Booklet 4C Science & Lit PART 1

Teacher Tomás Prioli 4C
BOOKLET:
SCIENCE &
LIT 4C
Mental Health
“MENTAL HEALTH IS A STATE OF WELL-BEING IN WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL REALIZES HIS OR
HER OWN ABILITIES, CAN COPE WITH THE NORMAL STRESSES OF LIFE, CAN WORK
PRODUCTIVELY, AND IS ABLE TO MAKE A CONTRIBUTION TO HIS OR HER COMMUNITY.”
Mental health refers to cognitive, behavioral, and emotional well-being.

It is all about how people think, feel, and behave. People sometimes use
the term “mental health” to mean the absence of a mental disorder.
Mental health can affect daily living, relationships, and physical health.
However, this link also works in the other direction. Factors in people’s
lives, interpersonal connections, and physical factors can all contribute
to mental health disruptions.
Looking after mental health can preserve a person’s ability to enjoy life.
Doing this involves reaching a balance between life activities,
responsibilities, and efforts to achieve psychological resilience.
Conditions such as stress, depression, and anxiety can all affect mental
health and disrupt a person’s routine. Although the term mental health is
in common use, many conditions that doctors recognize as psychological
disorders have physical roots.
After the reading, work with this T or F. Justify your answer.
1. Doctors consider that many psychological conditions have physical

roots.
2. Stress, depression and anxiety don't affect mental health.
3. Mental health is not related to a person's ability to enjoy life.
4. Mental health can affect relationships and physical health.
5. People use the term "mental health" to explain a mental disorder.
6. Mental health refers to a cognitive, emotional and behavioral well-
being.
THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO
INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1

Chapter 2
MENTAL DISORDERS
Mental disorders (or mental illnesses) are conditions that affect
your thinking, feeling, mood, and behavior.They may be
occasional or long-lasting (chronic). They can affect your ability
to relate to others and function each day.
There is no single cause for mental illness. A number of factors can
contribute to risk for mental illness, such as:
Your genes and family history
Your life experiences, such as stress or a history of abuse,
especially if they happen in childhood
Biological factors such as chemical imbalances in the brain
A traumatic brain injury
A mother's exposure to viruses or toxic chemicals while
pregnant
Use of alcohol or recreational drugs
Having a serious medical condition like cancer
Having few friends, and feeling lonely or isolated
After the reading, anwer the following questions.
1. What are some of the consequences of mental disorders?

Give an example and explain it.
2. Which factors that contribute to mental disorders
surprised you the most? Why?
3. Which of the factors you believe are the easiest ones to
avoid or prevent? Explain your answer.
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
BIPOLAR DISORDER
Bipolar disorder (formerly called manic-depressive illness or manic depression) is a mental
disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, concentration, and the
ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
There are three types of bipolar disorder. All three types involve clear changes in mood,
energy, and activity levels. These moods range from periods of extremely “up,” elated,
irritable, or energized behavior (known as manic episodes) to very “down,” sad, indifferent,
or hopeless periods (known as depressive episodes). Less severe manic periods are known as
hypomanic episodes.
Bipolar I Disorder— defined by manic episodes that last at least 7 days, or by manic
symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospital care.
Usually, depressive episodes occur as well, typically lasting at least 2 weeks.
Episodes of depression with mixed features (having depressive symptoms and
manic symptoms at the same time) are also possible.
Bipolar II Disorder— defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic
episodes, but not the full-blown manic episodes that are typical of Bipolar I
Disorder.
Cyclothymic Disorder (also called Cyclothymia)— defined by periods of hypomanic
symptoms as well as periods of depressive symptoms lasting for at least 2 years (1
year in children and adolescents). However, the symptoms do not meet the
diagnostic requirements for a hypomanic episode and a depressive episode.
Sometimes a person might experience symptoms of bipolar disorder that do not

match the three categories listed above, which is referred to as “other specified and
unspecified bipolar and related disorders.”
Bipolar disorder is typically diagnosed during late adolescence (teen years) or early
adulthood. Occasionally, bipolar symptoms can appear in children. Bipolar disorder
can also first appear during a woman’s pregnancy or following childbirth. Although
the symptoms may vary over time, bipolar disorder usually requires lifelong
treatment. Following a prescribed treatment plan can help people manage their
symptoms and improve their quality of life.
1. What is Bipolar Disorder?

