ACTIVITY 06

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

MELANIE ARREDONDO TAMEZ
DAFNY MICHEL TOSCANO ACEVEDO

LIC. ERICK RICARDO RUIZ GARZA

 These organizations are all seeking peace
among the member states of the organization

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

and economic growth of the states themselves.
in addition to preserving human rights.

The first Council of Europe

was created to promote It adopts the International
democracy and protect Covenants on Civil and UN Women, the United Nations
human rights and the rule of Political Rights and on entity that seeks gender
Approval of the charter of law. Economic, Social and equality and the empowerment
the United Nations signed Cultural Rights. This by the of women, is created.
Belgium, France,
by 51 member states. Luxembourg, the general assembly.
Netherlands and Europe
were created Europe's first
council.

1945 1948
1957
199
1951 1966 2010 2020
2

Creation of the The United Kingdom

Treaty of Rome.
Organization of American withdraws from the
States, which its objective is - European Economic Maastricht Treaty EUROPEAN UNION.
to seek greater security and Community. - Creation of the European
peace in the continent, that - European Atomic Energy Union.
there is democracy in the Community.
states and eradicate poverty
in the states.
 Democratic Republic of the Congo and Great Lakes

The M23, a rebel group that remained inactive and is reportedly supported by Rwanda, is wreaking havoc in
eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The fighting has forced tens of thousands of people from their
homes and may escalate into a region-wide war between third parties.
The M23 controls several towns and surrounds the provincial capital of Goma. In 2013, the group was defeated by
increased UN forces, but now appears to be well armed and organized. It is made up of former Congolese soldiers,
many of whom are Tutsis, an ethnic group spread across Africa's Great Lakes, and claim to defend the interests of
the community.
The sudden reappearance of the M23 is due as much to tensions between the Great Lakes States as to local
dynamics. The Congolese government had sought to reassert its authority in the country's troubled east, which is
home to dozens of rebel groups, including some from neighbouring states. Last year, Congolese President Felix
Tshisekedi invited Ugandan troops to fight the Allied Democratic Forces, a majority Ugandan group that claims to
be part of the Islamic State. It appears that the DRC president also quietly approved Burundian operations on
Congolese soil, which irritated Rwandan President Paul Kagame.
 Democratic Republic of the Congo and Great
Lakes
He believed that the presence of his neighbors could prevent Rwanda from gaining influence in eastern Congo, where it has
economic interests, like Burundi and Uganda, and has long fought insurgents from the Democratic Forces for the Liberation
of Rwanda (FDLR), a remnant of the Hutu militia responsible for the 1994 genocide.
Tshisekedi accuses Kagame of backing the M23 to extract Congolese resources. UN experts also point to Rwandan support
for the rebels and a leaked UN report in December 2022 claims there is "substantial evidence" that the Rwandan army
intervened directly in Congo's fight against the M23 and helped the group with weapons, ammunition and uniforms. Kigali
rejects the allegations. In turn, he accuses the Congolese Armed Forces of collaborating with the FDLR (something
Tshisekedi denies, but which UN reports also largely confirm). An added complication is Congo's general election in 2023.
The election could be another step away from the country's disastrous civil wars two decades ago. But the suspension of
registration and voting in the east because of the violence would cast suspicion on the results. Moreover, during the
campaign, Tshisekedi is likely to step up anti-Rwanda rhetoric, which would endanger minorities already branded by some
Congolese as M23 supporters.
An East African military mission — without Rwanda, whose troops Kinshasa rejected — is mandated to restore calm in
eastern Congo. The U.N. has a 14,000-strong peacekeeping force, many of them housed in Goma, but it appears reluctant to
confront the insurgents and is deeply unpopular with many Congolese. Instead, Kenya, within the regional force, has the
unenviable task of leading the fight against the M23.
 Democratic Republic of the Congo and Great
Lakes
The long-suffering local population has high hopes that Kenyan troops can push back the rebels, but Nairobi
cautiously sees the aim as securing Goma and its surrounding main roads and forcing the M23 to accept a
ceasefire. The group could then rejoin peace talks between the Congolese government and dozens of eastern
armed groups from which it had been expelled due to fighting.
Getting Rwanda on board with these attempts will be critical, given its influence on M23 leaders. The best chance
of achieving this lies in concerted diplomatic efforts by East African leaders to repair relations between Kagame
and Tshisekedi, a campaign that has shown some early signs of progress, along with attempts to curb
collaboration between the Congolese army and the FDLR. In other words, the East African force offers an
opportunity to leave room for manoeuvre for diplomacy and to fight the M23.
If diplomacy fails, Kenyan troops could get bogged down in the treacherous terrain of eastern Congo. The mere
fact that forces from so many neighbouring countries have been deployed in eastern Congo already carries the
risk of a resumption of the third-party wars that tore the region apart in the 90s and 2000s.

This problem has prevailed, in my personal opinion, a strong hand should be exercised towards these people who
harm seeing and feeling the consequences that they have and will acquire due to their actions, due to the suffering
of the population and all the hardships they have caused.
REFLECTION

First, let's explain what International Organizations are and understand, being these,
associations that are all over the world with a particular purpose: to help the
population economically, socially and in health. The first world organization that
existed was "Versailles". However, we must bear in mind that, for an organization to be
recognized worldwide, it needs the participation of the State, in the first instance, and
to know its available resources, territory (borders), geographical space and population.
Considering that, international organizations serve as mediation and mutual
cooperation to maintain peace and security among nations. Governed by agreements
or treaties that maintain their own laws and principles respecting the rules of each
country. Contemplating, in addition, that these organizations help us to promote
economic growth, good functioning of the regions, good relations, as well as alliances
with other countries and greater foreign investment. So we conclude that really these
relations are of utmost importance for our country