SECTION 18 – TRAFFIC DIVERSION AND MANAGEMENT

18.1 DEFINITION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL ZONES ................................................................ S18-1

18.1.1 ADVANCE WARNING AREA .................................................................................................. S18-1
18.1.2 TRANSITION AREA ............................................................................................................... S18-1
18.1.3 CLOSURE TAPER................................................................................................................... S18-1
18.1.4 BUFFER SPACE ..................................................................................................................... S18-1
18.1.5 WORK AREA ........................................................................................................................ S18-2
18.1.6 TERMINATION ...................................................................................................................... S18-2
18.2 TRAFFIC SAFETY AND CONTROL MEASURES ............................................................. S18-2
18.3 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT OFFICER ................................................................................. S18-2
18.4 TRAFFIC SIGNS, TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT EQUIPMENT AND
ROAD MARKINGS .................................................................................................................. S18-3
18.5 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SCHEME .................................................................................. S18-4

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 SECTION 18 – TRAFFIC DIVERSION AND MANAGEMENT

18.1 DEFINITION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL ZONES

When traffic is affected by construction, maintenance, or utility operations, traffic control
is needed to safely guide and protect motorists, pedestrians, and workers in a "traffic
control zone". The traffic control zone is the distance between the first advance warning
sign and the point beyond the work area where traffic is no longer affected.

Most traffic control zones can be divided into these specific parts:-

(a) Advance warning Area

(b) Transition Area

(c) Buffer Space

(d) Work Area

(e) Termination Area

18.1.1 Advance Warning Area

An advance warning area is necessary for ail traffic zones because drivers need to know
what to expect. Before reaching the work area, drivers should have enough time to alter
their driving patterns. The advance warning area may vary from a series of signs starting
600 meter in advance of the work area to a single sign or flashing lights on a vehicle.

The advance warning area, from the first sign to the start of the next area, should be long
enough to give the motorists adequate time to respond to the conditions. For most
operations, the length should be 600 meter.

18.1.2 Transition Area

When work is performed within one or more, travelled lanes, a lane closure(s) is required.
In the transition area, traffic is channelized torn the normal expressway lanes to the path
required to move traffic around the work area. The transition area contains the tapers
which are used to close lanes.

The transition area should be obvious to drivers. The correct path should be clearly
marked with cones and arrow signboard so that drivers will not make a mistake following
the path.

With moving operations, the transition area moves with the work area. A shadow vehicle
may be used to warn and guide traffic into the proper lane.

18.1.3 Closure Taper

The length of taper used to close a lane varies from 50 to 150 meters as set out in this
manual. If restricted sight distance is a problem, the taper should begin well in advance of
the view obstruction such as sharp vertical horizontal curves; the length of taper shall
depend on the sight distance and the visibility.

18.1.4 Buffer Space

The buffer space is the open or unoccupied space between the transition and work areas.
With a moving operation, the buffer space is the space between the shadow vehicle, if one
is used, and the work vehicle.

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 The buffer space provides a margin of safety for both traffic and workers. If a driver does
not see the advance warning or fails to negotiate the transition, a buffer space provides
room to stop before the work area. It is important for the buffer space to be tree of
equipment, workers, materials, and workers1 vehicles.

Cones are placed along the edge of the buffer space.

18.1.5 Work Area

The work area is that portion of the roadway which contains the work activity and is
closed to traffic construction materials. Work areas may remain in fixed locations or may
move as work progresses. An empty buffer space may be included at the upstream end.
The work area is delineated by channelizing devices (cars) to exclude traffic and
pedestrians.

Conflict between traffic and the work activity or potential hazards increases as:-

i) The work area is closer to the travelled lanes.

ii) Physical deterrents to normal operation exist, such as uneven pavements, vehicles
loading or unloading.

iii) Speed and volume of traffic increase.

iv) The change in travel path gets more complex, stating traffic a few meters in
comparison with shifting traffic across the median and into lanes normally used by
opposing traffic.

Work areas that remain overnight have a greater need for delineation than the day time
operations.

18.1.6 Termination
The termination area provides a short distance for traffic to clear the work area and to
return to the normal traffic lanes. It extends from the downstream end of the work area to
the sign end of work/speed limit.

