 6p 6d
ﻭﲢﺪﺩ ﻗﻴﻢﻗﻴﻤـﺎ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺒـﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻟﻌـﺪﺩ ،1ﹸ
ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﹰ
1s22s1 3 Li ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺜﻴـﻮﻡ
ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ nﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ .ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ
5s 5p 5d 5f
1s22s22p1 5 B ﺍﻟﺒـﻮﺭﻭﻥ
4s 4p 4d 4f
1s22s22p6 10 Ne ﺍﻟﻨﻴـﻮﻥ
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2 2 6 2 5
17 Cl ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻮﺭ 3s 3p 3d
ﺃﻗـﴡ ﺣﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴـﺘﻮﻋﺒﻪ ﻣﺴـﺘﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ
1s22s22p63s23p6 4s2 3d6 Fe ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳـﺪ
ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴـﺲ ﺑﺈﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ،2n2ﺣﻴـﺚ ﲤﺜﻞ nﺭﻗﻢ
26 2s 2p
ﺍﻟﻜـﺮﻭﻡ
ﻣﺴـﺘﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ..... 1،2،3ﻋـﲆ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﲏ
1s22s22p63s23p6 4s1 3d5 24 Cr
1s22s22p63s23p6 4s1 3d10 29 ﺍﻟﻨﺤـﺎﺱ Cu 4-4
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺻﻴﻦ Zn
ﻓﻴﺼﻒ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻥ،
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
2 2 6 2 6 2 10
30
14
ﻭﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ .g، f، d، p، s ،ﳌﺴـﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳـﺔ ﺃﺷـﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﻃﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻛﲈ ﺗﺘﺴـﻊ ﻷﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧـﺎﺕ .ﺃﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﺍﻵﺧـﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﺼﻔﺎﻥ
ﺍﻻﲡـﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﻲ ﳌﺴـﺘﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻛـﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻥ
ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻐﺰﱄ.
14
ﺍﺳـﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ .ﻛﲈ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ ﻟﻸﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ
ﻣﻄﺮﻭﺣﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸـﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻸﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ
ﹰ ﺍﻟﻌـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﻱ ﻟﺬﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ ﻟﺬﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﻀﺎ ﹰﻓﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ.
ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ :ﻋﺪﺩ ﺗﺄﻛﺴـﺪ ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴـﻴﻮﻡ Mg2+ﻫـﻮ ) ،(+2ﻭﺃﻳﻮﻥ Mn 2+, Mn 3+ , Tc 2+
Fe 2+, Fe 3+
7
8
2+ 4+
9
• ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺗﺄﻛﺴـﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟـﲔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﻳﺴـﺎﻭﻱ )،(+1 Cu +, Cu 2+, Ag +, Au +, Au 3+
2+ 2+ 2+
11
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﻓﻬﻮ ) ،(-1ﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ Al 3+, Ga 2+, Ga 3+, In +, In 2+, In 3+, Tl +, Tl 3+ 13
15
ﻭﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﲏ ﺍﺗﺒﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺴـﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻭ
ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ.
ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺗﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ.
Al OH Mg Cl
ﺍﳌﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻻﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎﺀ .ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳐﺘﴫﺓ
3 1 2 1
ﻟﻮﺻـﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻘـﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻓـﻜﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺗﺴـﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﲈﺀ
ﺑﺪﻝ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺴـﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺷـﻘﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺸﱰﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺴـﺪ ﻓﺎﻗﺴـﻢ ﻋﲆ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺑﺴـﻂ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳـﺔ .ﻭﳚﺐ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻳـﻦ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺛﻮﻥ ﺑﻠﻐـﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﻮﺍ ﺑﺴـﻬﻮﻟﺔ .ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ
ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮﺳﲔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ.
Al OH Mg Cl
ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻛـﺮﻭﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺣـﺚ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ
ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﺻـﻞ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﺃﻛـﱪ .ﻗـﺪ ﺗﺘﻨـﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ
3 1 2 1
Al(OH) 3 Mg Cl 2
ﻳﺸـﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﳉـﺪﻭﻝ 4-5ﻋـﲆ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ ﺃﺳـﲈﺀ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪﺓ ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺻﻴﻐﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ .
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
16
دﻓﺘﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
دﻓﺘﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
16
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺗﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ.
ﹰ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻭ ﹰ
ﻻ
ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﻳﺸـﺘﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﻣﻀﺎ ﹰﻓﺎ
ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ)ﻳﺪ(.
ﺃﺣﴬ ﺛﲈﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﲆ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﺎ. ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺗﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﻟﻸﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ
ﺑﺎﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ.
ﻭﺃﺣـﴬ ﺛﲈﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﲆ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺴـﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﹰ
ﻻ ،ﺛﻢ ﻧﺴـﻤﻲ
ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ.
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ .ﺍﻗﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴـﺖ ﻋـﴩﺓ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳـﻮﻡ ،NaClﻭﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴـﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ،NaBr
ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳـﻔﻞ .ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺳـﺤﺐ ﻭﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ،Al 2O 3ﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﻠﺖ ،CoCl 2 IIﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ
،NaOHﻭﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ،Ag 2 CrO 4ﻭﻧﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ،Cu(NO 3) 2 IIﻭﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ
ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺘﺎﻥ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ،FeO IIﻭﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ .Fe 2O 3 III
ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺇﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ) (+ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ
ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ .ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻋﻨﺎﴏ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ
17
K2SO4
17
ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ
ﱟ
ﻛﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ .ﻭﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ
ﺃﺩﻧـﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ Alﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺋﻞ Br 2ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ .4-5
ﻓﺎﻟﺴـﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳊﻤـﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ ﻓﺎﺋﺾ .ﻭﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﻀﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺃﻛـﺪ ﻋـﲆ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑـﺔ ﺻﻴـﻎ ﺻﺤﻴﺤـﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﻓـﺔ
ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ AlBr 3ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﰲ ﻗﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ.
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ) → (1ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) + (2ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ )(1 ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗـﺞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻋـﺪﻡ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ → ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻡ +ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ
ﺗﹸﻘﺮﺃ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﻛﲈ ﻳﲇ" :ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﻡ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﻥ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ". ﺍﻟﺼﻴـﻎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ .ﻭﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ
ﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺭﻣـﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﻭﺻﻴـﻎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ 4-5 ﻳﻜﺘﺒـﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﲈﺀ ،ﺛﻢ ﹺﻟـ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ.
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ .ﻓﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﻣﺜﻼ ﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺭﻣـﺰﻱ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﻡ ﹰ
H2Oﻭ .H2O2ﻭﺍﺳـﺄﳍﻢ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﳛـﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﲈﺕ. ﻭﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺪ ﹰ
)Al (s) + Br 2(l) → Al Br 3(s
ﻏـﲑﺕ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺘـﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺘـﲔ .ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ
ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ؟
ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺻﻠﺐ .ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻳﺴﺎﺭ
ﻭﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔﻛﻠﻴـﺎ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻷﺻـﲇ .ﹼ ﹼﹰ
ﺍﻟﺴـﻬﻢ ،ﺛﻢ ﺍﻓﺼﻞ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺑﺈﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ) ،(+ﻭﺃﴍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ.
→ )C (s) + S (s
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣـﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﻫـﺎ ﻟـﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑـﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ
ﲑﺍ ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻳﻤﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻢ ،ﻭﺃﴍ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ؛ﻭﺃﺧ ﹰ
ﻭﻫﻮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺛﺎﲏ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ،ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ:
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ :ﺗﻌﺒﲑ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ .
ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ.
)C (s) + S (s) → CS 2(l
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﲈﺀ ﻫﻲ .H 2O
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻟﻴﻨﺘﺠﺎ
ﺛﺎﲏ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ.
)Br2 + H2 (g) → HBr(g
ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺭﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ: )(g .1
.1ﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ → ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ +ﺑﺮﻭﻡ
.2ﺛﺎﲏ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ → ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ +ﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ )CO (g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g .2
.3ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ،Kﻭﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ،Clﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ17 ،19 :
ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﱰﺗﻴﺐ.
K: 1s22s2sp63s23p64s1 .3
.4ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ Mg2+ﻣﻊ ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﱰﺍﺕ .NO3-
.5ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻵﰐ :ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴـﺨﲔ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ KClO 3 Cl: 1s22s22p63s23p5
ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ.
Mg(NO3)2 .4
18
.5ﻏـﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﻴﻦ +ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠـﺐ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ
)KClO3(s) → KCl(s) + O2(g
ﻋﺮض ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ
ﺍﺗﺤـﺎﺩ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﻊ ﻻﻓﻠﺰ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺿﻊ 1gﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺻﻴﻦ ،ﻭ 3gﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ
ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺟﺎﻑ .ﻭﺃﻏﻠﻘﻪ ﺑﺴﺪﺍﺩﺓ ،ﺛﻢ ﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ .ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﺍﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ
) (1gﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺻﻴﻦ (3g) ،Znﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ،Iﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﺨﺮﺓ ،ﺛﻢ ﺃﺿﻒ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻀﻊ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﺎﺭﺓ. ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻑ ﻣﻊ ﻏﻄﺎﺀ ،ﻗﻄﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ،ﻋﺒﻮﺓ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﻄﺎﺀ.
ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮ :ﻳﺠﺐ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺔ
ﺍﻷﺑﺨﺮﺓ ،ﻷﻥ ﺃﺑﺨﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ .ﺳﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻖ ﺳﺎﺧﻨﹰﺎ، ﺣﺬﺭﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ
ﺃﺟﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﺨﺮﺓ ،ﻭﻛﻦ ﹰ
ﻭﺗﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﺑﺨﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ .ﺍﺟﻤﻊ ﺃﺑﺨﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺒﻮﺓ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﻮﻫﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ :ﻳﻨﺘـﺞ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﺽ ﻧﻔﺎﻳـﺎﺕ ﺧﻄـﺮﺓ ،ﳚﺐ
ﻓﻮﺭﺍ.
ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ ،ﺛﻢ ﺃﻏﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﹰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ.
18
4-6 )Al (s )Br 2(l )AlBr 3(s
ﻳﻮﺩﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻡ ) (0.1Mﻓـﻲ ﺃﻧﺒـﻮﺏ ﺁﺧـﺮ .ﺿـﻊ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ؛ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﻋﲆ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺴـﻬﻢ .ﻭﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﻴـﻦ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻋﻤـﻮﺩﻱ ﻓـﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ،ﺛﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ .ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺎﲥﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ.
ﺃﻏﻠﻘﻪ ﺑﺴـﺪﺍﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺑﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻪ .ﺛﻢ ﺍﻗﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻕ ﺣﺘﻰ
ﺗﻨﺴـﻜﺐ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳـﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧـﺔ ﻳﻮﺩﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ Balancing Chemical Equations
ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﻡ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 4-7ﻣﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ
ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮﻏﻴـﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺐ.ﻭﺍﺳـﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌـﻮﺍ ﺃﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ .ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺰﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲡﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﻎ
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ .ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣـﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ
ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺣـﺪﺙ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ .ﻷﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﻔـﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ، ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ .ﻭﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻋـﺪﺍﺩﹰﺍ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻻ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰ ﺍ .ﻭﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﺑﺴـﻂ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ
ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻗـﺪ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ .ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ، ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ.
ﺯﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﻕ ﻭﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗـﻪ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴـﺢ ﻗﺎﻧـﻮﻥ ﺑﻘـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ. 4-7 )2Al (s )3Br 2(l )2AlBr 3(s
19
ﺗﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺃﺑﺨﺮﺓ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻃﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ.
ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺻﻴـﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺫﺭﺗﻲ ﻳﻮﺩ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﻳﻮﺩﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺻﻴﻦ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ
ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻦ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻲ ﻟﻺﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺴـﻴﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ
ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ .ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺻﻴﻦ ﺑﺈﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻳﻮﺩ.
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻌﻮﺍ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ
ﻋﲆ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﻓﺎﺭﻍ .
19
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ
ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﹰ.4-7 ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ
ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑـﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ
.HCl ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔCl 2 ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ،H 2 ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ
4-7
ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴـﺎﻭﻳﺔ
.ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ
H 2(g) + Cl 2(g) → HCl (g)
1
(+)
HCl
3 ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ )ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﻓﻴﺖ( ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﻴﻦ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ
1+1
H2 + Cl 2 → 2HCl
.ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ
C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g)
2 2 2+2
4
ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﻧﻮﺍ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ
2 2 2
H 2(g) + Cl 2(g) → 2HCl (g) ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ، ﻭﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ،ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ
1H 2 : 1 Cl 2 : 2 HCl 2HCl1Cl2 1H2 211 5
1:1:2
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ
H 2(g) + Cl 2(g) → 2HCl (g) .ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭ ﹰﻳﺎ
222
6
2
ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﻴﻠﻴﻦ
20
ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ
:ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ
2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) → 4CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l)
ﻭﻭﺿﺢ ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ
ﹴ
ﻭﻟﻜﻦ،ﻣﺴﺎﻭ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ
ﻃﺮاﺋﻖ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ
( ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ7) ﻻ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ
ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ.ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ .(6) ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ
9g ﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﺪﺃﻧﺎ ﺑـ،ﻼ
1g ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ،9g ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺳﺘﺴـﺎﻭﻱ،ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ
. ﻣﺎﺀ9g ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻓﺴﻴﻨﺘﺞ8g ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻣﻊ
2H2(g) + O2(g)→2H2O(1) ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ
،ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﺘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻃـﺮﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘـﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝBr2 ( ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞP4)ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ
.ﺧﻤﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ
ﻭﺍﺳـﺄﳍﻢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳎﻤـﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﰲ ﻃﺮﰲ.ﻭﳚﻤﻌـﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﻞ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ
.ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭ ﹰﻳﺎ P4(s) + 10Br2(1) →4PBr5(s)
ﻣﺆﻛﺪ ﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ
ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ
.(4) ( ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ11)
20
4-1
ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ
اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻓﻲ واﻗﻊ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة
ﳏﻠـﻮﻝ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴـﻴﻮﻡ
ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ.
ﺍﻛﺘـﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧـﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪ 1
ﻟﻘﺪ ﹸﺃﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺑﺪﺃ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ،
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ COﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﻴﻦ O2ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘـﺞ ﺛﺎﻧـﻲ ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪ ﹰﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ 4-7ﻟﻮﺯﳖﺎ.
ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺭﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
21
.3
5 1
ﺍﺳـﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ
ﻟﻌﻞ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮﻡ ﻗﺎﻧـﻮﻥ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫـﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ 4-8
ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ . O5ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺳﺘﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎﺀ .ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﲆ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺗﻔﻨﻰ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴـﺘﺤﺪﺙ .ﻭﳍـﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﴬﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ
ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺳـﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ O 2
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﳛﻘﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ.
47
ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺧﻤﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ .O 5
ﻳﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ 4-8ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ .ﻭﻟﻌﻠﻚ ﲡﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﺯﳖﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ،ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺻﻌﺐ.
4-1
ﻣﺎ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ؟ .9 اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺠﻠﻮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻓﺎﺗﺮﻫﻢ،
ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ .10ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﴍﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ.
.11ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ،Alﻭﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ،Oﺇﺫﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ.
ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﻭﻭﺯﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ .ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﻢ ﹰ
ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ 8 ،13ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﱰﺗﻴﺐ.
ﳛﺴﺐ ﺃﻗﴡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻣﻼﺋﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ .
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴـﺘﻮﻋﺒﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ .12ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ Fe3+ IIIﻣﻊ
ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ .O2- ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ.e=2n2 :
ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ .13ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ.
ﳌـﺎﺫﺍ ﳚـﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﺼـﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣـﻼﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺑﺴـﻂ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳـﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ ﻋـﻦ .14
ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ. ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ. ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ
ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ .15ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ؟
ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗـﺞ ﰲ .16ﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ؟ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺼﺤﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻟﻮﺯﳖﺎ:
ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ،ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ:
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺎﲥﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ.
)K 2CrO4(aq) + Pb(NO3) 2(aq) → KNO 3(aq) + PbCrO4(S
)2Li3PO4 (aq) + 3CaCl2(aq) → 6LiCl(aq) + Ca3 (PO4)2(S
ﻳﺘﻀﻤـﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﻳـﻞ .17ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔـﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ H 3PO4ﻣـﻊ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ
ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴـﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ Ca(OH) 2ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ Ca 3(PO4) 2 ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣـﻼﺕ ﺣﺘـﻰ ﻳﺘﺴـﺎﻭ ﻋـﺪﺩ
ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ .ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ. ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ. ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳـﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻧﺎﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ
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ﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳـﻔﻮﺭ؛ ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﺪﺓ
ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ .
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ
ﻧﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ ﻭﻳﻮﺩﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ .
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ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﻌﻄﻲ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴـﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻔﻨﻰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ؛ .9
ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ. ﻟـﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﻣﺘﺴـﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ
.14ﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺃﺑﺴـﻂ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﻴﺔ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ.
ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ. .10ﻗـﺪ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ :ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻃﺎﻗـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻭﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ
.15ﻻ ،ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻐﲑ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ. ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ. ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ،ﺃﻭﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ،ﹼ
ﺃﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ،ﺃﻭ ﹼ
.16ﻻ ،ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻫﻲ: O: 1s22s22p4 Al: 1s22s22p63s23p1 .11
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4-2
Classifying Chemical Reactions ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ
.1
ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
ﻗـﺪ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺜـﻮﺭ ﻋﲆ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒـﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ.
ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺗﹸﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺴـﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ .ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ
ﻋﻨـﴫ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺻﻠ ﹰﺒـﺎ ﰲ
ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ،
TypesofChemicalReactions ﹰ
ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ،ﺍﻋﺮﺽ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﴍﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﺭﻗﻢ )(14 ﻳﺼﻨـﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ
ﻭﻣﻮﺻﻼ ﺟﻴﺪﹰ ﺍ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ،
ﻭﻻﻣﻌﺎ ﻋﻤﻮ ﹰﻣﺎ.
ﹰ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻮﻝ ) ،(4-5ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ .ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴـﺎﻋﺪﻙ ﻋـﲆ ﺗﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ،
ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﲢـﺪﺙ ﹼﹰ
ﺃﻳﻀـﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻧﲈﻁ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜـﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ .ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖﻛﲈ ﺗﺴـﺎﻋﺪﻙ ﹰ
ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ : ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺴـﻄﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ،
ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ
ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﱰﺍﻕ
ﻫـﻲ :ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺣﱰﺍﻕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ،ﻭﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﲢﺖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ
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ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ
ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ.
ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ
SynthesisReactions ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﺐ
ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ،ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﲤﺜﻴﻠﻪ
ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
ﺍﺳﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ A + B → AB
ﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﻋﻨـﴫﺍﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﲈ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﹰ
ﻣﻬﻤـﺎ .ﻟﺘﺴـﻬﻴﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﻭﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ.
ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﹼﹰ
ﺩﺍﺋـﲈ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ .ﻓﻌﲆ ﺳـﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ،
ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻨﴫ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ،ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ .4-9
ﺃﻳﻀـﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﳛـﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﳛـﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﺳـﺄﳍﻢ ﹰ ﻛـﲈ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤـﺪ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳـﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ .ﹰ
ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴـﻴﻮﻡ
CaOﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ H 2Oﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ Ca(OH) 2ﻫﻮ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ.
ﺍﳋﺸﺐ؟ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﺣﱰﺍﻕ .ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ )CaO (s) + H 2O (l) → Ca(OH) 2(s
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻨﴫ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﲏ
ﻣﻊ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ،ﻭﺍﺳـﺄﳍﻢ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ :ﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ؟ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ SO 2ﻣﻊ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ O 2ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ .SO 3
)2SO 2(g) + O 2(g) →2SO 3(g
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ . )2Na (s )Cl 2(g )2NaCl (s 4-9
.2
23
ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
23
4-10
دﻓﺘﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﴩﻳﻦ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺳـﻤﺪﺓ
ﺍﻟﻨﻴﱰﻭﺟـﲔ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﺽ .ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺼـﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﻤـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴـﲈﺩ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ ﺯﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﺍﻛﻤﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻧﺤﻮ
ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﰲ ﺗﺸـﻴﲇ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴـﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺑﴪﻋﺔ .ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﺑﺮ –
ﺑﻮﺵ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻃﻮﺭﺕ ﰲ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻓﱰﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ،
ﺣﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﲈﺩ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺴـﲈﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﰲ ﺗﺸﻴﲇ .ﺍﻃﻠﺐ
ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﻧﻮﺍ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻋﺘﲈﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺳﻤﺪﺓ ﺗﺸﻴﲇ ﰲ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﴩﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﲈﺩﻩ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺒﱰﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ،ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ
ﺍﻻﻋﺘﲈﺩ ﻋﲆ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ؟ ﻭﻫﻞ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﲈﺩ ﻋﲆ
ﻣﺼـﺪﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺚ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ؟ ﺳـﺘﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ،
ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺪ .
24
)2H 2(g )O 2(g )2H 2 O (g
ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ :4-12ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻷﻥ ﻋﻨﴫﻳﻦ
4-12
ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻳﺘﺤﺪ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ. ﻻﺣـﻆ ﺃﻥ ﲨﻴـﻊ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﱰﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﹸﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﹰ
ﺃﻳﻀـﺎ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ
ﻛﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﱰﺍﻕ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ .ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻼ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﺣﱰﺍﻕ ﻏـﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ
ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ،ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ .20ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﺛﺎﲏ ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﱰﻭﺟﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﲔ ،ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺧﺎﻣﺲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ
ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﱰﻭﺟﲔ.
.21ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﲪـﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣـﻊ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳـﻮﻡ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ
4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2N2O5 (g) .20 ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ.
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ
ﰲ ﻋــﺎﻡ 2004ﺍﻛـﺘـﺸـــــﻒ 1978-1974ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟـﻌﻠﲈﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﺍﳌـﻬﺎﺟــــﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﻓﻠﻮﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧـﺎﺕ CFCs
ﺗﺴﱰﺷﺪ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـــــﺔ ﺗﺴـﺘﻨﺰﻑ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ .ﻟﺬﻟـﻚ
H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) +2H2O(l) .21 ﲢــﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻬــــﺎ ﻭﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺗﻢ ﺣﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﻋﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ .CFCs
ﺑﺎﳌﺠــــﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴـﴘ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ.
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ
ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 1995ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟـﻤﺠﻬﺮ ﰲ ﻋـﺎﻡ 1952ﻏﻄـﻰ ﺩﺧـﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟـــﺬﺭﻱ ﻹﺣـﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ، ﻛﺜﻴـﻒ ﻣـﻦ ﺛﺎﲏ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ
ﻭﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺔ ﺁﻟﻴـﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬـﺎ ﻋـﲆ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻮ ﻭﺑﻌـﺾ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﺣـﱰﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ
ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ،ﳑﺎ ﻣﻬﺪ ﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ. ﻣﺪﻳﻨـﺔ ﻟﻨـﺪﻥ ﻣـﺪﺓ ﲬﺴـﺔ ﺃﻳـﺎﻡ
ﻭﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ 4000ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ.
25
25
ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺇﱃ
ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ،ﻭﻏﺎﻟ ﹰﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﲆ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ.ﺳـﻴﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ
Decomposition Reactions 4-13 ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
NaN 3
ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻨﴫﻳـﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ.
ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ .ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﲤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: + CO2ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ → ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ .1
AB → A + B
ﻭﻏﺎﻟ ﹰﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ،ﻛﺎﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ .ﺗﺘﻔﻜﻚ + O2ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ → ﻛﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ .2
ﻣﺜﻼ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﱰﻭﺟﲔ ﻭﻣﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺨﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ: ﻧﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﹰ
∆ )NH 4NO3(S
)→ N 2O(g) + 2H 2O(g اﻟﻤﻄﻮﻳﺎت + H2Oﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ → ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ .3
ﻻﺣـﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﺘﻀﻤـﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ .ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ
ﺿﻤـﻦ ﻣﻄﻮﻳﺘﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ
ﱢ
ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺃﺯﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
)2NaN 3(s) → 2Na (s) + 3N 2(g
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ. + O2ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ → ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ .4
ﻭﻳﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻔـﺦ ﺃﻛﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ )ﺃﻛﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴـﻼﻣﺔ( ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 4-13؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻳﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ.
+ H2Oﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻻﻓﻠﺰ → ﲪﺾ ﺃﻛﺴﺠﻴﻨﻲ .5
ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﱰﻭﺟﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺸـﻂ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﺪﺍﻡ ﻳﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺃﺯﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﹰ
ﻳﻨﻔﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺲ ﺑﴪﻋﺔ.
ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺭﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ )ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ( ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
.22ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗـﴪﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﺻﻠﺐ
ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ .
