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  • Iron Making

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    Grezy Magno
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    The document discusses the evolution of ironmaking over thousands of years. Early methods involved directly converting iron ore to wrought iron using hand hammers in a bloomery. Later, water power was used to blow air into furnaces and forge iron bars, and eventually to power bellows in blast furnaces, producing enough heat to fully melt ore into cast iron. The indirect process enabled higher iron yields than the direct process and allowed casting iron goods. This technique spread from England to North America in the colonial era. Both direct and indirect ironmaking processes continued to be used.

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    The document discusses the evolution of ironmaking over thousands of years. Early methods involved directly converting iron ore to wrought iron using hand hammers in a bloomery. Later, water power was used to blow air into furnaces and forge iron bars, and eventually to power bellows in blast furnaces, producing enough heat to fully melt ore into cast iron. The indirect process enabled higher iron yields than the direct process and allowed casting iron goods. This technique spread from England to North America in the colonial era. Both direct and indirect ironmaking processes continued to be used.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    6 views1 page

    Iron Making

    Uploaded by

    Grezy Magno
    The document discusses the evolution of ironmaking over thousands of years. Early methods involved directly converting iron ore to wrought iron using hand hammers in a bloomery. Later, water power was used to blow air into furnaces and forge iron bars, and eventually to power bellows in blast furnaces, producing enough heat to fully melt ore into cast iron. The indirect process enabled higher iron yields than the direct process and allowed casting iron goods. This technique spread from England to North America in the colonial era. Both direct and indirect ironmaking processes continued to be used.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 1

    III.

    IRONMAKING
    INTRODUCTION TO IRONMAKING
    - Iron-making has evolved over thousands of years.

    - The ancient "bloomery" method involved converting iron ore directly into wrought iron by heating it
    and melting its impurities, which were then squeezed out using hand hammers.

    - Water-powered hammers replaced hand hammers for forging bars of iron by the 1100s.

    - In the late 1300s, water power began to replace human or animal power to blow air into iron-
    making furnaces due to the impact of the plague on labor forces in Europe.

    - Water-powered bellows were used to create a large and consistent volume of air, producing
    enough heat to completely melt ore and produce iron.

    - The new "indirect process" allowed blast furnaces to make cast iron, which was used to create
    hollowware such as pots and kettles.

    - The indirect process also enabled cast iron to be converted into wrought iron with a higher yield of
    iron from the ore than the direct process.

    - Skilled metallurgists and iron makers brought the indirect process to Massachusetts, which then
    spread throughout North America.

    - With improvements, both the direct and indirect processes continued to be used by second-
    generation iron-making plants after Saugus, with some using the older bloomery method.

    BLAST FURNACE PROCESS

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