1.

Jeopardise
2.Adolescents
3.Nod off
Struggle verb
B2 [ C]

To experience difficulty and make a

very great effort in order to do something: OPP Veg Out
[ + to infinitive ] The dog had been struggling to get free of
the wire noose.
I've been struggling to understand this article all afternoon.

B2 [ I ] informal
To be in danger of failing or being defeated:
OPP Veg out

After the first half, United were really struggling.

B2 [ I ]
to fight, especially with your hands:

He struggled with his attacker who then ran away.

C2 [ I usually + adv/prep ]
to use a lot of effort to defeat someone, prevent something,
or achieve something:
For years she struggled with/against the establishment to get
her theories accepted.

Struggle Noun
B2 A very difficult task that you can do only by making
a great effort:

[ + to infinitive ] She never gave up the struggle to have

her son freed from prison.
It's going to be an uphill struggle (= very difficult) to
get your ideas accepted.
COLLOCATIONS:

Armed struggle
They could not count on the same degree of popular support following
any decision to start an armed struggle for power.
Bitter struggle
What will happen will be a bitter struggle, a fight, and a race?
Constant struggle
There was a constant struggle against decay here as well, but,
following extant paths, these roads at least met something of a
popularly felt need.
Continual struggle
So it's been a continual struggle for me to counter those values.
Continuing struggle
It must be won, but it is only a major episode in a continuing struggle.
Defensive struggle
It was a defensive struggle with both teams having great difficulty in
gaining yardage.
Phrasal Verb:
Struggle on

RELATED WORDS
To try to do something
Try
I'll try to call her again.
Attempt
I have never attempted to run a marathon.
Endeavour
UK Engineers are endeavouring to locate the source of
the problem.
Seek
They sought to reassure the public.
Battle
He was battling to fix the roof in the rain.
Strive
With limited resources, they are striving to make the
school a better one.
Absorb verb [T]
B2
To take something in, especially gradually: OPP exude
Be absorbed into our countryside is increasingly being absorbed
into large cities.
The drug is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream.

C1

to understand facts or ideas completely and remember them:

OPP bewildering and forgetting
It's hard to absorb so much information.

Absorb verb [T] (PAY)

If a business absorbs the cost of something,
it pays that cost easily:

The school has absorbed most of the expenses so far, but it may have
to offer fewer places next year to reduce costs.

Absorb verb [T] (INTEREST VERY MUCH)

B2
To take up someone's attention completely:
The project has absorbed her for several years.

Absorb verb [T] (TAKE CONTROL)

If one company absorbs another company, it takes control of it

and they become one company:
Telecorp Holdings absorbed its Spanish subsidiary into its British hea
dquarters.
 COLLOCATIONS:
Absorb verb
1
liquid/gas/energy, etc.
ADV.
Quickly, rapidly | directly, easily, readily
PREP.
Into
Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.
2
make part of something larger
ADV.
Gradually | increasingly
PHRASES
Be absorbed into something
These committees were gradually absorbed into the local government
machine.
3
information/atmosphere
ADV.
Easily, readily
The information is presented so that it can be readily absorbed.
| Passively
4
interest
ADV.
Completely, totally, utterly
His work absorbed him completely.
| Deeply

RELATED WORDS:
To absorb something

These words mean to take in a liquid.

Materials like cloth or paper can absorb or soak up liquid. Soak up can be
used in all contexts, while absorb can be used in more technical language.
Cotton absorbs liquids at a faster rate than polyester.
Paper towels are great for soaking up kitchen spills.

You can also use mop up.

I mopped up the spilt milk with a rag.
Clothes that wick away moisture or sweat absorb it and remove it.
The jacket uses a special fabric to wick away moisture.
Confidence Noun

B2 [ U ]
The quality of being certain of your abilities or of
having trust in people, plans, or the future: OPP self-Doubt

I have every/complete confidence in her. She'll be perfect for the job.

[ + that ] I
don't share your confidence that the market will improve next year.
[C]
A secret that you tell someone: OPP Sometime known about
They talked endlessly, exchanging confidences.

In confidence

C2
If you tell something to someone in confidence, you do
not want them to tell anyone else:
Any personal data you provide to us will be held in confidence.

Take someone into your confidence

to share your secrets with someone, trusting them not

to tell other people:
I should never have taken him into my confidence.
COLLOCATIONS:
Absolute confidence
A typological universal, if truly universal and if established with absolute
confidence, would provide a powerful guide to reconstruction.

Confidence limit
A 95% upper confidence limit for this impurity estimate could then be
calculated.