.23ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ IIﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ IIﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ. 2Al2O3 (S) → 4Al(s) + 3O2 (g) .22
.24ﻳﻨﺘـﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺴـﺨﲔ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳـﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒـﺔ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ
)Ni(OH)2 (S )→ NiO(S) + H2O(l .23
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﺎﺀ ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﲏ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ.
∆
2NaHCO3 (S) → Na2CO3 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g) .24
26
ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴـﺪﺍﺕ ،ﺑﲈ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳉﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﲔ .ﻋﲆ ﺃﻥ
ﻳﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ
ﻼ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳉﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ:ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ .ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻃﺎﻗﺔ C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) → 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O(1) +
26
4-14 b a
ﻣﺠﻠﻔﻨـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺎﺭﺻﻴـﻦ ،ﻓﻲ ﻛﺄﺱ ﺳـﻌﺘﻬﺎ 100 mLﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻧﺤﺎﺱ +ﻧﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻴﺜﻴﻮﻡ +ﻣﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ.
ﺑﻼﺗﲔ
ﺫﻫﺐ ﺩﺍﺋﲈ ﳏﻞ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛـﺐ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ؛ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻻ ﳛـﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻠـﺰ ﹰ
ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﹰ
ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ
ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﹰ
ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ
ﰲ ﻧﺸـﺎﻃﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻳﻘﺼـﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸـﺎﻁ ﻣﻘـﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻠـﺰ ﻋـﲆ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﻣـﻊ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧـﺮ .ﻭﻳﺒﲔ
ﻓﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ 4-15ﺳﻠﺴـﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋـﻲ ﻟﺒﻌـﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﻠـﺰﺍﺕ .ﻭﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ
ﺛﻢ ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﺴـﺮﻭﺍ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ
ﺑﺮﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﺣـﻼﻝ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻠـﺰﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴـﻠﺔ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﺸـﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻋﲆ
ﻳﻮﺩ
ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺳـﻔﻠﻬﺎ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﺭﺗﺒﺖ ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﹰ
ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴـﻠﺔ ،ﺑﻴﻨﲈ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻗﻠﻬﺎ ﹰ
ﺗﺤـﺖ ﻏﻄـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺻﻴﻦ ﺑﺒـﻂﺀ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺻﻴﻦ ،ﻷﻥ
ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﹰ
ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ
ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ ،ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ . 4-15
دﻓﺘﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻛﺘﺎﺑـﺔ ﻣﻌـﺎﺩﻻﺕ
ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﳍـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻉ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﲢـﺪﺙ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﻭﺿـﻊ ﻓﻠـﺰ
ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴـﻮﻡ ﰲ ﳏﻠـﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋـﻲ ﻟﻨـﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻴـﻜﻞ Ni(NO3)2 IIﻭﻧـﱰﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳـﻮﻡ ،NaNO3ﻭﻧـﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺻـﺎﺹ ،Pb(NO3)4ﻭﻧـﱰﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺬﻫـﺐ .Au(NO3) IIIﺃﻣـﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ،ﻓﺎﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ 3
27
ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺘﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻡ ﻻ .ﺇﻥ ﺃﻱ
ﻓﻠﺰ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺃﻱ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﰲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻞ
ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﲢﻞ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﳏﻞ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﰲ ﳏﻠـﻮﻝ ﻧﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ، ﳏﻞ ﺃﻱ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ .ﹰ ﺗﺤﻞ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ
ﺳـﻠﻜﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﰲ ﳏﻠـﻮﻝ ﻧﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ IIﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀـﺔ ﻻ ﲢﻞ ﹰ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻮ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ
ﳏـﻞ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺳﻠﺴـﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ .ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ.
ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ .ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ) (NRﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ.
Ag (s) + Cu(NO 3) 2(aq) → NR
ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻠﺰ ﳛﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻠﺰ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﳛﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻻﻓﻠﺰ
ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت
ﳏـﻞ ﻻﻓﻠـﺰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ .ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﺷـﺎﺋﻊ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨـﺎﺕ .ﻓﺎﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ
ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻠـﺰﺍﺕ؛ ﻓﻬـﻲ ﺗﻈﻬـﺮ ﻣﺴـﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺎﻁ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺣـﻼﻝ .ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ
ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ 4-15ﺳﻠﺴـﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋـﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺒـﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭ ﺃﻧﺸـﻂ
ﻧﺸـﺎﻃﺎ .ﻓﺎﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﲔ ﺍﻷﻧﺸـﻂ ﳛﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﲔ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﹰ
ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ ﰲ ﹰ ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺃﻗﻠﻬﺎ
ﻳﺮﺑـﻂ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺑـﲔ ﺧـﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻠـﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﻧﺸـﺎﻃﻬﺎ
ﻣﺜﻼ ﳛﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻡ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﱪﻭﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ.ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺮﻛـﺐ ﺫﺍﺋﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ .ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭ ﹰ
ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ
ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ.
ﻻﳛﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻡ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ.
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻊ.
اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ
ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت
ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺪرج ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻮاص
ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﹰ
ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ
ﺗﻘﻊ ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ • ﺍﺳـﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﺠـﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨـﻮﺍﺹ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ
ﺭﻗـﻢ 17ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ،ﻭﳜﱪﻧﺎ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻟﻠﻬﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ
ﻓﻠﻮﺭ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ؛ ﻓﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻓﻠـﺰﺍﺕ، ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ .ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺳﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ،
ﻭﻧﺼـﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ ،ﻭﺷـﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ،
ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻃﺎﻗﺎﲥﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﺎﺕ .ﻭﻣﻊ
ﺑﺮﻭﻡ
ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﹰ ﻳﻮﺩ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﻓﻠﻜﻞ ﻫﺎﻟﻮﺟﲔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻴﺰﻩ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺪ
ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ
ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮ. ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ.
.2ﻫـﻞ ﳛـﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻠـﻮﺭ ﳏـﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻮﺭ ﰲ ﳏﻠـﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ
ﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ؟ ﻓﴪ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻚ. ﺗﻔﺤـﺺ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻬـﺮ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﺤﺴـﺐ • ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﻓـﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺨـﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ،
.3ﺍﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ.
ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ
I 2(g) + NaBr (aq) → NR
ﺍﻟـﺪﺭﺱ .ﺗﻤﻴـﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳـﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀـﺔ،
اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺪ
ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻻ ﳛﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻡ؟ .1ﻓﴪ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺴـﺎﻋﺪﻙ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻧﺸـﺎﻁ ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ
.4ﺃﻱ ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﴎﻉ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ؟ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺳﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﺃﻡ ﻻ؟ ﻭﻧﺼـﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴـﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺳـﻬﻞ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ
28 ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ.
ﺗﺒﲔ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ .1
ﻭﻓـﻖ ﺗﻨﺎﻗـﺺ ﻧﺸـﺎﻃﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺎﻷﻋـﲆ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴـﻠﺔ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ
ﹰ
ﻧﺸـﺎﻃﺎ ،ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﳛﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﰲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ،
ﻃﺮاﺋﻖ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻻﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ.
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻧﻌﻢ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺃﻋﲆ ﰲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ. .2
ﳎﻬﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ .ﺳﺘﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﰲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻡ. .3
ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳـﻴﻘﱰﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻭﺿـﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭ ،ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﻷﻋﲆ ﰲ ﺳﻠﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺎﻁ ،ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ .4
ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮ .ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﹰ
ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ.
ﺗﺴـﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ ﺍﳌﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﳛﻞ
ﳏﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﳛﻞ ﳏﻠﻬﺎ .
ﻣﻠﺨﺼﺎ ﻋـﲈ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻮﻩ
ﹰ ﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ ﻋـﲆ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺒـﻮﺍ
ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﳐﺘﱪﺣـﻞ ﺍﳌﺸـﻜﻼﺕ ،ﻭﻳﴩﺣـﻮﺍ ﻛﻴـﻒ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﺎﻧﻮﺍ
ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﲥﻢ ﻋﲆ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﴏ ﺃﺧﺮ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﰲ
ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ .
28
4-2
ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺭﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ﹼﹰ
ﻛﻼ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ:
→ )Fe (s) + CuSO 4(aq .a
→ )Br 2(l) + MgCl 2(aq .b
ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻫـﻞ ﺳـﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻛﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ، → )Mg (s) + AlCl 3(aq .c
1
ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮ ﻧـﺔ:
ﹼ ﻭﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗـﺞ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ 4-15ﻟﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺳـﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ،ﻭﺣﺪﱢ ﺩ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺭﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭ ﹺﺯ ﹾﳖﺎ.
→ )Mg(s) + ZnCl2(aq .1
2
)F2(g) + HCl(aq → .2 .aﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ .ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺳﻴﺤﺪﺙ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻧﺸﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ .ﻭﰲ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﳛﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ،ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ:
)Ag(s) + AlCl3(aq → .3 )Fe (s) + CuSO 4(aq) → FeSO 4(aq) + Cu (s
Ag(s) + A1Cl3 (aq) → NR .3 .cﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺳﻠﺴـﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ،ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺳـﻴﺤﺪﺙ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻧﺸﻂ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ .ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﳛﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ،ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ:
)Mg (s) + AlCl 3(aq) → MgCl 2(aq) + Al (s
)3Mg (s) + 2AlCl 3(aq) → 3MgCl 2(aq) + 2Al (s ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻫﻲ:
3
ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 4-15ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ .ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ؛ ﻷﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ
ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﰲ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ.
.25ﻧﻌﻢ؛ ﻷﻥ Znﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻮﻕ Niﰲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ
)Zn(s) + NiCl2 (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + Ni(s ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ،ﻭﺃﻛﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ ،ﺛﻢ ﺯﳖﺎ:
ﻳﻤﻜﻨـﻚ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﳐﺘـﱪ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﰲ ﳖﺎﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ دﻓﺘﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
29
4-16
ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
30
4-8
ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻨﻬﺎ .ﻓﺎﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ
NO3- Al3+Al(NO 3) 3 2
ﻭﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ Bﺑﺎﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ H + H 2SO 4 ﻭ SO 4 2-
Al3+SO42-
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﹼﺒﺎﻥ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍﻥ.
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ .Aﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﹼ
3
H +NO 3 -
ﹶ
ﺗﻔﺎﻋﲇ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻗﺸﺎ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﺭﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ
ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ﻣـﻊ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳـﻚ ،ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋـﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻊ
LiI(aq) + AgNO3 (aq) → LiNO3(aq) + AgI(s) .29
ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ IIﺭﺍﺳـﺐ .ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺣـﻼﻝ ﺍﳌـﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﹸﻨﺘﺞ ﻏـﺎﺯﹰ ﺍ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ KCNﻭﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﻚ .HBr
BaCl2(aq) + K2CO3 (aq) → BaCO3 (s) + 2KCl(aq) .30 )KCN (aq) + HBr (aq) → KBr (aq) + HCN (g
ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻧﲈﺫﺝ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ )ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ IIﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻧﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ.
.32ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﲪـﺾ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﻚ )ﲪﺾ ﺍﳋﻞ( CH 3COOHﻣﻊ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴـﻴﺪ
ﺑﺄﻟـﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺣﺠﻮﻡ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻭﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳـﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ( )LiI (aq )AgNO 3(aq ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ )ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ( ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ.
31
4-9
A + B → AB
•
•
.3
• •
A + O 2 → AO •
•
•
•
ﺍﺳﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﺴﺮﻭﺍ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ،1ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ
AB → A + B
A + BX → AX + B
32
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺒﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ
ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ ) C12H22O11(sﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ
ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ.
)C12H22O11(S) + 12O2(g) → 12CO2(g) + 11H2O(l
4-2
.35ﰲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﲢﻞ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﴫ ﳏﻞ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﴫ .33ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ :ﻣﺎﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺍﻥ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ.
ﺁﺧﺮ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﲔ ﺫﺍﺋﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ · ﺍﻻﺣﱰﺍﻕ :ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺿﻮ ﹰﺀﺍ.
ﻳﺘﺒﺎﺩﻻﻥ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﲥﲈ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ.
· ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ :ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ.
.36ﺗﻨﺘـﺞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺣـﻼﻝ ﺍﳌـﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﲔ ،ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ
· ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ :ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﴫ ﲢﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﴫ ﺁﺧﺮ )ﺇﺣﻼﻝ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ(،
ﺭﺍﺳﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺯ.
ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﲔ )ﺇﺣﻼﻝ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ(.
.37ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ.
.34ﺭﺗﺒﺖ ﺳﻠﺴـﻠﺔ ﻧﺸـﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻧﺸـﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ
)Ba(s) + F2 (g) → BaF2 (s
ﺍﻷﺧﺮ .ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﺸـﻂ ﰲ ﺃﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ،ﺃﻣﺎ
.38ﻧﻌﻢ ،ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ ﺃﻧﺸﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ. ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﹰ
ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ ﻓﺘﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻔﻠﻬﺎ.
32
4-3 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
4-3
ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
ﻣـﻌـﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﻳـﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﻛـﺎﻣﻠﺔ
.1
ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳖﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ
ﻳﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺴـﺤﻮﻕ ﻧﻜﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﰲ ﲢﻀـﲑ ﴍﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ.
ﹰ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
ﳏﻠـﻮﻻ ﻟﻪ ﻧﻜﻬﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ
ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﻳﻀـﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺴـﺤﻮﻕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﹼ
ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ. ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﰲ
AqueousSolutions ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴـﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺳـﺘﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ
ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ،ﺍﻋﺮﺽ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﴍﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﺭﻗﻢ )(15 ﻋﺮﻓـﺖ ﺳـﺎﺑ ﹰﻘﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺤﻠـﻮﻝ ﳐﻠـﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ .ﻛـﲈ ﱠ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜـﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹶ
ﺭﺍﺳﺐ ،ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺀ ،ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺯ.
ﺃﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﲆ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﳏﺎﻟﻴـﻞ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻧﻮﻗﺸـﺖ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻮﺍ ﹼﺩ ﻣﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﹾ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻮﻝ ) ،(4-5ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ
ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﺬﺍﺏ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ – ﺃﻛﱪ ﹼ
ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﳐﻠـﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻗﺪ ﳛﻮﻱ
ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ : ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ – ﻓﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺐ. ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺯﻳﺔ.
ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﹰ
ﺩﺍﺋﲈ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ
www.obeikaneducation.com ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ .ﻓﺎﻟﺴـﻜﺮﻭﺯ )ﺳـﻜﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺋـﺪﺓ( ،ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻝ )ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ(
ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ
ﳘـﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﻥ ﻳﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ )ﺗﺴـﺎﳘﻴﺔ(
ﺍﳌﺬﺍﺏ
ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗـﺬﻭﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ .ﻓﺎﳌﺮﻛـﺐ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳـﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﹰ
ﻣﺜﻼ ﹼ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺐ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻭﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﹼ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ
ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻄـﻮﺍ ﺃﻣﺜﻠـﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .4-18ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
)HCl (aq)→ H(aq
+
)+ Cl -(aq
ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺮﺟﺔ
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺭﻭﺍﺳـﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺃﻭﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ،ﺛﻢ ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻨﺘـﺞ ﺃﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ـ ﻭﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳـﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ـ
ﺃﲪﺎﺿﺎ ،ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﹸﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ. ﹰ
ﺍﻋﺮﺽ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﻋﲆ ﻧﺤﻮ ﴎﻳﻊ ،ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻼ: ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﻻﺣ ﹰﻘﺎ.
33
ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﺫﻛﹼﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﺐ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ،
ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ .ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻏﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﹼ
ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺒﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﺒﺨﺮﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻪ .ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﺭﺍﺳﺐ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ).CaCO3 (s
33
ﺗﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻭﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ
ﻣﻌﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ .ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﲥﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ
ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﹰ
ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ .ﻭﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ .ﻓﺎﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﹰ
ﻣﺜﻼ
ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ Na +ﻭ .Cl -
Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﴫﻳﻦ
ﳛﻮﻳـﺎﻥ A
ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻗـﺪ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ. ﻣﺰﺝ ﳏﻠﻮﻟﲔCﻣﺎﺋﻴﲔ B
ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎ EB AFC .ﻋﻨـﺪDA
ﻭﻛﺜـﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺇﺣﻼﻝ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ،ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ
Aﹼﹰ
B
Cﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ GD
B
HAE
ﻣﻠـﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌـﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﻛـﺐ ﻳﻨﺘـﺞ ﻋـﻦ
CDBIF
ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧـﺎﺕ
DE
C
JG EFK
DH F
GMF0.27ﻣــﻦ
GLEI H J H NG
ﺃﺿـــﻒ g
I K OJH
I L PJKM
I KLJN M K N
LO MPL N OM PN
O PO
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗـﺞ ﻫﻲ :ﺭﺍﺳـﺐ ،ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺀ ،ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺯ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺐ ـ ﻭﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺀ ـ
ﻓﻼ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ.
ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﻋﻨـﴫ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻨﴫ
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ. ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳـﻮﻡ ﺇﱃ 5 mLﻣﻦ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ.ﻭﺃﻏﻠﻖ
ﻭﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ، ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺑﺴﺪﺍﺩﺓ ،ﹼ
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ
ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺭﻭﺍﺳﺐ. ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﲔ.
ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ،ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻂ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ IIﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﹰ
ﺛـﻢ ﺃﺿﻒ 0.41 gﻣﻦ ﻧﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ﺇﱃ 5 mLﻣﻦ
ﻣﻠـﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌـﺎﻡ ﻳﺴـﻤﻰ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳـﺪ
ﺇﺣﻼﻝ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ .II ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ.
ﻭﺭﺟﻪ
ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺃﻧﺒـﻮﺏ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺁﺧـﺮ .ﻭﺃﻏﻠـﻖ ﺍﻷﻧﺒـﻮﺏ ﹼ
)2NaOH (aq) + CuCl 2(aq)→ 2NaCl (aq)+ Cu(OH) 2(s
ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ؛ ﻓﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ
ﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤـﺎﺱ IIﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﲈ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻟﻴﻬﲈ ﻋﲆ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻛـﲈ ﻓﻌﻠﺖ ﺳـﺎﺑ ﹰﻘﺎﺣﺘﻰ ﺗـﺬﻭﺏ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒـﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ .ﻭﺩﻉ
Cl - , Cu 2+ , OH - , Na +ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ .4-19ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺰﺝ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻟﲔ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ
ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ Cu 2+ﻣﻊ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ OH -ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺳـﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ .Cu(OH) 2 ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻳﻼﺣﻈـﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋـﲆ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ Cl -ﻭ Na +ﻓﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺫﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ.
ﲣﻠـﻂ ﳏﺘﻮﻳـﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑـﲔ) .ﺟ ﹼﻔـﻒ ﺭﺍﺳـﺐ CaCO3
-
Cl
H 2O
NaOH 4-19
ﻭﺿﻌـﻪ ﰲ ﻭﻋـﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻔﻀـﻼﺕ ،ﻭﺍﺳـﻜﺐ ﳏﻠـﻮﻝ ﻧﱰﺍﺕ
H2 O
Cl -
O H - N a +
2+
Cu
H2 O
Cl - Cl -Cu 2+CuCl 2
CuCl 2 (aq
)
Cu 2+ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻐﺴﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻏﺴﻠﻪ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ( ﺳﻴﺘﻜﻮﻥ
CuCl2
-
OHH O
2
Na+
34
.5ﺃﺿـﻒ ﳏﻠـﻮﻝ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺇﺑﺴـﻮﻡ ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﺇﱃ ﳏﻠـﻮﻝ ،NaOH
ﻭﺳﺠﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻚ.
.6ﺣﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ،ﻭﺳﺠﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻚ.
.7ﺍﺗـﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳـﺐ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺴـﺘﻘﺮ ،ﺛﻢ ﺍﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﰲ
A B C D AE BF ACG BDH CE I
ﳐﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺳﻌﺘﻪ .100 mL
DFJ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ AK FHBL
EG KﺩﻟﻴﻞGCIM HJDNﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﰲO
IE JLP ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔG
F K
M Nﺍﻣﻸ LH
OI .1 N
M PJ OK P L M N
.8ﲣﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﺐ ﻛﲈ ﻳﺮﺷﺪﻙ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻚ. ﻣﻘﻄﺮﺍ ﰲ ﻛﺄﺱ ﺳﻌﺘﻬﺎ .150 mLﹰ .2ﺿﻊ 50 mLﻣﺎ ﹰﺀ
ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺃﺿﻔﻬـﺎ ﺛﻢ ، .3ﺯﻥ 4 gﻣـﻦ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ NaOH
ﺳـﻴﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧـﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺧﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ .ﻭﺍﺣﺮﺹ ﻋﲆ ﲢﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺴﺎﻕ .1ﺍﻛﺘـﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺭﻣﺰﻳـﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ
NaOHﻭ .MgSO4ﻭﻻﺣـﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻏﻠـﺐ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﲤﺎ ﹰﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ.
ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳖﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺭﺍﺳ ﹰﺒﺎ. ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ. .4ﺯﻥ 6 gﻣـﻦ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺇﺑﺴـﻮﻡ )ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ،(MgSO 4
ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺄﺱ ﺃﺧﺮ ﺳﻌﺘﻬﺎ ،150 mLﺛﻢ ﺃﺿﻒ .2 50 mLﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ.
ﻳﺼﻨﻒ ،ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ،ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ. ﻣﻘﻄـﺮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻛﻪ ﺑﺴـﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳـﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺬﻭﺏ .3ﺣـﺪﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﺟﺔ ،ﺛﻢ ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﹰ ﻣـﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ. ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﲤﺎ ﹰﻣﺎ.
ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻼﻣﺔ
ﰲ ﺩﻟﻴـﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺑـﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻞ ،ﻭﲢﻘـﻖ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ،
ﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫـﻲ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻳﻠﺒﺴـﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻃﻒ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻭﻳﻀﻌـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻴﺔ. ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧـﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻥﹼ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﲆ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﻠـﻮﻝ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﺄﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ.
ﻣﺜـﻼ ﳚـﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻠﻜـﻲ ﺗﻜﺘـﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﳏﻠـﻮﱄ NaOHﻭ CuCl 2ﹰ
ﹾ
ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻠﺢ ﺃﺑﺴﻮﻡ ﻣﻬﻴﺞ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺪ. ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ NaClﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ.
→)2Na + (aq)+ 2OH- (aq) + Cu2+ (aq)+ 2Cl- (aq
ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠـﺺ ﻣـﻦ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴـﻴﺪ )2Na+ (aq)+ 2Cl- (aq)+ Cu(OH) 2(s
ﻭﺗﹸﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ .ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﱰﺳـﺐ ﺑﻮﺿﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﻻ ﺗﻠﻘﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﺃﳖﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﳍﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ،ﹾ
ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺮﺟﺔ .ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺷﻄﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ
ﺍﳌﻐﺴﻠﺔ. ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ.
ﳛﻮﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ. ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺒﻖ ﺳﻮ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ
ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ:
ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺭﺍﺳ ﹰﺒﺎ ﺃﺑﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ
ﹼ )2OH- (aq) + Cu 2+ (aq) → Cu(OH) 2(s
)MgSO4 (aq) +2NaOH(aq) → Mg(OH)2 (s) + Na2SO4 (aq .1
-
)Mg2+(aq)+SO42-(aq)+2Na+(aq)+ 2OH (aq)→Mg(OH)2(s)+2Na+(aq)+SO42-(aq .2 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ،ﺗﻜﺘـﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ
) SO42-(aqﻭ)Na+ (aq .3ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﺟﺔ:
- ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ،ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
)Mg2+(aq) + 2OH (aq) → Mg(OH)2 (s
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
35
4-3
ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﺳ ﹰﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ.
ﻧﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﹼ
ﺃﻛﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
1
ﻟﻘﺪ ﹸﺃﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﺃﺳﲈﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ .ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ → )KCl(aq) + AgNO3 (s
ﻟﻠﻤـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡـﺔ .ﻭﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﳊـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ.
ﻭﺑﺸﻄﺐ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ. KCl(aq) +AgNO3 (s) → AgCl(s) + KNO3 (aq)
2
ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ:
→ )Ba 2+ (aq) + 2NO 3 - (aq) + 2Na + (aq) + CO 3 2- (aq
)KI(aq) + AgNO3(aq) →KNO3(aq) + AgI(s
)BaCO 3(s) + 2Na + (aq) + 2NO 3 - (aq
)K+(aq) + I (aq) + Ag+(aq
- ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ:
Ba 2+ (aq) + CO 3
2-
)(aq) → BaCO 3(s
-
)Al(OH)3(s) + 3Na+(aq) + 3 Cl (aq
دﻓﺘﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
-
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ )Al3+(aq) + 3OH (aq) →Al (OH)3(S
ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴـﻜﻨﻮﻥ ،ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻱ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ .42ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
)Li2SO4(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq) →2LiNO3(aq) + CaSO4(s
ﺟﺰﺋـﻴـﺎ ﰲ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ،
ﹼﹰ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ
ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ ،ﻭﺃﳞﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻪ ﹼﹰ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ:
ﺛﻢ ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺩﻓﺎﺗﺮﻫﻢ .