2. What are the three types and what defines them?
3. When is Bipolar Disorder usually diagnosted?
BIPOLAR DISORDER
TAKE ME AS I AM, WHOEVER I AM
After watching the episode, anwer the questions.

1. What is the setting of the episode?
2. What is the basic plot?
3. Who is (are) the protagonist(s)?
4. Give a brief summary of the episode.
5. What are your impressions of the episode?
6. How does the episode relate to what we are studying in
class?
7. How does the episode end?
Compare this two photos. How is Lexi feeling in them? How

does her moods affect her personal and profesional life? Use
the text about Bipolar Disorder to explain.
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8

Chapter 9
Chapter 10
WORLD WAR I
WHO FOUGHT IN WORLD WAR I?
World War I was fought between the Allied Powers and the Central
Powers. The main members of the Allied Powers were France, Russia,
and Britain. The United States also fought on the side of the Allies after
1917. The main members of the Central Powers were Germany, Austria-
Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
WHERE WAS MOST OF THE FIGHTING?

The majority of the fighting took place in Europe along two fronts: the
western front and the eastern front. The western front was a long line
of trenches that ran from the coast of Belgium to Switzerland. A lot of
the fighting along this front took place in France and Belgium. The
eastern front was between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria on
one side and Russia and Romania on the other.
Although there were a number of causes for the war, the assassination of
Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the main catalyst for starting
the war. After the assassination, Austria declared war on Serbia. Then
Russia prepared to defend its ally Serbia. Next, Germany declared war on
Russia to protect Austria. This caused France to declare war on Germany
to protect its ally Russia. Germany invaded Belgium to get to France
which caused Britain to declare war on Germany. This all happened in just
a few days.
HOW DID IT END?

The fighting ended on November 11, 1918 when a general armistice was
agreed to by both sides. The war officially ended between Germany and
the Allies with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.
WORLD WAR I
ALLIANCES AND POLITICS
In the years leading up to the war, the nations of Europe were constantly
jockeying for power and making alliances. Germany made an alliance with
Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1881. These countries all agreed to protect each
other in the event they were attacked by France. However, Italy then went and
made a secret alliance with France saying they would not aide Germany.
In response to Germany's alliances, France and Russia established an alliance in

1892. In 1904, Britain and France signed an agreement. The Triple Entente was
formed between France, Britain, and Russia in 1907. Germany felt that this
powerful alliance surrounding them posed a real threat to their existence and
power in the region.
IMPERIALISM
Imperialism is when a country expands its influence and power into a large
empire. Some European countries, such as France and Britain, had created large
worldwide empires and had become very rich. Other European countries, such as
Russia and Germany, wanted to create their own vast empires. This caused
competition and conflict between many of the countries throughout the world.
EUROPE READY FOR WAR

In 1914, the situation in Europe was tense. Secret alliances, internal politics, and
the desire to grow empires had built up distrust and dislike between many of the
European powers. All it would take was one international event and Europe
would be at war.
ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FERDINAND

On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-
Hungary, was assassinated in Sarajevo. The Austria government believed that
the assassination was organized by the Serbian government. They also saw this
as an opportunity to regain control of Serbia.
WORLD WAR I
MORE DECLARATIONS OF WAR
Austria-Hungary had hoped they could quickly take over Serbia and that
Serbia's ally, Russia, would not risk a major war in order to help Serbia.
However, they figured wrong. Russia immediately began to mobilize its troops
and prepare for war. In response, Germany, Austria-Hungary's close ally,
declared war on Russia on August 1st. A few days later, Germany declared war
on France and invaded Belgium. Britain then declared war on Germany and
World War I had begun.
WHO WAS TO BLAME?