Confidence rating
A confidence rating was used instead of a vocabulary test because familiarity
with the word's pronunciation was of utmost importance.

Crisis of confidence
This crisis of confidence in the promise of maturity manifested itself in a
variety of ways.

IDIOM
In confidence, as a secret or private matter, not to be divulged or
communicated to others; with belief in a person's sense of discretion: I told him
in confidence.

ADJECTIVES/NOUN + CONFIDENCE
Public confidence
The changes should improve public confidence in the system.
Consumer confidence (=that ordinary people have when the economic situation is
good)
Consumer confidence has fallen to its lowest for two years.
Business confidence (=that businesses have when the economic situation is good)
the region has gained 46,000 jobs and business confidence is high.
Investor confidence (=that investors have when the economic situation is good)
A fall in the value of shares damages investor confidence.

COMMON ERRORS

Don’t Say X She has no confidence for what the future has to offer.
Say ✅ she has no confidence in what the future has to offer.
Confidence in somebody/something: ‘The trouble is she lacks confidence in
her own ability.' 'It seems that investors have lost confidence in the major
stock markets.’
RELATED WORDS:

Assurance

Full confidence; freedom from doubt; certainty:

To act in the assurance of success.

Courage

The quality of mind or spirit that enables a person to face difficulty,

danger, pain, etc., without fear; bravery.

IDIOM (Courage)
Have the courage of one's convictions, to act in accordance with
one's beliefs, especially in spite of criticism.

Morale

Emotional or mental condition with respect to cheerfulness,

confidence, zeal, etc., especially in the face of opposition, hardship,
etc.:
The morale of the troops.

Poise

A dignified, self-confident manner or bearing; composure; self-

possession:

To show poise in company.

Current Adj
B2
Of the present time: OPP Past
current issue Have you seen the current issue of (= the
most recently published) Vogue magazine?
In current use the word "thou" is no longer in current use.

Current noun [C] (FLOW)

a movement of water, air, or electricity in a particular direction:

Strong current He was swept out to sea by the strong current.
Against the current she was struggling to swim against the current.
With the current the boat sank after drifting with the current for a
few hours.

A particular opinion or feeling that a group of people have:

There is a growing current
of support for environmental issues among voters.

A movement of water or air:

The boat drifted with the current until it was miles from shore.

PHYSICS
Electric current is the passage of electricity through a wire.
COLLOCATIONS:
Beam current
For relativistic beams, a ray-tracing code must also find the distribution of
beam current to calculate magnetic forces.

Current opinion
Current opinion holds that the endocardial thickening is a non-specific
reaction to stress in the ventricular wall.

Current thought
Overall the book presents a comprehensive account of the state of knowledge
in this particular field in 1960 and the direction that current thought was then
taking.

Dark current
Neither compound had any significant effect on the resting dark current.

Main current
If the main current value is large enough, the magnetic pressure will become
larger than the dynamic pressure at some time.

CURRENT VS MODERN
Don’t Say X The current world encourages creativity
Say ✅ the modern world encourages-creativity.
Don’t Say X We need to know current English, not the language of
Shakespeare?
Say ✅ we need to know modern English, not the language of
Shakespeare.
Current = happening or existing now, but not likely to last for a
long time: 'How long has she been going out with her current
Husband?' 'The current boom in long-haul travel has led to fierce
competition among the major airlines.
Modern = used or existing in the period of history that we live in
now, and not in an earlier period: 'What do you think of modem
architecture?' 'Even by modern standards, the pyramids are a
remarkable piece of engineering.'
 RELATED WORDS:

Actual / current / present

 Actual does not mean current or present. It means ‘real’ or ‘exact’, and is
often used in contrast with something that is not seen as real or exact:

I need the actual figures, not an estimate.

 Present means ‘existing or happening now’:

How long have you been in your present job?
 Current also means ‘existing or happening now’, but can suggest that the
situation is temporary:
The factory cannot continue its current level of production.

 Actually does not mean ‘at the present time’. Use currently, at
present or at the moment instead.

Dilemma Noun [C]

B2
A situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between
two different things you could do: OPP Advantage Agreement

She faces the dilemma of disobeying her father or losing the man
she loves.
A moral/ethical dilemma
The principal is clearly in a dilemma about/over how to tackle the crisis

COLLOCATIONS:

Classic dilemma
On the contrary, she expressed very well the classic dilemma of the problem
of income redistribution.
Ethical dilemma
They asked participants to relate a recent ethical dilemma they had
encountered in their medical practice.
False dilemma
However, he has set up a false dilemma by claiming that theistic union and
monistic identity are the only options concerning the issue of classifying
mystical union.
Fundamental dilemma a fundamental dilemma in interpreting these findings
pertains to the concurrent nature of the data.
RELATED WORDS:

Predicament: an unpleasant situation that is difficult to get out of:

She is hoping to get a loan from her bank to help her out of
her financial predicament.
I'm in a bit of a predicament because
I've accidentally accepted two invitations to dinner on the same night.

