Index

Alexandria dunefield, 268, 269

allopatry(ic), 325
Aarnio, K., 193 Allorchestes, 231
Abarenicola, 72 Allorchestes compressa, 230
Acacia cyclops, 294 alongshore, 168-170
Acanthocephala, 67 alongshore variation, 140-142
Acanthomacrostomum, 66 altering landscape, 291-297
Acarina, 79 beach nourishment, 294-295
access control, 315 dams, 296
accreting, 325 disrupting sediment transport, 292-294
Acochlidiacea, 76 dune nourishment and enhancement, 296
Acoela, 76 groundwater level changes, 297
across shore, 170-172 military activities, 291
across-shore distribution, 171 mining, 296
across-shore variation, 142-143 reshaping, 292
active biological aggregations, 141 ammonium ions, 356
adaptations to sandy-beach life, 91-122 Ammophila, 254, 260
aggregations and gregariousness, 120-121 Amoco Cadiz, 274
environmental tolerances, 116-119 amoebae, 184
habitat choices, 108-111 amorphous material, 33
locomotion, 92-99 Amphipoda, 80
burrowing, 92-97 amphipods, 107, 228
surfing and coping with swash, 97-99 Amphiporeia, 199
nutrition, 111-113 amplitude, 11
overview, 91-92 Anadromous, 325
phenotypic plasticity, 121-122 Anaulus, 57, 60-61, 241, 244
predator avoidance, 121 Anaulus australis, 58
reproduction, 119-120 Annelida, 68-73
respiration, 113-116 class
sensory responses and orientation, 105-107 Archiannelida, 68
tidal rhythms of activity, 99-105 Oligochaeta, 73
adhesive organs, 186 Polychaeta, 68
aeolian colonization, 259 family
aeolian, defined, 325 Aphroditidae, 68
aeolian transport, 296 Arenicolidae, 72
aeolian (wind) transports, 6 Capitellidae, 72
aeration, 45 Chaetopteridae, 72
aerobic bacteria, 355 Eunicidae, 71
aggregations, 120-121, 259 Glyceridae, 69
airborne salt spray, 259 Hesionidae, 70
358 Index

Nephtyidae, 70 order
Nereidae, 70 Acarina, 79
Opheliidae, 72-73 Amphipoda, 80
Orbiniidae, 71 Coleoptera, 88-89
Paraonidae, 70 CoUembola, 87-88
Phyllodocidae, 68-69 Cumacea, 80
Pisionidae, 70 Decapoda, 84-86
Psammodrilidae, 71 Diptera, 88
Spionidae, 71 Isopoda, 82-83
Syllidae, 70 Mysidacea, 79-80
genus Orthoptera, 88
Abarenicola, 72 Tanaidacea, 82
Arenicola, 72 subclass
Glycera, 69-70 Copepoda, 79
Nephtys, 70 Malacostraca, 79-80
Scolelepis, 71-72 Mystacocarida, 79
Anomura, 84 Ostracoda, 79
anoxic black layers, 278 Xiphosura, 78
Ansell, A.D., 229 suborder
Anthozoans, 66 Anomura, 84-85
Anurida maritima, 87 Brachyura, 85-86
Aphroditidae, 68 Macrura, 84
aquatic macrophytes, 55 arthropods, 261
aquifers, 36, 325 artisanal fisheries, 176, 287
Arachnida, 79 Assateague, 320
arachnids, 261 Asterionellopsis, 57
Archiannelida, 68 Attheya, 57, 62
Ardeidae, 218 Aulacodiscus, 57, 62
area, 354 autecological hypothesis, 136
Arenicola, 72, 85, 93-94, 113, 116, 194, 226 autecology, 325
Arenicola marina, 72, 93 autophasing, 104
Arenicolidae, 72 autotrophic flagellates, 55, 233
Armandia, 171
Amtz,W.E., 154 B
Arthropoda, 78-89
class backshore, defined, 325
Arachnida, 79 backshore-fi:ontal/active-dune zone, 305
Crustacea, 79 backshores, 305, 325
Insecta, 87 backwash, 18, 39, 47, 325
Merostomata, 78 bacteria, 183, 184, 235
Myriapoda, 79 bacterial biomass, 235, 237
Pycnogonida, 79 bacterial colonization, 50
genus bait and food collecting, 286-287
Bathyporeia, 82 Balanoglossus, 90
Callianassa, 85 barrier islan4 325
Cirolana, 84 barrier island resort industry, 318
Dotilla, 87 barrier islands, 325
Emerita, 85 bars, 325
Eurydice, 83 Bascom, Willard, 2-3
Excirolana, 84 Bate, G.C., 231,240
Hippa, 85 bathing beaches, 278
Ocypode, 86 Bathyporeia, 82
Ovalipes, 87 Batillipes, 78
Talitrus, 80-82 Batoid, 325
Talorchestia, 82 batoid elasmobranchs, 208
Tylos, 83 beach deposit index (BDI), 353
 Index 359