2Li +
)(aq
+ SO 2-
)4 (aq
+ Ca 2+
)(aq
→ )+2NO3-(aq
-
)2Li+(aq) +2NO3 (aq) + CaSO4 (s
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
)SO42-(aq) + Ca2+(aq)→ CaSO4 (s
.43ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
)5Na2CO3(aq) + 2MnCl5 (aq )→ 10NaCl(aq) + Mn2(CO3)5(s
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ:
)10Na+(aq)+ 5CO32-(aq) + 2Mn5+(aq)+ 10Cl-(aq)→ 10Na+(aq)+10Cl-(aq)+ Mn2(CO3)5(s
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ5CO32-(aq) + 2Mn5+(aq) → Mn2(CO3)5(s) :
36
ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ :4-20ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﻟﺒﺔ:
H 2O
HBr 4-20
Na + Br - H +
Br-ﻭ OH-؛ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ H +:ﻭNa +
OH -
-
Br
+
H
)HBr (aq
H 2O
+
Na
Na +
H 2O
)NaOH (aq )H 2O (l) + NaBr (aq
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔـﺮﺝ ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﻓـﻲ ﻣﻌﻨـﻰ ﻣﺼﻄﻠـﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺣـﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ
ﺗﻜﻮﻳـﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺀ ،ﻓﻴـﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ )ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺐ( .ﻭﺑﺨﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
"ﻣﺘﻔﺮﺝ" ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﺳـﺐ ،ﻻ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻋﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ،ﻛﲈ ﺃﻧﻪ ﹼ
ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ .ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲣﻠﻂ
ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ . ﻣﺜﻼ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ NaOH ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﻚ HBrﹰ
ﻛـﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ،4-20ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺇﺣﻼﻝ ﻣـﺰﺩﻭﺝ ،ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺀ ،ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ
ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
)HBr (aq) + NaOH (aq) → H 2O (l) + NaBr (aq
ﻭﻳﻨﺘـﺞ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ،ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺻـﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ.
ﺍﺳـﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻣـﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ:
→ )H + (aq) + Br - (aq) + Na + (aq) + OH - (aq
ﻟﻮ ﺩﻗﻘﺖ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﺴـﻮﻑ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ
ﺳـﻴﻜﻮﻥ
ﹼ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ،ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺃﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴـﻴﺪ؛ ﻷﻥ ﹼﹰ
ﻛﻼ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳـﻮﻡ ﻭﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻣﻴـﺪ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ
ﻣﺘﻔﺮﺟﺔ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺬﻓﺖ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺮﺟﺔ ﻓﺴﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ.
ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻧﻴـﺎ ﻋـﲆ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﺳـﻞ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺤﲈﻡ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ﹼﹰ ﺯﺑـﺪﹰ ﺍ → )H + (aq) + Br -(aq) + Na + (aq) + OH - (aq
ﻋـﲆ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻼﺑـﺲ ﲤﺎ ﹰﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺳـﻴﱰﻙ ﺭﻭﺍﺳـﺐ ﰲ )H 2O (l) + Na + (aq) + Br −(aq
ﺍﻟﻌﴪ ﻳﴪ ﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻣﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻊ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﻚ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﺟﺔ؟
37
4-4
ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﲪﺾ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻭﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺜﻴﻮﻡ.
ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺜﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﹼ .44ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
)H2SO4 (aq) + 2KOH(aq) → 2H2O(l) + K2SO4 (aq
1
ﻟﻘـﺪ ﹸﺃﻋﻄﻴـﺖ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗـﺞ .ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﳚـﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴـﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ .ﻭﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ. ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ:
ﻭﺑﺸﻄﺐ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
2H +
)(aq
+ SO4-2
)(aq
→ )+ 2K (aq) + 2OH-(aq
+
2
ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺭﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺛﻢ ﺯﳖﺎ. )2H2O(l) + 2K+(aq) + SO42-(aq
→ )H + (aq) + Cl - (aq) + Li + (aq) + Cl - (aq
H 2 O (l) + Li +
)(aq + Cl -
)(aq
)2H (aq) + 2OH-(aq) → 2 H2 O(l
+
.45ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
)H + (aq) + OH - (aq) → H 2 O (l
3
ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ،ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ. )2HCl(aq) + Ca (OH)2 (aq) → 2H2O(l) + CaCl2 (aq
ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺭﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳖﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎﺀ. ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ:
.44ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻂ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﻚ H 2 SO 4ﺑﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻭﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ. → )2H+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq
.45ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻂ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ HClﺑﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻭﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ.
)2H2O(l) + 2Cl- (aq) + Ca2+(aq
.46ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻂ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﱰﻳﻚ HNO 3ﺑﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻭﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻧﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ.
.47ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻂ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ H 2Sﺑﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻭﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ. )H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
.48ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻂ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻭﻳﻚ C 6 H 5 COOHﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻭﺑﻨﺰﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ.
.46ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
)HNO3 (aq) + NH4OH(aq) → H2O(l) + NH4NO3(aq
38
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ:
→ )H+(aq) + NO-3(aq) + NH4+(aq)+ OH-(aq
)H2O(l) + NH4+(aq) + NO3-(aq
)H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
.47ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
ﻃﺮاﺋﻖ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ )H2S(aq) + Ca (OH)2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + CaS(aq
ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴـﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﲏ ﺑﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ:
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﻟﻨـﲈﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ -ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ )2H+(aq)+ S2-(aq) + Ca2+ (aq) + 2OH-(aq) → 2H2O (l) + Ca2+(aq) + S2- (aq
38
ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ،CO 2ﻭ ،HCNﻭ .H 2Sﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲣﻠﻂ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻳﻮﺩﻳﻚ HI
ﺑﻤﺤﻠـﻮﻝ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺜﻴـﻮﻡ Li 2Sﻳﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻏـﺎﺯ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟـﲔ ،H 2Sﻛﲈ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ
ﻳﻮﺩﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺜﻴﻮﻡ LiIﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻞ ﺫﺍﺋ ﹰﺒﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ.
ﺍﴍﺡ ﻟﻠﻄـﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻌـﻚ ﻭﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ )2HI (aq) + Li 2S (aq) → H 2S (g) + 2LiI (aq
ﻭﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ H 2Sﻓﺈﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﲆ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ
ﺍﻷﺧـﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺒﻮﺯﺓ ﺗﻨﺘﻔﺦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺒﺰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻵﰐ:
ﺛﺎﲏ ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺤﺘﺠﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴـﺤﻮﻕ → )2H + (aq) + 2I − (aq) + 2Li + (aq) + S 2−(aq
ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﺮﻳﻚ ) ،(H2C4H4O6ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﲏ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ.
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﲏ ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﹰ
ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﺦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ
ﺑﻘـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠـﻮﻁ ﺟﺎ ﹼﹰﻓﺎ .ﻭﻋﻨـﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴـﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺰ ﲣﻠـﻂ ﺍﳋـﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺩﺍ ﺍﳋﺒـﺰ .ﻓﺎﳋﻞ ﳏﻠـﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋـﻲ ﳊﻤـﺾ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﻚ ،ﻭﺻـﻮﺩﺍ ﺍﳋﺒﺰ
ﻣﻌﺎ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﻥ ﻭﻳﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳـﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ .ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻄﻬﲈ ﹰ
ﺗـﺬﻭﺏ ﺻـﻮﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﺒـﺰ ﻭﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﺮﻳـﻚ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴـﻬﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻏﺎﺯ ،CO 2ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .4-21
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺻﻮﺩﺍ ﺍﳋﺒﺰ ،ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲣﻠﻂ ﺃﻱ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ: ﲪﴤ ﺑﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﺑﻴﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ(.
ﺍﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻤﻠ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺎﺕ.
39
39
ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ
ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﻥ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻟﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﲏ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ .ﺃﺣﺪ ﻫﺬﻳـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﲔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺇﺣﻼﻝ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ،ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ .ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ
ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ
ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﺣﻼل ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
اﻟﻤﺰدوج
ﻣﺜﻼ ﰲ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﺬﻳﺐ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳـﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﹰ
ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨـﻚ -ﻛﲈ ﲡﻤـﻊ ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ -ﺃﻥ ﲡﻤـﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠـﲔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﲤﺜﻠﻬﲈ
ﺑﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ.
)HCl (aq)+ NaHCO 3(aq) → HaCO 3(aq) + NaCl (aq 1 ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌﻮﺍ ﺻﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﳌﺠﻬﻮﻝ
)H 2CO 3(aq) → H 2O (l) + CO 2(g 2
) (Xﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
→ )HCl (aq) + NaHCO 3(aq) + H 2CO 3(aq
)H 2CO 3(aq)+ NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2(g
BaCl2 (aq) + K2SO4 (aq) → 2KCl(aq) + X .1
ﻭﺑﺤﺬﻑ H 2CO 3ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ.
)HCl (aq) + NaHCO 3(aq) → H 2O (l) + CO 2(g)+ NaCl (aq
) Xﻫﻮ ،BaSO4ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﺍﺋﺐ(
ﻫﺬﺍ ،ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ:
→ )H + (aq) + Cl - (aq)+ Na + (aq) + HCO -3(aq
) Xﻫﻮ H2Oﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ( HI(aq) + LiOH(aq) → LiI(aq) + X .2
ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺳـﺒﺐ
ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﳋـﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻹﺯﺍﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﺳـﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﴪ،
ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺑﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺬﻳﺐ ﺭﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﴪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺴﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﻀ ﹰﺎ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ
ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴـﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳـﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻴﻮﲥﻢ،
ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻟﻠﺼﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﻢ .
40
4-5
)2H +(aq) + Zn(s) → H 2(g) + Zn 2+(aq → )2H + (aq) + 2Cl − (aq) + 2Na + (aq) + S 2- (aq
)H 2S (g) + 2Na + (aq) + 2Cl − (aq
)2H + (aq) + S 2- (aq) → H 2S (g
3
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ.
)2H+(aq) + 2CN-(aq) → 2HCN(g .51ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﻚ HBrﻣﻊ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﲏ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﺪ
ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ.
ﺃﻭ
)H+(aq) + CN-(aq) →HCN(g .52ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﱰﻳﻚ HNO 3ﻣﻊ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ.
.51ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ: .53ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﳏﻠـﻮﻝ ﻳﻮﺩﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻡ ﻣـﻊ ﳏﻠـﻮﻝ ﻧـﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺻـﺎﺹ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳـﻦ ﻳﻮﺩﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺻـﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠـﺐ.
.52ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ: ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻣﻜـﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻋﲆ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ
)2HNO 3(aq) + K2S(aq) → H 2S(g) + 2KNO3(aq ﲨﻊ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﲔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ,ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ: ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ ,ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺒﻦ ,ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻤﺮﺓ .
2H +
)(aq
+ 2NO −
)3 (aq + 2K +
)(aq
→ )+ S 2−(aq
)H 2S(g) + 2K +(aq) + 2NO 3 −(aq .49ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
→ )2HClO4 (aq) + Na 2CO3 (aq
)2H +(aq) + S 2−(aq) → H 2S(g ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ: )H 2O(l) + CO2 (g) + 2NaClO4 (aq
.53ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ: ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ:
)2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3) 2 (aq) → 2KNO3 (aq) + PbI 2 (s )2H +(aq) + 2ClO 4−(aq) + 2Na +(aq) + CO 3 2−(aq) → H 2 O(l
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ: )+ CO 2 (g) + 2Na +(aq) + 2ClO 4 −(aq
→ )2K +(aq) + 2I −(aq) + Pb 2+(aq) + 2NO 3 -(aq
)2K +(aq) + 2NO 3 −(aq) + PbI 2(s
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
)2H +(aq) + CO 3 2−(aq) → H 2O(l) + CO 2 (g
)Pb 2+(aq) + 2I −(aq) → PbI 2(s ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
.50ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
41 )H 2SO 4(aq) + 2NaCN(aq) → 2HCN(g) + Na 2SO 4(aq
.3
4-22
HCO3
-
CO 2
ﻳﻌـﺪ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌﻮﺍ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ
ﻹﻧﺘـﺎﺝ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﻭﺛﺎﲏ ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫـﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺟﺴـﻤﻚ؛ ﻓﻬﻮ
ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺭﺋﺘﻴﻚ .ﻭﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ 4-22ﻓﺈﻥ ﺛﺎﲏ ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ،ﻣﻊ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﻢ:
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﰲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺴـﻤﻚ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﰲ ﺩﻣﻚ ﻋﲆ ﻫﻴﺌـﺔ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﱂ CuCl 2 (aq) + 2NaNO 3(aq) → Cu(NO 3) 2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) .1
،HCO 3 -ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﲤﺮ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﺋﺘﻴﻚ ﺗﺘﺤـﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻳـﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﰲ
ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ CO 2ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺮﺝ ﻣﻊ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻓﲑ.
ﱢ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ H+ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ
ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ،ﺃﻭ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻛﻞ
CuCl2 (aq) + Na 2CO3 (aq) → CuCO3 (s) + 2NaCl(aq) .2
ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﳛﺪﺙ ﹰ
ﺃﻳﻀـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﺪﺧـﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺻﻮﺩﺍ ﺍﳋﺒـﺰ ﺍﳌﺤﺘﻮﻳﺔ
ﻋﲆ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﺷـﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺨﺒﻮﺯﺓ ﺗﻨﺘﻔﺦ ،ﻭﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﰲ
ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ.
2HCl(aq) + Na 2CO3 (aq) → H 2O(l) + CO 2(g) + 2NaCl(aq) .3
ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺍ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ ،ﻭﰲ ﻃﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﻖ ،ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ.
ﹼﹰ
ﻓﻘﻂ.ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ 2ﺭﺍﺳ ﹰﺒﺎ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ3
ﹼ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﻥ 2ﻭ 3
4-3 ﹰ
ﻭﻏﺎﺯﺍ . ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﹰﺀ
ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺪﺙ .54 اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ
ﹼ
ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ. ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﹰ
.55ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﺬﺍﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ.
ﺩﺍﺋﲈ،
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ.
.56ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
.57ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﲪﺾ
ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ .ﺑﻴﻨﲈ ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ
ﺍﺳﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﻚ H 2SO 4ﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ .CaCO 3 ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ،ﺛﻢ ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
)H 2SO 4(aq) + CaCO 3(s)→H 2O (l) + CO 2(g) + CaSO 4(s ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﲥﺎ.
.58ﺃﻛﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ،ﺛﻢ ﺯﳖﺎ: ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺰﺝ ﳏﻠﻮﻟﲔ ﳛﺘﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ → )H +(aq) + BrO 3 −(aq) + K +(aq) + OH −(aq
→ )CO 2(g) + HCl (aq ﻣﻌﺎ ،ﺃﻣﺎ
ﺫﺍﺋﺒﺔ ،ﻗـﺪ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﹰ
ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺐ ﻓﻼ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ.
)H 2O(l) + BrO 3 −(aq) + K +(aq
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ؟ﻓﴪ ﺫﻟﻚ.
ﱢ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ
.59
→ )Ba(OH) 2(aq) + 2HCl (aq ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﲢـﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﺟﺔ ﻫﻲ BrO3-ﻭ K+ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ
.60ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳜﻠﻂ ﲪـﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﱰﻳﻚ HNO 3ﺑﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ
ﻫﻲ H (aq) + OH (aq)→ H2O(l) :
ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ. + -
ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻣـﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﺑﻴﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻡ(،
ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻧﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻡ .ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ
ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ.
42
ﺍﺩﻉ ﺃﺳﺘﺎ ﹰﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﹰﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ،ﺃﻭ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﻟﻴﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ
ﺃﺑﺤﺎﺛﻬﻢ.ﻭﺣﻀﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ
ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﺳﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ
ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ .
4-3
CO2(g)+ 4HCl(aq) → CCl4(1)+2H2O(1) .58 .54ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺕ.
.59ﺍﳌﺎﺀ :ﺳـﺘﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ: .55ﺍﳌﺬﻳـﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺬﺍﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ
Ba + + OH − + H + + Cl −ﻭﺑـﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺐ.
ﻫـﻲ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﺟﺔ ،ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸـﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ .56ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ،ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ
ﻫﻲ H+ﻭ OH-ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹼ
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ. ﻭﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﻋﲆ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺓ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
.60ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ: ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ.
)HNO 3 (aq) + KHCO 3 (aq) → H 2O(l) + CO2 (g) + KNO3 (aq .57ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ:
)2H +(aq) + SO 4 2-(aq) + CaCO3 (s) → H 2O(l) + CO2 (g) + CaSO4 (s
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
)H +(aq) + HCO 3 −(aq) → H 2O(l) + CO 2 (g
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
)2H +(aq) + SO 42-(aq) + CaCO3 (s) → H 2O(l) + CO 2 (g) + CaSO4 (s
42
ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﺷﻴﺎء؟ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﺷﻴﺎء؟
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﲑﺍﻉ )ﺧﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻣﻀﻴﺌﺔ( ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﻼﻡ ،ﻳﻌﻠﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺈﺭﺳـﺎﻝ ﺇﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﴬ،
ﻓﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﺃﻧﺜﻰ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻧﺪﺍﺀﻩ ،ﻓﻴﻬﺒﻂ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﻬﺎ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺰﺍﻭﺝ ﻧﺎﺟﺢ ،ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪ ﹸﻳﻠﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﴩﺍﻫﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺧﺪﻋﺘﻪ ﺃﻧﺜﻰ
ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﲑﺍﻉ .ﺇﻥ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﲑﺍﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻟﻖ )ﺍﻟﺘﻸﻟﺆ( ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻱ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺳـﱰﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ؟
ﺳـﻴﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻴـﺮﺍﻉ )ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓـﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ( 1
ﺣﻴﻮﻱ.
670nm510nm
2
ﻭﻳـﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻀـﻲ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ.
• ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺪ ﹰﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺮﺍﻉ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﺔ
ﻣﻜ ﹼﺒﺮﺓ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﻟﻖ
ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ).(GFP
• ﻭﺿﺢ ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺳﻔﺮﻳﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻸﻟﺆ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ
ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻣﻴﺾ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﺮﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻣﻴﺾ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ .ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺣﻠﻘﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﺪﺃ .ﻭﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﹼﹰ ﺍ ،ﻓﻐﺎﻟ ﹰﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻸﻟﺆ
ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺣﻠﻘﻴﺔ .ﻧﺎﻗﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﹰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ﻛﺈﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﻮﺩﺩ .ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ
ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ، ﻃﻌﻤﺎ ﻟﺠﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺴﺔ .ﻭﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﺇﻧﺎﺙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺟﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻸﻟﺌﺔ ﹰ
ﻭﺍﺫﻛﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ .ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ. ﺫﻛﻮﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺏ ﻭﻣﻴﻀﺎ ﺿﻮﺋ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺠﺬﺏ
ﹰ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ
ﹰ
ﺫﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺘﺮﺳﻪ.
ﹲ
43
ﹰ
ﻧﺸـﺎﻃﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ. ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ
ﻭﻋﻨـﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﺑﺄﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ
ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ
ﻧﺸـﺎﻃﻬﺎ .ﻭﺗﻌﻜـﺲ ﺳﻠﺴـﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺎﻁ ﻗـﻮﺓ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﻦ 30ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ.
.9ﹼ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ؟
ﻧﻈﻒ ﺃﴍﻃﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺻﲔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﺮﺓ ﺣﺘﻰ
ﺗﺼﺒـﺢ ﻻﻣﻌﺔ ،ﺛﻢ ﺿﻊ ﻛﻞ ﴍﻳﻂ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺼﺔ ﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ.
ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺠﻮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ .C ﺳﻠﻚ ﻧﺤﺎﺱ 1.0M Zn(NO 3) 2
.10ﻻﺣﻆ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺠﻮﺓ ،ﺛﻢ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ
ﻣﺮﻭﺭ 5ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ.
ﺳﻠﻚ ﺃﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ
ﴍﻳﻂ ﻣﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ
1.0M Al(NO 3) 3
1.0M Cu(NO 3) 2
ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ،
.11ﲣﻠـﺺ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﴍﺍﺋﻂ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ 4
ﻭﺭﻕ ﺻﻨﻔﺮﺓ
1.0M Mg(NO 3) 2
ﻣﺎﺻﺎﺕ
ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻊ.
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﻛﲈ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻚ.
ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﺃﺳﻼﻙ
A3: 2Al + 3Zn(NO3)2 → 2Al(NO3)3 + 3Zn .3 ﻟﺘﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ.
ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﹼ
A4: 2Al + 3Cu(NO3)2 → 2Al(NO3)3 + 3Cu
B1: 3Mg + 2Al(NO3)3 → 3Mg(NO3)2 + 2Al · ﺍﻣﻸ ﻓﺠـﻮﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳـﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺑـ
B3: Mg + Zn(NO3)2 → Mg(NO3)2 + Zn 2 mLﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ.
B4: Mg + Cu(NO3)2 → Mg(NO3)2 + Cu · ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ ﺑﻮﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﺮﺓ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﻳﻖ.
ﻗﺪ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ .ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻌﻠﲈﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ .4
ﺫﻛـﺮ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠـﺰ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﻊ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻟﻴ ﹰ
ﻼ · ﹼ
ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ. ﻋﲆ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ.
ﺳﺘﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ، .5
ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻣﺘﺰﺟـﺖ ﻣﻜﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﻓﺠﻮﺗـﲔ ﻣـﻦ ﻓﺠـﻮﺍﺕ ﻃﺒـﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ
A3 ،A4 ،B1 ،B4 ،C4 .1
ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻠﻦ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ.
Mgﺛﻼﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ.
Cuﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ.
ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﹰ
ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ.
ﻗـﺪ ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴـﺰ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ،ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ
ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳـﻼﻙ .ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻤﻢ .Mg ،Al ،Zn ،Cu .2
44
ﹸﲢ ﹼﻮﻝ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﺴـﻤﻚ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ،
ﳑﹼﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ.
ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ.
ﺗﻮﺿـﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ
•
• ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ • ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ •
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺎﲥﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ. ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ • ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ
ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﻤﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ،ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻳﺘﻀﻤـﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﻳـﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣـﻼﺕ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﺴـﺎﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ • • ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ • ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ
ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ.
ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ . 4-2
ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺑﻌـﺔ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﻣـﻦ
ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ.
ﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﹼ
• ﹸﻳ ﹼ
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ،ﻫـﻲ :ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳـﻦ،
ﻭﺍﻻﺣﱰﺍﻕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ،ﻭﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ.
• ﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺳﻠﺴـﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋـﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻠـﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻗـﻊ
ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ.
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ: • ﺗـﻔـﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻹﺣـﻼﻝ • ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ
ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ • ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﱰﺍﻕ
• ﻳﻌﺪﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ • ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﺐ • ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ
• ﺗـﻔـﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻹﺣـﻼﻝ
4-3
• ﻳﺼﻔﻮﺍ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ . ﲢـﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺣـﻼﻝ
ﺍﳌـﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴـﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺆﺩﻱ
ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ • ﻳﺼﻔﻮﺍ ﻛ ﹰ • ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴـﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﹰ
ﺩﺍﺋﲈ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻬﻲ
ﻛﺜﲑﺓ. ﺇﱃ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺭﻭﺍﺳﺐ ،ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺀ ،ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ.
ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ . ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗـﺬﻭﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ .ﺑﻴﻨﲈ ﻳﺬﻭﺏ
• ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﹼ
ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﲥﺎ. • ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺮﺟﺔ • ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ
• ﺍﻟـﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴـﺔ • ﺍﳌﺬﺍﺏ
ﻣﻌﺎ ،ﺃﻣﺎ
• ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺰﺝ ﳏﻠﻮﻟﲔ ﳛﺘﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺋﺒﺔ ،ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﹰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ • ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺐ
ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺐ ﻓﻼ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ.
• ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴـﺔ
• ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ. ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ
45
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.70ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻟﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
4-1
4-1
1
)Cu (s) + O 2(g)→CuO (s .a
)K (s)+ H 2O (l) → KOH (aq) + H 2(g .b
ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
.61ﹼ
4-1
→ )CaCl 2(aq)+Na 2SO 4(aq .c
ﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
.62ﹼ
)CaSO 4(s)+NaCl (aq
.63ﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ.
