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MATHEMATICS
10
Authors
D. SAMUEL DEVARAJ,
P. CHOCKALINGAM, M.Sc., B.Ed.,
M.Sc., B.Ed., M.Phil.,
Palayamkottai.
Chennai.
Price : 250/-
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(ii)
Published By
B. ARUMUGAM
SRI GANGA PUBLICATIONS
(A unit of Shyamala Group)
BANK DETAILS
TIRUNELVELI ACCOUNT
CHENNAI ACCOUNT
Account Name : Sri Ganga Publication Account Name : Sri Ganga Publication
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(iii)
FOREWORD
This GANGA GUIDE for Mathematics for Class X has been prepared
written in the hope of sharing the excitement experienced in the study of
Mathematics strictly in accordance with the text book published by our
Government of TamilNadu in 2019.
All the textual example problems are given for all the 8 Units.
The exercise problems have been solved with finest solutions illustrated so
charmingly by the author of this Guide.
The Guide contains newly-designed problems (15 to 20% will be asked in the
Public Exam) in the form of Objective type, Short and Long answer types.
Every effort has been taken to learn mathematics tension-free. The Ganga
Guide provides exam-oriented learning inputs that will go a long way in assisting
the students to come out successful in the public exam.
With the Ganga Guide for Mathematics X we wish the students and the
teachers a very happy, pleasant, fruitful academic year.
-Publisher
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(iv)
10 MATHEMATICS
CONTENTS
UNIT TOPIC PAGE NO.
Algebra 90 - 198
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CHAPTER
1
RELATIONS AND
FUNCTIONS
I. O d dP nd C s nP du :
r
ere
air
a
arte
ia
ro
ct
Key Points
9 If A and B are two non-empty sets, then the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that
9
a ∈ A, b ∈ B is called the Cartesian Product of A and B, and is denoted by A × B. Thus,
A × B = {(a, b) | a ∈ A, b ∈ B}.
9 A × B is the set of all possible ordered pairs between the elements of A and B such that the first
9
coordinate is an element of A and the second coordinate is an element of B.
9 B × A is the set of all possible ordered pairs between the elements of A and B such that the first
9
coordinate is an element of B and the second coordinate is an element of A.
9 If a = b then (a, b) = (b, a).
9
9 In general A × B ≠ B × A, but n(A × B) = n(B × A).
9
9 A × B = φ if and only if A = φ or B = φ.
9
9 If n(A) = p and n(B) = q then n(A × B) = pq.
9
9 For any three sets A, B, C we have
9
(i) A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C) (ii) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C).
Hence, n(A × B) = n(B × A) = n(A) × n(B) = 6. (A × B) ∪ (A × C) = {(2, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0),
Thus, n(A × B) = n(B × A) = n(A) × n(B). (3, 1)} ∪ {(2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
Example 1.2 = {(2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 0), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
... (2)
If A × B = {(3, 2), (3, 4), (5, 2), (5, 4)} then find
A and B. From (1) and (2),
Solution : A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C) is verified.
A × B = {(3, 2), (3, 4), (5, 2), (5, 4)} (ii) A × (B ∩ C)= (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
We have B ∩ C = {0, 1} ∩ {1, 2}= {1}
A = {set of all first coordinates of elements A × (B ∩ C) = {2, 3} × {1}
of A × B}. Therefore A = {3, 5}
= {(2, 1), (3, 1)} ... (3)
B = {set of all second coordinates of ele-
A × B = {2, 3} × {0, 1}
ments of A × B}. ThereforeB = {2, 4}
= {(2, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0), (3, 1)}
A × C = {2, 3} ×{1, 2}
Example 1.3
Let A = {x ∈ N | 1 < x < 4}, B = {x ∈ W | = {(2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
0 ≤ x < 2} and C = {x ∈ N | x < 3}. (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
Then verify that (i) A×(B∪C)= (A×B) ∪ (A×C) = {(2, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0), (3, 1)} ∩
(ii) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C) {(2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
Solution : = {(2, 1), (3, 1)} ... (4)
A = {x ∈ N | 1 < x < 4} = {2, 3}, From (3) and (4),
B = {x ∈ W | 0 ≤ x < 2} = {0, 1}. A×(B ∩ C) = (A ×B) ∩ (A × C) is verified.
C = {x ∈ N | x < 3} = {1, 2} EXERCI E 1.1
S
(i) A × (B ∪ C)= (A × B) ∪ (A × C)
1. Find A × B, A × A and B × A
B ∪ C= {0, 1} ∪ {1, 2} = {0, 1, 2}
(i) A = {2, – 2, 3} and B = {1, – 4}
A × (B ∪ C) = {2, 3} × {0, 1, 2} (ii) A = B = {p, q} (iii) A = {m, n} ; B = φ
= {(2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 0), (3, 1), (3, 2)} Solution:
... (1) (i) Given A = {2, – 2, 3}, B = {1, – 4}.
A × B = {2, 3} × {0, 1} A × B = {(2, 1), (2, – 4), (– 2, 1), (–2, – 4),
= {(2, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0), (3, 1)} (3, 1), (3, – 4)}
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A × A = {(2, 2), (2, – 2), (2, 3), (– 2, 2), 4. If A = {5, 6}, B = {4, 5, 6}, C = {5, 6, 7}.
(– 2, – 2), (– 2, 3), (3, 2), (3, – 2), (3, 3)} Show that A × A = (B × B) ∩ (C × C).
B × A = {(1, 2), (1, – 2), (1, 3), (– 4, 2), Solution :
(– 4, – 2), (– 4, 3)} Given A = {5, 6}, B = {4, 5, 6}, C = {5, 6, 7}
(ii) Given A = B = {p, q}
LHS : A × A = {5, 6} × {5, 6}
A × B = {(p, p), (p, q), (q, p), (q, q)}
= {(5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)} ...(1)
A × A = {(p, p), (p, q), (q, p), (q, q)}
B × A = {(p, p), (p, q), (q, p), (q, q)} RHS : B ×B = {4, 5, 6} ×{4, 5, 6}
(iii) A = {m, n}, B = φ = {(4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 4), (5, 5),
If A = φ (or) B = φ, then A × B = φ. (5, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
and B × A = φ C × C = {5, 6, 7} × {5, 6, 7}
A × B = φ and B × A = φ
= {(5, 5), (5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 5), (6, 6),
A × A = {(m, m), (m, n), (n, m), (n, n)}
(6, 7), (7, 5), (7, 6), (7, 7)}
2. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {x | x is a prime
number less than 10}. Find A × B and ∴ (B × B) ∩ (C × C) = {(5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 5),
(6, 6)} ...(2)
Solution : ∴ From (1) and (2).
