EDITH ALAKA SHIHAFU

BP1/57636/23
DBAM 902: RESEARCH METHODS IN BUSINESS
ASSIGNMENT: CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

INTRODUCTION
Theoretical and conceptual frameworks guide the paths of a research and offers the
foundation for establishing its credibility. Though these terms seem similar, they are different
from each other in concept and in their roles in the research inquiry.

The theoretical and conceptual framework explains the path of a research and grounds it
firmly in theoretical constructs. The overall aim of the two frameworks is to make research
findings more meaningful, acceptable to the theoretical constructs in the research field and
ensures generalizability.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Theoretical framework is a framework based on an existing theory in a field of inquiry that is
related and/or reflects the hypothesis of a study. It is a blueprint that is often borrowed by the
researcher to build his/her own house or research inquiry. It serves as the foundation upon
which a research is constructed and guides the researcher so that he would not deviate from
the confines of the accepted theories to make his final contribution scholarly and academic.

A theoretical framework provides the theoretical assumptions for the larger context of a study,
and is the foundation by which a study is developed. This framework helps to ground the
research focus understudy within theoretical underpinnings and to frame the inquiry for data
analysis and interpretation (Grant & Osanloo 2014).
The theoretical framework consists of theoretical principles, constructs, concepts, and tenants
of a theory (Grant & Osanloo, 2014).

Types of Theoretical Framework

Selecting the appropriate type of theoretical framework for a research project is crucial, as it
influences the research design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation of results.
Understanding the different types of theoretical frameworks allows researchers to better
articulate their research questions, situate their work within the broader academic discourse,
and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their field.
Theoretical frameworks in research serve as the foundation for understanding the
relationships between different variables and concepts within a study. They are grounded in
established theories that offer explanations or predictions about these relationships. The
choice of a theoretical framework depends on the research question, the discipline, and the
researcher's perspective. Here are several types of theoretical frameworks commonly used
across various fields of study:

1. Grand Theories
Grand theories are broad and abstract, offering a comprehensive perspective on complex
phenomena. They are not meant to provide specific predictions or explanations for particular
situations but rather offer a wide lens through which to understand large-scale and complex
interactions. Example is the Human Capital Theory founded in HRM, positing that employees
are assets to the organization whose value can be enhanced through investment in their
education, training, and development. Systems Theory which views organizations as complex
systems composed of interrelated and interdependent parts is also an example of grand
theories.

2. Middle-Range Theories
Middle-range theories are more focused than grand theories and are designed to address
specific phenomena or concepts. These theories are particularly valued for their ability to
connect abstract theoretical ideas with empirical observation, making them highly applicable
across various disciplines, including sociology, nursing, psychology, and business. A good
example is
Kurt Lewin's Change Management Model that describes organizational change as a three-
stage process: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing. This model has been fundamental in
understanding how organizations implement change and has informed countless strategies for
managing organizational change.

3. Substantive Theories
Substantive theories are specific to a particular problem or area of inquiry. They are
developed based on empirical data collected from specific field studies and are designed to
explain phenomena within a particular context or setting. These theories are often used in
grounded theory research, where the theory emerges from the data collected during the
research process.
Equity Theory in HRM which focuses on employee perceptions of fairness in compensation,
recognition, and workload is an example. Employee Engagement Theory which explores the
psychological conditions and workplace environments that foster a high level of employee
involvement, enthusiasm, and commitment to their work and organization is another example
of substantive theory as it looks at factors that influence engagement levels and how they
impact organizational performance.

4. Descriptive Theories
Descriptive theories aim to thoroughly describe a phenomenon, situation, or behaviour rather
than predict or explain it. They provide a systematic depiction of the characteristics, qualities,
and functions of the phenomena studied. Descriptive theories are valuable in the early stages
of studying new or complex phenomena. Examples are HRM Practice Models that describe
specific HR practices or systems and their application within organizations. Examples include
descriptions of various recruitment and selection practices, training and development
programs, performance management systems, and compensation and benefits structures. They
detail the components, processes, and effectiveness of these practices in organizational
settings.

