2.2.

2 Bonding And Structure

Question Acceptable Answer Mark Additional Guidance

1 a) An Ionic bond is the strong electrostatic force of 1
attraction between oppositely charged ions formed
by electron transfer.
b) When solid ions are held together tightly and 1
can not move
When in solution or molten ions are free to move 1
c) A little force will push the ions along and ions will 1
be next to similar ions.
There will be a force of repulsion between like ions, 1
pushing the layers apart
2 a) Dative covalent bond 1 Allow coordinate covalent
bond
b) A Dative covalent bond forms when the shared 1
pair of electrons in the covalent bond comes from 1
only one of the bonding atoms.
c)

3 a) London forces 1 Allow Instantaneous induced

dipole-dipole interactions
b) Constant movement of electrons in molecules 1
electron density can fluctuate and parts of the 1
molecule become more or less negative i.e. small
temporary or transient dipoles form.
These temporary dipoles can cause incduced 1
dipoles to form in neighbouring molecules.
Molecules stay together

c) Down the group electrons increase

The more electrons there are in the molecule the
higher the chance that temporary dipoles will form.
This makes the van der Waals stronger between

1
 the molecules and so boiling points will be greater.
4 a) It occurs in compounds that have a hydrogen 1
atom attached to one of the
three most electronegative atoms of nitrogen, 1
oxygen and fluorine
b)

1 Donot Allow without lone

pair

c) 104.5
d)
1

1 mark for hydrogen bond

2 1 mark for correct structure

5 a) When an ionic lattice dissolves in water it 1

involves breaking up the bonds in the lattice and
forming new bonds between the ions and water
molecules.
1
The negative ions are attracted to the δ+ hydrogens
on the polar water molecules and the positive ions
are attracted to the δ - oxygen on the polar water
molecules. 1
b) They cannot form hydrogen bonds with water
1
c) Iodine which has only London forces between its
molecules will dissolve in a non polar solvent such
as hexane which also only has London forces. 1
It doesnot dissolve in water because it doesnot
form hydrogen bonds with it
6 a)
2
Boiling point of water must
remain highest

2
 1

1
b) The anomalously high boiling points of H2O is
caused by the hydrogen bonding between these
molecules in addition to their London forces.
The additional forces require more energy to break
and so have higher boiling points
The general increase in boiling point from H 2S to
H2Te is caused by increasing London forces
between molecules due to an increasing number of
electrons.
7 a) A covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons 1
b)ammonia

Boron trichloride

c) Boron trichloride is trigonal planar. 1

Equally spaced all three Cl atoms as there is no lone 1
pair on B
Ammonia is trigonal pyramidal 1
Lone pair of electron on nitrogen causes this shape 1
8 a)
1
Donot penalize if all shells of
each atom are drawn

3
 1

b)

c)

9 a) Covalent 1
small electronegativity difference between sulphur 1
and oxygen
b) P4O10 is a molecule containing 4P’s and 10 O’s. As
it is a bigger molecule and has more electrons than 1
SO2 it will have larger london forces and a higher
boiling point.
SiO2 is a macromolecular structure and
oxides of metals like aluminium, magnesium and 1
sodium are ionic. 1
So they have higher boiling points
10 a) Electronegativity is the relative tendency of an
atom in a covalent bond in a molecule 1
to attract electrons in a covalent bond 1

b) CCl4 is symmetric 1
A symmetric molecule (all bonds identical and no 1
lone pairs) will not be polar even if individual bonds 1
within the molecular ARE polar.