Page 1 of 13 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

fawad kk
acx
Thesis

Abdullah

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology, Topi

Document Details

Submission ID

trn:oid:::1:2833499544 11 Pages

Submission Date 1,808 Words

Feb 24, 2024, 12:06 AM GMT+5

10,202 Characters

Download Date

Feb 24, 2024, 12:10 AM GMT+5

File Name

Hardness_lab.docx

File Size

1.8 MB

Page 1 of 13 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

 Page 2 of 13 - AI Writing Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

How much of this submission has been generated by AI?

47%
Caution: Percentage may not indicate academic misconduct. Review required.

It is essential to understand the limitations of AI detection before making decisions

about a student's work. We encourage you to learn more about Turnitin's AI detection
capabilities before using the tool.
of qualifying text in this submission has been determined to be
generated by AI.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does the percentage mean?

The percentage shown in the AI writing detection indicator and in the AI writing report is the amount of qualifying text within the
submission that Turnitin's AI writing detection model determines was generated by AI.

Our testing has found that there is a higher incidence of false positives when the percentage is less than 20. In order to reduce the
likelihood of misinterpretation, the AI indicator will display an asterisk for percentages less than 20 to call attention to the fact that
the score is less reliable.

However, the final decision on whether any misconduct has occurred rests with the reviewer/instructor. They should use the
percentage as a means to start a formative conversation with their student and/or use it to examine the submitted assignment in
greater detail according to their school's policies.

How does Turnitin's indicator address false positives?

Our model only processes qualifying text in the form of long-form writing. Long-form writing means individual sentences contained in paragraphs that make up a
longer piece of written work, such as an essay, a dissertation, or an article, etc. Qualifying text that has been determined to be AI-generated will be highlighted blue
on the submission text.

Non-qualifying text, such as bullet points, annotated bibliographies, etc., will not be processed and can create disparity between the submission highlights and the
percentage shown.

What does 'qualifying text' mean?

Sometimes false positives (incorrectly flagging human-written text as AI-generated), can include lists without a lot of structural variation, text that literally repeats
itself, or text that has been paraphrased without developing new ideas. If our indicator shows a higher amount of AI writing in such text, we advise you to take that
into consideration when looking at the percentage indicated.

In a longer document with a mix of authentic writing and AI generated text, it can be difficult to exactly determine where the AI writing begins and original writing
ends, but our model should give you a reliable guide to start conversations with the submitting student.

Disclaimer
Our AI writing assessment is designed to help educators identify text that might be prepared by a generative AI tool. Our AI writing assessment may not always be accurate (it may misidentify
both human and AI-generated text) so it should not be used as the sole basis for adverse actions against a student. It takes further scrutiny and human judgment in conjunction with an
organization's application of its specific academic policies to determine whether any academic misconduct has occurred.

Page 2 of 13 - AI Writing Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

 Page 3 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

ME 241
MATERIALS LABORATORY
Cold Working and Rockwell Hardness
Names of all group members, alphabetically
Group number:
Name of experiment:
Date performed:

1.

1|Page

Page 3 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

 Page 4 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

Abstract:
.

2|Page

Page 4 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

 Page 5 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

Table of Contents

1. Abstract:........................................................................................................................................ 1

1 Introduction: ................................................................................................................................. 4

2 Experimental Setup: ..................................................................................................................... 5

3 Procedure to Measure Rockwell Hardness: .................................................................................. 5

3.1. Procedure to Calculate Cold Working: .................................................................................. 6

4 Results and Analysis: .................................................................................................................... 6

5 Experimental Error ....................................................................................................................... 9

6 Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................... 9

6.1. Summary of Findings: ......................................................................................................... 10

6.2. Comparison with Published Data: ....................................................................................... 10

7 References: ................................................................................................................................. 11

3|Page

Page 5 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

 Page 6 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

1 Introduction:
Cold working is a widely used process in metallurgy to enhance the mechanical properties of metals
and alloys. By subjecting materials to plastic deformation at temperatures below their recrystallization
point, cold working induces changes in the microstructure, resulting in improvements in strength,
hardness, and other mechanical characteristics. Understanding the effects of cold working on material
properties is essential for optimizing manufacturing processes and designing components with
desired performance attributes.

Figure 1. Used brass and Cu samples for experimental purpose

In this report, we investigate the relationship between cold working and Rockwell hardness for two
commonly used metal alloys: 260-Brass and 110-Cu alloy. Through a series of experiments, we
explore how variations in cold work percentage affect the average hardness of these materials. The
experimental setup includes a cold rolling machine for deformation and a Rockwell hardness tester
for measuring material hardness.

The objectives of this study are twofold: first, to quantify the changes in material hardness resulting
from different levels of cold working, and second, to analyze the underlying mechanisms responsible
for these changes. By examining the effects of cold working on brass and Cu samples, we aim to
study into the relationship between deformation-induced microstructural changes and macroscopic
mechanical properties like hardness.

