1.

Dilemma
2.Dramatically
3.Fortunate
4.Ignore
5.Process
6.Reflecting
7.Struggle
8.Groggy
9.Jeopardise
10. Adolescents
11. Nod off
Struggle verb
B2 [ C]

To experience difficulty and make a

very great effort in order to do something: OPP Veg Out
[ + to infinitive ] The dog had been struggling to get free of
the wire noose.
I've been struggling to understand this article all afternoon.

B2 [ I ] informal
To be in danger of failing or being defeated:
OPP Veg out

After the first half, United were really struggling.

B2 [ I ]
to fight, especially with your hands:

He struggled with his attacker who then ran away.

C2 [ I usually + adv/prep ]
to use a lot of effort to defeat someone, prevent something,
or achieve something:
For years she struggled with/against the establishment to get
her theories accepted.

Struggle Noun
B2 A very difficult task that you can do only by making
a great effort:

[ + to infinitive ] She never gave up the struggle to have

her son freed from prison.
It's going to be an uphill struggle (= very difficult) to
get your ideas accepted.
COLLOCATIONS:

armed struggle
They could not count on the same degree of popular support following
any decision to start an armed struggle for power.
bitter struggle
What will happen will be a bitter struggle, a fight, a race.
constant struggle
There was a constant struggle against decay here as well, but,
following extant paths, these roads at least met something of a
popularly felt need.
continual struggle
So it's been a continual struggle for me to counter those values.
continuing struggle
It must be won, but it is only a major episode in a continuing struggle.
defensive struggle
It was a defensive struggle with both teams having great difficulty in
gaining yardage.
Phrasal Verb:
Struggle on

RELATED WORDS
To try to do something
Try
I'll try to call her again.
Attempt
I have never attempted to run a marathon.
Endeavour
UK Engineers are endeavouring to locate the source of
the problem.
Seek
They sought to reassure the public.
Battle
He was battling to fix the roof in the rain.
Strive
With limited resources, they are striving to make the
school a better one.
Absorb verb [T]
B2
to take something in, especially gradually: OPP exude
be absorbed into Our countryside is increasingly being absorbed
into large cities.
The drug is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream.

C1

to understand facts or ideas completely and remember them:

OPP bewildering and forgeting
It's hard to absorb so much information.

absorb verb [T] (PAY)

If a business absorbs the cost of something,
it pays that cost easily:

The school has absorbed most of the expenses so far, but it may have
to offer fewer places next year to reduce costs.

Absorb verb [T] (INTEREST VERY MUCH)

B2
to take up someone's attention completely:
The project has absorbed her for several years.

Absorb verb [T] (TAKE CONTROL)

If one company absorbs another company, it takes control of it

and they become one company:
Telecorp Holdings absorbed its Spanish subsidiary into its British hea
dquarters.
 COLLOCATIONS:
Absorb verb
1
liquid/gas/energy, etc.
ADV.
quickly, rapidly | directly, easily, readily
PREP.
into
Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.
2
make part of something larger
ADV.
gradually | increasingly
PHRASES
be absorbed into something
These committees were gradually absorbed into the local government
machine.
3
information/atmosphere
ADV.
easily, readily
The information is presented so that it can be readily absorbed.
| passively
4
interest
ADV.
completely, totally, utterly
His work absorbed him completely.
| deeply

RELATED WORDS:
To absorb something

These words mean to take in a liquid.

Materials like cloth or paper can absorb or soak up liquid. Soak up can be
used in all contexts, while absorb can be used in more technical language.
Cotton absorbs liquids at a faster rate than polyester.
Paper towels are great for soaking up kitchen spills.

You can also use mop up.

I mopped up the spilt milk with a rag.

Clothes that wick away moisture or sweat absorb it and remove it.
The jacket uses a special fabric to wick away moisture.
Confidence Noun

B2 [ U ]
The quality of being certain of your abilities or of
having trust in people, plans, or the future: OPP self-Doubt

I have every/complete confidence in her. She'll be perfect for the job.

[ + that ] I
don't share your confidence that the market will improve next year.
[C]
A secret that you tell someone: OPP Sometime known about
They talked endlessly, exchanging confidences.

In confidence

C2
If you tell something to someone in confidence, you do
not want them to tell anyone else:
Any personal data you provide to us will be held in confidence.

Take someone into your confidence

to share your secrets with someone, trusting them not

to tell other people:
I should never have taken him into my confidence.
COLLOCATIONS:
Absolute confidence
A typological universal, if truly universal and if established with absolute
confidence, would provide a powerful guide to reconstruction.