.71ﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺘﲔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺘﲔ:
→ )(NH 4) 2Cr 2O 7(s .a
.64ﺍﻛﺘـﺐ ﺭﻣـﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳـﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ
ﻟﻜﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻳﲇ:
)Cr 2O 3(s)+ N 2(g) + H 2O (l
46
4-2 ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺭﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ،ﺛﻢ
.80ﺻﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ . 73 ﺯﳖﺎ:
.75
.77ﺍﺭﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ. .82ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺭﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧـﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﺣﱰﺍﻕ
ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ .CH 3OH
→ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ + (aq) IIIﻣﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ )(s .b
Pb .bﳛﻞ ﳏﻞ Ag Na .a .79ﳛﻞ ﳏﻞ Sn → ﺑﻮﺭﻭﻥ +ﻓﻠﻮﺭ .a ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ + (s) IIﲬﺎﳼ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ
→ ﺟﺮﻣﺎﻧﻴﻮﻡ +ﻛﱪﻳﺖ .b
.76ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺭﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
Ni .dﳛﻞ ﳏﻞ Cu F .cﳛﻞ ﳏﻞ I
→ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ +ﻧﻴﱰﻭﺟﲔ .c
.aﻋﻨﺪ ﺣـﺮﻕ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗـﺎﻥ C 4H 10ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ
.84ﺍﻻﺣـﱰﺍﻕ ﺍﻛﺘـﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺭﻣﺰﻳـﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧـﺔ
ﻣﺎﺀ ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﲏ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ.
ﻻﺣﱰﺍﻕ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ .a
.bﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻏـﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﱰﻭﺟﲔ
.cﺍﺣﱰﺍﻕ .bﺍﺣﻼﻝ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ .a .81ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ C 8H 18 .d ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭ.
C3H6O (l) + 4O2 (g) →3CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l) .c 47
MgBr2 (s) →Mg (s) + Br2 (l) .a .85 SO3 (g) + H2O (l)→H2SO4 (aq) .a .75
2CoO (s) →2Co(s) + O2 (g) .b 3 Mg (s) +2 FeCl3 (aq) →3MgCl2 )(aq
+2 Fe (s) .b
BaCO3 (s) →BaO (s) + CO2 (g) .c NiCl2 (s) + O2 (g) →NiO (s) + Cl2O5 (g) .c
Ni(s) + MgCl2 (aq) →NR .a .86 2C4H10 (g) + 13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(g) .a .76
Ca (s) + CuBr2 (aq) →CaBr2 (aq) + Cu(s) .b 3Mg(s) +N2(g) →Mg3N2(s) .b
Mg (s) +2AgNO3 (aq) →Mg (NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag (s) .c 2OF2(g) →O2(g) + 2F2(g) .c
47
4-3
.94ﺗﻮﻗـﻊ ﻫﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ
ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴـﺔ) .ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﻗﻌـﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﻻ ﳛـﺪﺙ ﻓﺎﻛﺘـﺐ:
4-3
.87ﺃﻛﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
ﻻ ﳛـﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) .(NRﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺔ :ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ
ﻭﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻳﱰﺳﺒﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ(. → ﻣﺬﺍﺏ +ﻣﺬﻳﺐ
→ )NaOH + (NH 4) 2 SO 4(aq .a .88ﻣﺎ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗـﺞ ﺍﳌﺄﻟﻮﻓـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ .87ﳏﻠﻮﻝ → ﻣﺬﻳﺐ +ﻣﺬﺍﺏ
→ )CuSO 4 + Ba(NO 3) 2(aq .b ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ؟
→ )MgBr 2 + AgNO 3(aq .c
.89ﻗـﺎﺭﻥ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧـﺔ .88ﺭﻭﺍﺳﺐ ،ﻭﻣﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ
.95ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺄﺳﲔ، ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ.
ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ،ﻭﰲ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ
ﳏﻠـﻮﻝ ﻧﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺮﺳـﺐ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ
.90ﻣـﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ؟ ﻭﻓﻴـﻢ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ .89ﺍﺭﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ
ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ؟
ﺇﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺳﲔ.
.aﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺳﲔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﺭﺍﺳﺐ؟
.91ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺮﺝ؟ .90ﺍﺭﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ
.bﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﺐ؟
.cﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ. .92ﺃﻛﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ: .91ﺍﺭﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ
→ )Na (s) + H 2O (l .a
.dﺻﻨﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ.
48
ﺍﻛﺘـﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧـﺔ .99
اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
.ﻭﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻟـﻜﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴـﺔ
ﰲ ﻣـﻜﺎﻥNR )ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻ ﳛـﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﻓﺎﻛﺘـﺐ
ﺑﺤﻴﺚ، ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﻧﻘﻴﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ.101 ﺍﻋﻤـﻞ ﻣﻠﺼ ﹰﻘـﺎ ﻳﺼـﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻼﺕ .103
.ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﺦ
ﻋﻠﲈ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻮﺳـﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ﺗﱰﺳﺐ ﰲ ﹰ.(ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ
.ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺤﻠـﻮﻝ ﻓﻬﻮ.ﲢﺘﻔـﻆ ﻛﻞ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺨﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬـﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻋﻤﻞ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺗﺼـﻒ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺯﻥ .104 KNO 3(aq) + CsCl (aq) → .a
.ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﳐﻠـﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ
Li 3PO 4(aq) +MgSO 4(aq) → .b
K 2S (aq) + HCl (aq) → .c
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﴫﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ.ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﲈﺀ ﺟﺪﻭ ﹰ
ﻻ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ
.ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﺳﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ
ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺼـﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ.ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﺑﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ . ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ4-11 ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ
ﳛـﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﺇﺣﻼﻝ ﺑﺴـﻴﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ.100
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ63.5 g ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻞ.ﻣﻊ ﻧـﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ
4-11
ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺇﱃ،ﻭﺍﳌﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ215.8 g ﻣﻦ ﻧـﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔﻭﻧﺘﺞ339.8 g ﻣﻊ
،K + ،Na + ،Li + ﻓﺎﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌـﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺭﻣـﺰﻳـﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧـﺔ،ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ
.ﻋﻨﺎﴏﻩ ﺑﻄﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ NH 4+ ﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻵﺧـﺮ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ.ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋــﻞ
ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ؟
= ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ
.102 2+ + +
Hg 2 Ag Cu Pb
2+
+ 2+ 2+ 2+
. ﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﻭﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ.101
(0.0435×49.946)+(0.8379×51.941) A g p b S r B a
Hg 22+Ca 2+
. ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ4-10 ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻦ ﺑﺎﳉﺪﻭﻝ.102
+(0.0950×52.941)+(0.0236×53.939) = 52.00 amu 4-10
NH 4 + amu
49.946 4.35% Cr-50
Ca(NO3)2(aq)+Na2CO3(aq) .105
→CaCO3(s)+2NaNO3(aq)
KNO3 (aq) + CsCl(aq) → KCl(aq) + CsNO3(aq) .a .99
CaCO3 ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﺳﺐ ﻣﻦ
ﹼ
K+(aq) + NO-3(aq) + Cs+(aq) + Cl-(aq)→ K+(aq)+ Cl-(aq) + Cs+(aq) + NO-3(aq)
Mg(s) + NaOH (aq) →NR .106
. ﻭﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ،ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ
PbS(s)+LiNO3(aq)→Li2S(aq)+Pb(NO3)2(aq) .107
: ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ.b
.ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﺳﺐ
ﻻ ﹼ 2Li3PO4(aq) + 3MgSO4(aq) → 3Li2SO4(aq) + Mg3 (PO4)2(s)
K2S (aq) +2HCl (aq) → 2KCl (aq) + H2S (g) : ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ.c
2AgNO3+Cu→ Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag .100
187.5 g = Cu(NO3)2 ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ
49
ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻦ ﺑﺎﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ 1ﺇﱃ :3
d
˚C 25˚C
248 NaClO 3
.1
884 Na 2SO 4 a .2
b
1009 II NiCl 2
.3ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺇﺿـﺎﻓـﺔ ﺣـﻤـﺾ ﺍﳍـﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠـﻮﺭﻳـﻚ HClﺇﱃ .1ﺇﺫﺍ ﺧﻠـﻂ ﳏﻠـﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋـﻲ ﻣـﻦ ﻛﱪﻳﺘـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻴـﻜﻞ II
ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴــﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜـﻞ IIﺍﻟﺼﻠــﺐ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻤﺤﻠـﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋـﻲ ﻣـﻦ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻓﻬﻞ
ﳜﺘﻔﻲ .ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ؟ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ؟
→ )Ni(OH) 2(s) + HCl (aq .a .aﻻ؛ ﻷﻥ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ IIﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﰲ
)NiO (aq)+ H 2(g)+ HCl (aq ﺍﳌﺎﺀ.
→ )Ni(OH) 2(s) + 2HCl (aq .b .bﻻ؛ ﻷﻥ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ.
)NiCl 2(aq)+ 2H 2O (l .cﻧﻌﻢ؛ ﻷﻥ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺳﺘﱰﺳﺐ ﰲ
ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ.
→ )Ni(OH) 2(s) +2H 2O (l .c
)NiCl 2(aq) + 2H 2O (l .dﻧﻌﻢ؛ ﻷﻥ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ IIﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺳﻴﱰﺳﺐ
ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ.
→)Ni(OH) 2(s)+2H 2O (l .d
.2ﻣـﺎﺫﺍ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺧﻠـﻂ ﳏﻠـﻮﻝ ) AgClO 3(aqﺑﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ
)NiCl 2(aq)+ 3H 2O (l)+ O 2(g
NaNO 3؟
.4ﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ؟
.aﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻪ.
)Cs (s) + H 2O (l) → CsOH (aq) + H 2(g
.bﺗﱰﺳﺐ NaClO 3ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ.
.aﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ
.bﺍﺣﱰﺍﻕ .cﻳﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻏﺎﺯ NO 2ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ.
.cﺗﻔﻜﻚ .dﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻠﺰ Agﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ.
.dﺇﺣﻼﻝ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ
50
50
.8ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ ﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﻫﻮ: ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻦ ﺑﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ .5
.1s22s22p63s23p6 4s1 3d5ﻓﲈ ﺭﻣﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ؟
b
1s22s22p63s23p6 4s2 3d5 .a
.8
1s22s22p63s23p6 3d6 .b .5ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﲢـﺪﺙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻣﻼﺡ
d .9 1s22p63p6 3d6 .c
ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻴﺪﺍﺕ ؟
)F 2(g) + FeI 2(aq) → FeF 2(aq) +I 2(l .a
1s22s22p63s23p6 4s2 3d6 .d
)I 2(s) + MnBr 2(aq)→ MnI 2(aq) +Br 2(g .b
ﺍﻟﺒﻌـﺾ ،ﰲ ﺣـﲔ ﺃﻧـﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻦ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻟﲔ 11ﻭ:12
→ )AlCl 3(aq) + Fe 2O 3(aq
)C 2H 6O (l) →2CO 2(g) + 3H 2 O (l .b
ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴـﻮﻡ Al2O3ﻷﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻹﺣـﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ .13ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ ﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳـﻔﻮﺭ P 3-؟ ﻭﺿﺢ
ﻛﻴـﻒ ﳜﺘﻠـﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳـﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜـﱰﻭﲏ ﻟـﻪ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳـﻊ
.7ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻷﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ III؟
ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ.
FeO .c
Fe 3O 3 .d
.13 51
51
The Mole 5
. ﻳﻔﴪ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﴍ ﻟﻌﺪﹼ ﺟﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ.1
. ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﺪﹼ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ.2
5-1
. ﳛﻮﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ.3
52 A
155
5-5 5-4 5-3 5-2 5-1
2 3 3 2 2 3
10ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻋﺮﺽ ﴎﻳﻊ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ 60 ﻛﺮﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ
ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺭﻗﻤﻲ ،ﻛﻴﺲ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ 66 ،64 ،62
ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ 67
ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ
ﴍﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﺭﻗﻢ 17
10ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻋﺮﺽ ﴎﻳﻊ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ :73 ﻛﺮﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ
ﻋﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﴩﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﻏﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ،72 ،71 ،70
74
ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ 75
ﴍﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﺭﻗﻢ 18
ﴍﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻢ 7 ، 6
ﴍﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺭﻗﻢ 17
52 B
The Mole
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ :ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ.
ﺗﻔﺤـﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﹼ
ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﺳـﺄﳍﻢ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﳖﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ
ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﺪﱢ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ .ﺳﺘﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ.
52
ﻗﻢ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﳌﺴـﺎﻋﺪﺗﻚ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻚ ﻋﻦ
ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ. ﻳﺴـﻬﻞ ﻋـﺪﹼ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌـﺪ ﻛﺎﻟﻌﻘﺪ،
ﺳﻴﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ. ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺯﻥ .ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ.
1 ﺃﺣـﴬ ﺛـﻼﺙ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ،ﻭﺍﺛـﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ
ﻋﺮﺿ ﹼﹰﻴـﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼـﻒ .ﻗﺲ
ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺍﺭﺳـﻢ ﺧ ﹼﹰ
ﻄﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺑﻌﺪ 3 cm
ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ. ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻳـﴪ .ﻗـﺺ
ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻂ،
ﻭﻛـﺮﺭ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺘـﲔ
A B C D AE BF AC G BDH
ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻳﲔ.
CE I DF J ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔEGK .
ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏFH L G
ﺩﻟﻴﻞ IM HJN
ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ Jﰲ IKO
ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ LP KM
ﺍﻣﻸ L
N MO .1 NP O P
2 ﻋﻨـﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺭﻗــﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ.
ﺑﻮﺻﻒ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ. .3ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ 0.1 cm
• ﻧﺎﻗـﺶ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻣﻌﻨـﻰ ﺍﻟﺴـﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ-ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ 3 ﺩﺑــــــﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ) 6.02 × 10 23ﺟﺴـﻴﻢ( ﻣﻦ .1ﺍﺣﺴـﺐ ﻛﻢ ﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﻣـﻮﻝ
ﺍﻟﺜـﻼﺙ ﻣ ﹰﻌـﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼـﻒ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳉﺴـﻢ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﺍﺧﱰﺗـﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﺻﺼـﺖ ﺟﺴـﻴﲈﺗﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ
ﻳﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺳـﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ .ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻫﻲ
ﻃﻮﻝ ﺣﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ. ﺑﺠﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ؟ ﻋﱪﻋﻦ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻚ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﱰ.
• ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻚ ﻋـﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ
ﻭ 5-2ﻣـﻦ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼـﻞ .ﱢ
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ،ﻭﳋﺺ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ.
.3ﻗـﺎﺭﻥ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺣﺴـﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄـﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﲠـﺬﻩ
ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻠﺔ:
ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ. .aﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻧﺠﻢ )ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ( 4.3ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ.
.bﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﳎﺮﺗﻨﺎ 30.000ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ.
)= (3.00 × 108m/s) × (60 s/min) × (60 min/hr ﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﳏﺘﻮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻭﺃﻧﺸﻄﺘﻪ ﺍﺭﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ
.cﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﳎﺮﺓ 2 × 10 6ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ.
www.obeikaneducation.com ﻗـﺎﺭﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠـﻚ ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺋـﺞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺯﻣﻼﺋـﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ.
× (24hr/day) × (365 days/yr) = 9.46 × 1015m ﻫﻞ ﺗﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴـﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺧﱰﺗﻪ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﳉﺴـﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺯﻣﻴﻠﻚ؟ ﺻﻤﻢ ﺍﺳـﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﲢﺪﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ
• ﻳﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ 53 ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ.
53
5-1
Measuring Matter
ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ
5-1
.1
ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻌﺪﹼ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ .
ﺍﻟﻤـﻮﻝ ﺑﻮﺣـﺪﺓ ﻋـﺪﹼ ﻳﻮﻣﻴـﺔ ﻫﻞ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﻳﻮ ﹰﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻋـﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺻﻔﻚ؟ ﻭﻫﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ
ﺑﺒﺎﻟـﻚ ﻳﻮ ﹰﻣـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺣﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﰲ ﻛﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ؟ ﻟﻌﻠـﻚ ﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﲈ ﺻﻐﺮﺕ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ.
ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ .ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﺻﻌﺐ.
Counting Particles
ﻫـﻞ ﺫﻫﺒـﺖ ﻳﻮ ﹰﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺋـﻊ ﺩﺭﺯﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ؟ ﹼ
ﺇﻥ
ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ،ﺍﻋﺮﺽ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﴍﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﺭﻗﻢ )(16
ﺫﺭﺗﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺘﺎﻥ ﻣ ﹰﻌﺎ
ﺯﻭﺟﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺎﺯﺍﺕ،
ﻗﻠﲈ .ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸـﱰﻱ ﹰ ﻗﻠـﲈ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻠﻤﲔ ،ﺑﻞ 12ﹰ
ﺫﻟـﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﹰ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ. ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻮﻝ ) ،(4-5ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ
ﺃﻭ ﺭﺯﻣـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋـﺔ .ﻛﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ،5-1ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺝ
ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺯﻥ -ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ ﲤ ﹼﺜﻞ ﻋﺪ ﹰﺩﺍ ﳏﺪ ﹰﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ .ﻭﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪ .ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ :
ﹰ
ﴍﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ﻭﺑﻴﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺯﻣﺔ ) 500ﻭﺭﻗﺔ( ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﴍﺍﺋﻪ ﻭﺑﻴﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ. ﺍﳌﻮﻝ
ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﹼ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 5-1ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ؛ ﺍﻋﺘﲈ ﹰﺩﺍ ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ www.obeikaneducation.com
ﺑﻴﻀﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻼﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺭ ﹰﻗﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ .ﻭﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﴚﺀ ﻗﻔﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﹰ
ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﺪ ﺩﺍﺋﲈ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﹰﺎ .ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﻮﻥ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﻌـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﲤﺜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﹰ
ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴـﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ) (Formula unitsﰲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﹼ
ﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ .ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﺘـﻰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﹴ
ﺟﺪﹼﹰ ﺍ ،ﳑﹼﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﴍ ﻣﺴـﺘﺤﻴﻼﹰ .ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺈﳚﺎﺩ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﺪﱟ ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸـﺔ
ﺿﺨﲈ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺴﻴﻢ. ﹰ ﺗﹸﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﺪ ﹰﺩﺍ
ﻧﺘﺎﺋـﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑـﺔ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻬﻼﻟﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﺳـﺄﳍﻢ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌـﻮﻝ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ
ﻣﻼﺋﻤـﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠـﲈﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮﻥ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ
ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ .ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺴـﻤﺢ ﳍﻢ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ
5-1
50012 ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺃﺭﻗـﺎﻡ ﻛﺒـﲑﺓ ﺟـﺪﹼﹰ ﺍ .ﻟﻜـﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌـﻮﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ
ﻻ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﹰ ﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄـﻊ ﺍﳊﻠﻮ ﻛﺒـﲑ ﺟـﺪ ﹰﺍ .ﺃﺧـﱪ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻣـﻮ ﹰ
.2
ﻷﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟـﺎﺩﺭﻭ ) (6.02 × 1023ﻳﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ
دﻓﺘﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﺜـﻒ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼـﻞ ،ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻬـﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﻬـﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ
ﹴ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺴـﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ .ﻟﺬﺍ
ﳐﻄﻂ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻟﻪ ﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ
ﺃﺧﱪﻫـﻢ ﺑﺄﻧـﻪ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﴐﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﻗـﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ؛ ﹸﻳﴬﺏ
ﺍﻟـﺪﺭﺯﻥ ﺑﺎﳌـﻮﻝ .ﻭﺃﺧﱪﻫﻢ ﺑـﺄﻥ ﻳﻔﻜـﺮﻭﺍ ﰲ ﻛﻠﲈﺕ ﺃﺧـﺮ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ
ﻭﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳـﺲ .ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﴪﻱ ﻓﻘﻂ ﹸ
ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ،ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ ،ﺩﺭﺯﻥ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﳾﺀ
ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺘﲔ:
ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻝ .
25.6mol6.02×1023atoms/mol
)(1.2 × 102mol)(6.02 ×1023ions/mol
1.54×10 atomsﻭ ،7.2×10 ionsﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ. 25 25
ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ 5-1ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸـﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﲆ ﺛﻼﺛـﻲ ،ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ،
ﻭﺫﻛﺮﻫﻢ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺴـﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ،ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺳﺪﺍﳼ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ. ﹼ
ﺍﻟﻜﴪﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ .ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺘﲔ:
)(8.2 × 1028)/(6.02 × 1023
)(15 × 10-1)/(6.02 × 1023
1.4 × 105ﻭ ،2.5 × 10-24ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ .
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ﺗﹸﺴﻤﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ .ﻳﻌﺮﻑ
ﺍﳌـﻮﻝ ﺑﺤﺴـﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ 12 -ﰲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ
12 gﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ . 12-ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺳـﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳـﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣـﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ 6.02 × 1023ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ،
ﻭﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺘﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ
ﺿﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ 1 molﻣﻦ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻛﲈ ﻳﲇ:
602‚213‚670‚000‚000‚000‚000‚000
ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ، Alﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ،Cuﻣﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺗﻜﺮﻳـﲈ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋـﻲ ﺍﻹﻳﻄـﺎﱄ
ﹰ ﻭ ﹸﻳﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌـﺪﺩ 6.0221367 × 1023ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟـﺎﺩﺭﻭ،
،NaClﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ ،C12H22O11ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ،Cﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺻﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﺤﺎﻣﻲ ﺃﻣﻴﺪﻭ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ،Amedeo Avogadroﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ 1811ﻡ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ
ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ.
،Znﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧـﻮﻝ ،C2H5OHﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ H2Oﻓﻲ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﳚﻌﻠﻪ ﺻﺎﳊﹰﺎ ﻟﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﰲ
ﻣﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺳـﻌﺔ 250 mLﻭﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ .ﻛﲈ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﹰﺒﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴـﺔ؛ ﻷﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﺳـﻮﻑ ﻳﻐﻄﻲ
ﻭﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ. ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻤـﻖ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺳـﺘﺔ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣـﱰﺍﺕ .ﻭﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ،5-2
ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ .ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ
ﻭﺍﺳـﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻛﻴـﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﺎ 5-2 ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺢ ،ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴـﻴﲈﺕ
1mol6.02× 1023 ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﻓﺎﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﳌﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﳌﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ
ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 5-2؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺤـﺎﺱ ﻫﻲ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﳌﻮﻝ ﻣـﻦ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ
ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤـﺎ؟ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﻣﻈﻬﺮﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ،
ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ.
55
ﻋﲔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ .ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ
ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻨـﺎﴏﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﺴـﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ . دﻓﺘﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
55
Converting Between Moles and Particles
ﺍﻓﱰﺽ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺍﺷﱰﻳﺖ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺯﻥ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺯﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ ،ﻭﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﻢ ﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ .ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ
ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺯﻥ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ ،ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .5-3
1ﺩﺭﺯﻥ = 12ﻭﺭﺩﺓ
ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﲇ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ: 112
ﻗﺲ 27.0 gﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻮﻡ ) (1 molﻭﺍﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ.
__ 1ﺩﺭﺯﻥ
12ﻭﺭﺩﺓ
12ﻭﺭﺩﺓ
1ﺩﺭﺯﻥ ، 5-3 ﻭﺃﺧـﱪ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺄﳖﺎ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ،ﻭﺍﺳـﺄﳍﻢ ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﺕ
ﺛﻢ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ .ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ
ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ .ﺍﳌـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣـﻦ Alﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋـﲆ 6.02 × 1023
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ،ﺇﺫ ﺗﻠﻐﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ. 112
ﺍﺛﻦ )ﲡﻌﻴـﺪ( ﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ،ﻭﺍﺳـﺄﻝﺫﺭﺓ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨـﻮﻡ ﺛﻢ ﹺ
= 42ﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺭﺩﺓ
_ 12
3.5ﺩﺭﺯﻥ ×
1ﺩﺭﺯﻥ
ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺍﺧﱰﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺧﻄﺄ؟ ﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ؟ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ
ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺃﻧـﻪ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺠﻌﺪﺓ ﻻ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﰲ 3.5 molﻣﻨﻪ ،ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ -ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ
ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ -ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ. ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻮﻡ .ﺍﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ
ﺗﻐـﲑ .ﻛﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 1ﻗﻄﻌﺘﲔ ،ﻭﺍﺳـﺄﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﹼ
6.02 × 1023ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ = 1 molﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ. اﻟﻤﻄﻮﻳﺎت
ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﲇ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻳﺮﺑﻄﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻻﺕ ،ﳘﺎ: ﺿﻤـﻦ ﻣﻄﻮﻳﺘـﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ
ﹼ
6.02 × 10 23ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ
___
1 mol
=
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ. ﻣﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ .
___
ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﳊﺼـﻮﻝ ﻋـﲆ ﻭﺣـﺪﺓ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﺧﻄﺄ
1 mol
6.02 × 10 23ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ
ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ. ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑـﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧـﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑـﺔ ،ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ
6.02 × 10 23ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ
ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
___ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ = ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ×
1 mol
ﻭﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ 5-4ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﺰﻱﺀ ﻭﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ
ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﰲ 3.5 molﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ.