beach face, 325 benthic macrofauna populations, 163-179

defined, 325 invertebrate fisheries, 175-179
erosion/accretion, 4 7 ^ 8 macroscale patterns, 164-168
wave run-up, 38-39 beach types, 165-168
beach index (BI), 19, 129, 325, 353 latitude, 164-165
beach morphodynamics, 136, 137, 140, 295, 353 mesoscale patterns, 168-173
beach raking, 299 across shore, 170-172
beach slopes, 19-20 alongshore, 168-170
beach state index (BSI), 353 temporal changes, 172-173
beach/surf-zone systems, 223 microscale patterns, 173-174
beach type measures, 353-354 overview, 163
beaches benthic microflora, 50, 55-57
cleaning, 286 benthoplanktonic, 198
indices, 19-20 berm, 325
and interaction of slope, waves, tides, and sand, berms, 325
18-19 biological interactions, 193-194
length, 140 biological oxygen demand (BOD), 52
and surf-zone flora, 55-64 biological rhythms, 118
benthic microflora, 55-57 biomass, 132-133, 201-202
overview, 55 biota, interstitial, 183-186
seagrasses, 62-64 bioturbation, 325
surf-zone phytoplankton, 57-62 birds, 218-222, 275, 288
types of, 20-24, 165-168 bitou bush, 294
microtidal, 20-22 bivalve mollusks, 94, 221
tidal effects, 22-24 bivalves, 110, 177
bed load, 18 Bivalvia, 76
bed resistance, 24 black layers, 51
bed return flow, 14 Blepharipoda, 99
benthic biomass, 226 blowouts, 256, 261, 325
benthic diatoms, 233 blue-green bacteria, 55
benthic feeders, 228-229 body size, 138-140
benthic macrofauna communities, 125-160 bores, 14, 325
macroscale patterns, 129-140 bottlenecks, 58
abundance, 131 bottom friction, 24
biomass, 132-133 bound and infi-agravity waves, 14
body size, 138-140 Bourget, E., 136, 160
density, 133-134 Brachiopoda, 74
factors controlling large-scale patterns, 136-138 Brachyura, 85-86
latitude, 134-136 brackish transition zone, 192
other trends, 138 Brazeiro, A., 140
species richness, 130-131 Brazilian beaches, 233
mesoscale patterns, 140-150 breaker, 325
across-shore variation, 142-143 breakers, 325
alongshore variation, 140-142 breaking shoaling, 12-14
beach length, 140 breakwaters, 293, 312
zonation, 143-150 Brown, A.C., 268, 279
microscale patterns, 150-159 bryophytes, 260
commensalism and mutualism, 159 buffer zones, 307
competition, 151-155 Bullia, 66, 75, 96-98, 119, 160, 209, 226, 271
disturbance, 155-157 aggregations, 120-121
predation, 158-159 food of, 111-112
recruitment, 157 reactions to stress, 282
overview, 125-126 Bullia digitalis, 98, 105, 108, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 119,
sampling, 126-128 120
taxonomic composition, 128-129 Bullia melanoides, 114
trophic relations, 159-160 Bullia pura, 115
360 Index

Bullia rhodostoma, 98, 115, 117, 149 chemoautotrophs, 184

burrowing, 36, 92-97, 108 Chionididae, 218
burrowing rate index, 108 Chiridotea, 83
Bursey, C.R., 117 chlorophyll, 61
bypass, 325 ciliates, 245
circulation cells and mixing, 24-25
Cirolana, 84
cirolanid isopods, 160
calcium carbonate, 257 Cirmtulidae, 275
calcium carbonate fragments, 32 Claerboudt, M., 288
Calidris alba, 220 clams, 169, 176, 178-179
California beaches, 231 Clark, J.R., 303
Callianassa, 85, 113, 116, 159, 194, 226 climate, interstitial, 182-183
Callorhynchus capensis, 208-209 Clione, 66
Campbell, E.E., 231 Clutter, RJ., 199, 202
canopies, 260, 325 Cnidaria, 66
canopy, 325 coarse-grained reflective beach, 53
capillary forces, 35, 39 coarse-grained steep beaches, 181
capillary sediments, 185 coastal dune ecosystems and dune/beach interactions,
capillary space, 35 251-271
Capitella, 72, 281 coastal dune formation by vegetation, 253-254
Capitellidae, 72, 275 dune/beach exchanges
carbon budgets, 246 case study, 268-271
carbonate sands, 6, 51 defined, 267-268
Carcinoscorpius, 78 dune types, 254-257
Cardoso, R.S., 153, 164 dune vegetation, 259-261
carnivorous coleopterans, 231 edaphic features, 257-258
carnivorous intertidal isopods, 231 fauna, 261-265
Carrion, 225 food chains, 265-267
carrying capacity, 325 gradient across coastal dunefields, 259
Casuarina equisetifolia, 294 overview, 251-252
cavity space, 35 physical environment, 252-253
cellular circulation, 25, 239 water, 258-259
centric forms, 57 coastal dune formation, 253-254
Cercyon, 89 coastal emergence, 289
Cerebratulus, 67 coastal erosion, 298
Cestoda, 67 coastal retreat, 307
cetaceans, 212 coastal zone management (CZM), 303-323
Chaetoceros-dominatQd blooms, 61-62 case studies, 317-322
Chaetopteridae, 72 impact of hard structures on longshore sand transport,
channel dredging, 318 319-321
Chanos, 204 stabilization and destabilization of dunes, 321-322
Charadriidae, 218 U.S. barrier islands, 317-319
Chelazzi, L., 286 conservation, 322-323
Chelonia mydas, 64 implementation, 316
Cheloniidae, 215-216 littoral active zone (LAZ), 304-306
chemical environment of sediments, 355-356 management, 316
chemical extreme, 181 overview, 303-304
chemistry of interstitial environment, 49-52 planning, 316
groundwater inputs, 50 principles of, 307-316
nutrients, 52 controlling access, 315
organic inputs, 50 environmental impact assessment (EIA), 309-311
oxygen concentrations, 50-52 erosion, 311-312
salinity, 50 keeping littoral active zone (LAZ) intact, 307
temperature, 49 planning, permits, and regulations, 316
chemoautotrophic synthesis, 192 pollution, 316
 Index 361