18.2 TRAFFIC SAFETY AND CONTROL MEASURES

The Contractor shall carry out traffic safety and control measures as accessary to enable
him to execute the Works. When carrying out work on trafficked road the Contractor shall
take into account the safety requirements of personnel who are required to undertake work
on the Works. The Contractor shall also ensure the safety of traffic using, public roads
and access tracks adjacent to the Works and the adjacent residents The Contractor shall
comply with the requirements as standardised by Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia and other
additional requirements as may be directed by the S.O.

18.3 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT OFFICER

The Contractor shall appoint a Traffic Management Officer. He shall be a direct employee
(not a sub-contractor) who shall be entirely responsible for:-

a) Phasing of the Works

b) Drawings showing traffic management layout including as appropriate:-

i) Width of lanes
ii) Working areas

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 iii) Safety Zone
iv) Cross overs
v) Location for emergency vehicles
vi) Running lane for emergency vehicles
vii) Position of traffic signals

c) Timing of operations

d) Road lighting requirements

e) Liaison with the S.O. or S.O.'s representative, JKR, relevant local authorities and
the Police in all matters relaxing to traffic management.

f) Immediately notifying the Police of any accidents or emergencies.

g) Ensuring the safe working of plant, machinery and men and ensuring that all
personnel engaged on the Works are aware of the Contract requirements in respect
of site safety.

h) Notifying the Contractor's Agent and the S.O. or S.O.'s representative of any
deterioration in Traffic Management Equipment and trafficked road surface.

i) Preparing and submission of traffic management plan and method statement as

directed by the S.O.

j) Preparing and submission of Traffic Management Safety Report as directed by the

S.O.

The Contractor must provide a day and night telephone number and mobile telephone a
number of the Traffic Management Officer to the S.O. or S.O.'s representative, for
notification to the Police, JKR and relevant Authorities. The Traffic Management Officer
shall carry the mobile telephone at all times. The mobile telephone shall be provided by
the Contractor.

18.4 TRAFFIC SIGNS, TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT EQUIPMENT AND ROAD

MARKINGS

The Contractor shall provide, erect, maintain, reposition, cover and uncover and finally
remove traffic signs as the progress of the Work requires, and take such other measures as
may be necessitated by the Works and in accordance with any special requirements in
Arahan Teknik (Jalan) and the drawings and other additional requirements as directed by
the S.O. Where the circumstances of any particular case are not covered by the Arahan
Teknik (Jalan) or the drawings or described in the Appendices, the Contractor shall
submit proposals for dealing with such situations to the S.O. and relevant authorities for
consent.

Temporary traffic signs faces shall be constructed as Fluorescent Orange Wide Angle
Prismatic Retroreflective Sheeting and shall comply with all requirements for sign faces
for permanent traffic signs.

The Contractor shall supply, erect, maintain, reposition, cover, uncover and remove all
Traffic Management Equipment required for any traffic management system. All signs
and traffic signals shall be covered when not in use. Removal of temporary traffic signs
shall be carried out as soon as they become superfluous.

The Contractor shall keep traffic signs clean, secure and legible. He shall ensure that all
signs required to be lit by external or internal lighting are lit during periods when road
vehicles are required to display lights.

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 Temporary lines and other road markings, when laid on permanent carriageways, shall be
removable. Where specified, existing road markings shall be covered with similar
material coloured black, but not-reflective. Alternatively, existing road marks may be
removed by an approved minimal damaging method such as hot compressed air and
reinstated at the Contractor's expense.

Whenever the paved shoulder is to be used as a temporary running lane the edge shall be
delineated by a continuous line.

18.5 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SCHEME

The Contractor shall after consultation with any statutory, Police or other authorities
concerned; submit to the S.O. for this consent a traffic management programme based on
such consultation. This shall show the scheme of traffic safety and management measures
including provision of Safety Zones which he proposes for carrying out the Works before
commencing any work which affects the use of the public road. Thereafter, he shall
furnish such details and information as necessitated by the Works or as the S.O. may
require.