6.02 × 10 23ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ
___
ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ =
= 3.5 molﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ ×
1 molﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ
= 2.11 × 1024ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﲥﺎ × ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ
56
56
.1ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺻﲔ Znﰲ ﺟﻠﻔﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﳊﲈﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ .ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ Znﰲ 2.5 molﻣﻨﻪ.
.2ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﰲ 11.5 molﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ .H 2O
.3
= 3.5 molﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ 3.5 molﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﰲ 2.11 × 1024ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ.
ﻋﺎﻣﲇ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﲈ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ.
ﺯﻥ ﻣﻮﻻﹰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰ ﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﺮﺍﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ).(63.5 g
5-4
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﺑﺘـﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﺪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻌﺪ ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
ﺍﻟﻠﻌـﺐ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻗـﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻣﺠـﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﻛـﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨـﺲ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺘـﺐ ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ . ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﻋﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻛﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳـﻴﺔ .ﻭﺃﺧﱪ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻔﱰﺿﻮﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺕ
ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ 100%ﻧﺤﺎﺱ )ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ( .
57
5-1
ﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ Cuﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ .ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ 4.5 × 10 24ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ. ﺍﻟﺴـﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺗـﲔ ) (Ptﻣﻌـﺪﻥ ﻳﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻏﺎﻟ ﹰﺒـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺠﻮﻫـﺮﺍﺕ،
1
ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ .ﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﺭﻧﺖ 4.5 × 10 24ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ Cu ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻳﻀ ﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪ ،ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﲢﻜﻢ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ
ﻣﻊ ، 6.02 ×10 23ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ،ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ .10 mol
ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ .ﺍﺣﺴـﺐ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﻣـﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺗـﲔ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ = Cu؟ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ = 4.50 × 10ﺫﺭﺓ
24
ﻛــــــﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳـــﻚ ﺣﻠﻘــﺔ ﲢﺘــﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ 5.50 × 1022 atomsﻣﻦ
1molﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ 6.02 ×10 23 = Cuﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺗﲔ.
2
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ )ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ( ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ.
1 molﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ 1 molﻣﻦ Pt 5.50 × 1022ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ × Pt
6.02 ×1023ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦPt
ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ = ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ × _____________________
6.02 × 1023ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ
= 0.0914 mol
1 molﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ
______________________ = 4.50 × 1024ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ×
6.02 ×1023ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ
= 7.48 molﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ.
3
ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻳﺸـﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ .ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﻞ
.5ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ: 4.15 × 10 -4 mol .b
58
ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻛﺘﺎﺑـﺔ ﻣﺴـﺄﻟﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺑﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳـﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺴـﻴﲈﺕ .ﺳـﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ
ﺑﺘﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﺭﻩ ﻟﻴﺤﻞ ﺍﳌﺴـﺄﻟﺔ .ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ
ﺃﺧﺮ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ .ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ
ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﲔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ .
58
5-1
ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ؟
.7 اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ
.8ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗـﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓـﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ،ﻭﺍﳌـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟـﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻌﺪ ﺟﺴﻴﲈﺕ
ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ).(1mol ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻏـﲑ ﻣﺒـﺎﴍ .ﺍﳌﻮﻝ
.9ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ. ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ
ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ.
ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺯﻥ.
.10
ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ،
.11ﻛﻴﻒ ﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ؟
ﻭﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ
.12ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ )ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ( ﺍﻟﺼﻴـﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ،ﻭﺟﺴـﻴﲈﺕ
ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ: ﺃﺧﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﲠﺔ.
11.5 mol .aﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ .Ag ﺍﳌـــﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣــــﺪ ﻣـــﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ
18.0 mol .bﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ .H 2O ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ– 12ﻟـﻪ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ
0.15 mol .cﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ .NaCl 12 gﲤﺎ ﹰﻣﺎ.
1.35 ×10-2 mol .dﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻥ .CH 4 ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ
ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ
.13ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﺑﺤﺴـﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﺕ
ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳـﻞ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﳌـﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﻋـﺪﺩ
ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ:
ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ.
1.25 × 1025ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺻﲔ Zn
59
5-1
.11ﻧﻀﺮﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ. .7ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻝ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﹰﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻤ ﹰﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ.
6.92 × 1024 .a .12ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ Ag
1.08 × 1025 .bﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﻦH2O (6.02ﻣﻦ )× 1023 .8ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ
9.03 × 1022 .cﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻦNaCl ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ.
8.13 × 1021.dﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﻦ CH4
6.02 × 10ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ
1 mol
.9
23
59
5-2
5-2
Mass and the Mole
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺑﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ.
60
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ( ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﲈ ﻛﺘﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ.
.2
60
5-6
63.546 g56
23
6.02 × 10ﺫﺭﺓ =
C11-02C-828378-08
ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺮﺗﺒـﻂ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ؟ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﲈﺫﺝ ،ﻭﺍﺳـﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ، ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻋﻨﴫ ﺗﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺪﺩ ﹼﹰﻳﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺘـﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻭﺣﺪﲥﺎ .g/molﻭﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ
ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ .55.845 amuﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ. ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ .55.845 g/molﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ 55.845 gﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ
ﻏـﲑ ﻣﺒـﺎﴍﺓ ﻗﺪ ﻋﺪﺩﺕ 6.02 × 10 23ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ .ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ 5-6ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ
ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت
• ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ
ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﲆ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﻳﻄﺲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ؟
ﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﻌـﺔ ﺃﺭﻗـﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ،ﱠﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ 1Hydrogen
4Helium
61
4ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ
___________ 1.67 × 10-24 g
×_____________ = .1
1ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ He 1ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ
6.69 ×10-24 gﻟﻜﻞ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ = He
ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ C
= ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ × 6.0 × 1023 C 12.1 g 84.074g/ mol CH3COOH ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﺨﻞ
310.174g/ mol Ca3(PO4)2 ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ
.5ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﳌـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﳍـﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻧﻔﺴـﻬﺎ
169.872g/ mol AgNO3 ﻧﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ
ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ. 46.069g/ mol C2H6O ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻝ
61
Using Molar Mass
ﺍﻓﱰﺽ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻚ ﰲ ﳐﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺖ
ﺇﱃ 3.00 molﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤـﺎﺱ Cuﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ،ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺗﻘﻴﺲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ؟
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺰﺍﻥ .ﻭﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ
ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﴐﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ: ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋـﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ )(g
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ) = (gﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ )× (mol
ﻋﺮﻭﺽ ﻳﻮﺿﺤﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﻓﻬﻤﻬﻢ ﻻﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﲈﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ
___________
1 mol
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﻈـﺮﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻨـﺎﴏ ﻓﺴـﺘﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ Cu-29ﻟـﻪ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﺫﺭﻳـﺔ
ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ،63.45 amuﻭﺃﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﴫ) (g/molﺗﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﻟـﴩﺡ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣـﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﴫ .ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﱪﺍ ﻋﻨﻬـﺎ ﺑﻮﺣـﺪﺓ ،(amuﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤـﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳـﺔ )ﻣﻌـ ﹰ
،63.546 g/molﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ 3.00 molﻧﺤﺎﺱ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﻭﺽ ﳑﻴﺰﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺣﻘﻴﻘـﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﴫ ﻫﻲ
63.546 g Cu
ﻧﺤﺎﺱ.
ﻣﻌـﺪﻝ ﻛﺘـﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﺋـﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ .ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ
3.00 mol Cu × _________ = 191g Cu
1 mol Cu
ﻟـﺬﺍ ،ﻛـﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ،5-7ﻳﻤﻜﻨـﻚ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ 3.00 molﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳـﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋـﺮ ﻋﻨـﴫ ﳐﺘﻠـﻒ ،ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻮﺭ .
ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ 191 gﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﴘ اﻟﻤﻄﻮﻳﺎت
)ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ( ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ
ﺿﻤـﻦ ﻣﻄﻮﻳﺘﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﹼ
ﲢﻮﻳﻞ .ﻓﻬﻞ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ؟
ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ.
62
62
ﻳﻜﺘﺸـﻒ ﻋﻠﲈﺀ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ.
ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻑ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﺣﻴﻮﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺑﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ
ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ـ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ـ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ
ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ.
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ Crﻋﻨﴫ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﱄ ،ﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻃﻼﺀ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﳊﲈﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ .ﺍﺣﺴـﺐ
ﻷﻧـﻪ ﻣﻘـﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ .ﻣـﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﲢﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋـﲆ 4.05 molﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ 0.0450 molﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ.
ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﳚﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﻭﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﴏ .ﻭﻷﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ،0.1 molﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 0.1ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ.
4.05 mol Zr × __ = 369 g Zr
91.22 g Zr
1 mol Zr
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ = Cr؟ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ = 0.0450 mol
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﻭﻡ = 52.00 g/mol
2
1196.46 g Si .b
= 2.34 g Cr
3
2.03 × 104 g Co .a .15 ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 0.1 molﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ).(g
1.60 g Zn .b .14ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻳﲇ:
3.57 mol .aﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ .Al
42.6 mol .bﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ .Si
.15ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻳﲇ:
3.54 × 102 mol .aﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﻠﺖ .Co
2.45 × 10-2 mol .bﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺻﲔ .Zn
63
دﻓﺘﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
63
5-3
64
ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ
7.64 ×1021
0.0127 2.5gﻣﻦ Au
2.98 × 10 24
4.95 324gﻣﻦ Zn
3.95 × 1023 0.656 7.88gﻣﻦ C
7.53 × 10 24
12.5 794gﻣﻦ Cu
8.75 × 1021 0.0145 0.653gﻣﻦ Sc
3.78 × 10 23
0.628 49.6gﻣﻦ Se
دﻓﺘﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء 1.93 × 1024 3.21 764gﻣﻦ U
:ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ 4.93 × 10 25
81.9 11246.21gﻣﻦ Ba
64
ﺇﻧﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﴍ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ
ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧـﺔ ﳍﺎ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﺑـﺪ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺗﲔ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ .5-4
ﹴ
ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻨﻬـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒـﻼﺩ ﺍﻹﺳـﻜﻨﺪﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺕ ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ Auﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ )ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ،ﺍﻟﻔﻀـﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ( .ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﰲ
ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ 31.1 g؟
25.6 gﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﺪﻳﻮﻡ ،ﻓﻜﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ؟ 1
ﻋﻠﻴـﻚ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺴـﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ .ﻭﻷﻧﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺒـﺎﴍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ،
ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺛﻢ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ.
1mol Sc ﻭﻷﻥ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﻫﻲ ﹸﺳـﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻫﺐ ) .(196.97 g/molﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻌـﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
________ × 25.6g Sc = 0.569 mol Sc ﹸﺳﺪﹾ ﺱ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ﹰﺒﺎ.
44.96g Sc
6.02 × 10 23ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ Sc
____ × 0.569 mol Sc ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ = Au؟ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ = 31.1 g Au
2
3.43 × 10 23ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ = Sc ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ)ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﺑﺠﺮﺍﻣﺎﺗﻪ.
1 molﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ
_______________ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ) = (molﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ )× (Au
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻫﺐ )(g
1 mol Au = 0.158 mol Au
__________ × 31.1 g Au
196.97 g Au
65
65
5-5
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ= 4.00 g/mol He 1022 atomsﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻥ ،ﻓﲈ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ؟
2
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ )ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ 1 molNe 20.18 g Ne
1 molﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ
ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ ) = (molﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ × _________________ _________________× 2.69 × 10 22 atoms Ne_________ ×
6.02 × 10 atoms Ne
23
1mol Ne
6.02 × 1023ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ
= 0.902 g Ne
__ 1mol He
= 5.50 × 10 22ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ × He 5.50× 1022atomsHe
6.02 × 1023ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ He
= 0.0914 mol He
ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ،ﺍﴐﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ )(g
______________
1 mol He
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ) = (gﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ )×(mol
4.00 g He
= 0.0914 mol He ×_________ = 0.366 g He
1 mol He
He0.0914mol
He4.00 gmol
3
ﻋﹸﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ).(g
Hg 3.45 × 1022 .18ﺫﺭﺓ
66
66
.3 Converting the Mass of a Compound to Moles
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ 5.55 gﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﺎ ،ﻓﲈ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ؟
ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻓﱰﺽ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺣﺴـﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛـﺐ ﻭﻭﺟﺪﲥﺎ ،185.0 g/molﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ
ﺃﻋﻂ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﻛﺘﻞ 5-8
ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻻﺕ ،ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ.
ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ .ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﹰ
ﲢﻮﻳـﻼ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ،ﻭﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﺕ ،ﺃﻧﺖ ﺗـﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺟﺮﻳـﺖ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ،ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ. 1 molﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ
ﺩﺍﺋﲈ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﲢﻮﻝ
ﺃﺳـﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺴـﺎﺑﺎﺕ .ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﹰ
= 0.0297 molﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ 5.50 gﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ×
ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ.
ﻭﺍﺳﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺘﻐﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺕ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ 185 g
5-8
ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ 5-8ﻳﺒـﲔ ﺧﻄـﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ .ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺴـﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﺕ ﺑﻚ ،ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ؟ ﺑﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻮﺗـﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳـﻞ ،ﻓﺈﻣﺎ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺛـﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺃﻭ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ
ﻣـﻮﻻﺕ ﺛـﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ .ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺗﲔ ﰲ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ .ﺍﻓﱰﺽ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ
ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ ،55.85g/molﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺻﺎﺹ ،207.2g/mol ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ) Ca(OHﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺛﺎﲏ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ
ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦﻋـﺪﺩ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﲔ ﰲ 1.00 gﻣﻨـﻪ .ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ 2
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ2+ 2+
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ. ﰲ
ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﳌﺤﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ __________ Caﻭ .Mgﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ
_______________ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ
1 mol O
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ،ﻭﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻋﴪ
6.02 × 10ﺟﺰﻱﺀ O 23
× = 1.00 g O × 2 2
ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ 3.71ﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺤﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﰲ 325 gﻣﻨﻪ.
2
31.998 g O 1 mol O 2 2
1.88 × 1022ﺟﺰﻱﺀ =
ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ .
1
5-2
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ
ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ).Ca(OHﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟـ ).Ca(OH ﳌﻮﻝﺇﳚﺎﺩ
ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ(OH
ﻟﺪﻳﻚ 325 gﻣﻦ ) 2
.21 اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ؟
2 2ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔCa
ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ
.22ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭ. ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺣﻠﻮ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ
.23ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺑﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ. ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻋﻨﴫ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺪﺩ ﹼﹰﻳﺎ
.24ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﴫ ﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺫﺭﺍﺗﻪ.
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ) = Ca(OH؟ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ 325 g = Ca(OH) 2
ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ.
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ .25ﻛﺘﻠﺔ 0.25 molﻣﻦ 2
ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ.12- ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﻫـﻲ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﻋـﺪﺩ
ﹴ
ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮ ،ﺛﻢ ﺃﻋﻄﻬﻢ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮ ،ﻭﺗﻌﻴﻴـﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﹴ
ﻣﻮﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ = Ca(OH) 2؟
.26ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻐـﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻛـﱪ ﺑﺤﺴـﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ: ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ.
1.0 molﻣﻦ 3.0 × 10 ،Aﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ 20 g ،Neﻣﻦ .Kr24 r ﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ
ﻛﻴﺴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮ ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺠﺪﻭﺍ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻴﻪﹰ .27ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺴﺐ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﴫ ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ. ﺍﳌـﻮﻻﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺏ 2
.28ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻴـﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ، ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ
)ﻣﻊ ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻍ( ،ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻛﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ،ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ. ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ .Ca(OH) 2
ﻣﻮﻻﺕ.
67
5-3
5-3
Moles of Compounds
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ
ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
.1
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ.
ﲣﻴـﻞ ﺣﻘﻴﺒﺘﲔ ﹸﻓﺤﺼﺘﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺗﺒـﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻗﺪ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﺕ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳـﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ
ﺣـﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﺴـﻤﻮﺡ ﺑـﻪ .ﻭﻷﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺣﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﲆ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺷـﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ
ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﺒﺘﲔ ﻳﻐﲑ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﲈ. ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ.
ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ،ﺍﻋﺮﺽ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﴍﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﺭﻗﻢ )(18
Chemical Formulas and the Mole ﺫﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺟـﺰﻱﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻮﻝ ) ،(4-5ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ
ﺗﻌﻠﻤـﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﺕ ﺗﹸﻌﺪ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ،ﻭﻛﺬﻟـﻚ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﻮﻥ.
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﴫ .ﻭﻟﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ :
ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﲠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ.
ﺗﺬﻛـﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺗﻌـﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ www.obeikaneducation.com
ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ .ﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﻭ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻥ )ﻏﺎﺯ
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻮﻥ( ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ،ﻭﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ CCl 2F 2ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺪﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ
ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰ ﺍ ﻣﻦ CCl 2F 2ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ) (Cﻭﺫﺭﰐ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ)(Cl
ﻭﺫﺭﰐ ﻓﻠﻮﺭ) .(Fﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻣ ﹰﻌﺎ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ،ﺑﻨﺴـﺒﺔ F: Cl: Cﻫﻲ .2:2:1 ﺃﺣﴬ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﻛﺄﺳـﲔ ،ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻋﲆ
ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ،ﺍﻓـﱰﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺪﻳـﻚ ﻣـﻮﻻﹰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰ ﺍ ﻣـﻦ ، CCl 2F 2ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ
ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟـﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ.ﻭﺳـﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ 2: 2: 1ﺑـﲔ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ F:Cl:Cﰲ 342gﻣـﻦ ﺳـﻜﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺋـﺪﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋـﲆ 180gﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻠﻮﻛـﻮﺯ .ﻭﺃﺧﱪ
ﹴ
ﻣـﻮﻝ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﲈ ﻫـﻲ ﰲ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ .ﻭﻳﻮﺿـﺢ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ 5-9ﺩﺭﺯﻥ ﻣﻦ
ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ CCl 2F 2؛ ﺇﺫ ﲢﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﺩﺭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺩﺳـﺘﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺳـﲔ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻛﲈ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻛ ﹼﹰ
ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻮﺭ ،ﻭﺩﺳـﺘﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭ .ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ CCl 2F 2ﻻ ﲤﺜﻞ
ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻮﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ.ﺟﺰﻳﺌﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﺮ ﹰﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ CCl 2F 2ﻓﻘﻂ ،ﺑﻞ ﲤﺜﻞ ﹰ
ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ.
ﺍﺳﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ :ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺳﻴﻦ؟
CCl2F25-9
ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺳﺎﻥ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ.
ﺃﺧﱪ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﺳﻜﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺪﺓ C H O
CCl 2F 2
12 22 11
.2
ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ 5-6ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ،59ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ
ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﺎ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ
ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﹼ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ
ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍ ﹰ
ﹰ ﻓﻠﺰﺍ ﺷﺎﺋ ﹰﻌﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ
ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﹼﹰ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻫﻆ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻦ .ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﺴﺎﻳﺖ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ
1 mol: Hﻣﻦ O ﻣﻦ 4 molﻣﻦ 10 mol : C C4H10O ﺑﻴﻮﺗﺎﻧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﺎ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮ
H 2molﻣﻦ 4 mol: Nﻣﻦ N2H4 ﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻳﺮ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹼ
ﻃﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ .ﻓﻬﻮ ﹸﻳ ﱠ
HCl ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭ ﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ
1molﻣﻦ 1mol: Cuﻣﻦ 4 mol : Sﻣﻦ O CuSO4 ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ II
ﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ 1888ﻡ ،ﺛﻢ ﹸﻳ ﱠ
ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻬﺮ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 9 - 5
68
ﻗـﺪ ﲢﺘـﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺴـﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻣـﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻭﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺇﺣـﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻪ .ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﲈﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﳉﺰﻱﺀ .CCl 2F 2
ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻮﻥ. ﺍﳌﺮﻛـﺐ .ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴـﻂ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻦ ﻳﻤﲔ ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
5-6
ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴـﻮﻡ ) (Al 2O 3ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴـﻤﻰ ﻏﺎﻟ ﹰﺒﺎ ﺃﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﺎ ،ﻫـﻮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺘـﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴـﻮﻡ ) .(Alﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴـﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺭﻧﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﺴﺎﻳﺖ.ﺍﺣﺴـﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣـﻮﻻﺕ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ) (Al3+ﰲ 1.25 molﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ .Al 2O 3
ﺍﺳﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﺭﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺔ .ﺃﺭﺑﻊ .ﻭﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﺭﺟﻞ 1
ﺩﺭﺯﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻂ؟ .48ﻭﻛﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ 200ﺭﺟﻞ؟ ﻟﻘـﺪ ﺃﻋﻄﻴـﺖ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ،Al 2O 3ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺴـﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ .Al3+ﻣﺴـﺘﻌﻤ ﹰ
ﻼ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﲆ
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ Al3+ﻭﻣﻮﻻﺕ .Al 2O 3ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ Al 2O 3ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻮﻟﲔ ﻣﻦ
.50ﻭﻣـﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﺭﺟﻞ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻂ؟ . 2.41×1024ﺛﻢ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ،Al3+ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ .Al 2O 3
ﺍﺳـﺄﻟﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ =؟ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ Al3+ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ 1.25 mol = Al 2O 3
3+
2 mol Al
__________ × 1.25 mol Al 2O 3 = 2.5 mol Al3+
ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﺎ ﻟﺠـﺰﻱﺀ ،CH4ﺛﻢ ﻓﻜﻜﻪ ﻭﺍﺳـﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ: ﺍﺻﻨـﻊ
1mol Al 2O 3
ﹰ 3
ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ Al3+ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ،Al 2O 3ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ.
ﻣـﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻓـﻲ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ؟
69
ﺛﻢ ﺍﺳـﺄﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴـﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻝ
ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ.
4(6.02×1023) = 2.41×1024
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ. ﻃﺮاﺋﻖ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ
ﺍﻛﺘـﺐ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺴـﺒﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻴـﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ
ﳛﺘـﻮﻱ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﻋـﲆ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ ،ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟـﲔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﲔ.
ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﺑـ :ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ،
ﺍﳍﻴﲈﺗﻴـﺖ ﻫـﻮ ﻣﻌـﺪﻥ ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳـﺪ ).(III ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ،ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ،ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﺣﺴـﺐ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺴـﻴﺪ O2-ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ 6.25mol ﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﲔ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻛﺴـﺠﲔ ،ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﲔ ،ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ
ﻣـﻦ Fe2O3 ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟـﲔ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺣـﲔ ،ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟـﲔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ
ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ.
3 molﻣﻦ O ﺳـﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻋﲆ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ،ﻭﲨﻊ ﻛﺘـﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ
ﻣﻦ × Fe 2O 3 = 6.25 mol
1 molﻣﻦ F e 2O 3 ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
18.8molﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕO2-
69
5-10
.29ﻳﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳـﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺻـﲔ ZnCl 2ﺑﻮﺻﻔـﻪ ﺳـﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﳊـﺎﻡ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻓﻠﺰﻳـﻦ ﻣ ﹰﻌﺎ،
ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ Cl -ﰲ 2.50 molﻣﻦ .ZnCl 2
ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ
ﹰ .30ﺗﻌﺘﻤـﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﻋـﲆ ﺳـﻜﺮ ﺍﳉﻠﻮﻛـﻮﺯ C 6H 12O6ﺑﻮﺻﻔـﻪ
ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ .ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﰲ 1.25 molﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ.
.31ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ 3.00 molﻣﻦ .Fe 2(SO 4) 3 5.00 mol Cl- .29
.29ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ 5.00 molﻣﻦ P 2O 5؟
1
.30ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﰲ 1.15 × 10 molﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ. 7.50 mol C .30؛ 15.0 mo1 H؛ 7.50 mol O
9.00 mol So42- .31
The Molar Mass of Compounds
ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﻣـﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺗﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻛﺘﻞ ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ. 25.0 mol O .32
ﺍﻓﱰﺽ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ) ،(K 2CrO 4ﺍﺑﺪﺃ
ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﰲ ،K 2CrO 4ﺛﻢ ﺍﴐﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ 23.0 mo1 H .33
ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﺛﻢ ﺍﲨﻊ ﻛﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺼﻞ K2CrO4
ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ .K 2CrO 4
39.10 g K
2 mol K × ________ = 78.20 g
1 mol K
52.0 g Cr
1 mol Cr × _______ = 52.0 g
1 mol Cr
16.0 g O
4 mol O × _______ = 64.0 g
ﺃﻋﻂ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺻﻴﻐـﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ
1 mol O
110.98 g/mol.b
98.14 g/mol.c
70
Converting Moles of a Compound to Mass
ﹴ
ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺎ ،ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺴـﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺇﳚـﺎﺩ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﻣـﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻟﻌﻤـﻞ
ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣـﺎﺕ ﻣـﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌـﻮﻻﺕ ،ﺛﻢ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺰﺍﻥ .ﻓﻔـﻲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ 5-2
ﳌﺴـﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺟﺎﺑـﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺖ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ.
ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ.