recreational carrying capacity, 313-315 Dentalium, 78

restoration and rehabilitation, 312-313 deoxygenated sediment, 181
setbacks, 307 deposit feeders, 160, 226
zoning, 307-308 depth zonation, 63
threats, 306-307 Dermochelyidae, 215-216
coastal zone managers, 18, 311, 315 destabilization and stabilization of dunes, 321-322
Coelogynopora, 66 detritus biomass, 266
coelom, 93 detritus pathway, 266
Coelopa, 88 developments, 306
Coleoptera, 88-89 Diascorhynchus, 66
Collembola, 87 diatom blooms, 60
Colombini, I., 286 diatom cells, 237
colonization, 156 diatom foam, 58, 60
commensalism and mutualism, 159 diatom patches, 60
commercial fishing, 176, 287 diatoms, 55, 58, 61,202, 231
competition, 151-155 diel vertical migrations, 200
composition, 197-198 digestive systems, 52
computer-based modeling of nearshore processes, 321 dilatancy, 36, 326
condensation, 258 dimensionless fall velocity (DFV), 19, 129, 326, 353
conservation, 322-323 Diopatra, 71
conservation zones, 308 Diptera, 88, 143
Convoluta, 66, 100 direct human pressure, 290-291
Copepoda, 79 discharge zone, 37
copepods, 188, 281 Dispio, 71
copious mucus, 232 disrupting sediment transport, 292-294
corer, 183 dissipative beaches, 20, 21, 27, 29, 40, 131, 133
Coriolis forces, 17 dissolved inorganic nitrogen, 247
crabs, 229, 275 dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 233-234
crescentic bar, 21 dissolved organic matter (DOM), 50
crests, 10 dissolved organic-nitrogen (DON), 248
Crisp, J.J., 9 disturbance, 155-157
Croker, R.A., 152 diurnal tide, 16
crude oil pollution, 156, 274-277 diverse flora, 184
Crustacea, 79, 100, 113, 116, 121, 128, 212, 261 Doing, H., 260
Cumacea, 80 dolos, 312
cusps, 14, 20, 22, 141, 169, 325 Donacilla, 76
cyanobacteria, 55 Donax, 76, 77-78, 96, 97, 98, 100, 112, 119, 120-121, 169,
cyclic water movement, 17-18 228, 232
Donax denticulatus, 110, 174
D Donax gouldi, 173
Donax hanleyanus, 153, 154
Dahl, E., 144 Donax incarnatus, 114
dams, 296 Donax peruvianus, 154
Darcy's law, 34 Donax serra, 98, 100, 111, 113, 116, 154, 157, 169, 171,
Dean's Parameter, 353 173, 174, 220, 226
Decapoda, 84, 85-86, 128 Donax sordidus, 154
decomposition, 225 Donax variabilis, 98, 100, 110, 159
deep-dwelling interstitial fauna, 53 Donax vittatus, 114
deep-water waves, 11 Dorvlo,A., 126, 129, 138
Defeo, O., 126, 147, 152, 156, 157, 163, 168, 175, 280 Dotilla,Sl, 111
deflation, 256, 326 drift line fauna, 231
demersal, 326 drownings, 315
denitrification, 326, 356 DuPreez, D., 212
Denny, M.W., 28 Dugan, J.E., 139, 157, 173, 219, 231, 286, 293
density, 133-134 Dugong, 64, 212
density per square meter, 133 dune animals, 264
362 Index

dune/beach exchanges microbial loop in surf waters, 236-238

case study, 268-271 nutrient cycling, 244-248
groundwater, 269-270 overview, 223-224
organic materials, 270-271 energy flow, 238-240, 326
salt spray, 269 environmental impact assessment (EIA), 309-311
sand exchange, 269 environmental management plan, 316
defined, 267-268 environmental tolerances, 116-119
dune nourishment and enhancement, 296 Eosin, 183
dune sands, 252 epiphytes, 63
dune soils, 257 epipsammic diatoms, 189
dune types, 254-257 epipsammon, 326
dune vegetation, 259-261, 284-285 episodic erosion events, 312
dunefields, 321 Erasmus, T., 126
dynamic environments, 6 erosion, 18,289,311-312
estuaries, 261
Eulamellibranchia, 76
Eunicidae, 71
Eastern Cape, South Africa beaches, 231-233, 235-236 Eurydice, 83, 97, 100, 102
ebbtide, 182 Eurydice longicornis, 282
Echinocardium, 90, 97, 148 Eurydice pulchra, 100
Echinodermata, 90 Euzonus, 145
Echinodiscus, 284 Excirolana, 84, 99, 101, 102, 128-129, 131, 144, 165
Echiurida, 73 Excirolana armata, 152
ecological carrying capacity, 314 Excirolana braziliensis, 152-153, 164, 165
ecotourism, 288 Excirolana chiltoni, 119
Ectoprocta, 90 Excirolana hirsuticauda, 166
edaphic, defined, 326 Excirolana natalensis, 115
edaphic features, 257-258 exclusion experiments, 158-159
eddy effect, 58 Exogene, 70
edge waves, 14 Exosphaeroma, 82, 97
effluent line, 27, 38, 326 exploitation, 151
Eklonia, 231 exposure, 326
ElNiiio, 157,289 exposure rating, 353
elasmobranch predators, 121 external fertilization, 165
Ellers, O., 98
elucidation, 61
embaymentization, 140
embayments, 25-26 factory effluents, 278-279
Emerita, 66, 85, 97, 105, 113, 164, 165, 169, 172, 281 falconiform chimango, 218
Emerita analoga, 99, 117, 154, 164 fauna, 148, 181, 186-188, 261-265, 266
Emerita brasiliensis, 153, 154, 164 fecal nitrogen, 245
Emerita megalopa larvae, 157 feedback mechanisms, 221
Emerita talpoida, 117 Fegley, S.R., 188
emigration, 150 female turtles, 217
emulsifiers, 277 Fenchel, T., 51
Enchytraeus, 73 fencing, 299
Encope, 90 ferrous sulfide, 356
energetics and nutrient cycling, 223-248 fetch, 326
case study, 240-244 fill materials, 296
energy flow in beach and surf-zone ecosystems, 238-240 fill sediments, 295
food sources, 224-226 filling bag, 42
interstitial food chains, 233-236 filling wedges, 38, 39, 41
Eastern Cape, 235-236 filter-feeders, 111, 142, 225, 226
Scotland and India, 234-235 filter phytoplankton, 227
Western Cape, 235 filter/suspension feeders, 159
macroscopic food chains, 226-233 fine-grained dissipative beach, 53
 Index 363