Where the circumstances of any particular traffic management scheme are not covered by
any specified requirements, the Contractor shall submit proposals for dealing which such
situations to the S.O. for approval and authorisation of any non-prescribed signs proposed
to be used.

The Contractor shall be responsible for the preparation of all drawings necessary to
support his proposals for traffic management schemes. Drawings shall be provided in an
approved format and each drawing shall incorporate an adequate legend detailing the
symbols used.

At least 14 days prior to commencement of any construction activities in any particular

area, the Contractor shall submit to the relevant local authorities, after approval by the
S.O., his proposals for traffic management measures in areas affected by his activities.
Construction activities shall not commence in any such area until the proposal has been
approved by the relevant local authority.

The Contractor shall not commence any Traffic Management Operations (including
alteration to an approved existing traffic management system) until:-

a) The Contractor has supplied details of all sign supports, fixings and foundations
and these have been approved by the S.O. (Three working days shall be allowed
for checking this submission).

b) The S.O. has approved the details supplied by the Contractor under the paragraph
above.

c) The Contractor has the prior written approval to commence the installation.

All traffic safety and management measures necessitated by the Works mast be fully
operational and have the consent of the S.O. before the Contractor commences any work
which affects the public road.

Any area of public road which had previously been closed because of the Works shall not
be re-opened until the S.O. is satisfied that it is in a suitable condition for use by the
public and until any appropriate traffic safety and management measures have been
completed.

All free standing signs shall be positioned such that they are clearly legible to motorists
and shall not encroach into the open carriageway. All signs shall be secured in such a
manner that they will not be dislodged, misplaced or obscured due to the action of strong
winds, vehicles, etc. The siting of all signs shall be to the approval of the S.O.

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A spare set of lane closure signs and cones, of each size employed on the Contract, shall
always be available for emergency use. Spare signs to replace damaged signs shall also
be available at all times.

In the event of severe inclement weather, the Contractor shall cease work as directed by
the Local or Police Authorities, or the S.O. liaison with the Police is essential and their
assistance must be sought when appropriate circumstances arise.

The erection of traffic management equipment shall only be carried out in the direction of
normal traffic flow on the carriageway affected. Dismantling of traffic management
equipment shall only be carried out in the direction opposite to the normal traffic flow on
the carriageway affected. All hazards within a coned off area are to be signed with lane
closure barriers, cones and flashing lamps unless protected by a safety fence or concrete
barrier. No construction vehicle shall exceed 50 km/h when travelling within coned off
areas and a maximum speed limit is to be observed adjacent to working areas,
accommodation or standing plant.

Holes or excavations shall be adequately protected at all runes and shall be backfilled as
soon as their requirement is no longer necessary. Holes or excavations adjacent to the
travelled way shall be protected by barriers (guardrail or new jersey barrier) as directed
by the S.O.

No personnel shall be permitted to work within the 'approach taper' of a coned area, or
within 20 metres of the point where the maximum width of the taper is achieved.

The Contractor shall keep clean and legible at all times all traffic signs, cones and
cylinders, road markings, lamps, barriers and traffic control signals and he shall position,
re-position, cover or remove them as necessitated by the progress of the Works.

The Contractor shall, at intervals as agreed by the S.O, inspect all traffic management
systems that the Contractor may have in operation at that time and immediately reinstate
any damaged or displaced traffic management equipment and remove broken down
vehicles to places where they do not interfere with traffic flows. At least one traffic
management gang, who can turn their attentions immediately to inspecting and
maintaining the traffic management system, shall be present on site at all times. A gang
shall comprise a minimum of two men and a suitable vehicle with the capability of
operating on a tow truck (if required) which has previously been approved by the S.O. A
written defects sheet, together with details of remedial measures taken shall be compiled
daily and submitted to the S.O. at weekly intervals. The Contractor shall not adjust the
sign layout. Any alteration required must be arranged with the S.O. or his representative.
The Contractor will not be permitted to conscience the works until he has notified the
S.O. that the signing and coning has been completed.

The carriageways will be open to traffic during all the period that the Works are in
progress and the Contractor shall ensure that his actions in carrying out the Works, and
the actions of his employees, sub-contractors and their employees, are not executed in
such a manner as to constitute hazards or safety risks to personnel or traffic.