Given A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {x | x is a prime LHS = RHS
number less than 10}.
5. Given A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 5},
B = {2, 3, 5, 7} C = {3, 4} and D = {1, 3, 5}, check if
A × B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 7), (2, 2), (A ∩ C) × (B ∩ D) = (A × B) ∩ (C × D) is
(2, 3), (2, 5), (2, 7), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7)} true ?
Solution :
B × A = {(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2),
(3, 3), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (7, 1), (7, 2), (7, 3)} Given A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 5},
C = {3, 4}, D = {1, 3, 5}
3. If B × A = {(– 2, 3), (– 2, 4), (0, 3), (0, 4),
(3, 3), (3, 4)} find A and B. A ∩ C = {3}, B ∩ D = {3, 5}
Solution : ∴ (A ∩ C) × (B ∩ D) = {(3, 3), (3, 5)} ... (1)
Given B × A = {(–2, 3), (– 2, 4), (0, 3), A × B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 2), (2, 3),
(0, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)} (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 5)}
C × D = {(3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), (4, 1),
∴B = {– 2, 0, 3}, A = {3, 4}
(4, 3), (4, 5)}
∴ (A × B) ∩ (C × D) = {(3, 3), (3, 5)} ...(2)
∴ From (1) and (2)
LHS = RHS.
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≤ 4} and C = {3, 5}. Verify that A ∪ B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
(i) A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)
∴ (A ∪ B) × C = {(0, 3), (0, 5), (1, 3), (1, 5),
(ii) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
(2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 5),
(iii) (A ∪ B) × C = (A × C) ∪ (B × C)
(4, 3), (4, 5)} ...(1)
Solution :
A × C = {(0, 3), (0, 5), (1, 3), (1, 5)}
Given A = {x ∈ W | x < 2} ⇒ A = {0, 1}
B × C = {(2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 5),
B = {x ∈ N | 1 < x ≤ 4}
(4, 3), (4, 5)}
⇒ B = {2, 3, 4} ∴ (A × C) ∪ (B × C) = {(0, 3), (0, 5), (1, 3),
C = {3, 5} (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 5)
(3, 3), (3, 5), (4, 3),
(i) To verify :
(4, 5)} ...(2)
A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)
∴ From (1) and (2) LHS = RHS.
B ∪ C = {2, 3, 4, 5}
7. Let A = The set of all natural numbers
∴ A × (B ∪ C) = {(0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (0, 5), less than 8, B = The set of all prime num-
A × B = {(0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (1, 2), number. Verify that
(1, 3), (1, 4)} (i) (A ∩ B) × C = (A × C) ∩ (B × C)
(ii) A × (B – C) = (A × B) – (A × C)
A × C = {(0, 3), (0, 5), (1, 3), (1, 5)}
Solution :
∴ (A × B) ∪ (A × C) = {(0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4),
Given A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
(0, 5), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5)} ...(2)
B = {1, 3, 5, 7}
∴ From (1) and (2) LHS = RHS.
C = {2}
(ii) To verify : A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
(i) To verify : (A ∩ B) × C = (A × C) ∩ (B × C)
B ∩ C = {3}
A ∩ B = {1, 3, 5, 7}
∴ A × (B ∩ C) = {(0, 3), (1, 3)} ...(1)
∴ (A ∩ B) × C = {(1, 2), (3, 2), (5, 2), (7, 2)}
A × B = {(0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (1, 2),
... (1)
(1, 3), (1, 4)}
A × C = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2),
A × C = {(0, 3), (0, 5), (1, 3), (1, 5)}
(6, 2), (7, 2)}
∴ (A × B) ∩ (A × C) = {(0, 3), (1, 3)} ...(2)
B × C = {(1, 2), (3, 2), (5, 2), (7, 2)} ... (2)
∴ From (1) and (2), LHS = RHS.
∴ From (1) and (2), LHS = RHS.
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(ii) To verify : A × (B – C) = (A × B) – (A × C) (5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 5), (5, 7),
B – C = {1, 3, 5, 7} (6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 5), (6, 7),
∴ A × (B – C) = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 7), (7, 1), (7, 3), (7, 5), (7, 7),}
(2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (2, 7), A × C = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2),
(6, 2), (7, 2)}
(3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7),
∴ (A × B) – (A × C)
(4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 5), (4, 7),
= {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 7),
(5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 5), (5, 7),
(2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (2, 7),
(6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 5), (6, 7),
(3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7),
(7, 1), (7, 3), (7, 5), (7, 7),}
(4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 5), (4, 7),
A × B = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 7),
(5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 5), (5, 7),
(2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (2, 7),
(6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 5), (6, 7),
(3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7),
(7, 1), (7, 3), (7, 5), (7, 7),}
(4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 5), (4, 7),
∴ From (1) and (2), LHS = RHS.
II. RELATIO :
NS
Key Points
9 Let A and B be any two non-empty sets. A ‘relation’ R from A to B is a subset of A × B satisfy-
9
ing some specified conditions. If x ∈ A is related to y ∈ B through R, then we write it as xRy.
xRy if and only if (x, y) ∈ R.
9 A relation may be represented algebraically eithe rby the roster method or by the set builder
9
method.