Confidence limit
A 95% upper confidence limit for this impurity estimate could then be
calculated.

Confidence rating
A confidence rating was used instead of a vocabulary test because familiarity
with the word's pronunciation was of utmost importance.

Crisis of confidence
This crisis of confidence in the promise of maturity manifested itself in a
variety of ways.

IDIOM
In confidence, as a secret or private matter, not to be divulged or
communicated to others; with belief in a person's sense of discretion:I told him
in confidence.

ADJECTIVES/NOUN + CONFIDENCE
Public confidence
The changes should improve public confidence in the system.
Consumer confidence (=that ordinary people have when the economic situation is
good)
Consumer confidence has fallen to its lowest for two years.
Business confidence (=that businesses have when the economic situation is good)
The region has gained 46,000 jobs and business confidence is high.
Investor confidence (=that investors have when the economic situation is good)
A fall in the value of shares damages investor confidence.

COMMON ERRORS

Don’t Say X She has no confidence for what the future has to offer.
Say ✅ She has no confidence in what the future has to offer.
Confidence in somebody/something: ‘The trouble is she lacks confidence in
her own ability.' 'It seems that investors have lost confidence in the major
stock markets.’
RELATED WORDS:

Assurance

Full confidence; freedom from doubt; certainty:

To act in the assurance of success.

Courage

The quality of mind or spirit that enables a person to face difficulty,

danger, pain, etc., without fear; bravery.

IDIOM (Courage)
Have the courage of one's convictions, to act in accordance with
one's beliefs, especially in spite of criticism.

Morale

Emotional or mental condition with respect to cheerfulness,

confidence, zeal, etc., especially in the face of opposition, hardship,
etc.:
The morale of the troops.

Poise

A dignified, self-confident manner or bearing; composure; self-

possession:

To show poise in company.

Current Adj
B2
Of the present time: OPP Past
current issue Have you seen the current issue of (= the
most recently published) Vogue magazine?
in current use The word "thou" is no longer in current use.

Current noun [C] (FLOW)

a movement of water, air, or electricity in a particular direction:

Strong current He was swept out to sea by the strong current.
Against the current She was struggling to swim against the current.
With the current The boat sank after drifting with the current for a
few hours.

A particular opinion or feeling that a group of people have:

There is a growing current
of support for environmental issues among voters.

A movement of water or air:

The boat drifted with the current until it was miles from shore.

PHYSICS
Electric current is the passage of electricity through a wire.
COLLOCATIONS:
Beam current
For relativistic beams, a ray-tracing code must also find the distribution of
beam current to calculate magnetic forces.

current opinion
Current opinion holds that the endocardial thickening is a non-specific
reaction to stress in the ventricular wall.

current thought
Overall the book presents a comprehensive account of the state of knowledge
in this particular field in 1960 and the direction that current thought was then
taking.

dark current
Neither compound had any significant effect on the resting dark current.

main current
If the main current value is large enough, the magnetic pressure will become
larger than the dynamic pressure at some time.

CURRENT VS MODERN
Don’t Say X The current world encourages creativity
Say ✅ The modern world encourages-creativity.
Don’t Say X We need to know current English, not the language of
Shakespeare
Say ✅ We need to know modern English, not the language of
Shakespeare.
Current = happening or existing now, but not likely to last for a
long time: 'How long has she been going out with her current
Husband?' 'The current boom in long-haul travel has led to fierce
competition among the major airlines.
Modern = used or existing in the period of history that we live in
now, and not in an earlier period: 'What do you think of modem
architecture?' 'Even by modern standards, the pyramids are a
remarkable piece of engineering.'
 RELATED WORDS:

Actual / current / present

 Actual does not mean current or present. It means ‘real’ or ‘exact’, and is
often used in contrast with something that is not seen as real or exact:

I need the actual figures, not an estimate.

 Present means ‘existing or happening now’:

How long have you been in your present job?
 Current also means ‘existing or happening now’, but can suggest that the
situation is temporary:
The factory cannot continue its current level of production.

 Actually does not mean ‘at the present time’. Use currently, at
present or at the moment instead.

Dilemma Noun [C]

B2
a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between
two different things you could do:

She faces the dilemma of disobeying her father or losing the man
she loves.
A moral/ethical dilemma
The principal is clearly in a dilemma about/over how to tackle the crisis