Historians over the years have tried to figure out who was really to blame for
starting the war. Many historians today agree that Germany wanted to start the
war. The German leaders felt that they were being surrounded by enemies (France,
Russia) and that war was going to happen eventually. They felt that the sooner the
war occurred, the better chance Germany had to win.
Answer the questions with full answers.
1) What three European countries signed an alliance called the Triple

Entente?
2) What is it called when a country expands its influence and power
into a large empire?
3) Which two countries had become wealthy through creating vast
worldwide empires?
4) What single event triggered the start of World War I?
5) Who was Archduke Ferdinand?
6) What country declared war on Serbia at the very start of World
War I?
7) Why do some historians believe that Germany wanted to start
World War I?
DICKON THE DEVIL

PART ONE
DICKON THE DEVIL

PART ONE
WORLD WAR I
ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
WHO WAS ARCHDUKE FERDINAND?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was born in the city of Graz on December 18, 1863. After his
cousin and father died, he became the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. His uncle,
Franz Joseph, was the current emperor of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. He was
married to Sophie, the Duchess of Hohenberg.
LEADING UP TO THE ASSASSINATION

In the southern portion of Austria-Hungary was a region called Bosnia. Many of the
Bosnians wanted to have their own country and not be under the rule of Austria-
Hungary. The country of Serbia, just south of the Austria-Hungary border also wanted
the freedom of the Bosnians. Serbia was an ally with the powerful Russian Empire and
Austria-Hungary was allied with Germany.
When Archduke Ferdinand announced his trip to Sarajevo, Bosnian nationalists

(people who wanted Bosnia to be its own country) saw their opportunity to strike at the
Austrian Empire. With help from the neighboring country of Serbia, assassins were
recruited and trained to kill the Archduke as he traveled through the streets of
Sarajevo. These assassins were members of a terrorist group called the Black Hand.
THE ASSASSINATION
On June 28, 1914 Franz Ferdinand and his wife were in the third car of a motorcade
traveling through Sarajevo to the Town Hall. The Black Hand had several assassins
positioned along the route.
On the way to the Town Hall, the first assassination attempt occurred. A man named
Nedeljko Cabrinovic threw a bomb into the car with the Archduke. However, the bomb
bounced off the car and landed under the next car in the motorcade. The car with the
Archduke was able to speed away and make it safely to the Town Hall.
The assassins did not give up, however. On the return trip, the motorcade took a wrong
turn. When the driver began to back up, another assassin named Gavrilo Princip
happened to be right next to the car. He took advantage of this opportunity and began
firing at the Archduke. He fired twice, hitting the Archduke once and his wife Sophie.
The crowd jumped on Princip and he was arrested by the police. At the same time the
car sped to the Governor's residence to get medical help. Unfortunately, Sophie was
dead before they arrived and the Archduke died a few minutes later.
WORLD WAR I
TRENCH WARFARE
Trench warfare is a type of fighting where both sides build deep trenches as a
defense against the enemy. These trenches can stretch for many miles and make
it nearly impossible for one side to advance.
HOW WERE THE TRENCHES BUILT?

The trenches were dug by soldiers. Sometimes the soldiers just
dug the trenches straight into the ground. This method was
called entrenching. It was fast, but left the soldiers open to
enemy fire while they were digging. Sometimes they would build
the trenches by extending a trench on one end. This method was
called sapping. It was safer, but took longer. The most secret
way to build a trench was to make a tunnel and then remove the
roof when the tunnel was complete. Tunneling was the safest
method, but also the most difficult.
NO MAN'S LAND
The land between the two enemy trench lines
was called "No Man's Land." This land was
sometimes covered with barbed wire and land
mines. The enemy trenches were generally
around 50 to 250 yards apart.
WHAT WERE THE TRENCHES LIKE?

The typical trench was dug around twelve feet deep into the ground. There was often an
embankment at the top of the trench and a barbed wire fence. Some trenches were
reinforced with wood beams or sandbags. The bottom of the trench was usually covered
with wooden boards called duckboards. The duckboards were meant to keep the soldiers'
feet above the water that would collect at the bottom of the trench.
The trenches weren't dug in one long straight line, but were built as more of a system of
trenches. They were dug in a zigzag pattern and there were many levels of trenches
along the lines with paths dug so soldiers could travel between the levels.
WORLD WAR I
TRENCH WARFARE
LIFE IN THE TRENCHES
Soldiers generally rotated through three stages of the front. They
would spend some time in the front line trenches, some time in
the support trenches, and some time resting. They almost always
had some sort of job to do whether it was repairing the trenches,
guard duty, moving supplies, undergoing inspections, or cleaning
their weapons.
CONDITIONS IN THE TRENCHES

he trenches were not nice, clean places. They were actually quite disgusting. There were
all sorts of pests living in the trenches including rats, lice, and frogs. The rats were
everywhere and got into the soldiers' food and ate just about everything, including
sleeping soldiers. The lice were also a major problem. They made the soldiers' itch
horribly and caused a disease called Trench Fever.
The weather also contributed to rough conditions in the trenches. Rain caused the
trenches to flood and get muddy. Mud could clog up weapons and make it hard to move
in battle. Also, the constant moisture could cause an infection called Trench Foot that, if
untreated, could become so bad that a soldier's feet would have to be amputated. Cold
weather was dangerous, too. Soldiers often lost fingers or toes to frostbite and some
died from exposure in the cold.
1) What was the land between two enemy trenches called?