fine-scale environmental gradients, 150 gray transition zone, 51

fishes, 203-212, 245 grazing pathway, 266
larvae, juveniles, and nursery areas, 203-208 greenhouse gases, 288
sampling, 203 gregariousness and aggregations, 120-121
surf-zone fish communities, 208-209 Griffiths, e x . , 231
temporal variability, 209-210 groundwater, 269-270
trophic relationships, 210-212 discharge, 36-37
fishing, 287 inputs, 50
flagellates, 232, 237, 242 level changes, 297
flange-proboscis sequence, 94 seepage, 50, 54, 269
flatfishes, 203, 208, 326 and swash effects, 4 6 ^ 7
flora, beach and surf-zone, 55-64 growth to biomass ratio (P/B), 326
benthic microflora, 55-57 Gryllotalpa, 88
overview, 55 guild, 326
seagrasses, 62-64 Gunter, G., 61
surf-zone phytoplankton, 57-62
flow patterns and interstitial climate, 4 1 ^ 5 H
flushing, 182
food and feeding relationships, 202-203 habitat choices, 108-111
food chains, 265-267 habitat harshness hypothesis, 137, 166, 169-170
interstitial, 233-236 Hacking, N., 129
Eastern Cape, 235-236 Haematopodidae, 218
Scotland and India, 234-235 Haematopus moquini, 220
Western Cape, 235 haemocoel, 93
food collecting, 286-287 haemocyanin production, 116
foraging, 219 haemolymph, 116
foraminiferans, 184 Hantzschia, 57, 184
foredunes, 254-255, 260, 305 hard coasts, 304
forests, 260 Harden-Jones, RR., 207
fimgi, 184, 259 harpacticoid copepods, 187, 195, 234
harpacticoids, 185, 190
Hayakawa, Yasuhiro, 354
Hayes, W.B., 231
Gamble, F.W., 99 headland bypass dunes, 267
gaseous nitrogen, 356 headlands, 25-26, 261
gastropods, 96, 228 Hemichordata, 90
Gastrosaccus, 79-80, 97, 113, 200 herbivores, 211
Gastrosaccuspsammodytes, 111, 121 herbivorous coleopterans, 143
Gastrotricha, 67-68 Hesionidae, 70
geotaxis, 326 Hesp, R, 142, 201
Gheskiere, T., 190 heteroparity, 326
ghost crabs, 287 heterotrophic bacteria, 178, 193
Gianuca, N.M., 233 heterotrophic flagellates, 237
Gibbs, RJ., 19 Heymanns, J.I, 231, 240, 242
glaciers, 289 high-energy coarse-sand beaches, 51-52
global warming, 288-290 high-energy, defined, 326
Glottidia, 74 high-energy windows, 50
Glycem, 69-70 high tide, 15,23
Glyceridae, 69 Hippa, S5, 99, 108, 131, 173
Gnathostomaria, 66 Hippa australis, 149
Gnathostomula, 66 hippid crabs, 144
Goniada, 69 Hirundo rutisca, 218
grain shape, 33 Hobbins, C.S.C, 102, 105
grain size, 32 Hockey, RA.R., 221, 222
gravity flows, 42 holocephalan Callorhynchus capensis, 208-209
gravity waves, 17 holoplanktonic, 198
364 Index
horizontal rhizome systems, 254
horizontal space partitioning, 151
Hubbard, D.M., 157, 293
human impacts, 273-299
altering landscape, 291-297
beach nourishment, 294-295
dams, 296
disrupting sediment transport, 292-294
dune nourishment and enhancement, 296
groundwater level changes, 297
military activities, 291
mining, 296
reshaping, 292
direct human pressure, 290-291
on evolution of beaches, 297-299
global warming, 288-290
natural impacts, 297
overview, 274
pollution, 274-284
crude oil pollution, 274-277
factory effluents, 278-279
oil dispersants, 277
pollution indicators, 280-281
sewage and organic enrichment, 277-278
thermal pollution, 279-280
toxicity studies, 281-284
recreational activities, 284-288
bait and food collecting, 286-287
beach cleaning, 286
ecotourism, 288
fishing, 287
litter, 288
off-road vehicles, 284-285
other recreational activities, 287-288
trampling, 286
Hummon, W.D., 48
humus, 257
hydraulic conductivity, 34
hydrocarbons, 282
hydrodynamic energy, 38
hydrogen sulfide, 355
hydroxide ions, 356
Hydrozoa, 66, 234
Hypogastrum, 88
ichthyofaunal trophic groups, 210
inclusive graphic skewness, 8
incubating systems, 52
Indian beaches, 229, 234-235
infi*agravity, 14, 326
inorganic nitrogen, 244, 270
Insecta, 87, 131
insects, 228
intermediate beaches, 21
internal fertilization, 165
internal waves, 17
interstitial biotas, 234, 245, 262, 266
interstitial climate and flow patterns, 41-45
interstitial climatic parameters, 44
interstitial, defined, 326
interstitial ecology, 181-195
biological interactions, 193-194
distribution of interstitial fauna, 186-188
interstitial biota, 183-186
interstitial climate, 182-183
meiofauna and pollution, 195
meiofaunal communities, 189-192
overview, 181-182
sampling, 183
temporal changes, 188-189
trophic relationships, 192-193
interstitial environment, 31-54
chemistry of, 49-52
groundwater inputs, 50
nutrients, 52
organic inputs, 50
oxygen concentrations, 50-52
salinity, 50
temperature, 49
definition of, 53-54
overview, 32
system characteristics, 32-36
grain shape, 33
grain size, 32
mineralogy, 32
moisture content, 35-36
permeability, 34-35
pore size, 34
porosity, 33-34
sorting, 32-33
thixotropy and dilatancy, 36
water filtration, 40-45
flow patterns and interstitial climate, 41-45
subtidal wave pumping, 45
volumes and residence times of tide and wave-driven
inputs, 4 0 ^ 1
water input processes, 36-40
beach face wave run-up, 38-39
groundwater discharge, 36-37
subtidal wave pumping, 39-40
tides, 37-38
water table fluctuations, 46-49
groundwater and swash effects, 46-47
influence on beach face erosion/accretion, 47-48
tidal effects, 46
zones of interstitial moisture, 48-49
interstitial fauna, 140
interstitial food chains, 233-236
Eastern Cape, 235-236
Scotland and India, 234-235
Western Cape, 235
interstitial moisture zones, 48-49
 Index 365