5. Prescriptive (Normative) Theories

Prescriptive theories, also known as normative theories, propose specific outcomes or actions
to achieve desired goals. They are often used in fields such as ethics, law, and policy studies,
providing guidelines or frameworks for what should be done in particular situations based on
values or norms.

6. Analytical Theories
Analytical theories provide a framework for understanding the underlying mechanisms or
processes that explain phenomena. These theories dissect complex phenomena into simpler
components to understand how they work together. Analytical theories are common in fields
such as economics, where models are used to predict market behaviours, or in psychology, to
understand cognitive processes. Example is Supply and Demand theory which is a
fundamental analytical theory in economics that explains how the prices of goods and services
are determined in a market. It analyses the interaction between the supply of products and the
demand from consumers, demonstrating how changes in these factors influence market
equilibrium and prices.
Production function theory analyses the relationship between inputs (such as labour and
capital) and outputs (goods and services) in the production process is also an analytical
theory. It provides a mathematical representation of how factors of production contribute to
the creation of goods and services, aiding in optimizing production efficiency

7. Empirical Theories
Empirical theories are developed based on observed phenomena and are grounded in
empirical evidence. They aim to explain and predict phenomena by drawing on systematic
observations or experiments. Empirical theories are testable and are often used in the natural
and social sciences. Psychological Contract Theory describes the unwritten expectations and
obligations that exist between employees and employers. Social Exchange Theory, applied in
HRM, explains the dynamics of employment relationships based on the principle of
reciprocity. Employees contribute effort, time, and skills to the organization, expecting certain
rewards in return. This theory has empirical support in explaining employee attitudes,
commitment, and performance in the workplace.

8. Interdisciplinary Theories
Interdisciplinary theories draw upon concepts and propositions from multiple disciplines to
create a comprehensive framework that spans beyond the boundaries of a single field. These
theories are particularly useful in addressing complex issues that cannot be fully understood
through a single disciplinary lens, such as environmental studies, public health, and global
studies. Examples include:
 Behavioural Economics
Disciplines involved: Economics, Psychology.
Behavioural economics integrates insights from psychology into economic theory,
challenging traditional assumptions about rational decision-making. It explores how
psychological factors, such as cognitive biases and emotions, influence economic choices and
market outcomes.
 Social Entrepreneurship
Disciplines involved: Business, Sociology, Social Sciences.
Social entrepreneurship combines business principles with social and environmental goals. It
explores how entrepreneurial strategies can address societal challenges, emphasizing social
impact alongside financial sustainability.

Selection of a Suitable Theoretical Framework

The selection of a theoretical framework requires a thorough understanding of the problem,
purpose, significance and research questions of a study considering that the theoretical
framework serves as a guiding framework throughout the research process, helping to
structure your study and interpret your findings.

To make an appropriate selection of a theoretical context, one must consider the guiding
principles of the study and situate the problem in relation to it. The research questions of the
study and the purpose of the study must entail noticeable aspects of the theoretical framework
and must agree with the assertions promulgated by the theorists of the selected theory.

After the entire study has been conducted, the research findings accrued from the study must
corroborate, extend, or modify the existing theory that was borrowed for the study. The
researcher may critique, develop and/or expand the theory that served as a guide for his/her
study vis-à-vis the findings gleaned from the study (Grant & Osanloo, 2014).