2) Around how deep was the typical trench?
3) True or False: Trenches were generally dug in a long straight line.
4) When not fighting, what would soldiers do in the trenches?
5) What animal pest that lived in the trenches caused the disease Trench
Fever?
6) What disease did many soldiers get from the constant moisture in the
trenches?
7) True or False: General living conditions in the trenches were dirty, full
of pests, and dangerous.
DICKON THE DEVIL

PART TWO
WORLD WAR I
CHANGES IN MODERN WARFARE
World War I introduced many advances in science and technology into modern
warfare. These advances changed the nature of warfare including battle strategies
and tactics. Scientists and inventors on both sides worked throughout the war to
improve weapon technology in order to give their side an edge in the fight.
WAR IN THE AIR

World War I was the first war where the airplane was
used. Initially, airplanes were used to observe enemy
troops. However, by the end of the war they were used
to drop bombs on troops and cities. They also had
mounted machine guns that were used to shoot down
other planes.
TANKS
Tanks were first introduced in World War I. These
armored vehicles were used to cross "No Man's
Land" between the trenches. They had mounted
machine guns and cannon. The first tanks were
unreliable and hard to steer, however, they became
more effective by the end of the war.
CHANGES IN NAVAL WARFARE

The typical trench was dug around twelve feet deep into the ground. There was
often an embankment at the top of the trench and a barbed wire fence. Some
trenches were reinforced with wood beams or sandbags. The bottom of the trench
was usually covered with wooden boards called duckboards. The duckboards
were meant to keep the soldiers' feet above the water that would collect at the
bottom of the trench.
The trenches weren't dug in one long straight line, but were built as more of a
system of trenches. They were dug in a zigzag pattern and there were many levels
of trenches along the lines with paths dug so soldiers could travel between the
levels.
WORLD WAR I
TRENCH WARFARE
NEW WEAPONS
Artillery: Large guns, called artillery, were improved
during World War I including anti-aircraft guns to shoot
down enemy planes. The majority of the casualties in the
war were inflicted using artillery. Some large artillery
guns could launch shells nearly 80 miles.
Machine gun: The machine gun was improved during the
war. It was made much lighter and easier to move
around.
Flame throwers: Flame throwers were used by the
German Army on the western front in order to force the
enemy out of their trenches.
Chemical weapons: World War I also introduced chemical
weapons to warfare. Germany first used chlorine gas to
poison unsuspecting Allied troops. Later, the more
dangerous mustard gas was developed and used by both
sides. By the end of the war, troops were equipped with
gas masks and the weapon was less effective.
1) What new technology was used to drop bombs from the air?
2) What armored vehicles were used to cross the dangerous area
between trenches?
3) Which type of weapon was responsible for most of the casualties
during the war?
4) What weapon was used by German troops on the western front to
force soldiers out of the trenches?
5) What was the main way troops were transported during the war?
6) What weapon was less effective once troops were equipped with gas
masks?
DICKON THE DEVIL