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﻔﺴـﻬﺎ ،ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﴏ 5-7
ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴـﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻛـﺐ .(C 3H 5) 2Sﻓﲈ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ 2.50 mol
ﻣﻘﺮﺑـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺘـﲔ ﻋﴩﻳﺘﲔ ،ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﹰ
ﺃﻳﻀـﺎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ (C 3H 5) 2S؟
1 mol C
12.008 g H
10 mol H × __________ =10.08 g H HH
1 mol H
= 32.07 g + 72.06 g +10.08 g = 114.21 g/mol (C 3H 5) 2S
ﺃﻋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻋﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ )ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻻﺕ.
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ (C 3H 5) 2S
ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﳍﺎ . .37ﻣﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ 3.25 molﻣﻦ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﻚ H 2SO 4؟
.38ﻣﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ 4.35 ×10 -2 molﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺻﲔ ZnCl 2؟
.39ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﱪﻣﻨﺠﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ،ﺛﻢ ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ 2.55 molﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ.
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Converting the Mass of a Compound to Moles
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ 5.55 gﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﺎ ،ﻓﲈ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ؟
ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻓﱰﺽ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺣﺴـﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛـﺐ ﻭﻭﺟﺪﲥﺎ ،185.0 g/molﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ
ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻻﺕ ،ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ. ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ 0.200 molﻣﻦ
1 molﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ
= 0.0297 molﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ
185 gﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ
5.50 gﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ × ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ،ﻭ 0.100 molﻣﻦ ﻧﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴــﻮﻡ ،ﻭ
5-8
ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ Ca(OH) 2ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺛﺎﲏ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ
0.250 molﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ.
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ،ﻭﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻋﴪ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ Ca2+ﻭ .Mg2+ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ 11.7gﻣﻦ 10.0g ،NaClﻣﻦ 9.12g ، KNO3ﻣﻦ HCl
ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﰲ 325 gﻣﻨﻪ.
1
ﻟﺪﻳﻚ 325 gﻣﻦ Ca(OH) 2ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ .Ca(OH) 2ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟـ .Ca(OH) 2
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ = Ca(OH) 2؟ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ 325 g = Ca(OH) 2
ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ = Ca(OH) 2؟ ﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴـﻮﻡ [TiO 2] IVﻛﺼﺒﻐـﺔ
2
ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ .Ca(OH) 2 ﺑﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻟﻄﻼﺀ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ .ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ
40.08 g Ca
دﻓﺘﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺗﻔﺤﺺ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ
ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﲆ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻀـﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﺿﺔ )ﺍﺧﱰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﲢﺘـﻮﻱ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴـﻴﻮﻡ( .ﻭﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴـﺠﻠﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺩﻓﺎﺗـﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎﺀ ﲨﻴـﻊ
ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺒﻬـﺎ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ،ﺛﻢ ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﻣﻮﻻﺕ
ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﹰ
ﺃﻳﻀﺎ .
72
ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺗﻀﻤـﲔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ
اﻟﻤﻄﻮﻳﺎت
اﻟﻤﻄﻮﻳﺎت Converting the Mass of a Compound to Number of particles
ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻄﻮﻳﺘﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﹼ
ﺍﻟﻘﺴـﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻄﻮﻳﺎﲥـﻢ. ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ. ﺗﻌﺮﻓـﺖ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﳌـﻮﻻﺕ ﰲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ.ﺍﻵﻥ ﺳـﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﻌﻠـﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ
ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ– ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ -ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ.
ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﳍﺎ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﺑﺪ
ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﴍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﺕ ﹼ
ﺃﻥ ﲢـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻄـﺎﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌـﻮﻻﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟـﴬﺏ ﰲ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ
ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴـﺔ .ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨـﻚ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌـﻮﻻﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺟﺴـﻴﲈﺕ ﺑﺎﻟـﴬﺏ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ
ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ .ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺳﻮﻑ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ
ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﲆ
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ 5-9ﻳﺒﲔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ.
،355gﺍﻛﺘـﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴـﺔ ﻟﺴـﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺴـﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﻋـﲆ .aﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
.bﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺴـﺒﻮﺭﺓ ،C12H22O11 :ﻭﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ .cﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ.
42.7 gﻓﺎﺣﺴـﺐ:
3 mol Cl × ________ = 106.35 g Cl Cl
1 mol Cl
= 26.98 g +106.35 g =133.33 g/mol AlCl 3
.aﻋـﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ. ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ)ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ.
ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ 0.711 mol] SiO2ﻣﻦ ،[SiO2ﺛﻢ ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ SiO2ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ] 4.28 × 1023 moleculesﻣﻦ ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﰲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻋﺪﺩ
.[SiO2ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ = Si ﺃﭬﻮﺟـﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺑـﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳـﺮ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺫﻟـﻚ .ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﻮﻓـﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ
__ × 4.28 × 10 23 molecules SiO 2
1 atom Si ﺍﳌﺆﻳـﺪﺓ ﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺃﭬﻮﺟـﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺷـﱰﻙ ﻋﻠﲈﺀ
1 SiO 2
= 4.28 × 10 23 atoms Si ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ:
__ × 4.28 × 10 23 molecules SiO 2
2 atoms O
1 SiO 2
.b ﺭﻭﺑـﺮﺕ ﺑـﺮﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺟـﲔ ﺑﺎﺑﺘﺴـﺖ ﺑـﲑﻥ ،ﺃﻟـﱪﺕ ﺁﻳﻨﺸـﺘﺎﻳﻦ،
= 8.56 × 10 atoms O
23
73
__ 1mol AlCl 3
ﹺ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ = AlCl 3ﻛﺘﻠﺔ × AlCl 3
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟـ AlCl 3
1 mol AlCl 3
___________ × 35.6 g AlCl 3 = 0.267 mol AlCl 3
133.33 g AlCl 3 AlCl3
6.02×10ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ 23
__ × = 0.276 mol AlCl 3
1 mol AlCl 3
دﻓﺘﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
:ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﺮﻱ ﻋﻦ ﺳـﻌﺮ ﺟﺎﻟﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻭﻟﲔ ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻌﺮ ﰲ ﺩﻓﱰ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ،.ﺛﻢ ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ
ﻛﻴﺴـﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻜﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺒﻦ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ
ﺃﺧﱪ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﹰ
ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ : 5-3
ﻋـﲆ 0.5600gﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ
(1ﳛﺘـﻮﻱ ﺟﺎﻟـﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻭﻟﲔ ﻋﲆ 3.78 Lﻭﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘـﻪ .0.700 g/mLﻓﲈ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﻣـﻮﻻﺕ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳـﻮﻡ ،ﻭﻋـﺪﺩ ﻭﺣـﺪﺍﺕ ﺻﻴﻐـﺔ
ﺟﺎﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻭﻟﲔ؟ 2650 g ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳـﻮﻡ ،ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ .
(2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺯﻭﻟـﲔ ،C8H18ﻓـﲈ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﻣـﻮﻻﺕ
0.009582molﻣﻦNaCl
ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻭﻟﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ؟ 23.2 mol
5.769 × 1021ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻦNaCl
(3ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻟﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻭﻟﲔ؟
5.769 × 1021ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦNa
C1.12 × 1026
(4ﻣﺎ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ )ﺳـﻌﺮ( ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻭﻟﲔ؟ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﻋﲆ ﺳـﻌﺮ
ﺍﳉﺎﻟﻮﻥ.
(5ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺷﱰﻳﺖ ﺟﺎﺯﻭﻟﲔ ﺑﻤﺒﻠﻎ 38.0ﺭﻳﺎ ﹰ
ﻻ ،ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻭﻟﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻭﺿﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ؟ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﲆ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﳉﺎﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ.
74
.3
5-11
ﻣﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ
1 molﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ
ﻣﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ
1 molﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴـﻜﺮ )ﺍﻟﺴـﻜﺮﻭﺯ
)342.3 g/mol (C12H22O11 1 mol
ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ
6.02 × 1023ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ
1 mol
ﺍﻟﺴـﺒﻮﺭﺓ .ﻭﺍﺳـﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻋﻦ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﻣـﻮﻻﺕ ﻛﻞ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﻮﻥ .50ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ O ،C ،Kﰲ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ K 2C 2O 4؟ ﹸﲢﺴـﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏﻓﻴﻪ.
ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ. .51ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﱪﻭﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ .MgBr 2
ﺗﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ
.52ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ Ca 2+ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ 1000 mgﻣﻦ CaCO 3؟
ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ
1mol:NaClﻣﻦ 1mol، Na+ﻣﻦ Cl- ﺭﺳﲈ ﺑﻴﺎﻧ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ 500 g
.53ﹰ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻭﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ.
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻳﻮﻛﺴﲔ) (C 12H 4Cl 4O 2ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻤ ﹼﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺳﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ )ﺳﻜﺮﻭﺯ(
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺒﻮﺓ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ 6.63 mol . 2270gﺳﻜﺮﻭﺯ .ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ
ﺃﻳﻀـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﻢ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﺤﻠـﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻀﻠـﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻟﺤﺴـﺎﺏ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴـﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ .ﺳﺘﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎ ﹰﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮ .
5-3
4 mol O 2 mol C 2mol K .50 .47ﺍﴐﺏ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﰲ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ
184.113g / mol .51 ﺇﱃ ﻣـﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ .ﻭﺍﲨـﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ.
0.01 mol .52ﻣﻦ Ca2+
1 mol ، g .48
.53ﳚـﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺭﺳـﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤـﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ g 1 mol
ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: ﺣـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ،ﺍﴐﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﰲ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ
.49ﹼ
3.2 mol O ، 6.4 mol Cl ، 6.4 mol C ، 19.2 mol C ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻣـﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ،ﺛـﻢ ﺍﴐﺏ ﰲ ﻋـﺪﺩ
ﺃﭬﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ.
75
5-4
5-4
ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﻲ
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ.
.1
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺘـﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛـﺐ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴـﺐ
ﻟﻌﻠﻚ ﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﺒـﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﴩﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌـﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘـﻞ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴـﺔ
ﲢﺪﺩ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ )ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ،ﻣﻠﻌﻘﺔ (...،g ، ml ،ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ.
ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒﺔ؟
Percent Composition
ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ،ﺍﻋﺮﺽ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﴍﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﺭﻗﻢ )(19
ﻏﺎﻟ ﹰﺒـﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺸـﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﻴـﺔ ،ﻛـﲈ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ،5-12ﻓﺒﻌـﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﻲ )ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﴬ
ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨـﴫ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴـﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ.
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻮﻝ ) ،(4-5ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ
ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ :
ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﺓ( ﺑﺘﺤﻀﲑﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـﲇ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ
ﻟﻴﻘﺪﻡ ﺩﻟﻴ ﹰ
ﻼ ﻋﻤﻠ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ ﻭﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
ﺇﻥ ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﲇ ﻫﻲ ﲢﺪﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﳛﻮﳞﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ،ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺴـﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ www.obeikaneducation.com
ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ .ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻴـﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﻨﻴـﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﺘﻞ
ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺃﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ. ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ
.2
ﻃﺮاﺋﻖ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ
ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺇﳚـﺎﺩ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﻛﻴـﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺸـﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ
ﻛﺘﺐ ﺟﻮﻝ ﺱ .ﺛﻮﻣﺒﺴـﻮﻥ ،ﰲ "ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﺑﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ"، ﺗﺴـﺨﻴﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﻭﻳﻒ ﻭﺑﻌـﺪﻩ .ﲢﺬﻳﺮ :ﻻ ﺗﺪﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻳﻔﺘﺤﻮﺍ
ﻛﻠﲈﺕ ﻻﺳـﺘﻌﲈﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴـﺲ ﻣﺒـﺎﴍﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺟـﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺳـﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺳـﺎﺧﻨﹰﺎ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌـﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻗﺴـﻢ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﺻﻐـﺮ ﺛﻢ ﺍﴐﺏ ﺟﺪﹼﹰ ﺍ ،ﺛﻢ ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﲆ
ﻟﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ. ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ .
ﺃﻋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :ﻓﺴﻔﻮﺭ ،43.6 %ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ 56.4 %
ﺛﻢ ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ43.6% P = 43.6 g P; 56.4% O = 56.4 g O
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ43.6 g P = 1.41 mol P; 56.4 g O = 3.52 mol O
ﺍﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ1.41 mol P/1.41 mol = 1 P; 3.52 mol O/1.41 mol = 2.5 O
ﺍﴐﺏ ﻟﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ2(1 P) = 2 P; 2(2.5 O) = 5 O;
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ P2O5
76
ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺌﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ
ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ .100
55 gﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ x
× 55% = 100ﻣﻦ x ____________
100 gﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ
y 45 gﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ
____________ × 45% = 100ﻣﻦ y
100 gﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ
ﻭﳍـﺬﺍ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ 55%ﻣﻦ Xﻭ 45%ﻣﻦ .Yﻭﺗﹸﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺐ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ.
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻜﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ. ﻣﻨﻬﲈ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻗﺲ ﺛﻢ ﻋﻠﻚ، ﻗﻄﻌﺘﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺃﺯﻝ .2
.2ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍ ﹸﳌﺤ ﹼﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻜﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﺳﺠﻠﻬﺎ.
77
5-10
ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ ﻟﺜﺎﲏ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ .CO 2
1
ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ .ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻓﱰﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﻻﹰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰ ﺍ ﻣﻦ .CO 2ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ
ﻭﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ. ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳـﺔ ﻟﻜﺘـﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﺎﴏ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠـﺔ ﰲ
ﻧﺴﺒﺔ = C؟ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ = CO 2 ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴـﲔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤـﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺻﻴﻐﺘـﻪ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴـﺔ ﻫـﻲ
ﻧﺴﺒﺔ = O؟
2 . C 8H 10N 4O 2
ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﻓﻴﻪ.
96.08g: C8H10N4O2ﻣﻦ10.08g ،C ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴـﺔ
12.01 g C
1mol C × _ = 12.01 g C
1 mol C
3
ﻷﻥ ﲨﻴـﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺐ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺻﺤﻴﺤـﺔ .ﻭﻟﻮﺃﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﺑﻌﲔ
ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺧﻄﺄ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ 100%ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ.
ﻋﺮض ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ
78
SO3 Empirical Formula
100.00%
ﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﹸﻳﻌـﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴـﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌـﻮﻱ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻣـﺎ ،ﻓﺈﻧـﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ،
ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳـﺪ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﳌـﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﺎﴏ ﻓﻴﻪ .ﻭﲤﺜﻞ
O S
(1ﺍﻓـﱰﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺗﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ،100 gﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ 59.95% 40.05% ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺃﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﺎﴏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ .ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ
ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳـﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﺎﴏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ.
ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺐ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﺘـﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﻣﺴـﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻗـﺪ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴـﺔ ﻧﻔﺴـﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﻬـﺎ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ
ﺩﺍﺋـﲈ ﻣﻀﺎﻋ ﹰﻔﺎ ﺑﺴـﻴ ﹰﻄﺎ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﻐﺔ
ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ
ﱠ
ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔـﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺘـﺎﻥ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺳـﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ. ﻼ ﻟﻔﻮﻕ ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟـﲔ ،HOﻭﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ .ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜ ﹰ
ﻫـﻲ .H 2O 2ﻻﺣـﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻫـﻲ 1:1ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺘﲔ.
ﺣـﻮﻝ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨـﴫ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺴـﺘﻌﻤ ﹰ
ﻼ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ (2ﹼ
O
59.95g
S
40.05g
ﻭﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴـﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌـﻮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺘـﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﺎﴏ ﰲ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﳏـﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ
ﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻋﻄﻴـﺖ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴـﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌـﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺮﻛـﺐ ﳊﺴـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ .ﻓﻤﺜـ ﹰ
ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ. ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛـﺐ ،ﻭﻣـﻊ ﺍﻓـﱰﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛـﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴـﺔ ،100.00 gﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ
ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﺗﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ،ﻛﲈ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ،5-13ﺣﻴﺚ
(3ﺍﻗﺴﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ. ﻛﻞ 100 gﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ 40.05%ﻣـﻦ Sﻭ 59.95%ﻣﻦ ،Oﺃﻱ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ
100.00 gSO
5-13
3
ﻋﲆ 40.05 gﻣﻦ Sﻭ 59.95 gﻣﻦ .Oﺛﻢ ﲢﻮﻝ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ.
(4ﺍﴐﺏ ﰲ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺼـﻮﻝ ﻋـﲆ ﺇﺟﺎﺑـﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻋـﺪﺍﺩ 100g
1 mol S
_______ × 40.05 g S = 1.249 mol S
32.07 g S
ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ.
1 mol O
________ × 59.95 g O = 3.747 mol O
16.00 g O
ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ Sﺇﱃ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ Oﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻫﻲ .1.249: 3.747ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ
(5ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻋـﺪﺍ ﹰﺩﺍ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﲈﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ،
ﻟـﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ،ﻭﳉﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﺪﺍ ﹰﺩﺍ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ،ﺍﻗﺴـﻢ
ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﴏ. ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘـﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﱪﻳﺖ ) ،(1.249ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻐﲑ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫﻳﻦ ﻷﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﲈ ﺳﻴﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ.
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺑﺴـﻂ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳـﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﳌـﻮﻻﺕ Sﺇﱃ Oﻫﻲ .3:1ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ
ﺃﻋﻂ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ،ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻃﻼﺏ ،ﺻﻨﺪﻭ ﹰﻗﺎ ﹺ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻫﻲ .SO 3ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ،ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺴـﻤﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺔ
ﹾ
ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺤـﺔ .ﻭﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﳚﺐ ﴐﺏ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ
ﻳﺤﺘـﻮﻱ ﺃﻋـﺪﺍ ﹰﺩﺍ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺧﺸـﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ،ﻣﻊ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ ،ﻛﲈ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ .5-11
ﹰ ﺭﻗﻢ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﺪ ﹰﺩﺍ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ 1 : 2ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﳊﺴـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ
ﺃﺧﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ 79
ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ
ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻄﺎﻁ
79
5-11
ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ 48.64 %ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ،ﻭ 8.16 %ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ،
ﻭ 43.20 %ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ.
1
ﻟﻘـﺪ ﺃﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌـﻮﻱ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻴﻐﺘـﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻓﱰﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺐ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻴﻨﲈﻟﺪﻫﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ:
ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ،ﻭﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﻛﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏﰲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ،100 gﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ) (gﳏﻞ ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ،ﺛﻢ ﹼ
ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ. 81.79%ﻣﻦ 6.10% ، Cﻣﻦ 12.11% ، Hﻣﻦ . O
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ = ؟ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟـ 48.64% = C ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺰﻱﺀ؟
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟـ 8.16% = H
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟـ 43.20% = O
2 6.05 mol C, 0.757 mol H, 6.81 mol C,
ﺣﻮﻝ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ )ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ : ﹼ
1 mol C
________ × 48.64 g C = 4.050 mol C C: 6.81 mol C/0.757 mol = 9
12.01 g C
1 mol H
________ × 8.16 g H
1.008 g H
= 8.10 mol H H: 6.05 mol H/0.757 mol = 8
1 mol O
________ × 43.20 g O
O: 0.757 mol O/0.757 mol = 1
= 2.70 mol O
16.00 g O
ﺇﺫﻥ ،ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺴـﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻫﻲ ،(2.700 mol O) : (8.10 mol H) :(4.05 mol C) :ﺛﻢ ﺍﺣﺴـﺐ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ).(2.700 ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ C9H8O
4.050 mol C
__________ 2.700C
2.700
= 1.5 mol C
8.10 mol H
_________ 2.700H
2.700
= 3 mol H
2.700 mol O
__________ 2.700O
2.700
= 1mol O
ﺛﻢ ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﺀ ،ﻭﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ
ﺃﺑﺴـﻂ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳـﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ .ﺛﻢ ﺍﺳـﺄﻟﻬﻢ ﻫﻞ ﺗﻤ ﹼﺜـﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ
ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﹼـﺐ ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ ﺃﻡ ﻻ؟ ﻳﺘﻌﻴـﻦ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ
ﻧﺴـﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﹼﺒﺎﺕ
CE DF AE
G ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ،
A
B
H
F AC ﻭﻗﺲ
BGI BﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻧـﺰH
CDﻗﻄﻌﺔDEFJﻣﻦ J CDEKI
L EF ﺃﺣﻀﺮ
G
M NL
K FH
G G
H
M
OI HP NJI
OJIK PJKL K L N
M M
L N
O N
M O
P O P P
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .
ﺛﻢ ﺃﺧﺪﺷـﻬﺎ ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺻﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ 6.0M
ﻣـﻦ HCIﻭﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺻﻴﻦ ﻣـﻊ ﺣﻤﺾ
ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ . HCl
ﲢﺬﻳﺮ :ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺃﺑﺨﺮﺓ HCl 6.0Mﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻒ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ
ﺣﺮﻭ ﹰﻗـﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺪ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺸـﺎﻗﻬﺎ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺴـﻜﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ
ﻓﺎﻏﺴـﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑـﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺠﻮﻥ ﺻﻮﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺰ.
ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺃﺧﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺑﻤﻠﻘﻂ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻏﺴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ
ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺛﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ،ﻭﺩﻋﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﲡﻒ ،ﺛﻢ ﻗﺲ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ
ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺻﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺐ( ،ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺏ
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻲ .ﺛﻢ ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺻﲔ.
ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ :ﺧ ﹼﻔﻒ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﺛﻢ
ﺍﺳﻜﺐ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻐﺴﻠﺔ.
ﺳﺘﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ
80
.58ﻳﻤﺜـﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳـﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﲏ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋـﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ ﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﺯﺭﻗـﺎﺀ .ﻓﲈ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ
N
36.84%
ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ؟
O
.60ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺑـﺎﻥ ﻫـﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ.
Al2S3 .59 ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ 81.82%ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭ 18.18%ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ،ﻓﲈ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ؟
.61ﺍﻷﺳـﱪﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻻﹰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ،ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣـﻦ 60.00%ﻛﺮﺑـﻮﻥ ،ﻭ 4.44%ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ،
C3H8 .60 ﻭ 35.56%ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ .ﻓﲈ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ؟
ﺍﻷﺳـﺘﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳـﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺳـﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﺬﺭﺍﺗـﻪ .ﻭﻳﻠﺠـﺄ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﲈﺀ ﺇﱃ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳـﺪ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ،ﻭﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﲇ ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﰲ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻳﺒﲔ
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺬﻳﺐ .ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﹼﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ 92.25% ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 5-14ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﻴﻠﲔ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ .ﻓﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﻴﻠﲔ
ﻼ ﳍﲈ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ) (CHﻧﻔﺴـﻬﺎ، ﻭﺳـﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳـﻦ ﻣﺜ ﹰ
ﻣـﻦ ،Cﻭ7.75%ﻣـﻦ H؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ،ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﲈ ﳜﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﲤﺎ ﹰﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ.
) .(CHﺛﻢ ﺍﺳﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ 5-14
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﻴﻠﲔ ﰲ ﳊﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ
ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔﳌﺮﻛﺐﳚﺐﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ .ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﻴﻠﲔ ﻣﺜ ﹰ
ﻼ ﻫﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ .ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ(. ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺎﺣﺐ ،26.04 g/ molﻭﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﺻﻴﻐﺘـﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ) (CHﻫﻲ .13.02g/ molﺇﻥ ﻗﺴـﻤﺔ
ﺍﺣﱰﺍﻗﻪ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ. ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﻴﻠﲔ ﺿﻌﻒ
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
ﻫـﻞ ﺗﺘﺴـﺎﻭ ﻛﺘﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﻴﻐﻬﻤـﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ؟ ﻻ، 26.04 g/mol ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﻴﻠﲔ
________________ = __________ = 2.00
ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﺍﺳـﺄﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ
13.02 g/mol ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ )(CH
ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﻴﻠﲔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ ﳚﺐ
) (CHﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﺑﻨﺰﻳـﻦ (6) .ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﲡﺮﻳﺒ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ ) (78.12 g/molﺑﻜﺘﻠﺔ
ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ 78.12 g/mol .ﺛـﻢ ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ
ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ 13.02 g/mol .ﻭﻗﺴـﻤﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﻝ
78.12 g/mol
________________ = __________ = 6.00
13.02 g/mol ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ )(CH
ﻟـﺬﺍ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺰﻳـﻦ ﳚـﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲤﺜـﻞ ﺳـﺘﺔ ﺃﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ
ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ . (6).CH ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ .ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴـﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳـﺘﻴﻠﲔ
81
اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ
ﻳﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻬﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺴـﻴﻚ ﻭﺃﺳـﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﺎﻳﻼﻧﺪ
ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳـﻜﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻭﺻﻔـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ.