Simon and Goes (2011) suggested some points that can help articulate the theory for an
informed research as follows:
1. Clearly Define Your Research Problem or Question:
Articulate the specific research problem or question you aim to address. This clarity is
essential to identify relevant theories that can inform your study.
2. Review Existing Literature:
Conduct a thorough literature review to identify existing theories and frameworks relevant to
your research problem. This review helps you understand the current state of knowledge in
your field.
3. Identify Key Concepts and Variables:
Extract key concepts, variables, and relationships from the theories you've reviewed. Clearly
define these elements as they will form the basis of your theoretical framework.
4. Justify the Choice of Theoretical Framework:
Explain why you have chosen a particular theoretical framework. Discuss its relevance,
applicability, and explanatory power in the context of your research problem.
5. Operationalize Concepts and Variables:
Operationalize the abstract concepts and variables from your theoretical framework into
measurable and observable terms. This step is crucial for designing your research
methodology.
6. Hypothesize Relationships:
Develop hypotheses based on the relationships proposed by the theoretical framework.
Clearly state the expected connections between variables and concepts.
7. Align Research Questions/Objectives:
Ensure that your research questions or objectives align with the concepts and relationships
outlined in your theoretical framework. This alignment ensures that your study directly
addresses the issues identified in the literature.
8. Guide the Research Design:
Use the theoretical framework to guide the selection of your research design, data collection
methods, and data analysis techniques. The framework should inform your choices and help
you structure your study.
9. Consider Limitations and Alternative Explanations:
Acknowledge any limitations or alternative explanations provided by the theoretical
framework. Consider potential criticisms or alternative viewpoints to strengthen the
robustness of your study.
10. Incorporate Theoretical Insights in Analysis and Interpretation:
During the data analysis phase, apply the theoretical insights from your framework. Interpret
your findings in light of the theoretical concepts and relationships you've identified.
11. Discuss Implications and Contributions:
Discuss the implications of your study's findings in the context of the theoretical framework.
Highlight how your research contributes to or challenges existing theories and knowledge in
the field.
12. Synthesize Findings with Theoretical Constructs:
In your conclusion, synthesize your study's findings with the theoretical constructs. Discuss
how your empirical results either support or challenge the theoretical predictions.
13. Recommendations for Future Research:
Propose recommendations for future research based on the insights gained from your study.
Consider how further research can build upon or refine the theoretical framework.

The Importance of Theoretical Framework in Research

A theoretical framework is crucial in research as it serves as the conceptual foundation that
guides the entire research process. It offers several benefits to a research work which includes:
1. Guides Research Design:
Theoretical frameworks help in shaping the research design by providing a roadmap for the
selection of variables, development of hypotheses, and formulation of research questions.
They assist researchers in designing a study that is logically organized and focused.
2. Provides Conceptual Clarity:
A theoretical framework aids in defining and clarifying concepts, variables, and relationships
within the study. It ensures that researchers and readers share a common understanding of the
terms and constructs being used.
3. Informs Hypothesis Development:
Theoretical frameworks guide the formulation of hypotheses by proposing expected
relationships between variables. They provide a basis for making predictions and testing the
validity of the proposed explanations.
4. Supports Literature Review:
Theoretical frameworks help in conducting a comprehensive literature review by providing a
basis for identifying existing theories and research relevant to the study. This ensures that the
research is situated within the broader academic discourse.
5. Enhances Rigor and Validity:
By grounding a study in established theories, a theoretical framework contributes to the
credibility and validity of the research. It demonstrates that the study is built on a foundation
of prior knowledge and scholarly thought.
6. Aids in Conceptualization and Operationalization:
Theoretical frameworks assist researchers in moving from abstract concepts to practical,
measurable variables. They help in operationalizing abstract ideas into tangible and
observable elements that can be studied empirically.
7. Facilitates Data Collection and Analysis:
Theoretical frameworks guide the selection of appropriate research methods and data
collection techniques. They also provide a basis for data analysis by suggesting relevant
statistical tests or qualitative analysis approaches.
8. Promotes Consistency and Coherence:
Having a theoretical framework ensures consistency and coherence in a study. It helps in
maintaining focus on the core concepts and relationships throughout the research process,
preventing ad-hoc decision-making.
9. Supports Generalization and Transferability:
Theoretical frameworks contribute to the generalizability of research findings by providing a
basis for comparing and contrasting results across studies. They facilitate the transferability of
knowledge to different contexts.
10. Contributes to Theory Development:
Engaging with theoretical frameworks allows researchers to contribute to the development
and refinement of theories. Empirical findings can support, challenge, or extend existing
theories, advancing knowledge in the field.
11. Provides a Framework for Discussion:
When presenting and discussing findings, the theoretical framework serves as a reference
point. It helps researchers contextualize their results, interpret patterns, and discuss the
implications of their findings within the existing theoretical landscape.
12. Guides Conclusion and Recommendations:
Theoretical frameworks influence the interpretation of results, guiding researchers in drawing
conclusions and making recommendations. They ensure that the study's implications align
with the underlying theoretical concepts.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A conceptual framework outlines the specific ideas or concepts that a study will investigate. It
is a system of concepts, assumptions, expectations, beliefs, and theories that supports and
informs research. The conceptual framework serves to connect the researcher's general
research approach to the specific inquiry. It helps in clarifying the research's direction by
defining the key concepts, their relationships, and the context within which the research is
conducted.
A conceptual framework is a structure which the researcher believes can best explain the
natural progression of the phenomenon to be studied. (Camp, 2001). It is the researcher’s
explanation of how the research problem would be explored and it is linked with the concepts,
empirical research and important theories used in promoting and systemizing the knowledge
espoused by the researcher (Peshkin, 1993).

