Endocrine system (Ch7)

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Chemical signaling mole-

cules that are secreted
into the blood by a cell. It
What are hormones?
is then transported to a dis-
tant target via the blood-
stream.
- Metabolism
What are four functions - Reproduction
that hormones can influ- - Regulation of internal en-
ence? vironment
- Growth and development
- Rate of enzymatic reac-
tions
What three cellular - Transport of ions or mol-
processes can hormones ecules across cell mem-
influence? branes
- Gene expression and
protein synthesis
- Duration of hormone
What does the magnitude
binding (half-life)
of cellular response to hor-
- Amount of hormone and
mones depend on?
receptors
The master gland, it is
attached to the hypothal-
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 Endocrine system (Ch7)
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amus. It has two ma-

jor portions: the anteri-
What is the pituitary
or lobe (adenohypophysis)
gland?
and the posterior lobe
(neurohypophysis).
Also called the neurohy-
What is the posterior pitu- pophysis. It releases two
itary? hormones: oxytocin and
vasopressin.
A neurohormone is made
in a vesicle in the cell
body of a neuron -> vesi-
cle is transported down to
How do hormones get the posterior pituitary and
from the hypothalamus to stored -> Neurohormones
the posterior pituitary? are released in the blood.

Hormones that have other

What are tropic hor-
endocrine glands as their
mones?
targets.

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Also called the adenohy-

pophysis. It is an endro-
crine gland that releas-
What is the anterior pitu-
es hormones like prolactin,
itary?
GH, TSH, ACTH, LH and
FSH.

Neurons in the hypothala-

mus synthesize neurohor-
mones and release them
into the portal system ->
portal veins carry the neu-
rohormone to the endro-
crine cells in the ante-
rior pituitary -> the en-
How do hormones get
docrine cells release new
from the hypothalamus to
hormones into the second
the anterior pituitary?
capillary system in reac-
tion to the neurohormones
-> the new hormones
are distributed through the
whole body.

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 Endocrine system (Ch7)
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- Long-loop negative feed-

back: from end hormone
to hypothalamus and pitu-
itary.
- Short-loop negative feed-
back: pituitary hormone to
What three feedback loops hypothalamus.
are found in the hypo- - Ultra-short-loop nega-
thalmic-pituitary pathway? tive feedback: autocrine or
paracrine signals in the hy-
pothalamus and pituitary.

- Peptide hormones
- Steroid hormones
What three types or hor-
- Amino acid derived hor-
mones are there?
mones (catecholamines
and thyroid hormones).

Preprohormone is synthe-
sized in a ribosome ->
ER alters it to prohormone
-> golgi complex makes
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 Endocrine system (Ch7)
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vesicle with prohormone

and enzymes -> enzymes
What is the pathway of chop the prohormone into
peptide hormone synthe- active peptide -> content is
sis, storage, release and released via exocytosis.
transport?

Do peptide hormones
have a long or short half Short.
life?
No, they are lipophobic, so
they cannot pass the cell
Do peptide hormones bind
membrane. They act via
to intracellular receptors?
membrane receptors trig-
gering a cellular response.
What are important pep- GH, insulin, leptin, vaso-
tide hormones? pressin, oxytocin.
GHRH release from the hy-
What triggers GH release?
pothalamus.
What hormone is released Insulin growth factor (IGF)
after GH stimulation? in the liver.

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- Protein synthesis for

muscle
- Bone growth

- Increase blood glucose

by lipolysis, gluconeogen-
What are the functions of esis in liver and less glu-
GH and IGF? cose uptake in muscle (GH
ONLY)

From what amino acid are

Tyrosin.
amine hormones derived?
Two tyrosines= thyroid hor-
mones
What is the difference One tyrosine= cate-
between catecholamines cholamines
and thyroid hormones?

What kind of hormone is

A catecholamine.
epineprine?

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Adrenalin + alfa = vasocon-

striction
Adrenalin + beta2 = va-
sodilatation
What is the difference in ef- When fight/flight is trig-
fect when adrenalin binds gered, blood needs to flow
to an alfa receptor or to to the muscles instead
a beta2 receptor? Why is of the internal organs, so
there a difference? the muscle vessels dialate
and the internal organs
vessels constrict.

The adrenal medulla and

Where is adrenalin pro-
the medulla oblongata
duced?
(brain stem)
What two stress hormones
Adrenaline (medulla) and
are produced by the adren-
cortisol (cortex).
al gland?