The Contractor shall ensure that no personnel, items of plant, equipment or materials arc
allowed on to a traffic lane that has previously been open to traffic until such time as he
is allowed to commence work by the S.O. or his representative.

Where excavation, work is taking place in the central reserve at bridge locations,
concrete barriers are to be used to delineate the safety zone. These concrete barriers may
be used also in other locations.

No vehicles are to be permitted to drive against the normal traffic flow or to face
oncoming traffic except when agreed in advance by the S.O. for the performance of
essential operations. This requirement shall also apply to coned off areas. No vehicle

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shall exceed 30 km/h while travelling in this direction or 20 km/h adjacent to working
areas, accommodation or standing plant. The use of existing emergency crossing points
in the central reserve is strictly forbidden at all times. Reversing on slip roads at junctions
or service areas is strictly forbidden at all times.

The Contractor, at all times, shall be responsible for the watching and lighting of his
plant, equipment, materials and all necessary floodlighting at night, when work is in
progress on site. The plant, equipment and materials shall be placed in a position
approved by the S.O.

Any floodlighting shall be of a type, and shall be installed in such a manner, that ensures
that there shall be no dazzle caused to any drivers on the open carriageways and light
spillage onto adjacent properties.

In addition, all vehicles and plant engaged in the Works or using the coned off areas shall
have an amber flashing distinctive lamp properly fixed in a prominent position and
visible from all sides of the vehicle, to be switched on:-

a) prior to and during manoeuvres into a coned off area;

b) during manoeuvres out a coned of area until the vehicle has merged successfully
with road traffic;

c) during short term, low speed, mobile operations (i.e. those vehicles engaged in
surveillance of the traffic management system during maintenance operations);

d) whilst stationary adjacent to a trafficked lane;

e) whilst manoeuvring within the coned off area;

f) at any other tune as instructed by the S.O., his Representative, or Police;

g) whilst manoeuvring against the normal traffic sites.

The Contractor shall provide and suitably signed points of entry and exit to and from the
Site, for vehicles and plant engaged on the Works which shall be subject to the consent of
the S.O. He shall ensure that when vehicles and plant arc reversing within the Site on or
adjacent to a trafficked road they shall do so only under the supervision of a person
designated by the Contractor for the purpose of regulating traffic within the Site who shall
be distinctly identifiable from the remainder of the work force.

Vehicles shall only enter or leave coned off areas via approved accesses and egresses.
Non-essential vehicles, particularly private cars shall not enter a coned off area. The
Contractor shall make provision for parking of employees' cars and other non-essential
vehicles at an off-site area and shall provide transport to sites.

Vehicles not entering the coned off areas on a regular basis shall first report to the
Contractor's office for instructions and if necessary, to collect the equipment required.

All personnel of the Contractor or his sub-contractor shall at all time, when on the Site,
wear high visibility garments, which incorporate retro-reflective markings. Personnel not
complying with the requirements of this paragraph will be removed from the Site and
shall not re-enter this Site until suitably attired. Garments shall comply with B.S. 6629,
1985 or similar approval.

During the execution of the Works the Contractor shall keep open all existing roads and
access tracks, other than those designated for closure. All traffic must be allowed to
move in complete safety along, to and from existing roads access Cracks without
hindrance and the Contractor shall take such measures as arc necessary for directing

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traffic for easy flow. Where approved by the S.O. and the relevant State Authority,
temporary closure of roads and access tracks may be allowed providing adequate detour
facilities arc provided.

Unless otherwise stated or agreed with the S.O., the standard and siring of the temporary
diversion routes shall be suitable in all respects for the class or classes of traffic using the
existing way and be acceptable to the Police and the Relevant Authorities. The width of
diversions shall not be less than that of the existing way.

Diversion routes must be made operative arrangements and shall be maintained to the
standard required. Unless otherwise described in the Contract the ground over which a
diversion route is provided, shall be reinstated to its original condition on completion of
the Works.

The provisions of this Clause need not apply to any temporary access or accommodation
works which the Contractor may construct for his sole use in the execution of the Works.