interstitial nutrient levels, 50 Laminaria, 231

interstitial pathway, 265 Lancaster, J.E., 210
interstitial protozoans, 233 landscape alteration, 291-297
intertidal distribution range, 172 beach nourishment, 294-295
intertidal faunas, 229 dams, 296
intertidal invertebrates, 270 disrupting sediment transport, 292-294
intertidal macrobenthos, 128 dune nourishment and enhancement, 296
intertidal psammophiles, 118 groundwater level changes, 297
intertidal scavengers, 159 military activities, 291
intertidal sediments, 247 mining, 296
intertidal zones, 267 reshaping, 292
intraspecific zonation, 200 landward migration, 39
invertebrate fisheries, 175-179 landward-moving pulse, 46
invertebrate macrofauna, 92 Laridae, 218
invertebrate marine predators, 228 Larus hartlaubi, 220
invertebrate phyla, 65 larvae, juveniles, and nursery areas, 203-208
invertebrate scavengers, 246 larval fishes, 207-208
ionic regulation, 277 larval pools, 165
iron sulfides, 51 Lasiak,T.A, 205, 209, 210
irrigation, 45, 194 Lastra, M., 157
Isopoda, 82 latitude, 134-136, 164-165
isopods, 228 latitudinal effects, 29
isotherm, 326 latitudinal variations, 192
iteroparous breeding, 119 lecitrophy, 326
iteroparous(ity), 326 Leitoscoloplos, 71
Lenanton, R.C.J., 210
Lepidopa, 99
Leptosomatida, 67
Japanese sedge, 294 Lercari, D., 156, 280
Jaramillo, E., 126, 143, 153, 287 Leuresthes, 204
jetties, 320 lichens, 260
Johannes, R.E., 244 Limandia limandia, 205
Jones, D.A., 102, 105 Limulus, IS, 212
juveniles, larvae, and nursery areas, 203-208 Lindeman spine, 243
Lindquist, N., 159
K linear millimeter scale, 32
Lingula, 74
K-strategist, 326 lipids, 276, 277
Kalyptorhynch Turbellaria, 66 liquefaction, 326
Karavas, N., 217 litter, 288
Keeble, R, 99 littoral active zone (LAZ), 251, 312
Kemps Ridley, 216 defined, 304-306
Kikulawa,A., 217 keeping intact, 307
kinematic viscosity, 35 littoral, defined, 326
kinetic energy, 11 littoral drift, 319
Kinorhyncha, 68 littoral zone, 144-145
Komar,, 320, 321 Liza richardsoni, 211, 232
Koop, K., 246 locomotion, 92-99
Kotwicki, L., 192 burrowing, 92-97
kurtosis, 8-9 surfing and coping with swash, 97-99
logarithmic phi scale, 32
longshore bar-trough system, 21
longshore distribution variations, 201
lacunar interstitial system, 181 longshore rhythmic topography, 14
lacunar system, 32 longshore sand transport, 18, 319-321
lag times, 46 Loricifera, 68
lagoon housing, 318 Lovenella gracilis, 159
366 Index

low-gradient low-tide dissipative beach, 23 marine beach/surf-zone ecosystem, 304

low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons, 275 marine nematode worms, 67
low tide, 15 marine protected areas (MPAs), 322
low-tide bar and rip type (LBR) beach type, 22 marine turtles, 217
low-tide terrace (RLT) beach type, 22 Marinogammarus, 101
lower-tide beach, 23 Marphysa, 71
Lucas, M.I., 246 marshes, 318
Lumbriconereis, 71 matrices, 309
Lumbrinereis, 71 Matuta, 86
lunar tides, 15-16 mc-index, 283
Lupa, 86 McGwynne, L.E., 246
McLachlan, A., 32, 48, 126, 129, 138, 142, 143, 147, 154,
M 157, 163, 168, 175, 201, 231, 240, 268
megarips, 25, 26
Machan, R., 42 meiobenthos, 193
Macoma, 194 meiofauna, 66, 109, 117, 158, 181, 183, 185, 188, 190, 224,
macrobenthic species, 131, 140 234, 235, 243
macrobenthos, 295 exposure to oil pollution, 275
macrofauna, 66, 158, 248 and pollution, 195
macrofauna organisms, 26 meiofaunal adaptations, 92
macrofaunal arthropods, 100 meiofaunal biomass, 234
macrofaunal densities, 170 meiofaunal communities, 189-192
macrofaunal forms, 65 meiofaunal oligochaetes, 235
macrofaunal psammophiles, 109 meiofaunal patchiness, 194
macrofaunal zones, 144 Mellita, 90
macrofaunas, 181, 183, 190 Menidia, 204
Macropetasma, 199 Menticirrhus, 210
Macrophthalmus, 86 Mercenaria, 222
macrophyte accumulations, 210 Merostomata, 78
macrophytes, 224, 228 meso/macrotidal dissipative beaches, 145
macrophytes herbivores, 211 Mesodesma, 76, 156, 174, 287
macroscale patterns, 129-140, 164-168 Mesodesma donacium, 154, 171, 173, 178
abundance, 131 Mesodesma mactroides, 153-154, 173
beach types, 165-168 mesoscale patterns, 140-150, 168-173
biomass, 132-133 across shore, 170-172
body size, 138-140 across-shore variation, 142-143
density, 133-134 alongshore, 168-170
factors controlling large-scale patterns, 136-138 alongshore variation, 140-142
latitude, 134-136, 164-165 beach length, 140
other trends, 138 temporal changes, 172-173
species richness, 130-131 zonation, 143-149
macroscale physical control hypothesis, 137 mesozooplankton, 237
macroscale population ecology, 163 Metamysidopsis, 200
macroscopic food chains, 226-233, 241 metapodium, 96
examples of metapopulations, 326
Brazil, 233 metazoans, 181
CaUfomia, 231 meter-wide strip unit, 129
Eastern Cape, South Africa, 231-233 micro-zooplankton, 198, 237, 242
India, 229 microbenthos, 193
Scotland, 229 microbial activity, 52
Western Australia, 229-231 microbial loop, 236-238, 242, 248
Western Cape, South Africa, 231 microbial populations, 50-51
Macrura, 84 microscale patterns, 150-159, 173-174
Malacostraca, 79-80 commensalism and mutualism, 159
management, 316 competition, 151-155
Manning, M.L., 159 disturbance, 155-157
 Index 367