9 An arrow diagram is a visual representation of a relation.
9
9 A relation which contains no element is called a “Null relation”.
9
9 If n(A) = p, n(B) = q, then the total number of relations that exist between A and B is 2pq.
9
Example 1.4 (iii) R3 = {(3, 7), (4, 10), (7, 7), (7, 8), (8, 11),
Let A = {3, 4, 7, 8} and B = {1, 7, 10}. Which of (8, 7), (8, 10)}
the following sets are relations from A to B ? Solution :
(i) R1 = {(3, 7), (4, 7), (7, 10), (8, 1)} A×B = {(3, 1), (3, 7), (3, 10), (4, 1), (4, 7),
(ii) R2 = {(3, 1), (4, 12)} (4,10), (7,1), (7,7), (7,10), (8, 1), (8, 7), (8, 10)}
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(i) We note that R1 ⊆ A × B. Thus, R1 is a ∴ A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 0), (1, –1), (1, 7),
relation from A to B.
(2, 3), (2, 0), (2, –1), (2, 7),
(ii) Here, (4, 12) ∈ R2, but (4, 12) ∉ A × B.
So, R2 is not a relation from A to B. (3, 3), (3, 0), (3, –1), (3, 7),
(iii) Here, (7, 8) ∈ R3, but (7, 8) ∉ A × B. So (7, 3), (7, 0), (7, –1), (7, 7)}
R3 is not a relation from A to B. i) R1 = {(2, 1), (7, 1)}
Example 1.5 (2, 1) ∈ R1 but (2, 1) ∉ A × B
The arrow diagram shows a relationship be- ∴ R1 is not a relation from A to B.
tween the sets P and Q. Write the relation in (i)
Set builder form (ii) Roster form (iii) What is the ii) R2 = {(–1, 1)}
domain and range of R. (–1, 1) ∈ R2 but (–1, 1) ∉ A × B
Solution : ∴ R2 is not a relation from A to B.
P Q
iii) R3 = {(2, –1), (7, 7), (1, 3)}
5 3
We note that R3 ⊆ A × B
6
4
7 ∴ R is a relation.
8 5 iv) R4 = {(7, –1), (0, 3), (3, 3), (0, 7)}
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Given R = {(x, y) / y = x + 3, 3
x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}} (4, 2)
2
x=0⇒y=3
1 (2, 1)
x=1⇒y=4
0
x=2⇒y=5 1 2 3 4 5
7 (4, 7)
y=1⇒x=2 2 1 6 (3, 6)
y=2⇒x=4 3 2 5 (2, 5)
4 3 4 (1, 4)
y=3⇒x=6 3
5 4
y=4⇒x=8 2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
c) a set in roster :
= {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 7), (5, 8), (6, 9)}
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5. A company has four categories of em- (25000, C2), (25000, C3), (25000, C4),
ployees given by Assistants (A), Clerks (50000, M1), (50000, M2), (50000, M3),
(C), Managers (M) and an Executive Of-
ficer (E). The company provide `10,000, (100000, E1), (100000, E2s).
`25,000, `50,000 and `1,00,000 as salaries b) Arrow Diagram :
to the people who work in the categories
A1
A, C, M and E respectively. If A1, A2, A3,
A2
A4 and A5 were Assistants ; C1, C2, C3, C4
10,000 A3
were Clerks ; M1, M2, M3 were managers
A4
and E1, E2 were Executive officers and if A5
the relation R is defined by xRy, where C1
x is the salary given to person y, express C2
2,0000
the relation R through an ordered pair C3
and an arrow diagram. C4
Solution : 50,000 M1
M2
a) Ordered Pair : M3
1,00,000
{(10000, A1), (10000, A2), (10000, A3), E1
E
(10000, A4), (10000, A5), (25000, C1),
III. F CTIO :
UN
NS
Key Points
9 A relation f between two non-empty sets X and Y is called a function from X to Y if, for each
9
x ∈ X there exists only one y ∈ Y such that (x, y) ∈ f. That is, f = {(x, y) | for all x ∈ X,
y ∈ Y}.
9 If f : X → Y is a function then the set X is called the domain of the function f and the set Y is
9
called its co-domain.
9 If f (a) = b, then b is called ‘image’ of a under f and a is called a ‘pre-image’ of b.
9
9 The set of all images of the elements of X under f is called the ‘range’ of f.
9
9 f : X → Y is a function only if
9
(i) every element in the domain of f has an image.
(ii) the image is unique.
9 If A and B are finite sets such that n(A) = p, n(B) = q then the total number of functions that
9
exist between A and B is qp.
9 The range of a function is a subset of its co-domain.
9
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x = 3 ⇒ f(x) = f(3) = 9 + 1 = 10
f(1) = 2(1) – (1)2 = 2 – 1 = 1
x = 4 ⇒ f(x) = f(4) = 16 + 1 = 17
(ii) Replacing x with x + 1, we get x = 6 ⇒ f(x) = f(6) = 36 + 1 = 37
2
f ( x + 1) = 2( x + 1) − ( x + 1) x = 8 ⇒ f(x) = f(8) = 64 + 1 = 65
= 2 x + 2 − ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) = − x 2 + 1 R = {(3, 10), (4, 17), (6, 37), (8, 65)}
(iii) f(x) + f(1) = (2x – x2) + 1 = – x2 + 2x + 1 ∴ The relation R : X → N is a function.
2
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(ii) f(x) = 0 ⇒ 2x – 3 = 0
⇒ 2x = 3
3
Solution : 2
(i) a) f(0) = 9 b) f(7) = 6 (iii) f(x) = x ⇒ 2x – 3 = x
c) f(2) = 6 d) f(10) = 0 ⇒ 2x – x = 3
⇒x=3
(ii) When x = 9.5, f(x) = 1.
(iv) f(x) = 1 – x ⇒ 2x – 3 = 1 – x
(iii) a) Domain : {x / 0 ≤ x ≤ 10, x ∈ R}
⇒ 2x + x = 1 + 3
b) Range : {x / 0 ≤ x ≤ 9, x ∈ R} ⇒ 3x = 4
(iv) Image of 6 = f(6) = 5. 4
⇒x=
3
5. Let f(x) = 2x + 5. If x ≠ 0 then find
f ( x + 2) − f (2) 7. An open box is to be made from a square
.
x piece of material, 24 cm on a side, by
Solution : cutting equal squares from the corners
Given f(x) = 2x + 5 and turning up the sides as shown in the
f(x + 2) = 2 (x + 2) + 5 figure. Express the volume V of the box
as a function of x.