COMMON SPELLING MISTAKE:

Wrong Spelling: Dilemna

Correct Spelling: Dilemma
Remember that Dilemma has only two m’s and is used when there is a
situation where it’s hard to choose between 2 different things/options.

Dramatically Adverb
B2
Suddenly or obviously: OPP gradually or unnoticeably
Your life changes dramatically when you have a baby to
take care of.
The cost of the project has increased dramatically since it began.
Her health has improved dramatically since she started on this
new diet.

(As if) acting in a play:

She swept her hair back dramatically
COLLOCATIONS:

1. The [movie, book, day] ended dramatically

2. have [increased, improved] dramatically (recently)
3. can change dramatically (over time)
4. have changed dramatically since
5. changed dramatically from last year
6. she [said, gestured] dramatically
7. [won, lost] dramatically in the last minute
8. have been dramatically [affected, influenced, reduced] (by)

RELATED WORDS:

Conspicuously
In a way that is conspicuous (= noticeable):
Ms Andrews was conspicuously absent from the event.
COMMON MISTAKE:

Don’t Say X Since he stopped smoking, there has been an extreme improvement in
his health.

Say ✅ Say Since he stopped smoking, there has been a dramatic improvement in
his health.

Extreme is mainly used to describe situations, behaviour, opinions and beliefs:

'extreme poverty', 'extreme caution', 'extreme views', 'extreme disappointment'. When you
are talking about a change or development, use words such as
great/major/important/considerable/dramatic

'Without these dramatic changes, the company would have collapsed.'

Fortunate Adj
B2

1 Someone who is fortunate has something good happen to them, or is in a

good situation SYN lucky OPP unfortunate

Fortunate to do something

I’ve been fortunate to find a career that I love.

I was fortunate enough to obtain a research studentship at Stanford.

Fortunate in doing something

She felt fortunate in being able to please herself where she lived.

Fortunate that

I’m fortunate that I have such an understanding wife.

More/less fortunate than somebody
We’ve been more fortunate than a lot of farmers.

2 A fortunate event is one in which something good happens by chance, especially

when this saves you from trouble or danger SYN lucky OPP unfortunate

By a fortunate coincidence, a passer-by heard her cries for help.

COLLOCATIONS:

Fortunate adj.
VERBS
Be, feel, seem | consider somebody, count yourself, think
somebody
We consider ourselves extremely fortunate.
ADV.
Extremely, particularly, really, very | comparatively, quite,
rather | indeed
He was indeed fortunate in his friends.
PREP. For It was fortunate for us that the rain stopped.
| In
We are fortunate in having quite a lot of land.
RELATED WORDS:

Having good things happen by chance

These words refer to having good things happen to you by chance.

The most common word for this is lucky.

Two lucky winners will be treated to an all-expenses paid trip to the
Bahamas!
It's lucky that you were out when the house caught fire.

The opposite of lucky is unlucky. Unlucky is slightly less common

than lucky.
She's one of the unluckiest people I know.
"She broke her foot just a week before the race." "That's unlucky."

For more opposites of lucky, see the article at unlucky.

Fortunate is a common, slightly more formal alternative
to lucky. Fortunate is an approving word.
It was fortunate that he wasn't injured in the accident.

If you want to say something is lucky, you could use the phrase it's a good
thing or, in UK English, it's a good job.
It's a good thing we bought travel insurance for our trip since it was
cancelled.
UK It's a good job they didn't go camping this weekend - the weather's
been awful.

In informal US English, the phrasal verb luck out can be used to say that
someone is lucky.
US The Giants really lucked out in last night's game.

People who are lucky, especially after not being lucky, could be said to land
on their feet. In UK English, you can also say that they fall on their feet.
Ah, things always go well for Margaret. She always lands on her feet.
UK No need to fret - he'll fall on his feet again.
Ignore Verb [T]
B2
1 to deliberately pay no attention to something that you have
been told or that you know about OPP Listen
You can’t ignore the fact that many criminals never go to
prison.
Problems which we can’t afford to ignore
2 to behave as if you had not heard or seen someone or
something
The phone rang, but she ignored it.
Sam rudely ignored the question.
Completely/totally ignore somebody/something
He had completely ignored her remark, preferring his own
theory.