What is the difference in Medulla are cate-

hormones produced in the cholamines and cortex are
adrenal medulla and hor- steroid hormones.
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 Endocrine system (Ch7)
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mones produced in the

adrenal cortex?
What three hormones are Dopamine, norepineph-
catecholamines? rine, epinephrine.
From which compounds
are steroid hormones de- Cholesterol.
rived?
What is the difference in Steroids are produced on
steroid and peptide hor- demand, while peptide
mone production? hormones are stored.
Where are steroid hor- Mostly in the adrenal cor-
mones produced? tex and in the gonads.
- Slow response = intracel-
How do steroid hormones lular binding (most)
exert their effects on cells? - Fast response = mem-
brane binding
What are important steroid Estrogen, androgens and
hormones? cortisol.
Which steroid hormone Cortisol.
forms a ligand-receptor
complex with a glucocorti-
coid receptor?

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Hypothalamic-pitu-
What is the HPA axis?
itary-adrenal axis.
CRH from hypothalamus
What is the trigger for cor- -> ACTH from anterior pitu-
tisol release? itary -> cortisol from adren-
al gland.
To ACTH (adrenocorti-
What negative feedback cotropic hormone) and
does cortisol give? CRH (corticotropin releas-
ing hormone).
Slow response to cells
because intracellular re-
Does cortisol have a slow
ceptor. Fast response to
or a fast response?
ACTH because membrane
receptors.
- Stress
- Diurnal rhythm, big peak
When do cortisol levels go in te morning and around
up? dinner time.

It suppresses it.
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What is the effect of cor-

tisol on the immune sys-
tem?
What is the effect of cor-
Gluconeogenesis, protein
tisol on the liver, muscles
catabolism, lipolysis.
and adipose tissue?
A tumor or exogenous cor-
tisol causes too much cor-
tisol in the system, which
What happens in hyper- can lead to adrenal atro-
cortisolism? phy. Symptoms include di-
abetes and muscle and
bone breakdown. = cush-
ings syndrome.
Adrenal insufficieny (ad-
disons) or not enough en-
What happens in hypocor- zymes for steroid produc-
tisolism? tion. Symptoms are fa-
tigue, low BP and hypo-
glycemia.

Primary = problem adrenal

What is the difference cortex
between a primary, sec- Secondary = problem pitu-
itary
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Tertiary = problem hypo-

thalamus
ondary and tertiary hyper-
secretion of cortisol?

Cortisol influences gene

Why can you remember
transcription in empare-
stressfull events so well?
ceptors for memory.
Two tyrosines and iodine
atoms.
What is the basic composi-
tion of thyroid hormones?

What two types of thyroid T4 and T3 (difference in

hormones are there? amount of iodines).
What two hormones does Thyroid hormone and cal-
the thyroid gland produce? citonin.

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Na/I symporter or pedrin

imports I into the follicle
cell -> cell synthesizes thy-
roglobulin and some en-
zymes -> they leave the
cell and go into the colloid,
where thyroid peroxidase
ads iodine to thyroglobu-
lin -> thyroglubulin is tak-
How are T3 and T4 synthe- en back up into the follicle
sized? cell -> enzymes split the
thyroglobulin into the T3
and T4 parts -> T3 and T4
enter circulation by thyroid
binding globulin (TBG).

TRH from the hypothal-

amus stimulates TSH re-
How is thyroid hormone lease from anterior pitu-
regulated? itary which stimulates fol-
licular cells, neg feedback
to TRH and TSH.
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Higher O2 consump-
What is the effect of thy-
tion, higher metabolism,
roid hormones?
growth, thermogenic.
What is the function of It converts T4 into the
deionidase? more active T3.
Hyperthyroidism, thyroid
stimulating immunoglo-
What is Grave's disease? bins enlarge the thy-
roid gland (they mimmick
TSH).
What is the cause of pri-
Lack of iodine in diet.
mary hypothyroidism?
Hyper= TSI or pituitary tu-
mor cause high 'TSH' lev-
els and thus hyperstimula-
Why can both hypo- tion of the thyroid gland,
and hyperthyroidism both causing enlargement.
cause enlarged thyroid Hypo= No t3/t4 means no
glands (Goiter)? negative feedback on TRH
and TSH, so hyperstimula-
tion of thyroid gland, caus-
ing enlargement.

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The effect of interacting

hormones is more than ad-
ditive.
What is synergism?

What are permissive hor- Hormones required for an-

mones? other to work.
What causes hypersecre- Tumors or exogenous ia-
tion? trogenic treatment.
In hypersecretion, what
can be a consequence of Atrophy of glands.
strong negative feedback?
What causes hyposecre- Decreased synthesis ma-
tion? terials or atrophy.
In hypotrophy, what can be
Overproduction of tropic
a consequence of no neg-
hormones.
ative feedback?

Growth hormone inhibiting

What is somatostatin?
hormone.
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It stimulates somatostatin
and it inhibits GHRH.
How does GH exert a dou-
ble negative feedback?

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