= 2x + 9
f(2) = 2 (2) + 5
=9
f ( x + 2) − f ( x) 2 x + 9 − 9
∴ = =2
x x
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⇒ y = x + 20 ⇒ 60.54 = x + 20
when x = 48, y = 48 + 20 ∴ x = 40.54 cm
∴ y = 68
∴ Height of a woman = 68 inches.
IV. REPRE E TATIO OF F CTIO A TYPE OF F CTIO :
S
N
N
UN
NS
ND
UN
NS
Key Points
9 A function may be represented by
9
(a) a set of ordered pairs (b) a table form (c) an arrow diagram (d) a graphical form
9 Every function can be represented by a curve in a graph. But not every curve drawn in a graph
9
will represent a function.
9 A curve drawn in a graph represents a function, if every vertical line intersects the curve in at
9
most one point.
9 A function f : A → B is called one - one function if distinct elements of A have distinct images
9
in B.
9 If for all a1, a2 A, f(a1) = f (a2) implies a1 = a2, then f is called one-one function.
9
9 A function f : A → B is called many-one function if two or more elements of A have same
9
image in B.
9 A function f : A → B is called many-one if f it is not one-one.
9
9 A function f : A → B is said to be onto function if the range of f is equal to the co-domain
9
of f.
9 That is a every element in the co-domain B has a pre-image in the domain A.
9
9 An onto function is also called a surjection.
9
9 If f : A → B is an onto function then, the range of f = B. That is f (A) = B.
9
9 A function f : A → B is called an into function if there exists atleast one element in B which
9
is not the image of any element of A.
9 The range of f is a proper subset of the co-domain of f.
9
9 A function f : A → B is called ‘into’ if it is not ‘onto’.
9
9 If a function f : A → B is both one-one and onto, then f is called a bijection from A to B.
9
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9 A function represented in a graph is one-one, if every horizontal line intersects the curve in at
9
most one point.
9 A function f : A → B is called a constant function if the range of f contains only one element.
9
That is f (x) = c, for all x ∈ A and for some fixed c ∈ B.
9 Let A be a non-empty set. Then the function f : A → A defined by f (x) = x for all x ∈ A is called
9
an identity function on A and is denoted by IA.
9 A function f : A → B is called a real valued function if the range of f is a subset of the set of
9
all real numbers R. That is, f (A) ⊆ R.
Example 1.10
Using vertical line test, determine which of the
following curves (Fig.1.18(a), 1.18(b), 1.18(c),
1.18(d)) represent a function ?
Fig. 1.18(c)
Solution :
The curves Fig.1.18(a) and Fig.1.18(c) do not
represent a function as the vertical lines meet the
Fig. (1.18(a) curves in two points P and Q.
The curves in Fig.1.18(b) and Fig.1.18(d)
represent a function as the vertical lines meet the
curve in at most one point.
Fig. 1.18(b)
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Example 1.14
If A = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} and f : A → B is an onto
function defined by f (x) = x2 + x + 1 then find
B.
Solution :
Given A= {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} and f (x) = x2 + x + 1
Fig. 1.35(c) f (– 2)= (– 2)2 + (– 2) + 1 = 3 ;
f (– 1) = (– 1)2 + (– 1) + 1 = 1
Solution :
f (0)= 02 + 0 + 1 = 1 ;
The curves in Fig.1.35(a) and Fig. 1.35(c)
represent a one-one function as the horizontal f (1) = 12 + 1 + 1 = 3
lines meet the curves in only one point P. f (2) = 22 + 2 + 1 = 7
The curve Fig.1.35(b) does not represent a Since, f is an onto function, range of f = B =
one-one function, since, the horizontal line meet co-domain of f.
the curve in two points P and Q. Therefore, B = {1, 3, 7}.
Example 1.13 Example 1.15
Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7| and f = {(1, Let f be a function f : N → N be defined by f (x)
= 3x + 2, x ∈ N
that f is one-one but not onto function. (i) Find the images of 1, 2, 3 ( i i )
Solution: Find the pre-images of 29, 53
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7} ; f = {(1, 4), (iii) Identify the type of function
(2, 5), (3, 6)} Solution : f (x) = 3x + 2, x ∈ N
Then f is a function from A to B and for dif- (i) If x = 1, f(1) = 3(1) + 2 = 5
ferent elements in A, there are different images If x = 2, f(2) = 3(2) + 2 = 8
in B. Hence f is one-one function. Note that the
element 7 in the co-domain does not have any If x = 3, f(3) = 3(3) + 2 = 11
pre-image in the doman. Hence f is not onto. The images of 1, 2, 3 are 5, 8, 11 respec-
tively.
A B (ii) If x is the pre-image of 29, then f(x) = 29.
I
1 4 Hence 3x + 2 = 29
5 3x = 27 ⇒ x = 9.
2
6 Similarly, if x is the pre-image of 53, then
3 7 f(x) = 53. Hence 3x + 2 = 53
3x = 51 ⇒ x = 17.
Thus the pre-images of 29 and 53 are 9 and
17 respectively.
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S
Solution : 1. Determine whether the graph given below
The function f is defined by three values in represent functions. Give reason for your
intervals I, II, III as shown below answers concerning each graph.
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x = 2 ⇒ f (2) = 1 – 1 = 0 table form (iii) a graph
Solution :
x = 4 ⇒ f (4) = 2 – 1 = 1
(i) Arrow Diagram :
x = 6 ⇒ f (6) = 3 – 1 = 2 f
x = 10 ⇒ f (10) = 5 – 1 = 4 1
x = 12 ⇒ f (12) = 6 – 1 = 5 2 2
(i) Set of order pairs : 3 3
f = {(2, 0), (4, 1), (6, 2), (10, 4), (12, 5)}
4 4
(ii) Table :
5
x 2 4 6 10 12
f(x) 0 1 2 4 5 (ii) Table Form :
(iii) Arrow diagram : x 1 2 3 4 5
A B f(x) 2 2 2 3 4
2 0 (iii) Graph :
y
4 1 10
9
6 2 8
7
10 3 6
5
12 5 4
3
(5, 4)
(2, 2) (4, 3)
2
(1, 2) (3, 2)
1
(iv) Graph x’ 0
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
y’
y
10
9 4. Show that the function f : N → N defined
8 f (x) = 2x – 1 is one-one but not onto.