The conceptual framework presents an integrated way of looking at a problem under study. In
a statistical perspective, the conceptual framework describes the relationship between the
main concepts of a study. It is arranged in a logical structure to aid provide a picture or visual
display of how ideas in a study relate to one another (Grant & Osanloo, 2014). It shows the
series of action the researcher intends carrying out in a research study.
The framework makes it easier for the researcher to easily specify and define the concepts
within the problem of the study (Luse, Mennecke & Townsend, 2012).

Key components of a conceptual framework include:

1. Concepts: Abstract ideas or general notions that represent phenomena.
2. Variables: Measurable factors or characteristics that can be manipulated, observed, or
measured in a research study.
3. Relationships: Connections or associations between concepts and variables, often
expressed in hypotheses.
4. Assumptions: Underlying beliefs or postulates that guide the study and shape the
researcher's perspective.
5. Contextual Framework: The specific context or setting in which the study takes
place, providing a backdrop for understanding the phenomenon.

The purpose of a conceptual framework is to:

 Guide Research Design: It helps in designing the study by defining key variables,
relationships, and research questions.
 Provide a Basis for Hypotheses: It informs the development of hypotheses and
predictions about expected outcomes.
 Facilitate Literature Review: It assists in organizing and synthesizing relevant
literature to understand existing theories and knowledge related to the research
problem.
  Enhance Understanding: It provides a clear structure for understanding and
interpreting the study's findings.
 Inform Data Analysis: It guides the selection of appropriate methods for data
collection and analysis.
 Contribute to Theory Development: It can contribute to the development or
refinement of theories in a particular field.
 Promote Consistency: It ensures consistency in the study by aligning concepts and
variables with established theoretical perspectives.

The Importance of Conceptual Framework in Research

The conceptual framework offers many benefits to a research, which includes:
i. It assists the researcher in identifying and constructing his/her worldview on the
phenomenon to be investigated (Grant & Osanloo, 2014).
ii. It is the simplest way through which a researcher presents his/her asserted remedies to
the problem s/he has defined (Akintoye, 2015).
iii. It accentuates the reasons why a research topic is worth studying, the assumptions of a
researcher, the scholars s/he agrees with and disagrees with and how s/he conceptually
grounds his/her approach (Evans, 2007).
iv. Akintoye (2015) posits that the conceptual framework is mostly used by researchers
when existing theories are not applicable or sufficient in creating a firm structure for
the study.

How to Develop a Conceptual Framework

Conceptual frameworks are generative frameworks that reflects the thinking of the entire
research process. Mostly, diagrams are created to clearly define the constructs or variables of
the research topic and their relationships are shown by the use of arrows.
The entire methodology must agree with the variables, as well as their relationships and
context. Researchers are at liberty to adopt existing frameworks, but have to modify it to suit
the nature of the context of their research as well as the nature of their research questions.