predation, 158-159 Myriapoda, 79

recruitment, 157 Mysella, 76
microscale population ecology, 163 Mysidacea, 79
microscopic plants, 266-267 mysids, 227
microtidal beaches, 21, 22, 40 Mystacocarida, 79
Microtus breweri, 263
midlittoral carnivore/scavenger populations, 160 N
migrations, 199-200, 219
military activities, 291 Nardi, M., 103
Milvago chimango, 218 Natica, 76, 96
mineralization, 52, 326 naticid gastropods, 158
mineralogy, 32 Naticidae, 75
mining, 296 natural disasters, 306-307
mixed-function oxygenase activity, 276 natural impacts, 297
mixing and circulation cells, 24-25 natural sands, 33
Moffet, M.D., 286 nature-based tourism, 299
moisture content, 35-36 navigation projects, 292
moisture tester, 9 neap tide, 41
moisture zones, 146 neaps, 171
mole crabs, 169, 287 negative geotaxis, 105
molecular valence connectivity index (mc-index), 283 Nel, P, 155, 171
Mollusca, 74-78 Nematoda, 67
class nematode biomass spectra, 195
Bivalvia, 76-77 nematode/copepod ratio, 195
Gastropoda, 74-75 nematodes, 185, 188, 189-190, 194, 195, 234, 235, 270
Scaphopoda, 78 Nemertea, 67
genus Nephtyidae, 70
BuUia, 75 Nephtys, 70, 158
Donax, 77-78 Nereidae, 70
Natica, 76 net drift, 321
Oliva, 75 neuropodium, 326
Olivella, 76 neutron probe technique, 39
Polinices, 76 New Jersey barriers, 317-319
Tellina, 78 Newton's law of universal gravitation, 15
Terebra, 75 Ninoe, 71
order nitrate bacteria oxidize, 184
Acochlidiacea, 76 nitrification, 245, 326, 355
Acoela, 76 nitrogen, 52, 244, 246
Eulamellibranchia, 76-77 nitrogen-fixing bacteria, 184
Neogastropoda, 74-75 nocturnal foraging, 219
subclass nonbiodegradable plastic materials, 288
Opisthobranchia, 76 noncapillary sediments, 185
Prosobranchi, 74-75 nondissociated ammonia, 356
Monobryozoon, 90 Nordstrom, K.F., 297, 304, 317
Monodactylus, 229 nourishment, 294-295, 296, 298, 311, 326
monsoonal erosion, 157 nuclear power stations, 279-280
moon orbits, 15 nursery areas, larvae, and juveniles, 203-208
Moore, C.G., 288 nutrient cycling, 244-248
morphodynamics, 131, 326 nutrients, 52
morphological adaptations, 92 nutrition, 111-113
Mortimer, J.A., 217
Morzer Bruyns, M.F., 261
O
mullet, 271
multicausal environmental severity hypothesis, 137 oblique wave attacks, 18, 24
mutualism and commensalism, 159 Ocypode, 86, 152, 159, 284
Myers, J.P., 221 Ocypode quadrata, 111
368 Index

ocypodids, 104, 116, 170, 228 pelagic eggs, 205

Odendaal,, 98 pelagic organisms, 281
off-road vehicles, 284-285 pendular water, 36
offshore mining, 296 penetrability, 9-10
offshore winds, 17 pennate diatoms, 57
oil dispersants, 277 peracarids, 128
oil pollution, 156, 274-277 percolation pathway, 40, 43
Oligochaeta, 73 perennial breeding, 119
oligochaetes, 189, 192 permeability, 9, 34-35
OHva, 75, 96 permits, 316
Olivacea, 75 Peromyscus polionotus, 263
Olivella, 76 petroleum hydrocarbons, 274
oniscid isopods, 228 Phalacrocoridae, 218
onshore winds, 17 phenotypic plasticity, 121-122
Onuphis, 71 Philosyrtis, 66
Onychiurus, 88 phosphorus, 52, 244
Opheliidae, 72-73 photoautotrophs, 192
Ophryotrocha, 71 phototaxis, 326
Opisthobranchia, 76 Phragmites, 296
Orbinia, 71 Phyllodocidae, 68-69
Orbiniidae, 71 physical carrying capacity, 314
orbital diameter, 11 physical environment, 5-29, 252-253
Orchestoidea, 153, 168 beach indices, 19-20
Orchestoidea tuberculata, 104 beach types, 20-24
organic detritus, 268 microtidal beaches, 20-22
organic inputs, 50, 191 tidal effects, 22-24
organic materials, 225, 270-271 circulation cells and mixing, 24-25
orientational responses, 105-107 drivers of water movement, 15-17
Orthoptera, 88 internal waves, 17
osmotic regulation, 277 tides, 15-17
Ostracoda, 79 wind, 17
Otoplana zone, 66 embayments, 25-26
Ovalipes, S7, 97, 113 headlands, 25-26
Ovalipes punctatus, 121 interaction among beach slope, waves, tides, and sand,
oxidative decomposition, 355 18-19
oxidative phosphorylation, 282 latitudinal effects, 29
oxidizing zone, 356 overview, 6
oxygen, 187 sand, 6-10
oxygen concentrations, 50-52 particle size, 6-9
oxygen consumption, 116 penetrability, 9-10
oxygen tensions, 49 permeability, 9
oxygenated sediment, 181 porosity, 9
oxygenation, 45, 51, 187, 191, 194 sand transport, 17-18
slope, 28-29
swash climate, 26-28
waves, 10-14
P/B ratio, 326 bound and infragravity waves, 14
paraboUc dunes, 256, 257 edge waves, 14
Paraonidae, 70 energy types of, 11
particle size, 6-9 refraction, 11-12
particulate organic form (POC), 233-234 shoaling and breaking, 12-14
particulate organic matter (POM), 50, 355 types of, 11
particulate organic-nitrogen (PON), 248 phytoplankton, 229, 247
Patin, S.A., 277 phytoplankton blooms, 202-203
Peachia, 93 Pilayella, 62
Pearson, T.H., 278 pine trees, 294
 Index 369