ﺗﺘﻤﺘـﻊ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠـﺪﺍﻥ ﲨﻴﻌﻬـﺎ ﺑﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺣـﺎﺭ ﻭﳚﻌﻠـﻚ ﻃﻌﺎﻣﻬـﺎ ﺗﺘﺼﺒﺐ
ﻋﺮ ﹰﻗـﺎ .ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﺨـﺮ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﻕ ﻳﺄﺧـﺬ ﺍﳊـﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴـﻢ ﳑـﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻚ
ﺗﺸـﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻭﺩﺓ .ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﺴﻴﺴـﻴﻨﻮﻳﺪ ،Capsaicinoids
ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﺴـﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔﻞ ،ﺑﺈﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨـﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴـﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔﻞ .ﻳﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏـﺮﺍﰲ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯﻱ ﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔﻞ .ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺳـﻜﻮﭬﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔـﻞ .ﺗـﱰﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺳـﻜﻮﭬﻴﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻔـﺮ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﻔﻞ ﺍﳊﻠﻮ ﺇﱃ
300000ﻟﻠﻔﻠﻔﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺭ.
81
ﻫﻲ C 2H 2ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﻫﻲ .C 6H 6
ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﴬﻭﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ )ﻥ(.
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ = ﻥ )ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ(
ﺣﻴـﺚ )ﻥ( ﲤﺜـﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﻞ ) 6ﰲ ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳـﻦ( ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﺗﴬﺏ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺴـﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺟـﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺘﺎﺋـﺞ ﻧﺸـﺎﻃﺎﺕ
ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ.
ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ 5-15ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺑﺪ ﹰﺀﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺘـﲔ 80 79ﻭﺃﺧﱪﻫـﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻨـﺪﻭﻕ ﻳﻤﺜﹼـﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﹰـﺎ
ﳐﺘﻠ ﹰﻔـﺎ ،ﺛـﻢ ﺍﺳـﺄﳍﻢ ﹶ
ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ.
ﺑـﻢ ﺗﺘﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﲨﻴﻌﻬـﺎ؟ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ
5-15
ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟﻜـﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐـﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒـﲑﺓ )ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ( ﻫـﻲ 1 :2ﹶ
ﻭﺑـﻢ
ﺗﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺩﻳـﻖ؟ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ .ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 5 - 13
82
82
5-12
ﻳﺸـﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋـﻲ ﳊﻤﺾ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺴـﻨﻴﻚ )ﺑﻴﻮﺗﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻳﻮﻳﻚ(
ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧـﻪ ﻳﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ 40.68%ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ،ﻭ 5.08%ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ،ﻭ 54.24%ﺃﻛﺴـﺠﲔ ،ﻭﻟﻪ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺔ .118.1g/molﺣﺪﺩ
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ.
ﺣﺪﹼ ﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺘﻴــﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴــﺔ ﳌــﺎﺩﺓ 1
ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜـــﻮﺗﻴــﻦ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤــﺖ ﺃﳖـــﺎ ﲢﺘـــﻮﻱ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ ﳊﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺴـﻨﻴﻚ .ﺍﻓﱰﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﺑـ 100 gﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﺎﺓ ) (118.1 g/molﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻥ .
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ = ؟ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟـ 40.68% = C
ﻭﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ 162.2g/mol ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ= ؟ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟـ 5.08% = H
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟـ 54.24% = O
ﻓﺈﻥ )ﻥ( = )ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻴﻜﻮﺗﲔ()/ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ( 2 × 1 mol O = 2 mol O 2O
ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﻫﻲ ،2 : 3 : 2ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ .C 2H 3O 2
= (162.26 g/mol )/(81.12g/mol) =2
ﺟﻢ /ﻣﻮﻝ ﻝ
= C10H14N2 83
ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﲢﺪﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜـﲑ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳـﺔ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ
26.7%ﻣﻦ 12.1% ، Pﻣﻦ 61.2% ،Nﻣﻦ Cl ﺍﻟﺪﳚﻮﻛﺴـﲔ ،digoxinﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﻨـﲔ ،quinineﻭﺍﻟﺪﳚﻴﺘﺎﻟﻴـﺲ
ﻭﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ P6N6Cl12PNCl2:695 g/mol
،digitalisﻭﺍﻹﻓﻴﺪﺭﻳﻦ ephedrineﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ .ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ
ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋـﻦ ﺇﺣﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﺸـﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ
ﲨﻴﻌﺎ .
ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﹰ
83
.3
1.008 g H
3 mol H × ________ = 3.024 g H
1 mol H
16.00 g O
2 mol O × ________ = 32.00 g O
1 mol O
= 32.0 g + 3.024 g + 24.02 g = 59.04 g /molﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟـ C 2H 3O 2
ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻥ ﺍﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺴﻨﻴﻚ ﻋﲆ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺴﻨﻴﻚ
118.1 g/mol
__________ _____________________ ﻥ=
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﻛﹼﺒﺎﺕ
= 2.000 =
59.04 g/mol ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ C 2H 3O 2
ﺍﴐﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ 2ﻟﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ = C 4H 6O 4 = (C 2H 3O 2) × 2 ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ،ﻋﲆ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ
3
ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺻﻠﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﲡﺮﻳﺒ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ.
ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﲥﻢ .
5-13
ﹸﻳﻌﺪﹼ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻹﳌﻨﻴﺖ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮﻡ .ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ
ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﳖﺎ ﲢﻮﻱ 5.41 gﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ،ﻭ 4.64 gﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮﻡ ،ﻭ 4.65 gﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ .ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ.
1
ﺣـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ
ﻟﺪﻳـﻚ ﻛﺘـﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ.ﻟﺬﺍ ﹼ
ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ،ﺛﻢ ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ.
ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ .
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ = ؟ ﻛﺘـﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ 5.41 g = Fe
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴـﻮﻡ 4.64 g = Ti
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ 4.65 g = O
2
ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﴬﺏ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ -ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ. ﺣﻔـﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻹﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ
ﹼ
1 mol Fe
________ × 5.41 g Fe
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ .
= 0.0969 mol Fe
55.85 g Fe
1 mol Ti
________ × 4.64 g Ti = 0.0969 mol Ti
47.88 g Ti
1 mol O
________ × 4.65 g O = 0.291 mol O
16.00 g O
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻹﳌﻨﻴﺖ ﻫﻲ (0.291 mol O) : (0.0969 mol Ti) :(0.0969 mol Fe) :ﻓﺎﻗﺴﻢ ﻛﻞ
ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ) (0.0969ﻟﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺃﺑﺴـﻂ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ). (3 mol O): (1mol Ti) :(1mol Feﻭﻷﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ،ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ .ﻳﺒـﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋـﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﻛـﺐ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ
ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﳌﻨﻴﺖ ﻫﻲ .FeTiO 3
ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﰲ ﻗﴫ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﱰﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ 13.79gﻣﻦ ،Na ﹰ
84
.O 9.6g، Cl 21.27g
ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﻤﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ
ﻣﻄﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ،ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺑـﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ،
ﻭﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﲈﻟﻪ ،ﻋﲆ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ
ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﳛﺼﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ .
84
3
C6H6O2 .65
C
65.45%
O
ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺠﺎﻭﺭ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ
29.09%
،110.0 g/molﻓﲈ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ؟
C17H19O3N .66
.66ﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺴـﻜﱢﻦ ﺍﻵﻻﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ )ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ( ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ
ﻧﻴﱰﻭﺟﲔ ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ .ﻓﲈ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺭﻓﲔ؟
1.228 4.225 1.680 17.900 ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ )(g
5-4
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺧـﱪﻙ ﺃﺣـﺪ ﺯﻣﻼﺋـﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋـﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴـﺔ ﺗﺒـﲔ .67 اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴـﺔ ﳌﺮﻛـﺐ ﺗﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ 2.5ﻣﺮﺓ ،ﻓﻬـﻞ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻪ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨـﴫ
ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴـﺨﻴﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺟﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﱰﻭﺟﲔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ؟ ﻓﴪﺫﻟﻚ.
.68ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ،174.86 g Fe ، ﺗﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﴫ ﺇﱃ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﻲ ﻣﻜﻮ ﹰﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﱰﺍﻳﺪ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺪﻳـﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻞ ﻭ .75.14 g Oﻓﲈ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ؟ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ.
.69ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻋﲆ ،0.545 g Alﻭ .0.485 g Oﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﲤﺜـﻞ ﺍﻷﺭﻗـﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ
ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ؟ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﻴﺪ؟ ﺃﺻـﻐﺮ ﻧﺴـﺒـﺔ ﻋـﺪﺩﻳـﺔ ﺻـﺤﻴﺤﺔ
ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺮﺗﺒـﻂ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ ﳌﺮﻛـﺐ ﺑﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﰲ
.70 ﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ.
ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ؟
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻔﻨﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ = 15.05g
ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﲇ
ﻛﻴﻒ ﲡﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ؟
.71 ﻟﻠـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨـﴫ ﰲ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ
.72ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﻛـﺐ ﻫﻲ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ،ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ.
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻔﻨﺔ +ﴍﻳﻂ 17.45g = Mg
ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ؟
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴـﺔ ﻫـﻲ ﻣﻀﺎﻋـﻒ
.73ﺍﳍﻴﲈﺗﻴـﺖ ) (Fe 2O 3ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺟﻨﺘﻴـﺖ ) (Fe 3O 4ﺧﺎﻣـﺎﻥ ﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻨﻬـﲈ
ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ .ﻓﺄﳞﲈ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻋﲆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﺟﺮﺍﻡ؟
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻔﻨﺔ +ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ = 18.37g
85
Mg3N2
5-4
ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ .67ﻻ ،ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ
ﻟﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ. ﺃﻋﺪﺍ ﹰﺩﺍ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ.
.72ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ. Fe2O3 .68
85
5-5
5-5
Formulas of Hydrates
ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺀ ﳏﺘﺠﺰﺓ. ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺗﺮﺑﻂ
ﺍﺳﻤﻪ ﺑﱰﻛﻴﺒﻪ.
ﺗﹸﻌﺒﺄ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ -ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻴﺔ -ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﻣﻊ
ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﻴﺎﺱ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ "ﳎﻔﻒ" .ﻭﺗﻀﺒﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻛﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ.
ﻭﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ. ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﻳﺔ. .1
Naming Hydrates
ﺍﻟﱰﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﳼ ﻫـﻞ ﺭﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﻳﻮ ﹰﻣـﺎ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺒـﻂﺀ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋـﻲ؟ ﺗﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ
ﺑﺎﻷﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ .ﻭﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺟـﺰ ﹰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﲈﺕ. ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ،ﺍﻋﺮﺽ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﴍﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﺭﻗﻢ )(20
ﺃﻣﻼﺣﺎ
ﹰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ .ﻭﺗﹸﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﲢﺘﺠﺰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺀ
ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ .ﻓﺎﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺬﺭﺍﺗﻪ .ﻭﻳﺒﲔ
ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻮﻝ ) ،(4-5ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ
ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ :
ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ 5-16ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﻷﻭﺑﺎﻝ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺛﺎﲏ ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ
ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ) (SiO 2ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺎﺀ .ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ.
ﻳﻜﺘـﺐ ﰲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻠـﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺗﺎﻟ ﹰﻴﺎ
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ﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ ،ﻣﺜـﻞ .CoCl 2 .6H 2Oﻭ ﹸﻳﺴـﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﻠﺖ ) (IIﺳـﺪﺍﳼ
)ﺃﻱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ 6ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺀ( .ﻭﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﹾ
ﰲ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴـﺔ .ﻭﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﹴ
ﻣﻠـﺢ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ،ﻭﻳﺒﲔ
ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ 5-1ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ.
ﺍﻋﺮﺽ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﴍﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﺍﻛﻪ
ﻃﺎﺯﺟـﺔ ﻭﺃﺧـﺮ ﳎﻔﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺳـﺄﳍﻢ :ﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﻔـﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤـﺎ؟ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ
5-16
5-1
ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛـﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺯﺟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛـﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻔﻔﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ
(NH 4) 2C 2O 4.H 2O 1
CaCl 2 . 2H 2O
NaC 2H 3O 2. 3H 2O
2
3
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ،ﺍﺳﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ :ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ
III FePO 4. 4H 2O 4
ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺠﻔﻴﻔﻬﺎ؟
II CuSO 4. 5H 2O 5
ﲡﻒ ،ﺛﻢ ﻗﺲ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻣﺎ ﺟﻔﺖ ﲤﺎ ﹰﻣﺎ .ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ
Ba (OH) 2. 8H 2O 8
Na 2CO 3.10H 2O 10
86
ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻭ ﹰﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ.
.2
ﻃﺮاﺋﻖ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ
ﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ 5-15ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋـﲆ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺑـﺎﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﱄ
ﻭﺗﺴـﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ .ﺃﺿﻒ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﺑﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ .ﻭﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﻛﻠﲈ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ
ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ،ﺛﻢ ﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﳚﻒ ،ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺲ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮ .ﻭﺍﺳﺄﻝ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﻪ .ﻓﻘﺪ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺑﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ 10٪ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ :ﻣﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ؟ ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﺯﳖﺎ ﻣﺎ ﹰﺀ .ﺍﺳﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﳛﻔﻆ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﺑﺎﻝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗـﺞ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻬـﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺐ؟ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳌﺤﺘﻮ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻪ .ﻳﺘﺸﻘﻖ ﺣﺠﺮ
ﻟﻠﺠﺺ .ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﳉﺒﺲ ﻋﲆ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﲔ ﻣﻦ ،CaSO4 ﺍﻷﻭﺑﺎﻝ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻨﻪ ،ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ.
ﰲ ﺣـﲔ ﳛﺘـﻮﻱ ﺍﳉﺺ ﻋﲆ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﲔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟـﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﻦ .CaSO4 ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴـﺨﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﺑﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ
ﺗﺸﻘﻘﻪ .
86
c b a
ﺿﻊ 5 mLﻣـﻦ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺦ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﻕ II II
ﹼ
ﻭﻏﻂ ﻓﻮﻫﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﺐ .ﺛﻢ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﻒ، 5-17
ﺿـﻊ 20ﺣﺒـﺔ ﺫﺭﺓ ،ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﻕ ،ﻭﻏﻄﻪ Analyzing a Hydrates
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴـﺨﲔ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ،ﺗﹸﻄﺮﺩ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺗﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺀﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻲ .ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ 5-17؛
ﻣـﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮ ﺛﻢ ﻗـﺲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻋـﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗـﻪ .ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﲔ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﻠﺖ ) (IIﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﳼ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ،
ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﻠﺖ ) (IIﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ.
ﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻟﻬﺐ ﺑﻨﺴـﻦ ،ﺃﻭ ﺳﺨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ،ﺣﺘﻰ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ؟ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ .ﺍﻓﱰﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ 5.00 gﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ .ﻭﻷﻧﻚ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ
ﺗﺘﻔﺮﻗﻊ ﺣﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ. ﺃﻥ ﺻﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﳌﻠـﺢ ﻫـﻲ ،BaCl 2. xH 2Oﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢـﺪﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ،xﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣـﻞ H 2Oﰲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ
ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮ :ﺍﺣﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻟﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻕ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﻦ .ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻠـﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸـﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄـﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ .BaCl 2ﻭﺣﺘﻰ
ﲡﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ،xﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺨﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ .ﻭﺍﻓﱰﺽ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ
ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ .ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ
ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻕ ﻭﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗـﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺮﺩ ﹰ
ﺃﻥ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻲ BaCl 2ﻫﻲ .4.26 g
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﻣـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺗﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋـﻲ ) (5.00 gﻭﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋـﻲ ).(4.26 g
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ. . 5.00 g - 4.26 g = 0.74 g H 2O
ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﺃﺷﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺑﻌـﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺮﻓـﺖ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣـﻦ BaCl 2ﻭ H 2Oﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟـ BaCl 2ﻫﻲ ،208.23 g/molﻭﻟﻠﲈﺀ .18.02 g/mol
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ . 1 mol BaCl
____________ × 4.26 g BaCl 2
2
= 0.0205 mol BaCl 2
208.23 g BaCl 2
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻣـﻮﻻﺕ H 2 Oﺇﱃ ﻣـﻮﻻﺕ BaCl 2ﻫـﻲ 2ﺇﱃ ،1ﻟـﺬﺍ ﻓـﺈﻥ 2 mol H 2Oﺗﺮﺗﺒـﻂ
ﺑـ .1 mol BaCl 2
ﺃﻱ ﹼ
ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﳐﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﳖﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ xﻫﻲ ،2ﻭﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻲ .BaCl 2. 2H 2Oﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ؟ ﹾ
ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ؟
ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ. 87
ﻧﺎﻗﺶ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ
ﻭﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﳌﻠـﺢ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ،ﹼ
دﻓﺘﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛـﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﺃﺿﻴﻒ ﺇﱃ
ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺸـﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﳜﺘﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ
ﺍﻟﴬﺏ .ﻟﺬﺍ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ CaSO4.2H2Oﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ،5-1ﻭﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﱰﻛﻴﺒﻪ )ﻧﺴﺒﺔ
ﻣـﻦ ﻛﱪﻳﺘـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺟﺰﻳﺌـﲔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ .ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻭﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ( ،ﻳﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﲥﻢ ﰲ
ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ172.18 g/mol ﺩﻓﺎﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ .
87
5-14
ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻗـﺎﺀ CuSO 4.xH 2Oﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ 2.50 gﰲ ﹶﺟﻔﻨﺔ
ﻭﺳـﺨﹼ ﻨﺖ .ﻭﺑﻘـﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴـﺨﲔ 1.59 gﻣﻦ ﻛﱪﻳﺘـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀـﺎﺀ . CuSO 4ﻣﺎ ﺻﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﹸ
ﺍﺳﻤﻪ؟
ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ ) (IIﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﺧﴬ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ
1
ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ .ﻛﲈ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ،xﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﺰﻥ 5.00 gﻭﻓﻘﺪﺕ 2.27 gﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴـﺨﻴﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻓﲈ
ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ H 2Oﰲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ.
ﻭﺳﻤﻪ.
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ؟ ﹼ
ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ = ؟ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ 2.50 g = CuSO 4. xH 2O
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ = 5.00g
ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ= ؟ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻲ 1.59 g = CuSO 4
88
.3
.74ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ .ﻓﲈ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ؟
.75ﺳـﺨﻨﺖ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬـﺎ 11.75 gﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺷـﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﻠـﺖ .IIﻭﺑﻘﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ
MgSO4 H 2O
48.8% 51.2%
ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ 0.0712 molﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻲ .ﻣﺎ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ؟
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒCaCl2 ﺍﺳﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ :ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ Uses of Hydrates
ﺣﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ؟ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ. ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ
ﻟﻸﻣـﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻻﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﰲ ﳐﺘـﱪ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ .ﻓﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ﹼ
ﺃﻣـﻼﺡ ﻣﺎﺋﻴـﺔ :ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺛﻨﺎﺋـﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺳـﺪﺍﳼ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ .ﻭﻳﻮﺿـﻊ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴـﻴﻮﻡ
ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋـﻲ ﰲ ﻗﻌﺮ ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ ﺗﹸﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﺠﻔﱢﻔﺎﺕ،ﻛﲈ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ 5-18؛ ﺣﻴﺚ
ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﺼـﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺍﳌﺠ ﱢﻔﻒ ،ﻭﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﹼﹰ
ﺟﻮﺍ ﺟﺎﻓﹼﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـ ﹰﺒﺎ ﳊﻔﻆ
ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ .ﻭﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺇﻳﺜﺮ
ﺍﻏﻤﺮ ﻭﺭﻗﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ.
D ﻳﺠﺐ Fﻟﺒﺲ E ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮA ،
AA
G BH ﺗﺠﻔﺎ،
EEKﺣﺘﻰCI DDJD
BB CC ﺩﻋﻬﻤﺎEﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟﺖ؛ Gﺛﻢ L
FFF G
M ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪNH O
G HH III PJJJ KKK LLL M
MM NNN OOO ﻓﺎﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ
ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔPPP . ﺇﻥ ﻗـﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﻪ ﹰ
ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﴫﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺑﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﹸﺸـﺤﻦ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺎﺭ ،ﻏﺎﻟ ﹰﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﹸﻌﺒﺄ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻛﻴﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺎﺯﺍﺕ؛ ﻷﻥ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ 5-18
ﻣـﻦ ﺍ ﹸﳌﺠ ﹼﻔﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲤﻨﻊ ﺗﺄﺛـﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ .ﻭﺗﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ
ﺍﻷﻣـﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻛﱪﻳﺘـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳـﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ) (Na 2SO 4.10 H 2Oﳋـﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ
ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴـﻴﺔ .ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﹸﺗﺴـﺨﹼ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 32˚Cﺗﺬﻭﺏ Na 2SO 4ﰲ
ﺿﻊ ﺇﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺭﻃﺒﺔ ،ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﴩﺓ ،ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﺘﺺ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻳﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﻱ ،ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﻭﺳﺨﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻮﻧﻬﺎ
5-5
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ،ﺛﻢ ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪﻭﻩ. ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ. .76 اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﹼ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﹼﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ .SrCl 2.6H 2O
.77 ﺗﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﺻﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋـﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ
.78ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻌ ﹼﻠ ﹰ
ﻼ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ. ﺍﳌﺮﻛـﺐ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﲏ ﻭﻋـﺪﺩ ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺀ
ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺯﻫﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ .79ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﲆ 0.050 molﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﻜﻞ 0.00998 mol ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ. ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﲏ .ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ. ﻳﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﺳـﻢ ﺍﳌﻠـﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋـﻲ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﺳـﻢ
.80ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ 0.025 molﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻨﻪ. ﺍﳌﺮﻛـﺐ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﺑﻤﻘﻄـﻊ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪﺩ
.81ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﹼﹰﻳﺎ ﺑﺤﺴـﺐ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﲈﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ:
MgSO 4.7H 2O ،Ba (OH) 2.8H 2O ،CoCl 2.6H 2O
ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ.
ﺃﺧﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻛﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻓﴪ ﻛﻴـﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋـﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ 5-17ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ
.82ﹼ
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﲈﻝ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﳌﻄﺮ؟
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ
ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ39.4g ، 21.4g :
89
ﺟﻢ
ﺃﻋﻂ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ
ﰲ ﺍﳉـﺪﻭﻝ ،5-1ﻭﺍﻃﻠـﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳـﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ .ﺛﻢ ﺍﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺴـﺄﻟﺔ MgSO4.7H2O .74؛ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺳﺒﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ.
ﺗﺸـﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﳊﺴـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ. CoCl2.2H2O .75؛ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﺎﻟﺖ ) (IIﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ.
ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻬﻢ .
5-5
ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ .76ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺰ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ.
ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ. .77ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻮﻡ ﺳﺪﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ.
XY.5H2O .79ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ XYﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻲ. .78ﺳﺠﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺟﻔﻨﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ ،ﺃﺿﻒ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻛ ﹰﺒﺎ ﻣﺎﺋ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﺛﻢ ﺃﻋﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ
.80ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ = 0.45 g ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺳﺨﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﻨﺔ ﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ .ﺛﻢ ﹼﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﻨﺔ
ﻭﺃﻋﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ .ﻭﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻲ ،ﺛﻢ ﺍﻃﺮﺡ
CoCl2.6H2O< Ba(OH)2.8H2O< MgSO4.7H2O .81
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻫﻮ
.82ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺯﻫﺮ ﹼﹰﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺐ. ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩ .ﺛﻢ ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ
89
اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺄس ﻣﺎء
ﻫـﻞ ﺗﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻛﺄﺱ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﺘـﻪ؟ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻭ 6 × 10ﻛﺄﺱ ﻣـﺎﺀ ﻋـﲆ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .ﻭﻟـﻮ ﻗﺎﺭﻧﺖ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ
21
ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘـﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺗﻠـﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﲢﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣـﺎﺀ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﲔ ﻓﺴﱰ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ
ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺒﻲ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ،ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ،ﺃﻭ ﺟﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻙ !..ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺆﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ.
ﻟﻜﺄﺳـﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺯﻣﻨﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﲔ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻮﻳﺎ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ
)(A )(B
ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ؟ ﻳﺮﻭﻱ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﲈﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﻴﻄـﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ
24
ﺗﻘـﺎﺭﺏ .1.4 × 10 gﺃﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﻓﺘﺤﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ 230 gﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﭬﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ
ﺍﳌﺎﺀ .ﻭﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﲇ
ﻟﻜـﺆﻭﺱ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓـﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﴩﺏ ﻋـﲆ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﲇ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ.
ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺆﻭﺱ.
ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﻌـﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﻣـﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﺗﺴـﺎﻭﻱ A 1 ،18 g
B
ﻭﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﲢﻮﻳـﻞ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ
ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﭬﻮﺟـﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺻـﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﱂ
ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ.
