Answers

Question Answer Mark Comments

Question 1
a i giant: large number of atoms held together 1 giant has to be in the context of ‘covalent
(in a lattice by strong bonds) structure’
covalent: electrons are shared 1
(between atoms)

ii 4 1 note: 4 equal bonds in 3 dimensional structure

iii (very) hard 1
b i 3 1 note:
3 equal bonds in one place forming
layers/sheets – layers/sheets held together by
weak forces
ii (because of the weak forces between the 1 note: lubricants help to reduce friction between
layers/sheets) the layers/sheets can slide moving parts – with graphite this is achieved by
over each other easily the layers sliding past each other quite freely
iii graphite: each carbon atom has one 1 alternative answers:
electron ‘free’/not involved in bonding graphite has delocalised electrons that can carry
which can carry charge (through the charge or sea of electrons that can carry charge
structure) diamond has no delocalised electrons
1
diamond: has no ‘free’ electrons or all (outer) electrons involved in bonding
c 1 allow: electrons shown as crosses
electrons shown in pairs
C

d i atoms of the same element that have 1 accept:

different number of neutrons atoms (of the same element) that have the same
or atomic number but different nucleon/atomic
atoms that have the same number of mass number
protons but different number of neutrons do not accept: atoms with different atomic
masses
ii C-12: 6 protons, 6 neutrons 1
C-13: 6 protons, 7 neutrons 1
e i 6 1
ii 14 1
Total 14
marks

Question 2
a i C 1 gas because molecules widely spaced
ii A 1 element because only one type of atom shown
iii B 1 liquid because particles packed close together
but not in a regular shape
iv D 1 giant structure of anions and cations
b i carbon dioxide 1
CO2 1
ii shared 1
iii covalent 1 electrons are transferred in ionic bonding

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 Answers
c i oo xx 1 allow:
o x x any combination of dots and/or crosses
o CI o CI x

oo xx

ii Cl2 1
iii low 1
iv poor 1
d ions, able 1 note: electrical charge is carried through an
electrolyte, like sodium chloride, by the ions and
not electrons which carry the charge in wires
Total 13
marks

Question 3
a E 1 8 electrons required to fill 2nd and 3rd shells - so E
b A&D 1 elements in the same group of the Periodic Table
have the same number of electrons in their outer
shell – in this case 2 and the elements come from
Group II
c one of the following: 1 elements in the same period of the Periodic Table
• A&B have the same number of shells of electrons –
• two from C, E & F for: A & B – 3 shells of electrons (3rd period)
C & F – 2 shells of electrons (2nd period)
d F 1 halogens are from Group VII with 7 electrons in
their outer shell – so F
e B 1 atomic number is the same as proton number –
atoms of elements have the same number of
electrons as protons - B has 11 electrons
f E 1 neon : proton number 10 so E
g B 1 alkali metals are in Group I and have 1 electron in
their outer shell, so B
h D 1 Period 4 means the atom has 4 shells of
electrons. D is the only one with this number
of shells
i B 1 such an element must have only 1 electron in its
outer shell which it loses to leave full shell – so B
j C 1 such an element must have 6 (8-2) electrons in
its outer shell and gains 2 electrons to form a full
shell – so C
Total 10
marks

Question 4
a i (substance) containing only one type of 1 alternative answer: (substance) which cannot be
atom broken down chemically into any other substance
ii Period 2 1
iii fluorine 1 lithium has a giant metallic structure
carbon a giant covalent structure
iv 2 1 fluorine is F-F or F2
b i conducts electricity/heat 1

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 Answers
ii graphite 1 graphite has ‘free’ electrons between the layers
to conduct electricity/heat
iii giant covalent 1 need both terms
c i sodium 1 allow: potassium, rubidium, caesium
ii silicon 1
iii chlorine 1 allow: bromine, iodine
Total 10
marks

Question 5
a exothermic 1
b i reaction mixture Y and temperature drops 1
ii reaction mixture Z and largest 1
temperature rise
ii chemical reaction has finished 1 accept:
(and temperature drops back to room all chemicals used up
temperature)
c i iron + oxygen iron oxide 1 ignore: oxidation state of iron even if wrong
ii rusting 1 note: rust is hydrated iron (III) oxide
iii increase its surface area 1 note: particle size is important in how fast the
chemicals react – larger pieces of iron would
react too slowly to be used in a hand warmer
iv to prevent chemical reaction with the 1 note: in hand warmers the iron is sealed from
air/water vapour the air/water – when the seal is broken the
exothermic reaction starts, warming the hands
d catalyst 1 note: salt acts as an electrolyte allowing easier
movement of ions involved in rusting
e diagram B 1 note: the diagram shows that the energy of the
chemicals after reaction is lower than at the start
– so energy has been released, in this case, as
heat
Total 10
marks