7
6 Solution :
5
4
(10, 4) (12, 5) Given f : N → N defined by f (x) = 2x – 1.
3 (6, 2)
2 (4, 1)
x=1⇒ f (1) = 2 – 1 = 1
1 (2, 0)
x
x=2⇒ f (2) = 4 – 1 = 3
x’
y’
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
x=3⇒ f (3) = 6 – 1 = 5
x=4⇒ f (4) = 8 – 1 = 7 ........
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It is clear that f is a function from N → N 7. In each of the following cases state wheth-
and for different elements in domain, there are er the function is bijective or not. Justify
different images in co-domain. your answer.
∴ f is one to one function. (i) f : R → R defined by f (x) = 2x + 1
(ii) f : R → R defined by f (x) = 3 – 4x2
But co-domain is N and Range = {1,3,5, 7, ......}
Solution :
∴ Range ≠ Co-domain. (i) f : R → R defined by f (x) = 2x + 1
∴ f is not on-to. Let f (x1) = f (x2)
5. Show that the function f : N → N defined ⇒ 2x1 + 1 = 2x2 + 1
by f (m) = m2 + m + 3 is one-one func- ⇒ 2x1 = 2x2
tion. ⇒ x1 = x2
Solution : ∴ f (x1) = f (x2) ⇒ x1 = x2
Given f : N → N defined by f (m) = m2 + m + 3 ∴ f is 1 – 1 function.
y = 2x + 1
f (m) = m2 + m + 3
∴ 2x = y − 1
m = 1 ⇒ f (1) = 1 + 1 + 3 = 5
y −1
m = 2 ⇒ f (2) = 4 + 2 + 3 = 9 ⇒ x=
2
m = 3 ⇒ f (3) = 9 + 3 + 3 = 15
m = 4 ⇒ f (4) = 16 + 4 + 3 = 23 ............. ∴ f ( x) = 2 +1
2
For different elements of domain, there are
∴ f is onto. =y
different images in co-domain.
∴ f is one-one function. ∴ f is one-one and onto
6. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = N. Let f : A → ⇒ f is bijective.
B be defined by f (x) = x3 then, (ii) f : R → R defined by f (x) = 3 – 4x2.
(i) find the range of f Let f (x1) = f (x2)
(ii) identify the type of function 3 – 4x12 = 3 – 4x22
Solution : x12 = x22
Given A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = N x1 = x2 (or) x1 = – x2
f (x) = x3 f is not 1 – 1.
x = 1 ⇒ f (1) = 1 (Example : when x = – 1, f (x) = f (–1) = – 1
x = 2 ⇒ f (2) = 8 when x= 1, f (x) = f (1) = – 1
x = 3 ⇒ f (3) = 27 ∴ Two different elements in domain have
x = 4 ⇒ f (4) = 64 same images in co-domain.
(i) Range of f = {1, 8, 27, 64} Also, any even number in the co-domain is
not image of any element x in the domain.
(ii) f is one-one (diff. elements have diff.
images) and ∴ f is not onto
f is into (Range ≠ co-domain) ∴ f is not bijective.
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8. Let A = {–1, 1} and B = {0, 2}. If the func- 10. A function f : [– 5, 9] → R is defined as
tion f : A → B defined by f (x) = ax + b is follows :
an onto function ? Find a and b. 6 x + 1 if – 5 ≤ x < 2
Solution :
f ( x ) = 5 x 2 – 1 if 2 ≤ x < 6
Given A = {–1, 1}, B = {2, 2} 3 x – 4 if 6 ≤ x < 6
f (x) = ax + b is on to function.
Find (i) f (– 3) + f (2) (ii) f (7) – f (1)
∴ f (–1) = 0 ⇒ – a + b = 0 — (1) 2 f (–2) – f (6)
(iii) 2f (4) + f (8) (iv)
f (1) = 2 ⇒ a + b = 2 — (2) f (4) + f (–2)
Solution :
Solving (1) and (2)
6 x + 1 if – 5 ≤ x < 2
2b = 2
Given f ( x) = 5 x 2 – 1 if 2 ≤ x < 6
b =1 3 x – 4 if 6 ≤ x < 9
⇒ a =1
∴ a = 1, b = 1 (i) f (– 3) + f (2) ( – 3 ∈ (– 5 ≤ x < 2))
9. If the function f is defined by f (x) = = [6 (– 3) + 1] + [5 (4) – 1] and
x + 2 if x > 1 = – 17 + 19 2 ∈ (2 ≤ x < 6)
2 if – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 ; find the values of
x – 1 if – 3 < x < –1
(i) f (3) (ii) f (0) (iii) f (–1, 5) (ii) f (7) – f (1) ( 7 ∈ (6 ≤ x ≤ 9))
(iv) f (2) + f (–2) = [3(7) – 4] – [6(1) + 1] and
Solution :
= 17 – 7 1 ∈ (– 5 ≤ x < 2)
x + 2 if x > 1
= 10
Given f (x) = 2 if – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
x – 1 if – 3 < x < –1 (iii) 2 f (4) + f (8) ( 4 ∈ (2 ≤ x < 6)
= 2 [5(16) – 1] + [3(8) – 4] and
(i) f (3) = 3 + 2 ( 3 ∈ (1 < x < ∞))
= 2 [79] + 20 8 ∈ (6 ≤ x ≤ 9)
=5
= 158 + 20
(ii) f (0) = 2 ( 0 ∈ (– 1 ≤ x ≤ 1))
= 178
(iii) f (– 1.5) = –1.5–1 ( –1.5∈(– 3 < x < – 1))
= – 2.5
(iv) f (2) + f (– 2) ( 2∈ (1 < x < ∞)
= (2 + 2) + (– 2 – 1) ( – 2∈ (– 3 < x < –1)
=4–3
=1
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⇒ t1 = t2 ⇒ C = −40o
∴ s(t) is one-one.