PART THREE
WORLD WAR I
END OF WWI AND POST WAR
THE LAST BATTLES
In August of 1918, the Allied commanders on the western front decided to go
on the offensive. Starting on August 8th, a series of battles were fought
called the Hundred Days Offensive. These battles included the Battle of
Amiens, the Second Battle of the Somme, and several battles along
Germany's Hindenburg Line. The Germans were pushed out of France and
were forced to retreat back into Germany.
ARMISTICE
By the end of the Hundred Days Offensive, the German
forces were exhausted and running out of food and
supplies. On November 11, 1918 they requested an
armistice. An armistice is when both sides agree to stop
fighting while a peace treaty is negotiated. The Allies
agreed to the armistice and at 11 AM on November 11,
1918 the fighting in World War I came to an end.
TREATY NEGOTIATIONS
The Allied Nations met in Paris at the Paris Peace
Conference in 1919 to decide the fate of Germany and the
Central Powers. Although a number of nations took part in
the negotiations, the major decisions and discussions were
between the leaders of the "Big Four" nations which
included Georges Clemenceau (Prime Minister of France),
David Lloyd George (Prime Minister of Great Britain),
Woodrow Wilson (President of the United States), and
Vittorio Orlando (Prime Minister of Italy).
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
The Treaty of Versailles was signed between the Allied Powers and Germany on June 28,
1919. This officially ended World War I. The treaty was extremely harsh on Germany. It
forced Germany to "accept the responsibility for causing all the loss and damage" of the
war. Germany was forced to disarm, give up land to France, and to pay reparations of
132 billion Marks (around $442 billion in 2014 money).
WORLD WAR I
TRENCH WARFARE
NEW NATIONAL BORDERS
The map of Europe changed significantly after World War I. Several new
independent countries were formed including Poland, Finland, Yugoslavia, and
Czechoslovakia. Russia became the Soviet Union and the Ottoman Empire later
became the country of Turkey. Germany also had to give up the provinces of
Alsace-Lorraine to France.
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
As part of the Paris Peace Conference, an organization called the League of
Nations was formed. The League of Nations was formed in an effort to establish
world peace. Its member countries hoped to prevent wars by helping to settle
disputes between countries. The League also aimed to establish fair labor
conditions, improve global health, control the global arms trade, and protect
minorities in Europe. The League was officially founded by the Treaty of
Versailles and had 42 founding member countries.
1) What was the name of the treaty signed between Germany and the Allied
Powers to end World War 1?
2) What is an armistice?
3) What date did the fighting in World War I come to an end?
4) What was the name of the treaty signed between Germany and the Allied
Powers?
5) What punishment did Germany receive after losing World War I?
6) What country was not a part of the 'Big Four' that negotiated with Germany?
7) True or False: The United States did not sign the Treaty of Versailles or join
the League of Nations.
8) Which new country formed after World War I?
9) What organization of countries was formed after World War I to prevent
future wars?
WORLD WAR I
1917
1. What was the task given to the boys? Why was it so important?
2. What were some things you observed as the boys walked through
the trenches?
3. What were some things you observed as the boys walked across
no man’s land?
4. How was the German camp different from the English camp?
5. When the plane landed and the incident happened what were you
thinking
6. List some of the problems that the boys faced through the movie
as they tried to accomplish their mission
7. Explain the last scene of the movie where Lance Corporal is sitting
by the tree.
What was going through his head? What would you be thinking
about?

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Teacher Tomás Prioli 4C

Mental health refers to cognitive, behavioral, and emotional well-being.

After the reading, work with this T or F. Justify your answer.

1. Doctors consider that many psychological conditions have physical

THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO

THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO

THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO

After the reading, anwer the following questions.

1. What are some of the consequences of mental disorders?

THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO

THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO

Sometimes a person might experience symptoms of bipolar disorder that do not

1. What is Bipolar Disorder?

After watching the episode, anwer the questions.

Compare this two photos. How is Lexi feeling in them? How

THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO

THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO

THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO

THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO

THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO

THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO

WHERE WAS MOST OF THE FIGHTING?

HOW DID IT END?

In response to Germany's alliances, France and Russia established an alliance in

EUROPE READY FOR WAR

ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FERDINAND

WHO WAS TO BLAME?

Answer the questions with full answers.

1) What three European countries signed an alliance called the Triple

DICKON THE DEVIL

DICKON THE DEVIL

LEADING UP TO THE ASSASSINATION

When Archduke Ferdinand announced his trip to Sarajevo, Bosnian nationalists

HOW WERE THE TRENCHES BUILT?

WHAT WERE THE TRENCHES LIKE?

CONDITIONS IN THE TRENCHES

Answer the questions with full answers.

1) What was the land between two enemy trenches called?

DICKON THE DEVIL

WAR IN THE AIR

CHANGES IN NAVAL WARFARE

Answer the questions with full answers.

DICKON THE DEVIL

Answer the questions with full answers.

Answer the questions with full answers.

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Booklet 4C Science & Lit PART 1

Booklet 4C Science & Lit PART 1