_ 230 g H 2O
_ 1 mol H 2O
×
ﺍﻓﱰﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﹸﺧﺰﹼ ﻥ ﻛﺄﺱ
ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺠﻬﺮﻱ )ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺋـﻲ( ،ﻭﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ
18 g H 2O
ﰲ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ،ﻓﺈﳖﺎ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻼﻗﺔ 13 mol H 2Oﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﺄﺱ =
ﺛﻢ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ .ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺿﻠﻌﻬـﺎ .1100 Kmﻭﲣﻴـﻞ ﺃﻧﻚ ﻣـﻸﺕ ﻛﺄﺱ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ
ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳـﺔ ،ﺛﻢ ﺃﻋﺪﺗـﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻈـﺮﺕ ﻟﻴﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﲤﺎ ﹰﻣﺎ، __ 13 mol H 2O
_ 6×10 23ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﺎﺀ
ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻼﻋـﻖ ،ﻭﻛﺆﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ .ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﺜﲑ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﲈﻡ
ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻣـﻮ ﹰ
×
ﺛـﻢ ﻣﻸﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧـﺮ ،ﻓﻬﻞ ﺳـﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ 1ﻛﺄﺱ
ﻻ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﹰ ﺍ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺴـﻢ ﻛﺒﲑ )ﺃﻭ ﺻﻐـﲑ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ
1 mol H 2O
24
ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟ 8 × 10ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﺄﺱ =
ﻛـﲈ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﻛﺆﻭﺱ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓـﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﴩﺏ ﻋﲆ ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ،1ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﱰﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺳﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳـﺎ( ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﱪ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻳﺼﻌـﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻋﲆ
ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ .ﳌﺎﺫﺍ؟ ﻷﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ:
_ × 1.4 × 10 24 g H Oﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺆﻭﺱ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳﺔ .ﻭﲠﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ
2
1ﻛﺄﺱ ﻣﺎﺀ
6 ×10 21ﻛﺄﺱ ﻣﺎﺀ = ﺃﺳـﺲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ .ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻼ ،ﻳﺰﻥ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ
ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺳـﺘﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ 1000ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻣـﺎﺀ ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ﹰﺒﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ 230 g H 2O
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ 8 × 10 24ﺟـﺰﻱﺀ ﰲ ﻛﺄﺱ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ،ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ. ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﱰﻳﺔ.
ﻓﻜﹼﺮ ﰲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺒﻲ
اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻙ ،ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﻴﺎﲥﻢ
ﺣﻴﺎﲥﻢ– ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﱪ ﹰ
ﻣﻔﱰﺿﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻄﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴـﺎﻭﻱ
ﹰ ﻛﺄﺱ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ – ﻗـﺪﹼ ﺭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ
ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺴـﺎﺑﺎﺕ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ
ﻼ ﻋـﲆ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴـﺘﻮﻋﺐ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﰲ ﺣﺠـﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ
ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻛﺄﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻋﲆ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ.
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ ﰲ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺘﻚ.
• ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ
٩٠ 90
ﺟـﺪﹼﹰ ﺍ ،ﻭﻟﻤﺴـﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺏ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺣﺎﺟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ
ﺍﻛﺘـﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻮﻗﺸـﺖ ﻓـﻲ ﺇﺣـﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ
)ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺄﺱ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ( ﻣـﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ
ﻭﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ.
• ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺴـﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﻟﺤﺴـﺎﺏ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺰﻳـﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺁﺏ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋـﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ،
ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻨﻔﺴـﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﻓﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻨﻨﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ
ﻋﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ.
ﺍﻓـﱰﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﻃـﻼﺏ ﻣﺪﺭﺳـﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫـﻮ 500ﻃﺎﻟﺐ،
ﹴ
ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺴـﺎﻭﻱ 60 kg
90
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﰲ
ﺍﻷﻣـﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺻﻐﲑ .ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ
ﺑﺘﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ.
ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﲢﺪﻳـﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ
ﺣﺼﺔ ﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ. ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ؟
ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋـﲆ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺗﻔﺴـﲑ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ
ﻣﻠﺢ MgSO 4ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ
ﳍﺐ ﺑﻨﺰﻥ
ﺣﺎﻣـﻞ ﻣﻌـﺪﲏ ﻭﺣﻠﻘـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ. .10ﻗﺲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ.
ﻣﻠﻌﻘﺔ
ﻭﻻﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﺒﺔ ﻛﱪﻳﺖ
ﺑﻮﺗﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻏﻄﺎﺀ
ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺧﺰﰲ
ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻚ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻲ.
.11ﹼ ﻣﻠﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﻘﺔ
.12ﲣﻠـﺺ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻠﺢ
ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻚ، ﻳﻄﻠﺐ Fﺇﻟﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻲHﻛﲈ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ
A B C D E G A I B J ACA K BDB L CEC M DFADN EGBEO FHCFP GAIDG HJBE
H IC
KFI JD HK N
LGJ KME LFIL M J NPHN
OGM K O OIL JM
PP N
K OL
ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ. ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ؛ ﻷﳖﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﴬﺭ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﴘ.
.1ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻠﺢ
· ﺣـﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﳍﺐ ﺑﻨـﺰﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﻘﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ. ﺍﻣﻸ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ.
ﻻ ﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ.ﺻﻤﻢ ﺟﺪﻭ ﹰ
.1
.2ﻗـﺎﺭﻥ ﺑـﲔ ﻣﻈﻬـﺮ ﺑﻠـﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ .2
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺓ. ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ؟ ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﻘﺔ ﻭﻏﻄﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ .0.01 g .3
.3ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻏﲑ ﺿـﻊ 3 gﻣﻦ MgSO 4ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﻘﺔ ،ﺛﻢ ﻗﺲ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ .4
· ﻗـﺪ ﻳﺴـﺒﺐ ﻣﻠـﺢ ﺇﺑﺴـﻮﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻠـﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﲔ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ؟ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﻘﺔ ﻭﻏﻄﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ .0.01 g
ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻚ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ.
.4ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧـــﺖ ﺻﻴﻐــــﺔ ﺍﳌﻠــﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋــﻲ ﹼ .5
ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﴘ .ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺳﺎﻡ ﺟﺪﹼﹰ ﺍ، ،MgSO 4.7H 2Oﻓﲈ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺿـﻊ ﺍﳌﺜﻠـﺚ ﺍﳋﺰﰲ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣـﻞ؛ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ .6
MgSO 4؟ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺍﳌﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ؟ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻮﻕ ﳍﺐ ﺑﻨﺰﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﴍﺓ ،ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺐ.
ﻭﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺴـﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ؟ ﺿـﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﻘﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺚ ﺑﺤﺬﺭ ،ﺛﻢ ﺿـﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎﺀ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ .7
.5ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻼ.ﻼ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ
ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺋ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﴘ. ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﻄﺎﺀ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ؟ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ
ﹼﹰ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺐ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺯﺩ ﺛﻢ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ، ﺑﻠﻬﺐ ﺍﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ .8
ﻣﺪﺓ 10ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺛﻢ ﺃﻃﻔﺊ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺐ.
ﺍﺭﻓـﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺐ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﻘـﻂ ﺑﺤﺬﺭ ،ﻭﻗﻢ
ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺇﺑﺴـﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ
.9
ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎ )ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺎﺀ
ﻣﺮﻛـﺐ ﹼﹰ
ﹲ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﻘﻂ ﹰ
ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ،ﻭﺩﻋﻬﺎ ﺗﱪﺩ.
ﻻﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎ.
ﹼﹰ ﺗﺒﻠﻮﺭ( ﺃﻭ
ﰲ ﻭﻋـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﱰﺟﺎﻉ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺇﺑﺴـﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ
91
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﻴﻪ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮ.
ﱡ ﺍﻟﺴﲈﺡ ﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ
ﻋﻦ . MgSO4.3H2Oﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺇﺑﺴﻮﻡ ﳍ ﹰﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻨﻬﺎ. ﺑﻠـﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻴﻬﺔ ﻻﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﺷـﻔﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺑﻴﻨﲈ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ .2
ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻴﻬﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﺑﻴﺾ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ.
ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻴﻬﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ. .3
ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ.
ﹼﹰ · ﺳﺨﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﻘﺔ ﺑﻠﻬﺐ ﺑﻨﺰﻥ ،ﺛﻢ ﺯﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺐ
ﺳﺘﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ. .4
· ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺴـﺨﲔ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺇﺑﺴـﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼـﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﻘﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ
ﺍﻻﲪﺮﺍﺭ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﺨﻦ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ. ( )(7.00 - 6.96
___________
7.00 )
100 = 0.57%
91
ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ.
ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﺪ ﹰﺩﺍ ﹰ
5-1
ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ
ﻟﻌـﺪﹼ ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ • ،ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻌﺪﱢ ﺟﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﴍ .ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ. ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
92
92
5-4
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ
www.obeikaneducation.com • ﻣـﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﻣﻀﺎﻋـﻒ ﻋـﺪﺩﻱ ﺻﺤﻴـﺢ • ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﴫ ﺗﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﴫ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ. ﻟﺼﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
• ﲤﺜـﻞ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﰲ
• ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ. • ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ
• ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ
• ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﲇ ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﰲ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ. • ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ
•
• ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
•
5-5
ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ
• ﺗﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻷﻳـﻮﲏ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺀ ﳏﺘﺠﺰﺓ.
ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ.
• ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳـﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳـﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﺑﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ • ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ
ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ.
• ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ.
93
93
.91ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳـﺘﻄﻌﺖ ﻋﺪﹼ ﺫﺭﺗﲔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻜﻢ ﺳـﻨﺔ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ
ﻟﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ؟
5-1
5-2 .83ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ؟
.92ﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ.
.84ﻛﻢ ﺫﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ؟
.85ﻣﺎ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ؟
5-1
.93ﺃﳞﲈ ﳛﻮﻱ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ :ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ،ﺃﻡ ﻣﻮﻝ
ﻓﴪ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻚ.
.86ﻭﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﹶ
ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ؟
ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ؟ ﱢ
.94ﺃﳞـﲈ ﺃﻛـﱪ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ :ﻣـﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳـﻮﻡ ﺃﻡ ﻣﻮﻝ .87ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ:
6.02 × 1023 .83
ﻓﴪ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻚ.
ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ؟ ﱢ
6.02 × 10ﺫﺭﺓ
0.25 mol Ag .a
.95ﻭﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻒ ﲢﻮﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﴫ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ؟ 8.56 × 10-3 mol NaCl .b
23
.84
.88ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ؟ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ،ﺃﻭ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ.
.97ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻳﲇ: 1.35 mol CS 2 .a
5.22 mol He .a 0.254 mol As 2O 3 .b .86ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺃﭬﻮﺟـﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﺕ ﰲ ﻣـﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ.
2.22 mol Ti .b 1.25 mol H 2O .c
0.0455 mol Ni .c 150.0 mol HCl .d ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻟﻪ ﰲ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﺇﱃ
.98ﺃﺟﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
3.5 mol Li .aﺇﱃ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ.
.89ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺕ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻳﲇ:
3.25 × 1020 .aﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ.
ﺟﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺴﻴﲈﺕ.
7.65 g Co .bﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ. 4.96 × 1024 .bﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ.
5.65 g Kr .cﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ.
.90ﺃﺟﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ:
.99ﻣﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ؟ 1.51 × 1015 .aﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ Siﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ. 2.130 × 10 .cﺟﺰﻱﺀ25
1.51×10 .a .87ﺫﺭﺓ
23
1.33 × 1022 mol Sb .a 4.25 × 10-2 mol H 2SO 4 .bﺇﱃ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ. 5.15×10 .bﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ 2.56 × 10 .dﺟﺰﻱﺀ
23 21
4.75 × 1014 mol Pt .b 8.95 × 1025 .cﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﻦ CCl 4ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ.
1.22 × 1023 mol Ag .c
5.90 mol Ca .dﺇﱃ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ . 7.530 × 1023 .cﺟﺰﻱﺀ 8.13 × 1023 .a .88ﺟﺰﻱﺀ
9.85 × 1024 mol Cr .d
9.0300 × 1025 .dﺟﺰﻱﺀ 1.53 × 1023 .bﺟﺰﻱﺀ
94
8.24 mol .b 5.39 × 10-4 mol .a .89
1.49 × 10 mol .c
2
2.51 × 10-9 mol .a .90
2.56×10 .bﺟﺰﻱﺀ 3.550 × 10 .dﺫﺭﺓ
24 22
.96ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﳌﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ.ﺃ ﹼﻣﺎ 5-2
ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺃﭬﻮﺟـﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﺕ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ .ﰲ ﺣـﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ
6.02×10ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ. 23
94
ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ 1.50 × 1023 ،Cﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ Ca 5.01×1023 .104 .108ﻣـﺎ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﻣـﻮﻻﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳـﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳـﻔﻮﺭ .100ﺃﻛﻤﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ :5-2
10.0gﻣﻦ Cﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ. ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﰲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ Na 3PO4؟
5-2
.109ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﹶ
ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ؟
ﺫﺭﺓ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻋﲆ 6.02 × 1024 .105 .110ﺍﻛﺘـﺐ ﺛﻼﺛـﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲢﻮﻳـﻞ ﺗﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻼﺕ
3.65 mol Mg
ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺫﺭﺓ 8.73 × 1023 .106 .111ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﳛﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋـﲆ ﺍﻟﻌـﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻛـﱪ ﻣـﻦ
29.54 g Cr
ﻣـﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ ﻟـﻜﻞ ﻣـﻮﻝ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛـﺐ :ﲪـﺾ P 3.54 × 1025ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﲈﳍﺎ ﰲ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ .aﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﱰﻳﻚ .HNO 3
.bﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﻚ .ZnO
.104ﺃﳞـﲈ ﳛﻮﻱ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ،10.0 g C :ﺃﻡ 10.0 g Ca؟
ﻭﻛﻢ ﺫﺭﺓ ﳛﻮﻱ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﻣﻨﻬﲈ؟
ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻻﺕ. .115ﻛﻢ ﻣﻮﻻﹰ ﰲ 100 gﻣﻦ CH 3OH؟ .105ﺃﳞﲈ ﳛﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ 10.0 mol C
10.0 mol .a .112
1.81×1024ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﻦ 1.81 × 1024 ، CCl4ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ C .113 ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ 5-2
7.24×10ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣـﻦ ،Clﻭﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﻜﲇ ﻫـﻮ: 24 ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ
2.20×1024ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ Mg 3.65 molﻣﻦ Mg 88.7 gﻣﻦ Mg
9.05×1024
3.420×1023ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ Cr 0.5681molﻣﻦ Cr 29.54 gﻣﻦ Cr
63.02 g/mol .a .411 3.54×10ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ P 25
58.8 molﻣﻦ P 1820 gﻣﻦ P
3.42×10ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ As 0.568 molﻣﻦ As 42.6gﻣﻦ As
81.39 g/mol .b
23
95
1.3 × 1022ﺟﺰﻱﺀ. .120
.131ﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛـﺐ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﳛﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋـﲆ .120ﺍﻟﻄﺒـﺦ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒـﺦ ﻋﲆ 5%ﻣﻦ
،10.52 g Niﻭ ،4.38 g Cﻭ5.10 g N؟ ﲪـﺾ ﺍﳋﻞ .CH 3COOHﻓﻜـﻢ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ 6.84 × 1023ﺫﺭﺓ. .121
ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ 25.0 gﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻞ؟
5-5 .121ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﰲ 25.0 gﻣﻦ .CO 2 5-4
.132ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ؟ ﻭﺿﺢ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻚ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﻝ.
5-4
.133ﻭﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ؟
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ. .122
.134ﺍﳌﺠﻔﱢﻔـﺎﺕ ﳌـﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﺿـﻊ ﺍﳌﺠﻔﻔـﺎﺕ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻬـﺰﺓ .122ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ؟
ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ؟ .123ﻣـﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﳚـﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ. .123
ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﺎ؟
.135ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
.aﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ ) (IIﺳﺪﺍﳼ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ. .124ﻣـﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﳚـﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋـﻲ ﻟﻴﺤﺪﺩ
ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ. .124
.bﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﲬﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ. ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ؟
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳـﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﴏ .125
.125ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔـﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ؟ ﺃﻋﻂ
ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺫﻟﻚ. ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ) ،(CHﺃﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴـﺔ ﻓﺘﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ
.136ﳛﺘـﻮﻱ ﺍﳉـﺪﻭﻝ 5-3ﻋـﲆ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﲇ ﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﰲ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ )(C6H6
.126ﻣﺘﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ؟
ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ .ﺃﻛﻤـﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺣﺪﺩ
ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﻤﻪ. .127ﻫـﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘ ﹼﻴـﺔ ﳌﺮﻛـﺐ ﻣﻌـﲔ ﳍـﺎ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴـﺐ
BaCl2.xH2O5-3
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ؟ ﻓﴪ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻚ. ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺴﺎﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺘﲔ. .126
ﻧﻌﻢ ،ﻓﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﴫ.
21.30 g
31.35 g
.128ﺍﳊﺪﻳـﺪ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ ،ﻫﻲ:
.127
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻳﺮﻳﺖ ،FeS 2ﻭﺍﳍﻴﲈﺗﻴﺖ ،Fe 2O 3ﻭﺍﻟﺴـﻴﺪﻳﺮﺍﻳﺖ
29.87 g 5
.FeCO 3ﺃﳞﺎ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻋﲆ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ؟
ﻣﻠﺤـﺎ ﻣﺎﺋ ﹼﹰﻴـﺎ ﳛﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋـﲆ
ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﻧـﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜـﺮﻭﻡ ) (IIIﹰ
.137ﹼ
.129ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﳑﺎ ﻳﲇ: ﺍﳍﻴﲈﺗﻴﺖ .128
51.42% .aﻣﻦ 6.480%،Oﻣﻦ 42.10%، Hﻣﻦ C
.aﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻭﺯ .C1 2H 22O 11
40.50%ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﺀ .ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ؟ .129
.bﺍﳌﺎﺟﻨﺘﻴﺖ .Fe 3O 4
72.36% .bﻣﻦ 27.64% ، Feﻣﻦ O
.138ﺣﺪﹼ ﺩ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ ﻟـ ، MgCO 3 .5H 2O
ﻭﻣ ﹼﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﲏ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ. .130ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﳑﺎ ﻳﲇ:
5-4
Kg
3.09 × 10 31 5.14×10 7 1.04 × 10 8 H2
XY: 17.96 g / 0.25 mol = 71.84 g/mol .145
1.16×10 31 1.93 × 10 7 6.18× 10 8 O2
71.84 g/mol=X+Y
6.44 × 10 25 1.07 × 10 2 4909 CH 3 NH NH 2
Y= 71.84 g/mol-X
5.2 × 10 28
8.64×10 4
7.95 × 10 6
N 2O 4
X2Y3: 39.82 g/0.25 mol=159.68 g/mol
159.68 g/mol=2X+3Y
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺑﺪ ﹰ
ﻻ ﻣﻦ :Y
)159.68 g/mol=2X + 3(71.84 g/mol-X
Y = 16 g/mol
97
.5ﺃﻱ ﳑﺎ ﻳﲇ ﻻ ﹸﻳﻌﺪﹼ ﻭﺻ ﹰﻔﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻝ؟ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﲏ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ 1ﺇﱃ .4
.aﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﴍ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﲈﺕ. ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ
.bﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ. 60
54.5
54.5
50 %H
53.3
52.2
%O
.dﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ.
40.0
36.4
36.4
34.8
30
13.0
9.1
9.1
6.7
c .3
0
N C 6H 2N 6O 3 .a ﺇﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻣﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﺎﻧﻮﻳﻚ ﺃﺳﺘﻴﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ
22.95%
C 4HN 5O 10 .b ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ
O
b .4
52.42% C
19.68% CH 3NO 2 .c
.1ﻳﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﻭﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﺎﻧﻮﻳﻚ ﰲ:
H CH 5NO 3 .d
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ.
a .5
4.96% .a
.7ﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ؟ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ. .b
c .6
2HI + (NH 4) 2S → H 2S + 2NH 4I ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ. .c
d .7
C11-18C-828378-08
.dﺇﺣﻼﻝ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ. .bﺗﻔﻜﻚ.
.2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠــﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴــﺔ ﳊﻤـﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﺎﻧـﻮﻳـﻚ
.8ﻣـﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺟـﺰﻱﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳉﻠﻮﻛـﻮﺯ C 6H 12O 6؟ ،88.1g/molﻓﲈ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ؟
)ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ=.(180 g/mol C 5H 12O .c C 3H 4O 3 .a b .8
a .9
2.16 × 10 -25 .c 6.02 × 10 -23 .a C 4H 8O 2 .d C 2H 4O .b
3.34 × 10 -21 .d 2.99 × 10 -22 .b
.3ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻝ؟
.9ﻣــﺎ ﻋــﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠـــﲔ ﰲ 18.94 gﻣـــﻦ
Zn (NO 3) 2؟ )ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ=.(189 g/mol
C 2H 6O .c C 4HO 3 .a a .10
C 4H 13O 2 .d C 2H 6O 2 .b
6.02 × 10 25 .c 3.62 × 10 23 .a
.4ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﻫﻲ ﺻﻴﻐﺘـﻪ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ
1.14 × 10 25 .d 1.81 × 10 23 .b
ﻧﻔﺴـﻬﺎ .ﻓﻜـﻢ ﺟﺮﺍ ﹰﻣـﺎ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﰲ 2.00 molﻣـﻦ
.10ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤـﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ؟
NaOHﻫـﻲ .40.0g/molﻓـﲈ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﳌـﻮﻻﺕ 182.0 g .c 30.00 g .a
ﰲ 20.00 gﻣﻨﻪ؟ 200.0 g .d 60.06 g .b
2.00 mol .c 0.50 mol .a
4.00 mol .d 1.00 mol .b
98
98
d .13
6.99 × 1025ﺫﺭﺓ. .b
3.76 × 1023ﺫﺭﺓ. .c
ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ .15 9.63 × 1023ﺫﺭﺓ. .d
Li ﻋﻠـﲈ ﹼ
ﺃﻥ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ .12ﻣﺎ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣـﻦ) (BaSiF 6ﹰ
Rb
ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ = .279.415 g/mol
.14ﺛﻴﻮﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ )(I
K
Cu2S2O3 Ca
Na OH-
1.68 × 10 26 g .a
Mg -
2.16 × 10 21 g .b
CuS2O3 ﺛﻴﻮﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ )(II
l
Al
Zn Br- 4.64 × 10 -22 g .c
Fe Cl-
Pb - 6.02 × 10 -23 g .d
ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ )(I
NO3
Cu2SO4 H
Cu SO4
2-
.13ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﺑﺎﺗﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭ .Ca 5(PO 4) 3 F
Ag
ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻭﺳـﺘﻈﻬﺮ
ﹼﹰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻴﺜﻴﻮﻡ ﺳـﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺸـﻴﻄﺔ SO 3 2-
SO 4 2-
99
Spectator Ionﺍﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ.
Protonﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺷﺤﻨﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ).(+1
Percent Compositionﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ.
Combustion Reactionﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ،ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ.
SingleReplacment Reactionﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﻞ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺣـﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ
ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ.
DoubleReplacment Reactionﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻴﻦ ،ﻭﻳﻨﺸـﺄ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻏﺎﺯ ،ﺃﻭ
ﺭﺍﺳﺐ ،ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺀ.
Decomposition Reactionﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﻳﺤـﺪﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ
ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ.
Periodic Tableﺟـﺪﻭﻝ ﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﹼﹰﻳﺎ ﺑﺤﺴـﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮﻑ
ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ )ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ( ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ )ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ(.
Precipitateﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ.
100
Empirical Formulaﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ.
Molecular Formulaﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ.
Avogadros Numberﻫـﻮ ،6.0221367 × 1023ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ،ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻝ .6.02 × 1023
Molar Massﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ.
Reactantsﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ.
Complete Ionic Equationﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ.
Net Ionic Equationﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ.
Chemical Equationﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ.
Hydratesﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺬﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ.
Moleﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ 12 gﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ 6.02 × 1023ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ.
Productsﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ.
101
. ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺳﲈﺀ ﳖﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ، ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ118 ،116 ،115 ،114 ،113 ،112 ﺃﺳﲈﺀ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ
102
ﻋﻤﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﴫ.
ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻁ ﺑﻘﻮﺳﲔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﲇ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﲑ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﻝ ﹰ
ﺻﻔـﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﺎﴏ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ
ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ .ﻳـﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ.
ﻋﻨﺎﴏ
ﺍﻟﻼﻧﺜﺎﻧﻴﺪﺍﺕ
ﻳﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻢ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺐ
ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﰲ
ﻋﻨﺎﴏ
ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ
ﺍﻷﻛﺘﻨﻴﺪﺍﺕ
ﲑﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ.
ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻮﻓ ﹰ
103