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V. COMPO ITIO S
OF F CTIO :
N
UN
NS
Key Points
9 Let f : A → B and g : B → C be two functions. Then the composition of f and g denoted by
9
g o f is defined as the function g o f (x) = g (f (x)) for all x ∈ A.
9 Generally, f o g ≠ g o f for any two functions f and g. So, composition of functions is not
9
commutative.
9 Composition of three fuctions is always associative. That is f o (g o h) = (f o g) o h.
9
9 A function f : R → R defined f (x) = mx + c, m ≠ 0 is called a linear function. Geometrically
9
this represents a striaght line in the graph.
x, x ≥ 0
9 f : R → [0, ∞) defined f (x) = | x | = is called a modulus (or) Absolute value
− x, x < 0
9
function.
9 Modulus function is not a linear function but it is composed of two linear functions x and – x.
9
9 A function f : R → R defined by f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, (a ≠ 0) is called a quadratic function.
9
9 A function f : R → R defined by f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, (a ≠ 0) is called a cubic function.
1
9
x
9 A function f : R → R defined by f (x) = c, for all x ∈ R is called a constant function.
9
Example 1.20 Example 1.21
2
Find f o g and g o f when f(x) = 2x + 1 and Represent the function f ( x) = 2 x − 5 x + 3 as
g(x) = x2 – 2. a composition of two functions.
Solution : Solution :
f (x) = 2x + 1, g (x) = x2 – 2 We set
f o g(x) = f (g(x)) = f (x2 – 2) f2(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 3 and f1(x) = x
= 2 (x2 – 2) + 1 = 2x2 – 3 Then,
g o f(x) = g (f(x)) = g (2x + 1) f ( x) = 2 x 2 − 5 x + 3 = f 2 ( x)
= (2x + 1) – 2 = 4x + 4x – 1
2 2
= f1[ f 2 ( x)]. = f1 f 2 ( x)
Thus f o g = 2x2 – 3, g o f = 4x2 + 4x – 1.
Example 1.22
From the above, we see that f o g ≠ g o f. If f(x) = 3x – 2, g(x) = 2x + k and if f o g = g o f,
then find the value of k.
Solution :
f(x) = 3x – 2, g(x) = 2x + k
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S
= 2 (2k – 1) – 1 = 4k – 3.
1. Using the functions f and g given below,
find f o g and g o f. Check whether f o g =
But, it is given that f o f (k) = 5 g o f.
Therefore 4k – 3 = 5 ⇒ k = 2. (i) f (x) = x – 6, g(x) = x2
2
Example 1.24 (ii) f (x) = , g(x) = 2x2 – 1
x
f (x) = 2x + 3 , g(x) = 1 − 2x and h(x) = 3x . Prove x+ 6
(iii) f (x) = , g(x) = 3 – x
that f o (g o h) = (f o g) o h. 3
(iv) f (x) = 3 + x, g(x) = x – 4
Solution :
(v) f(x) = 4x2 – 1, g(x) = 1 + x
f (x) = 2x + 3 , g(x) = 1 − 2x, h(x) = 3x
Solution :
Now, (f o g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (1 – 2x) (i) f (x) = x – 6, g(x) = x2
= 2 (1 – 2x) + 3 = 5 – 4x (f o g) (x) = f (g(x))
Then, (f o g) o h (x) = (f o g)(h(x)) = (f o g) (3x) = f (x2)
= 5 – 4(3x) = 5 – 12x ...(1) = x2 – 6
(g o h) (x) = g(h(x)) = g(3x) = 1 – 2(3x) = 1 – 6x (g o f) (x) = g (f (x))
So, f o (g o h) (x) = f (1 – 6x) = 2 (1 – 6x) + 3 = g (x – 6)
= (x – 6)2
= 5 – 12x ...(2)
= x2 – 12x + 36
From (1) and (2), we get f o (g o h) = (f o g) o h. ∴fog ≠gof
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(f o g) (x) = f (g(x)) = f (x – 4)
= f (2x2 – 1) = 3 + (x – 4)
2 =x–1
=
2
2x − 1
(g o f) (x) = g (f (x))
(g o f) (x) = g (f (x)) = g (3 + x)
2 =3+x–4
= g
x
2
=x–1
2
= 2 −1 ∴fog =gof
x
(v) f (x) = 4x2 – 1, g (x) = 1 + x
8
= 2 −1
x (f o g) (x) = f (g(x))
∴fog ≠gof = f (1 + x)
= 4 (1 + x2) – 1
(iii) f (x) = , g (x) = 3 – x
3 = 4 (1 + x2 + 2x) – 1
( f g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = 4x2 + 8x + 3
= f (3 − x) (g o f) (x) = g (f (x))
(3 − x) + 6
= = g (4x2 – 1)
3
9− x = 1 + 4x2 – 1
=
3 = 4x2
( g f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) ∴fog ≠gof
x + 6 2. Find the value of k, such that f o g = g of.
= g
3 (i) f (x) = 3x + 2, g(x) = 6x – k
x+6 (ii) f (x) = 2x – k, g(x) = 4x + 5
= 3−
3 Solution :
9− x−3 (i) f (x) = 3x + 2 ; g (x) = 6x – k
=
3
6− x Given f o g = g o f
=
3 ⇒ (f o g) (x) = (g o f) (x)
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⇒ 3(6x – k) + 2= 6(3x + 2) – k g f = ( g f ) ( x)
⇒ 18x – 3k + 2= 18x + 12 – k = g ( f ( x))
⇒ – 3k + 2 = 12 – k = g (2 x − 1)
⇒ – 2k = 10 2x − 1 + 1
=
2
−10
⇒ k= = −5 =x
2
∴ f g = g f = x
(ii) f (x) = 2x – k ; g (x) = 4x + 5
4. (i) If f (x) = x2 – 1, g (x) = x – 2 find a, if g
Given f o g = g o f
o f (a) = 1.