Temporary lighting shall be provided by the Contractor for all traffic diversions where
necessary or as directed by the S.O. The temporary lighting shall provide a minimum
luminance level of 1 Cd/m2 on any part of the travelled way. The Contractor shall ensure
that any temporary lighting he provides does not cause glare to traffic.

Temporary traffic signals shall be of a type complying with requirements of the relevant
authority and shall be automatic in operation, but the S.O. may at any time require them
to be hand operated by competent operator.

The Contractor shall make suitable arrangements for emergency servicing to temporary
traffic signals. Manually operated "Stop/Go" signs shall only be used with the prior
approval of the S.O., and shall, if so approved, be of a size, colour and type complying
with the requirements of the relevant authority.

The main Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that all his Sub-Contractors,
Suppliers and others associated with the works strictly comply with all of the provision
contained in this Clause and the S.O. may suspend the Works or part of the Work, where
such provisions are not being fully complied with.

Before re-opening any traffic lane or lanes the following conditions shall be met:-

a) Any safety barrier within 3.0m of a trafficked lane shall be completed.

b) There shall be no discontinuities on level at longitudinal joints whether ramped or

not.

c) Temporary ramping to transverse joints shall be at 1 in 100 or flatter relative to the

plane of this road surface.

d) Traffic shall only run on wearing course material except where agreed by the S.O.

e) The maximum level discontinuity within 1.2m a trafficked lane shall be 60mm.

f) The maximum level discontinuity within 3.0m of a trafficked lane shall be 200mm
unless protected by a safety barrier.

g) Areas of paved shoulder which do not satisfy the requirement for trafficked land
shall be separated from the adjacent traffic lane by cones and lamps at 9.0m
centres.

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The Contractor shall not remove any existing traffic signs until such time as agreed with
the S.O. Where existing signs are to be replaced with new signs an existing sign shall not
be removed until the new sign is available for erection and the road network appropriate
to the legend on the new sign with temporary covers where necessary, is in operation.

Traffic switches shall be carried out with the attendance of the Police and shall take place
during the "off peak" period (e.g. 1.00 pm to 5.00 am). For the purposes of this paragraph
a traffic switch is defined as an operation requiring a break in the traffic flow which is
provided by slowing down the approaching traffic.

Throughout the period beginning with the Date for Commencement of Works and ending
with the issuance of Certificate of Practical Completion, the Contractor shall execute, to
the satisfaction of the S.O., road maintenance operations for the works areas.

The Contractor is to ensure that all access points to job site are properly signed and
controlled. The Contractor shall submit to the S.O full details and drawings showing any
necessary barriers, signals, lighting and signing at least 4 weeks before the access point is
required. The design, must meet the approval of the Police and the Road/Highway
Authority and the Contractor must allow for time in his programme to obtain these
approvals.

Movement of Machinery and Plant across Public Roads shall follow the following
conditions:-

a) The Contractor shall be restricted from moving plant, machinery and excavated
material from the works across public roads unless written authorisation has been
obtained from the S.O. Any written authorisation for plant crossings will have a
specified legal time limit and will be subject to renewal on written application.

b) The Contractor shall take such action as is necessary to protect and maintain the
surface of the road crossed by plant. He shall keep the crossing area in as good a
condition at all times as the condition of the road surface on either side of it.
Repairs and reinstatement shall be carried out promptly and be subject at all times
to the satisfaction of the S.O.

The use of Permanent Works by Construction Traffic shall follow the following
conditions:-

i. The structures and finished pavement forming part of the Permanent Works shall
only be used to carry constructional traffic when measures approved by the S.O.
have been taken to protect them from damage.

ii. The Contractor shall submit information and supporting calculations at least four
(4) weeks before it is proposed to use any of the structures or finished pavement
forming part of the Permanent Works to carry constructional traffic outside the
current regulations. The proposals shall not be implemented by the Contractor
without the written approval of the S.O.

iii. The approval of the S.O. to proposals to use structures or finished pavement
forming part of the Permanent Works for constructional traffic shall not relieve the
Contractor of his responsibilities under the Contract.

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