This report outlines the experimental procedures, results obtained, and scientific approach to the
mechanisms involved in changing mechanical properties. By comparing the relationship between

4|Page

Page 6 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

 Page 7 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

cold work percentage and Rockwell hardness, we can design the cold workability conditions to
achieve the desired level of properties for given applications.

2 Experimental Setup:
Following are the equipment used in the experiment.

• Safety Glasses

• Cold Rolling Machine.

• Callipers

• Rockwell Hardness Tester

The equipment used are given as follow,

Fig. 2. Cold Rolling Machine Fig. 3. Rockwell Hardness

In this experiment, the objective was to study the effects of cold working on the hardness of metal
specimens, specifically 260-Brass and 110-Cu alloy. The specimens were prepared with dimensions
measured using callipers: length, width, and initial thickness. The experimental setup included a cold
rolling machine, a Rockwell hardness tester, and safety glasses to ensure safety during the experiment.

3 Procedure to Measure Rockwell Hardness:

To measure the Rockwell hardness, each sample was placed on the flat standard sample holder of the
Rockwell hardness tester. We selected the B scale and utilized a 1/16 inch diameter spherical steel

5|Page

Page 7 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

 Page 8 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

indenter. The major load was set to 100 kgf, and the machine automatically applied the load after
contacting the sample surface. The hardness reading was then recorded from the tester's display.

3.1. Procedure to Calculate Cold Working:

Initially, we measured the original thickness and Rockwell hardness of each sample to establish a
baseline (0% cold working). The samples were then subjected to cold working using the cold rolling
machine. We adjusted the roller gap to reduce the thickness by the desired percentage (e.g., 5%),
passed the sample through the rollers, and measured the new thickness using calipers. The percentage
of cold working was calculated using the formula:

𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 − 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

%𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 = × 100%
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

This process was repeated for additional percentages of cold working, such as 10%.

4 Results and Analysis:

The results obtained for the hardness are shown in figures bellow,

6|Page

Page 8 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

 Page 9 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

Fig 4 Hardness 110 Cu Alloy Fig 5 Hardness 260 Brass

The results from the experiment are presented in Table 1, detailing the thickness, percentage of cold
work, and Rockwell hardness (HRC) for both 110 Copper Alloy and 260 Brass specimens at various
stages of cold working.

110 Cu Alloy 260 Brass

Thickness (mm) % Cold work HRC Thickness (mm) % Cold work HRC
38 0 76 0
31.43 5 22.8 75.95 5 36.2
23.5 10 24.2 70.2 10 70.7
Table 1. Hardness and cold workability of brass and Cu samples

5 Comparison with literature:

The cold forming process can make the metal undergo some changes in mechanical properties,
namely getting stronger, getting harder, and getting brittle [3,4]. The larger the plastic deformation,
the greater the strength, hardness, and brittleness of the metal. The crack will occur in metal once
excessive brittleness is reached. A product has a requirement for mechanical properties, so the process
of metal forming must also refer to the requirements of that property [5]. In this case it is necessary
to have data on the level of deformation and its relation to the mechanical properties of the material.
Therefore, it is necessary to test the various levels of deformation and changes in its mechanical
7|Page

Page 9 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

 Page 10 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

properties. The cold working processes also provide a way to directionally influence the
microstructural changes [6-8]. Several researchers have been investigated the effect of plastic
deformation to microstructure of material. Li et.al investigated the combination effect of plastic
deformation and phase transformation on the evolution of microstructure and property of NiTi alloy
[9]. Ren et.al studied grain refinement and mechanical response of U-5.5 wt.%Nb alloy produced by
cold rolling and heat treatment [10]. Kawalko et.al investigated microstructure evolution of CP
titanium during deformation process followed by cold rolling [11].This study aims find out the effect
of cold rolling process on changes in microstructure and hardness of 260-brass and 110-Cu alloy.
Hardness, one of mechanical property that important to consider, is measure of a material’s resistance
to localized plastic deformation. Hardness is an indicator of wear resistance [12]. Brass is widely used
as an industrial material, clinical and scientific application because of its excellent characteristics
such as high corrosion resistance, nonmagnetic, good plasticity deformability, and machinability
[13,14]

To assess the validity of our experimental findings, we compare Table 1 with published results for
copper and brass alloys. Published data can serve as a benchmark for evaluating the accuracy and
consistency of our experimental measurements. Any discrepancies observed between our results and
published data may indicate potential errors or variations in experimental conditions.

80 5 % Cold Work
10% Cold Work
70

60
Hardness (HRC)

50

40

30

20

10

0
110 Cu alloy 260 Brass
Samples

Fig. 6. % Cold workability versus Hardness (HRC)

8|Page

Page 10 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

 Page 11 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

To visualize the relationship between cold work percentage and material hardness, we plot the data
from Table 1 on a graph. The x-axis represents the percentage of cold work, while the y-axis
represents Rockwell hardness (HRC). By plotting both brass and copper data on the same graph, we
can directly compare the effects of cold working on the two materials and identify any differences
or similarities in their behaviour.