⇒ (f o g) (x) = (g o f) (x) (ii) Find k, if f (k) = 2k – 1 and f o f (k) =
⇒ f (g (x)) = g (f (x) 5.
⇒ f (4x + 5) = g (2x – k) Solution :
(i) f (x) = x2 – 1, g (x) = x – 2
⇒ 2 (4x + 5) – k = 4 (2x – k) + 5
Given g o f (a) = 1
⇒ 8x + 10 – k = 8x – 4k + 5
⇒ g(f (a)) = 1
⇒ 10 – k = – 4k + 5
⇒ – k + 4k = 5 – 10
⇒ a2 – 1 –2 = 1
⇒ 3k = – 5
⇒ a2 – 3 = 1
−5
⇒ k=
3 ⇒ a2 = 4
x +1 ∴a =±2
3. If f (x) = 2x – 1, g (x) = , show that f
2 (ii) f (k) = 2k – 1
o g = g o f = x.
Solution : ⇒ f o f (k) = 5
x +1 ⇒ f (f (k)) = 5
Given f (x) = 2x – 1, g(x) =
2 ⇒ f (2k – 1) = 5
∴ f g = ( f g ) ( x)
= f ( g ( x)) ⇒ 2 (2k – 1) – 1 = 5
x + 1 ⇒ 4k – 2 = 6
= f
2 ⇒ 4k = 8
x + 1 ∴k =2
= 2 −1
2
5. Let A, B, C ⊆ N and a function f : A → B
= x +1−1 be defined by f (x) = 2x + 1 and g : B → C
=x be defined by g (x) = x2. Find the range of
f o g and g o f.
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(g o f) (x) = g (f (x)) But g(x) is an even function.
= g (2x + 1) ∴ Two elements of domain will have the
since image in co-domain.
= (2x + 1)2
∴ g is not 1 – 1.
∴ Range of g o f = {y/y = (2x+1)2, x∈ N}.
8. Consider the functions f(x), g(x), h(x) as
given below. Show that (f o g) o h = f o (g
of
o h) in each case.
Solution :
(i) f (x) = x – 1, g(x) = 3x + 1 and
Given f (x) = x2 – 1
h(x) = x2
a) fof =? (ii) f (x) = x2, g(x) = 2x and h(x) = x + 4
(f o f) (x) = f (f (x)) (iii) f (x) = x – 4, g(x) = x2 and
= f (x – 1)2
h(x) = 3x – 5
= (x2 – 1)2 – 1 Solution :
= x – 2x + 1 – 1
4 2
(i) Given f (x) = x – 1, g(x) = 3x + 1, h(x) = x2
= x4 – 2x2 To verify : (f o g) o h = f o (g o h)
b) fofof =?
(f o g) (x) = f (g (x))
(f o f o f) (x) = f o f (f (x))
= f (3x + 1)
= f o f (x2 – 1)
= (x2 – 1)4 – 2 (x2 – 1)2 = 3x + 1 – 1
= (x2 – 1)2 [(x2 – 1)2– 2] = 3x
= (x – 2x + 1) (x – 2x – 1)
4 2 4 2
∴ ((f o g) o h) (x) = (f o g) (h(x))
= (x4 – 2x2)2 – 1 = (f o g) (x2)
((a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2)
= 3x2 — (1)
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= g (x2) = (f o g) (3x – 5)
= 3x2 + 1 = (3x – 5)2 – 4 — (1)
∴ (f o (g o h) (x) = f ((g o h) (x)) (g o h) (x) = g (h (x))
= f (3x2 + 1) = g (3x – 5)
= 3x2 + 1 – 1 = (3x – 5)2
= 3x2 — (2) ∴ (f o (g o h) (x) = f (g o h) (x))
∴ From (1) and (2), (f o g) o h = f o (g o h) = f (3x – 5)2
(ii) Given f (x) = x2, g(x) = 2x, h(x) = x + 4 = (3x – 5)2 – 4
— (2)
(f o g) (x) = f (g (x))
∴ From (1) and (2),
= f (2x)
(f og) o h = f o (g o h).
= (2x)2 = 4x2
9. Let f = {(–1, 3), (0, –1), (2, –9)} be a linear
∴ ((f o g) o h) (x) = (f o g) (h(x))
= (f o g) (x + 4) Solution :
= 4 (x + 4) 2
— (1) Given f = {(–1, 3), (0, –1), (2, – 9)} is a
(g o h) (x) = g (h (x)) linear function from Z into Z.
Let y = ax + b
= g (x + 4)
When x = – 1, y = 3 ⇒
= 2 (x + 4)
3=–a+b — (1)
= 2x + 8 When x = 0, y = – 1 ⇒ – 1 = 0 + b
∴ (f o (g o h) (x) = f (2x + 8) ∴b=–1
= (2x + 8)2 ∴ (1) ⇒ 3 = – a – 1
= (2 (x + 4))2 ⇒a=–4
∴ a = – 4, b = – 1
= 4(x + 4)2 — (2)
∴ y = – 4x – 1 is the required linear function.
∴ From (1) and (2),
10. In electrical circuit theory, a circuit
(f og) o h = f o (g o h).
C(t) is called a linear circuit if it satis-
(iii) Given f(x) = x – 4, g(x) = x2, h(x) = 3x – 5 fies the superposition principle given by
(f o g) (x) = f (g (x)) C (at1 + bt2) = aC(t1) + bC(t2), where a,
b are constants. Show that the circuit
= f (x2) C(t) = 3t is linear.