COLLOCATIONS:

Altogether, completely, entirely, quite, totally | almost,

practically, virtually | largely | generally | just, simply
The school has simply ignored the problem altogether.
| Consistently | apparently | duly
Her mother's opinions on how babies should be cared for were
freely given and duly ignored.
| Easily
The diesel fumes from Oxford's buses are not easily ignored.
| Conveniently
(Ironic) The managers have conveniently ignored these statistics.
| Blatantly
Safety guidelines had been blatantly ignored.
| Assiduously, carefully, deliberately, determinedly, pointedly,
resolutely, steadfastly, studiously

VERB + IGNORE
Cannot (afford to)
A warning the principal cannot afford to ignore
| be difficult to, be hard to, and be impossible to | tend to
Scientists have tended to ignore these creatures.
| try to | choose to
The judge chose to ignore the views of the doctors.

PHRASES
Be widely ignored
Safety standards are widely ignored in the industry.
| ignore something at your peril
The pernicious effect of this advertising on children is a problem
that we ignore at our peril.
| ignore the fact that …
Did you think I'd ignore the fact that you were suffering from
shock?
| Something can be safely ignored
(Ironic) These people occupy such a marginal position in society
that the authorities think they can be safely ignored.
RELATED WORDS:

One of the most common words for this, and the word with the broadest
meaning, is ignore. Ignore can be used especially to refer to not listening to
someone or something.
The buzzing is irritating, but try to ignore it.
Until you can speak calmly, I'm ignoring you.
Officials ignored warnings from cybersecurity experts about the
instability of the electricity supply.
The minute she walked into the room, he turned his back on her and
ignored her.

One opposite of ignore is listen. Listen is often followed by to.

We listened to his concerns carefully.
Don't turn off the radio - I'm listening.
If you'd listened to my advice, you wouldn't be in debt.

For more opposites of ignore, see the article at listen.

Disregard can be used when someone decides not to listen to things like
instructions, advice, or warnings that are told to them.
He disregarded the advice of his doctor and went back to work.

The opposite of disregard is heed. Heed is more formal than disregard is.
Travellers would do well to heed all travel warnings from the
government.

The phrases turn a blind eye to something, close your eyes to

something, and shut your eyes to something can be used when someone
ignores something bad and pretends it is not happening. The phrases turn a
blind eye to and close your eyes to be slightly more formal than shut your
eyes to.
Until now, the mayor has turned a blind eye to the city's homelessness
problem.
The administration closed its eyes to human-rights abuses by its
soldiers.
He shut his eyes to the problem and pretended that everything was
fine.
If you turn a deaf ear to something, especially a request or a complaint, you
ignore it.
The emperor turned a deaf ear to their cries for mercy.
The warden turned a deaf ear to prisoner complaints.
Be careful!

Some people find the phrases turn a blind eye to and turn a deaf
ear offensive to people with disabilities. Use ignore instead.

Process Noun [C]

B2

a series of actions that you take in order to achieve a result: OPP

Disorder
The peace process
Increasing the number of women in top management jobs will be
a slow process.
B2

A series of changes that happen naturally:

The digestive process
The ageing process
It's all part of the learning process.
a method of producing goods in
a factory by treating natural substances:
They have developed a new process
for extracting aluminium from bauxite.
COLLOCATIONS:
Acceleration process
The standard dephasing limit and the electron acceleration process are briefly
discussed.

Accreditation process
The study population is distinctive in two respects: their participation in the
accreditation process and that they complete with a formal qualification.

Adjudication process
They were informed that their child's participation in the project would in no
way influence his treatment at the detention centre or his legal standing in the
adjudication process.

Administrative process
But the relatively positive reaction toward the administrative process was not
replicated in respondent disposition toward the state of infrastructure.

Ageing process
They argue that while science cannot at present modify the ageing process, it
may do so in the future.

Application process
Mediators are selected by nominations from their classmates and/or by the
completion of an application process.

Approval process
The analytical methods to be used may be stipulated by environmental
guidelines or by the environmental assessment approval process.

Arbitration process
A command arbitration process combines the votes from the behaviours and
selects the optimal action to satisfy the goals of the system.

Arduous process
To better our condition on a continuous basis is an arduous process, one that
must ultimately undermine our efforts at moral improvement.