pioneer bryophytes, 260 propodial extension, 96

pioneer, defined, 326 protozoans, 183, 184-185, 235
pioneer plants, 314 Psammodrilidae, 71
piping plovers, 288, 295 Psammodrilus, 71
piscivores, 211 psammophile, 327
Pisionidae, 70 Psammophiles, 120
planktivores, 212, 229 psammophytes, 260
planktonic mysid Me^opoJop^w, 199 Pseudorchestoidea, 168
planktotrophic larvae, 120 psuedofeces. 111
planktotrophy, 326 pulsing sand, 269
planning, 316 pumping currents, 40
plant invasions, 294 purpose of ecology of sandy shores, 1-3
planting, 313 Pycnogonida, 79
plasticity, 165
Platyhelminthes, 66-67
Pleuronectes platessa, 205
plunging, 12 quadrat/core size, 126
plunging breakers, 12-13 quadrat scale, 150
pocket beach, 326 quartz fragments, 32
Polinices, 76 quartz sands, 6
pollen, 62
pollination, 261 R
Pollock, L.W., 48
pollution, 274-284, 306, 316 R-strategist, 327
crude oil pollution, 274-277 railroad lines, 318
factory effluents, 278-279 rain, 36, 244
indicators, 280-281 Ranwell, D.S., 258
indicators of pollution, 280-281 recession line, 307
and meiofauna, 195 recreational activities, 284-288
oil dispersants, 277 bait and food collecting, 286-287
sewage and organic enrichment, 277-278 and beach cleaning, 286
thermal pollution, 279-280 ecotourism, 288
toxicity studies, 281-284 fishing, 287
Polychaeta, 68, 128 and litter, 288
polychaete worms, 275, 281 off-road vehicles, 284-285
Pomadasys, 229 trampling, 286
Pomatomus, 229 recreational carrying capacity, 313-315
Pontogeloides, 82 recreational fisheries, 176
Pontogeloides latipes, 115, 149 recruitment, 157
pore pressure, 46 Redfield ratio, 355
pore size, 34 redox, 327
pore water, 49 redox potential discontinuity (RPD), 51, 189, 327, 356
Porifera, 66 reflective beach types, 29, 135
porosity, 9, 33-34, 50 reflective beaches, 239
portunids, 158, 228 reflective/low-tide terrace beach, 23
potential energy, 11 reflectivebeach/surf-zone, 20
prawns, 227 refraction, 11-12
precipitation, 258 regulations, 316
precipitation ridge, 327 Reise, K., 158, 193, 194
predation, 158-159 relative tide range (RTR), 19, 129, 327, 353
predator avoidance, 121 reproduction, 119-120
prey depletion, 221 reshaping, 292
prey-predator interactions, 221 respiration, 113-116
primary vortex, 14 respiratory enzymes, 282
prograding beaches, 52, 246 retention zones, 182, 190
prograding, defined, 327 rheotaxis, 327
370 Index

rhizomes, 62, 64 Echinodermata, 90

rhythmic bar, 21 Echiurida, 73
rhythmic megacusps, 21 Ectoprocta, 90
rhythmic spawners, 204 Gastrotricha, 67-68
rhythmic vertical migrations, 57 Hemichordata, 90
ribbon development, 307 Kinorhyncha, 68
ribbon worms, 67 Loricifera, 68
Ricciardi, A., 135-136 Mollusca, 74-78
Riedl, R.J., 38, 51 Nematoda, 67
rip currents, 21, 24, 327 Nemertea, 67
rip-head zones, 225, 235 overview, 65-66
rip heads, 327 Platyhelminthes, 66-67
ripples, 17-18 Porifera, 66
Roberts, W.D., 222, 264 Rotifera, 67
Robertson, A.I., 210 Sipunculoidea, 73-74
rocky shores, 1 Tardigrada, 78
Romer,G., 231,240 Sanguinolaria, 76
roots, 62 saturated capillary fringe, 39
Rose Bengal, 183 Scaphopoda, 78
Rosenberg, R., 278 scavengers, 111
Ross, ST., 209, 210 Schizodesma, 76
Rotifera, 67 Schratzberger, M., 195
roundness, 33 Scolelepis, 71, 145, 226
Ruple, D.L., 204 Scolopacidae, 218
Scoloplos, 71
scope for growth, 327
Scophthalmus maximus, 205
Sakamato, L, 41 Scopidae, 218
salinity, 50 Scotland, 229, 234-235
salinization, of groundwater, 297 Scottish beaches, 229, 234
salt spray, 268, 269 scrub-thicket zones, 260
salt stress, 261 sea intertidal invertebrates, 270
saltation, 252, 327 sea level rise, 307
Salvat, B., 48, 144, 146 sea temperature, 289
sampling, 183, 198-199, 203 seaturtles, 217, 295
sand, 6-10 seabeach amaranth, 295
exchange, 269 seagrasses, 62-64
particle size, 6-9 seaward migration, 39
penetrability, 9-10 sedimentary diatom population, 61
permeability, 9 seed eaters, 266
transport, 17-18 seine, 327
sand and swash exclusion hypothesis, 137 seisonoid rotifers, 67
sand budget, 305 semelparous breeding, 119
sand dollars, 284 semelparous(ity), 327
sand exchange, 269 semidiurnal tide, 16
sand fences, 294 semiterrestrial brachyurans, 107
sand hoppers, 218 sensory responses, and orientation, 105-107
sand lickers, 226 sessile animals, 1
sand permeability, 51 sewage and organic enrichment, 277-278
sand stratum, 49 sexual dimorphism, 220
sandy-beach invertebrates, 65-90, 168 shell adduction, 94
Acanthocephala, 67 shoaling, 12-14, 327
Annelida, 68-73 shoaling-wave ripples, 23
Arthropoda, 78-89 shoaling waves, 17, 22
Brachiopoda, 74 Short, A.D., 315
Cnidaria, 66 short longshore undulations, 20
 Index 371