Question 6
a magnesium + hydrochloric acid 1
magnesium chloride + hydrogen
b i to prevent gas escaping from the flask 1
ii measuring cylinder 1
iii water 1
iv (stop)clock/watch 1
c i correct plotting of points 2 −1 per error
ii smooth line showing the trend 1 0 marks if not a smooth line or line does not start
at origin
iii reaction is complete/the reaction has 1 alternative answer: all (hydrochloric) acid used up
finished/no more gas produced do not accept: all magnesium used up – the
diagram shows that the acid was in excess

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 Answers
d i line starts from origin and steeper initial 1 note: higher temperature increases the rate of the
gradient 1 reaction but the total volume of hydrogen
line ends up at 200 cm3 before 75 secs gas produced is unchanged but obtained in a
shorter time
ii using a more concentrated solution of 1 note: even though in excess the more
hydrochloric acid concentrated solution will have more particles of
using smaller pieces/powdered of acid available to react with the magnesium – so
magnesium increased rate
1
using smaller pieces or powder increases the
surface area of the magnesium allowing more
particles to react with the acid – so increased rate
Total 13
marks

Question 7
a i lithium or beryllium 1
ii nitrogen 1 note: nitrogen essential for growth in plants
iii one of nitrogen/oxygen/fluorine/neon 1
iv carbon 1
v oxygen 1
vi fluorine 1 note: fluorine has 7 electrons in its outer shell – to
obtain a full shell it adds one electron giving it a
1- charge
vii oxygen 1
viii beryllium 1 note: beryllium – proton number 4 so its atom
has 4 electrons arranged as 2.2
b (substance) containing only one type of 1 alternative answer: (substance) which cannot
atom be broken down chemically into any other
substance
c Period 2 1
d i carbon: methane – CH4 2 allow any other hydrocarbon with correct formula
nitrogen: ammonia – NH3 2
oxygen: water – H2O 2
ii covalent 1 note: covalent because bonding is between two
non-metals
iii it has a full outer shell/ has 8 electrons in 1 accept: it does not need to share/gain/lose
the outer shell electrons
Total 18
marks

Question 8
a It melts below 100 ºC but boils above 1 allow: its melting point is 63 ºC and its boiling
100 ºC point is 759 ºC
b i both (boiling point and melting points) rise 1
(going up the group)
ii allow 680 – 720 ºC 1 actual is 686 ºC
c i increases (down the group) 1 allow: goes up/goes up except for potassium
ii sodium/Na or potassium/K 1
d i shiny 1 allow: silvery/silver colour
ii (tarnishes as) it reacts with oxygen/air 1

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 Answers
e i any two from 2 allow:
• fizzing spits/explodes (at end of reaction)
• floats on water/on surface
• moves (on the surface of the water)
• forms a ball/melts
• disappears/dissolves
ii hydrogen 1
iii sodium + water 1
sodium hydroxide + water
iv purple/violet 1 allow: blue
note: sodium hydroxide is an alkali – universal
indicator turns purple in strong alkali
Total 12
marks

Question 9
a i the breaking down/decomposition of a 1 note: electrolysis always results in chemical
substance/compound using electricity change so no marks for just separation of ions
using electricity
ii bubble of gas at the electrodes 1
b i hydrogen 1 note: because sodium is more reactive than
hydrogen
its ions stay in solution – hydrogen from water is
released instead of sodium
ii sodium 1 note: with water not present sodium itself forms
c do not react/inert 1 allow: do not rust/corrode
good conductor of electricity 1
d i Cl2 1 note: chlorine is molecular so Cl is not an accept-
able answer
ii test: damp indicator/litmus paper 1
result: (paper turns) white/bleaches 1
e i Group VII 1
ii iodine 1
f i chlorine + potassium iodide 1
iodine + potassium chloride
ii bromine or fluorine 1
Total 13
marks

Question 10
a i 2.8.7 1
it has seven electrons in its outer shell 1 note: the group number indicates how many
electrons there are in the outer shell
ii gas 1
iii red/brown 1 accept: red-brown
liquid 1
iv chlorine 1

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 Answers
b i sodium chloride 1
NaCl 1
ii ionic 1
iii soluble 1 note: all sodium salts are soluble in water
c i Period 3 1
ii argon 1
iii B 1 note: elements in the same group have the same
number of outer-shell electrons
Total 13
marks

Question 11
a magnesium oxide 1
sulfuric acid 1
b i filtration/filtering 1 note: filtration removes insoluble chemicals from
solutions
ii crystallisation 1 note: crystallisation works because the solubility
of magnesium sulfate is much greater at a high
temperature and crystals appear on cooling
c magnesium hydroxide/carbonate 1 accept: magnesium hydrogen carbonate