Fisher (2007) noted that a good conceptual framework must also be expressed in writing for
it to be understood clearly. This means that after a researcher has craftily produced a
diagrammatic representation of the main variables of the study, he has to explain the relations
among them and how their complementation helps in answering the major research problem
defined.
The following steps can be followed in constructing a conceptual framework:
1. Identify and Review Relevant Literature: Start by conducting a thorough literature
review to identify key concepts, theories, and gaps in the existing research.
2. Define Key Concepts: Clearly define the concepts that are central to your research
question.
3. Establish Relationships: Determine how these concepts are related to each other
within the context of your study.
4. Visual Representation: Optionally, create a visual diagram to represent these
relationships, making the conceptual framework more accessible.

Types of Conceptual Framework

There are many designs of the conceptual framework that researchers have designed and
utilized in their studies. Miles and Huberman (1994) opine that conceptual frameworks can be
graphical or in a narrative form showing the key variables or constructs to be studied and the
presumed relationships between them.

Example of Conceptual framework in narrative form

AMO (Ability, Motivation, Opportunity) Framework
The AMO framework suggests that organizational performance is influenced by employees'
abilities, motivation, and the opportunities provided by the organization. (A+M+O=P)
This framework is used to analyse and improve performance management, employee
engagement, and the design of work systems.

Example of graphical conceptual framework

Figure 2: relationship between training and development; occupational safety and health and
employee productivity, mediated by intrinsic rewards

Dependent Variable intervening Variable Independent Variable

 Training and
development

Intrinsic rewards Employee

productivity
(Recognition)
Occupational
safety and health
practices

Source: Adapted from West and Dawson (2012); and Njenga and Gachunga (2016)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable

Training and
development
Employee
productivity
Occupational
safety and health
practices
Intrinsic rewards
(Recognition)

Mediating Variable
Source: Adapted from West and Dawson (2012); and Njenga and Gachunga (2016)

Differences between a Conceptual Framework and a Theoretical Framework

Many students and researchers usually ask whether the theoretical framework is the same as
the conceptual framework. Sometimes, researchers develop their conceptual frameworks from
the theories that underpin their research. Though these frameworks work hand in hand, they
have characteristics that make them different from each other as outlined below:
 Basis of Formation:
Conceptual frameworks are based on specific concepts and ideas derived from the research
problem while theoretical frameworks are grounded in established theories and academic
literature.
  Function:
Whereas conceptual framework guides the operationalization of variables and the direction of
the study, theoretical framework explains the relationships among variables based on existing
theories.
 Development:
Researchers develop conceptual frameworks through a process of synthesizing concepts
relevant to the research question. Theoretical frameworks on the other hand are developed by
identifying and integrating relevant theories that can inform the study's hypotheses or
propositions.

REFERENCES
Akintoye, A. (2015). Developing Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks.

Camp, W. G. (2001). Formulating and Evaluating Theoretical Frameworks for Career and
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Evans, M. (2007). Recent Research (2000 - 2006) into Applied Linguistics and Language
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Fisher, C. (2007). Researching and Writing a Dissertation: A Guidebook for Business

Students. Financial Times Prentice Hall: Intervarsity Press.

Grant, C. & Osanloo, A. (2014). Understanding, Selecting, and Integrating a Theoretical

Framework in Dissertation Research: Creating the Blueprint for ‘House’. Administrative
Issues Journal: Connecting Education, Practice and Research, Pp. 12-22 DOI:
10.5929/2014.4.2.9

Imenda, S. (2014). Is There a Conceptual Difference Between Conceptual and Theoretical

Frameworks? Journal of Social Science, 38(2):185-195

Latham,J.(2017).ConceptualFramework.http://johnlatham.me/frameworks/
researchmethods-framework/conceptual-framework

Luse, A., Mennecke, B., & Townsend, A. (2012). Selecting a Research Topic: A
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Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Source
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Ravitch, S. M. & Carl, N. M. (2016). Qualitative Research: Bridging the Conceptual,
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Simon, M. K. & Goes, J. (2011). Developing a Theoretical Framework. Seattle, WA:

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