shrubs, 260 supralittoral populations, 228, 232

sieves, 126 Supralittoral zone, 144
Siliqua, 76 surf beat, 14
sink populations, 167 surf circulation cells, 204, 241, 247
siphons, 94 surf diatom patches, 60
Sipunculoidea, 73-74 surf diatoms, 247
Sipunculus, 74, 97 surf macrobenthos, 128
skewness, 8 surf phytoplankton, 202, 225, 226, 235
slat fencing, 313 surf pulsing, 43
slip face, 327 surf-zone fauna, 2, 197-212
slope, 18-19, 28-29, 354 fishes, 203-212
Soares, A., 122, 128, 131, 138, 353 larvae, juveniles, and nursery areas, 203-208
social carrying capacity, 314 sampling, 203
sodium chloride, 259 surf-zone fish communities, 208-209
soft coasts, 304 temporal variability, 209-210
solar tide, 15-16 trophic relationships, 210-212
sorting, 32-33 other groups, 212
source-sink hypothesis, 167, 177 overview, 197
South African beaches, 40 zooplankton, 197-203
sparse interstitial fauna, 270 adaptations, 199
Spartina, 296 biomass and abundance, 201-202
spatial fluctuations, 280-281 composition, 197-198
species diversity, 263-264 distribution, 200-201
species richness, 130-131 food and feeding relationships, 202-203
sphericity, 33 migrations, 199-200
spilling breakers, 12-13, 24 sampling, 198-199
Spinifex, 255 surf-zone fish communities, 203, 208-209
Spio, 71 surf-zone ichthyofauna, 203, 210
Spionidae, 71 surf-zone microbial loop, 237
spiral bays, 141 surf-zone phytoplankton, 57-62
spring tides, 41, 171 surf-zone prawns, 202
stabilization and destabilization of dunes, 321-322 surf-zone zooplankton, 197, 198, 199, 201
Staphylinid beetles, 89 surf zones, 14, 20-21, 147-148, 197, 204, 208, 224, 235
static protection structures, 299 surface diatoms, 182
Steele, J.H., 229 surface-gravity waves, 10, 24
Sterna halaenarum, 263 surfing, and coping with swash, 97-99
Sthenelais, 68 swallows, 218
Stokes' law, 6 swash, 18, 97-99, 327
storm/calm cycles, 200 climate, 26-28
storms, 297, 319 effects, 52
strandline colonization, 254 effects and groundwater, 46-47
strip mining, 296 swash exclusion hypothesis, 110, 137
Strydom, N.A., 204 swash zone, 22, 41, 128, 200
sublittoral macrobenthos, 147 swept prism, 327
Sublittoral zone, 145 Syllidae, 70
subtidal pumping, 40 sympatry, 327
subtidal sediments, 247 Synchelidium, 80, 105
subtidal shift, 177 synecology, 327
subtidal wave pumping, 3 9 ^ 0 , 45
succession, 327
Suda, Y., 204
Sundays River Beach, 240 Tachypleus, 78
supralittoral crustaceans, 270 talitrid amphipods, 118, 228, 286
supralittoral fauna, 231 talitrid populations, 286
supralittoral forms, 127 Talitrus, 80-82, 97, 222
supralittoral macrofauna, 274 Talitrus saltator, 103, 106-107, 122
372 Index

Talorchestia, 82 tropical beaches, 135

Tanaidacea, 82 trough, 327
Tardigrada, 78 Turbanella, 67
taxis, 327 Turbellaria, 66, 234
Tellina, 76, 78, 121, 206, 229 Turner, LL., 39, 41
Tellina tenuis, 280 Turner, J., 32
temperate bivalves, 228 turnover, 327
temperature, 49 turtles, 215-218
temporal changes, 172-173, 188-189 Tylos, 83, 97, 102-103, 105, 113, 152, 222, 284
temporal fluctuations, 280-281 Tylos capensis, 103
temporal variability, 209-210 Tylos gmnulatus, 103, 113
Terebra, 75 Tylos punctatus, 113
terrestrial plant litter, 226
terrestrial predators, 270 U
terrestrial reptiles, 215
tetrahedral packing, 34 Uca, 86
Thalamita, 86 ultradissipative (UD) beach type, 22
Thalanessa, 97 Umbonium vestiarium, 174
Thalassia, 62 universal gravitation, Newton's law of, 15
Thalenessa, 68 upwelling, 327
thermal pollution, 279-280 Urothoe, 280
thermal resistance, 170 U.S. barrier islands, 317-319
thermal tolerance, 117, 170
thiobacilli, 184
thixotropy, 36, 109, 327
Thlacorhynchus, 66 Van Heerdt, RE, 261
thorny-head worms, 67 Vanaverbeke, J., 195
threats, 306-307 vegetated dunes, 254
Threskiomithidae, 218 vegetation plantings, 299
Ticherus, 64 velocity field, 44
tidal filter, 46 Veloso,VG., 153, 164
tidal inputs, 37-38 vertebrates, 261, 263
tidal levels, 144 vertical moisture zones, 170
tidal migrations, 149, 169, 172-173, 188-189 vertical rhizome systems, 254
tidal pulses, 270 vertical space partitioning, 151
tidal range, 15, 21
tidal rhythms, 99-105, 264 W
tidally induced fluctuations, 46
tides, 15-17, 18-19, 37-38, 45, 52, 130, 353, 354 water, 258-259
Tivela stultorum, 177 water filtration, 40-45, 233, 235
topographically controlled cellular circulation, 25 flow patterns and interstitial climate, 4 1 ^ 5
Torrey Canyon, 274 subtidal wave pumping, 45
toxicity studies, 281-284 volumes and residence times of tide and wave-driven
Trachinotus, 210, 229 inputs, 40-41
trampling, 286 water input processes, 36-40
transects, 128 beach face wave run-up, 38-39
transgressive dunes, 256, 327 groundwater discharge, 36-37
transitional circulation, 25 subtidal wave pumping, 39-40
transpirational cooling, 261 tides, 37-38
Trematoda, 66 water movement drivers, 15-17
trilobite larvae, 212 internal waves, 17
trophic, defined, 327 tides, 15-17
trophic interactions, 160 wind, 17
trophic links, 223 water table fluctuations, 4 6 ^ 9
trophic pathways, 223 groundwater and swash effects, 4 6 ^ 7
trophic relationships, 159-160, 192-193, 210-212 influence on beach face erosion/accretion, 47-48
 Index 373

tidal effects, 46 Woodin, S.A., 152

zones of interstitial moisture, 4 8 ^ 9 Woody Cape cliffs, 269
water table outcrop, 38, 42 Wooldridge,T., 201
waterlogging, 18 World Conservation Union, 322
Watt-Pringle, P., 204 wrack deposits, 230
wave attacks, 14, 319 wrack-dominated shores, 160
wave-driven currents, 148 wracks, 286
wave energy, 6, 11-12, 29
wave pumping, 41, 49
waves, 10-14, 41
bound and infragravity waves, 14 Xenotrichula, 67
edge waves, 14 Xiphosura, 78
energy types in, 11
and interaction of beach, slope, tides, and sand, 18-19
refraction, 11-12
shoaling and breaking, 12-14 zetaforms, 141
types of, 11 zonation, 142, 143-150, 170, 172
Webb, J.E., 48 zoning, 307-308
Wenner,A.M., 281 zooflagellates, 184
Western Australia beaches, 229-231 zooplankton, 197-203, 205, 227, 245
Western Cape beaches. South Africa, 231, 235 adaptations, 199
whelks, 160 biomass and abundance, 201-202
Williams, R., 9 composition, 197-198
Wilson, D.R, 152 distribution, 200-201
wind, 17 feeders, 229
wind pollination, 261 food and feeding relationships, 202-203
Wolcott, D.L., 284 migrations, 199-200
Wolcott, T.G., 284 sampling, 198-199