Mental process
It seems reasonable that the human mental process yielding a judgment is
guided by a number of heuristics that unconsciously 'act behind the scenes'.
Metabolic process
Thus, pollutants can interfere with development by disrupting metabolic
process and thereby act as teratogenic substances, albeit fairly non-specif
RELATED WORDS:

1 (noun) in the sense of procedure

Definition
A series of actions or changes
The best way to find out is by a process of elimination.
Course of action
2 (noun) in the sense of development
Definition
A series of natural developments which result in an overall
change
The evolutionary process of Homo sapiens

3 (noun) in the sense of method

Definition
A method of doing or producing something
The cost of the production process
4 (noun) in the sense of action
Definition
An action at law
Steps in the impeachment process against the president
1 (verb) in the sense of prepare
Definition
To handle or prepare by a special method of manufacture
Facilities to process the beans before exportSilicon chips
process electrical signals.
2 (verb) in the sense of handle
A number of applications are being processed at the moment.

PHRASE:
See in the process of
(Phrase) in the sense of in the course of
Definition
During or in the course of
They are in the process of drawing up a peace plan.
Reflecting Verb [I or T]
B2 [ I or T ]

If a surface reflects light, heat, sound, or an image,

it sends the light, etc. back and does not absorb it: OPP Absorb

He saw himself reflected in the water/mirror/shop window.

The light reflected off the surface of the water.
Reflect verb (SHOW)

B2 [T ]

To show, express, or be a sign of something: OPP hide an

expression
The statistics reflect a change in people's spending habits.
Reflect verb (THINK)

B2 [I ] formal

to think carefully, especially about possibilities and opinions:

OPP cross your mind

The manager demanded time to reflect (on what to do).

[ + that ] She reflected that this was probably the last time she
would see him.

COLLOCATIONS:

ADV.
Dimly, dully
The sun reflected dully off the stone walls. (Figurative) In Milton's poem,
Satan, even after his fall, dimly reflects his former glory.
PREP.
From
2 show/express something
ADV.
Clearly | directly | accurately, closely, correctly, faithfully, well
Does this opinion poll accurately reflect the public mood?
| Adequately
The punishment should adequately reflect the revulsion felt by most
people for this appalling crime.
| Merely, simply
This year's budget simply reflects the fact that we have fewer people out
of work.
| Not necessarily
The views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of
the editor.
VERB + REFLECT
Be designed to
The exhibition is designed to reflect the diversity of the nation and its
regions.
PREP.
In
The condition of the house is reflected in its low price.
3 think deeply
ADV.
Bitterly, gloomily, ruefully, wryly
Reflecting ruefully that the great American dollar didn't buy as much as
it used to
VERB + REFLECT
Pause to | leave somebody to
He was left to reflect on the implications of his decision.
PREP.
On/upon
She paused to reflect on what she had achieved.
PHRASES
RELATED WORDS:
Time to reflect
I need time to reflect.

If you are thinking about a possibility or about making a decision, the

verb consider is often used.
Don't make any decisions before you've considered the matter.

If someone spends a lot of time thinking about something in a serious way,

you can use the verbs contemplate, ponder or mull over to describe this
process. Ponder is more formal than contemplate or mull over.
He lay in a hospital bed contemplating his future.
She sat back for a minute to ponder her next move in the game.
I need a few days to mull things over before I decide.

Reflect is a formal word that means to think carefully, especially about

possibilities and opinions.
I spent a lot of time reflecting on what he'd said.

If you think about something anxiously for a long time, you could use the
verb agonize. You can also say that you agonize over or about something.
The UK spelling of this word is usually agonise.
She agonized for days before agreeing to take the job.
He agonized over his poor choice of words earlier.
UK What's the use in agonising about the future?

Brood or dwell on are used when someone thinks about something for a
long time in a way that makes the person unhappy.
She sat brooding in her room for days after she and Gary split up.
There's no point in dwelling on the past.

If you are thinking very hard to remember something or to find a way to do

something, you can use the idiom rack your brains. Rack your brains is UK
English; in US English, you can say rack your brain.
UK I've been racking my brains all day but I can't remember where I put
my keys.
If you think again about something in order to change or improve it, you can
use the verbs rethink or reconsider.
Her family's disapproval made her rethink her plans.
He was reconsidering whether to accept or not.

Two opposites of consider are the phrase cross your mind or the
verb strike. Both of these are used when a thought comes to your mind very
suddenly and without much thought.
The thought suddenly crossed my mind that I might not see him again.
It's just struck me that his birthday is today.

Groggy Adj [I]

weak and unable to think clearly or walk correctly, usually

because of tiredness or illness:
I felt a little bit groggy for a couple of days after the operation.