Hardness measurements were not taken right next to the edge or immediately adjacent to the first
indentation to minimize the influence of edge effects and indentation overlap on the accuracy of
measurements. Placing indentations too close together or near edges can lead to erroneous readings
due to interactions between neighbouring indentations and surface irregularities.

The differences in hardness between copper and brass at any given percentage of cold work can be
attributed to variations in their material properties, including composition, crystal structure, and
alloying elements. Brass typically contains zinc as an alloying element, which can influence its
mechanical properties differently from pure copper. Additionally, differences in grain size, grain
boundaries, and dislocation densities may contribute to variations in hardness between the two
materials.

6 Experimental Error
Potential sources of error in the experiment include variations in sample preparation, measurement
technique, and equipment calibration. To decrease experimental error, it is essential to standardize
procedures, calibrate equipment regularly, and minimize environmental fluctuations during testing.
Additionally, increasing sample size and conducting multiple trials can help improve the reliability
and accuracy of experimental results. By critically analysing the results from Table 1 and addressing
the points outlined above, we can gain valuable insights into the effects of cold working on material
hardness, compare experimental data with published results, and identify opportunities for
improving experimental techniques and minimizing errors.

7 Conclusion:
the experiment conducted to investigate the effects of cold working on the hardness of 110 Copper
Alloy and 260 Brass specimens has provided valuable insights into the relationship between plastic
deformation and material properties. Through a series of measurements and analyses, several key
findings have emerged, shedding light on the mechanical behaviour of these metal alloys under
different levels of cold work.

9|Page

Page 11 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

 Page 12 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

6.1. Summary of Findings:

Effect of Cold Working on Hardness: The results demonstrate a clear correlation between the
percentage of cold work and material hardness. As the degree of plastic deformation increases, the
hardness of both copper alloy and brass specimens shows a notable increase. This phenomenon is
consistent with the concept of strain hardening, wherein dislocation movement and grain refinement
contribute to enhanced mechanical properties.

6.2. Comparison with Published Data:

By comparing our experimental results with published data for copper and brass alloys, we have
validated the accuracy and reliability of our measurements. Although slight discrepancies may exist,
overall consistency with established trends supports the validity of our experimental procedure and
analysis. Plotting material hardness versus percent cold work for brass and copper on the same graph
reveals distinctive trends for each material. Brass exhibits a more pronounced increase in hardness
with increasing cold work percentage compared to copper alloy.

10 | P a g e

Page 12 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

 Page 13 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544

8 References:
[1] A.S. Darmawan, W.A. Siswanto, T. Sujitno, Advanced Materials Research, 789, 347 (2013).
[2] Y. Lian, J. Huang, J. Zhang, C. Zhao, W. Gao, Z. Zhang, M. Ma, Materials Science &
Engineering A, 712, 663 (2018).
[3] A.S. Darmawan, A.D. Anggono, A. Hamid, MATEC Web of Conferences, 154, 01105 (2018).
[4] Y. Bai, T. He, Y. Liu, Materials Characterization, 137, 142 (2018).
[5] A. Hamid, I. Baba, W. Sani, International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and
Information Technology, 7 (2), 446 (2017).
[6] C. Lan, Y. Wu, L. Guo, F. Chen, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 690, 170 (2017).
[7] S. Wang, L. Niu, C. Chen, Y.L. Jia, M.P. Wang, Z. Li, Z.H. Zhong, P. Lu, P. Li, Y.C. Wu,
Fusion Engineering and Design, 125, 510 (2017).
[8] M. Eskandari, M.A. Mohtadi-Bonab, J.A. Szpunar, Materials and Design, 90, 618 (2016).
[9] Y. Li, J.Y. Li, M. Liu, Y.Y. Ren, F. Chen, G.C. Yao, Q.S. Mei, Journal of Alloys and
Compounds, 653, 156 (2015).
[10] Z. Ren, R. Ma, G. Hu, J. Wu, Z. Wang, C. Luo, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 494, 72
(2017).
[11] J. Kawałko, P. Bobrowski, P. Koprowski, A. Jarze˛bska, M. Bieda, M. Łagoda, K.
Sztwiertnia, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 707, 298 (2017).
[12] A. S. Darmawan, W. A. Siswanto, T. Sujitno, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 315,
700 (2013).
[13] J. Li, Y. Ren, M. Ibrahim, Songbai, K. Yang, Materials Letters, 202, 162 (2017).
[14] H. Imai, Y. Kosaka, A. Kojima, S. Li, K. Kondoh, J. Umeda, H. Atsumi, Powder
Technology, 198, 417 (2010).

11 | P a g e

Page 13 of 13 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2833499544