Total 5
marks

Question 12
a i calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron 1
ii zinc + hydrochloric acid 2 1 mark for zinc chloride and 1 mark for hydrogen
zinc chloride + hydrogen
b i 2Mg + O2 2MgO 1
ii bright light/ white light/ flash of light 1 accept: (magnesium) forms a white powder
iii magnesium oxide 1
iv magnesium gains oxygen 1 alternative answers:
• magnesium loses electrons
• rise in the oxidation number of magnesium
c i (a reactant) that is not used up (in the 1 accept: (a reactant) that remains (at the end of a
chemical reaction chemical reaction)
ii magnesium (being the more reactive metal) 1 allow: copper (II) sulfate forms copper
displaces copper
magnesium ions that form are colourless 1
iii magnesium + copper (II) sulfate 1 allow: copper sulfate
magnesium sulfate + copper 1
iv Mg2+ 1
v magnesium 1 note: the more reactive metal displaces the
less reactive metal from its solution – so as
magnesium displaces copper, it is the more
reactive metal
vi exothermic because the temperature rises 1 need to use the evidence from the experiment

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 Answers
vii 2 1 mark for axis and labels
1 mark for showing the energy of products is
lower than the energy of the reactants
Magnesium +
copper (II) sulfate
ignore: activation energy
Energy

Magnesium sulfate
+ copper

Total 17
marks

Question 13
a i blast 1
ii strong 1 allow: (steel) strong/cast iron is not strong
do not allow: harder, less dense, does not rust
b i (aluminium) has a lower density/lighter 1 do not allow: cheaper, does not rust, good
(than copper) conductors of electricity
ii any one of the following: 1 note: malleable – can be bent or hammered
• malleable/flexible into shape
• ductile ductile – can be drawn into a long wire
• corrosion resistant do not allow: good conductors of electricity
• high melting/boiling point
• good conductors of heat
iii (copper compounds) are coloured 1
(aluminium compounds are colourless)
c i carbon / C 3
Nickel / Ni
Chromium / Cr
ii mixture 1
They are not chemically bonded together 1
iii Percentages from the following ranges 1 iron: 71 – 76 %
AND all four percentages add to 100 1 Nickel: 5 – 9 %
Chromium: 15 – 19 %
iv ANY TWO FROM: 2
hard Allow other properties that are relevant
non-toxic ignore irrelevant properties e.g. conductors
shiny electricity
Total 14
marks

Question 14
a i a rock from which a metal is extracted 1
ii hematite 1 note: bauxite is the ore for aluminium
b i Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 1
ii carbon monoxide/CO 1
as it gains oxygen (to form carbon 1
dioxide/CO2)

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 Answers
iii carbon dioxide/CO2 1
carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which 1
causes global warming
c any three of the following: 3 allow: reverse arguments for sodium
• high melting/boiling point
• high density/heavy
• forms coloured compounds
• compounds have variable oxidation
states/form ions with different charges
• hard/strong
• less reactive/ do not react with water/
do not react with air/oxygen
d i 26 protons, 26 electrons 1 note:
30 neutrons 1 • top number is the proton number
• in an atom, number of protons = number of
electrons
• bottom number is the nucleon number =
number of protons + number of neutrons
• so number of neutrons = 56 – 26 = 30
ii different number of neutrons 1 accept: different nucleon number
iii 24 1 atoms of iron lose 2 electrons in forming the
ion Fe2+
– so number of electrons in the ion is 26 – 2 = 24
Total 14
marks

Question 15
a i a mixture of a metal with other elements 1 allow: mixture of metals
ii steel/nichrome 1 accept: any named steel:
e.g. stainless steel, mild steel, titanium steel
b i only one type of atom/all atoms are 1
the same
ii 2 1 mark for the basic metal structure
1 mark for addition of a few larger alloy atoms

c i (pure iron) will rust/corrode/to prevent 1 allow: (pure iron) is too soft
rusitng corrosion

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ii any one from: 1 allow: reverse arguments for iron alloys
• (aluminium alloys) are lighter/less note: aluminium is about one third the weight
dense (than iron alloys) of iron
• improved appearance and coatings
possible with aluminium alloys
• ring pulls work better with aluminium
alloys
d i iron oxide + carbon iron + carbon 2 1 for each product
dioxide note: the question asks for the overall reaction so
carbon monoxide is not accepted here
ii iron oxide 1 alternative answers:
loses oxygen 1 • iron ion gains electrons
• reduction in the oxidation number of iron
e i aluminum is more reative than carbon or 1 allow: reverse argument
aluminum is higher in the reactivity series
than carbon
ii aluminium oxide aluminium + oxygen 1
iii negative electrode/cathode 1
(aluminium) ions are positve and are 1 accept:
attracted to the negative electode metals form at the negative electrode/cathode
Total 15
marks

Question 16
a NH3 1
b i fertilisers 1
ii nitrogen 1
iii phosphorus/P and potassium/K 2
c i (as the gas liquefies) the particles come 1 alternative answers:
much closer together particles far apart in gases and become close
(as the gas liquefies) the particles move- together in liquids
ment is much less 1 particles move very fast in gases but much less
movement in liquids
ii liquid 1
d i Equation 1 ammonia + nitric acid 1
ammonium nitrate 1 accept:
Equation 2 ammonia + hydrochloric acid hydrogen chloride for hydrochloric acid
ammonium chloride
ii neutralisation 1
e i sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide 1 alternative answer:
calcium hydroxide/oxide
ii heat/warming 1
iii test: hold damp red litmus paper in the gas 1 accept: universal/pH paper
result of test: turns blue 1 ignore references to smell
Total 15
marks

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Question 17
a A 1 note: sulfur molecule is S8
b D 1 note: sulfur dioxide is a reducing gas – potassium
manganate (VII) is used to test for the gas
c D 1 note: one of the uses of sulfur dioxide
d C 1 note: organic compounds contain the element
carbon
e E 1 note: ionic compound as it contains both positive
and negative ions
f D 1 note: in the atmosphere sulfur dioxide forms
sulfuric acid the main component of acid rain
g B 1 note: a molecule of sulfuric acid H2SO4 – the
hydrogen attached to the oxygen atoms form
hydrogen ions in water
Total 7
marks

Question 18
a (compounds) containing only carbon and 1 note: organic compounds are not hydrocarbons
hydrogen if they contain elements other than carbon and
hydrogen
b any two of the following: 2 allow:
• (group of similar organic) compounds can be made by the same method
with the same chemical properties
• (group of similar organic) compounds
showing a trend in physical properties
• (group of organic) compounds with the
same functional group
• (group of organic) compounds with the
same general formula
• (group of similar organic) compounds
whose members differ by CH2
c molecular displayed 1
alkane
formula formula 1
H
methane CH4 H C H
H 1
H H
ethane C2H6 H C C H
H H

H H H
propane C3H8 H C C C H
H H H

d methane/CH4 1
e C4H10 1
f i C2H4 1
ii alkenes 1

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 Answers
iii test: bromine water 1 allow: acidified potassium manganate (VII)
result of test: turns colourless/decolourises 1 do not accept: clear
g i polymerisation 1
ii poly(ethene)/polyethene 1 accept: polythene
Total 14
marks

Question 19
a i C6H10 1
ii contains a ( carbon-carbon) double 1
bond/C=C
b i CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O 2 1 mark for products
1 mark for balancing correctly
ii limewater 1 allow: calcium hydroxide solution
turns cloudy/milky/goes white 1 ignore: references to putting out a flame
c i CO 1
ii molecular 1
it is a gas (at room temperature) 1 allow: has a low boiling point
iii covalent 1
Total 10
marks

Question 20
a i H O 1
H C C
H O H

ii hydrogen ion/H+ 1
iii less than 7 1 note: acidic solutions have pH below 7
b i (orange) to red 1
ii (acid-base) indicators 1
c i burette 1
ii neutralise the acid/vinegar 1 accept:
it is an alkali to react with the acid/vinegar
iii pipette 1 note: a measuring cylinder does not provide an
accurate enough measurement for a titration
iv (sudden) colour change (from red) to 1 note: methyl orange will change from red to
yellow yellow at the neutralisation point with just one
extra drop of sodium hydroxide added
v ethanoic acid + sodium hydroxide 2 1 mark for sodium ethanoate
sodium ethanoate + water 1 mark for water
d i hydrogen 1
(pops with) lighted splint 1
ii carbon dioxide 1
limewater (turns cloudy) 1
Total 15
marks

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 Answers
Question 21
a not saturated as it contains a 1
(carbon-carbon) double bond/ C=C
b C9H16 1
c alkene 1 contains 2 carbon-carbon double bonds
d go colourless/decolourise 1 note: bromine reacts with the double bonds
not: clear
e i X: thermometer 1
Y: (Liebig) condenser 1
ii forms a (separate) layer (in the beaker)/ 1
forms two layers (in the beaker)/does not
mix with the water (in the beaker)
iii water
f i ethanoic acid 1
ii alcohol (group) / OH (group) 1
iii 192 1 formula is C6H8O7
so relative molecular mass is
(12 × 6) + (8 × 1) + (7 × 16) = 192
iv carbon dioxide and water 2 note: carbon monoxide only forms when there is
a limited supply of oxygen

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