= x2 – 4
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Hint : Ans : (2)
Adding,
n(A) = 5 = p
C(at1) + C(bt2) = 3at1 + 3bt2 = 3(at1 + bt2)
which is the principle of super position. ∴ No. of relations from A to B = 1024
∴ C(t) = 3t is a linear function. ⇒ 25q = 1024
⇒ (32)q = (32)2
EXERCI E 1.6
⇒ q =2
S
Multiple choice questions : ∴ n(B) = 2
1. If n (A × B) = 6 and A = {1, 3} then n(B) 5. The range of the relation R = {(x, x2) | x is
is a prime number less than 13} is
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 6 (1) {2, 3, 5, 7}
Hint : Ans : (3)
n(A) = 2, n (A × B) = 6 ⇒ n(B)
(3) {4, 9, 25, 49, 121}
= n (A × B) / n(A)
(4) {1, 4, 9, 25, 49, 121}
= 6/2 = 3
Hint : Ans : (3)
2. A = {a, b, p}, B = {2, 3}, C = {p, q, r, s} then
Prime no’s less than 13 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}
n[(A ∪ C) × B] is
(1) 8 (2) 20 (3) 12 (4) 16 ∴ Range of R = {4, 9, 25, 49, 121},
Hint : Ans : (3) ( R = {(x, x2)}
A ∪ C = {a, b, p, q, r, s}, B = {2, 3} 6. If the ordered pairs (a + 2, 4) and
(5, 2a + b) are equal then (a, b) is
n [(A ∪ C) × B] = 6 × 2 =12
(1) (2, – 2) (2) (5, 1)
3. If A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6} and
D = {5, 6, 7, 8} then state which of the fol- (3) (2, 3) (4) (3, – 2)
lowing statement is true ? Hint : Ans : (4)
(1) (A × C) ⊂ (B × D)
a + 2 = 5, 2a + b = 4
(2) (B × D) ⊂ (A × C) ⇒a =3 6+b= 4
(3) (A × B) ⊂ (A × D) ⇒ b = −2
(4) (D × A) ⊂ (B × A)
Hint : Ans : (1)
It is clearly (A × C) ⊂ (B × D).
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7. Let n(A) = m and n(B) = n then the total 11. If f : A → B is a bijective function and if
number of non-empty relations thatn can n(B) = 7, then n(A) is equal to
be defined from A to B is (1) 7 (2) 49 (3) 1 (4) 14
(1) mn (2) nm (3) 2mn – 1 (4) 2mn
Hint : Ans : (1)
Hint : Ans : (4)
f : A → B is bijective (1 – 1 and onto) and
Total no. of non-empty relations from
n(B) = 7 ∴ n(A) = 7
A to B = 2n(A) . n(B) = 2mn
12. Let f and g be two functions given by
8. If {(a, 8), (6, b)} represents an identity f = {(0, 1), (2, 0), (3, – 4), (4, 2), (5, 7)}
function, then the value of a and b are re- g = {(0, 2), (1, 0), (2, 4), (– 4, 2), (7, 0)}
spectively
then the range of f o g is
(1) (8, 6) (2) (8, 8) (3) (6, 8) (4) (6, 6) (1) {0, 2, 3, 4, 5} (2) {– 4, 1, 0, 2, 7}
Hint : Ans : (1) (3) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (4) {0, 1, 2}
Hint : Ans : (4)
(a, 8), (6, b) ⇒ identity function
(f o g) (0) = f (g (0)) = f (2) = 0
∴ a = 8, b = 6 (f o g) (1) = f (g (1)) = f (0) = 1
9. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 8, 9, 10}. A (f o g) (2) = f (g (2)) = f (4) = 2
function f : A → B given by f = {(1, 4), (2, 8),
(3, 9), (4, 10)} is a
(f o g) (7) = f (g (7)) = f (0) = 1
(1) Many-one function
(2) Identity function ∴ Range = {0, 1, 2}
(3) One-to-one function 13. Let f (x) = 1 + x 2 then
(4) Into function
(1) f (xy) = f (x) . f (y)
Hint : Ans : (3) (2) f (xy) ≥ f (x) . f (y)
Diff. elements of A have diff. images in B. (3) f (xy) ≤ f (x) . f (y)
(4) None of these
1
10. If f (x) = 2x2 and g (x) = , then f o g is Hint : Ans : (3)
3x
3 2 2 1 f ( x) = 1 + x 2
(1) (2) 2 (3) 2
(4)
2x 2 3x 9x 6x 2 ∴ f ( y) = 1 + y 2
Hint : Ans : (3)
∴ f ( xy ) = 1 + x 2 y 2
( f g ) ( x) = f ( g ( x))
1 f ( x). f ( y ) = (1 + x 2 )(1 + y 2 )
= f
2x
2 = 1 + x2 + y 2 + x2 + y 2
1
= 2
3x ≥ 1 + x2 y 2
2
= ≥ f ( xy )
9 x2
∴ f ( xy ) ≤ f ( x). f ( y )
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in terms of a. (Given that a ≥ 0)
(3) (– 1, – 2) (4) (1, 2)
Solution :
Hint : Ans : (3)
x −1 x ≥ 1
g (x) = ax +b Given f (x) =
4 x <1
⇒ 1 = a + b, 3 = 2a + b, 5 = 3a + b
on Substracting, a = 2 ⇒ b = – 1 i ) f (0) = 4
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S
= g (6 x + 8)
1. If A × B = {(a, x), (a, y), (b, x), (b, y)}, then
6x + 8 − 2 find A and B.
=
3
6x + 6 (Ans: A = {a, b}, B = {x, y})
=
3 2. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4}, C = {4, 5, 6},
= 2x + 2 find i) A×(B ∩ C) (ii) (A × B) ∩ (A × C).
= 2( x + 1) (Ans : {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
10. Write the domain of the following real 3. Fnd the Cartesian product of 3 sets.
functions A = {1, 2}, B = {3, 4}, C = {x : x ∈ N and
2x + 1 −5 4 ≤ x ≤ 6}.
(i) f ( x) = (ii) p ( x) = 2
x−9 4x + 1
{Ans : {(1, 3, 4), (1, 3, 5), (1, 3, 6), (1, 4, 4), (1,
(iii) g ( x) = x − 2 (iv) h( x) = x + 6 4, 5), (1, 4, 6), (2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 5), (2, 3, 6),
Solution :
2x + 1 (2, 4, 4), (2, 4, 5), (2, 4, 6)}
i) f (x) =
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U
S
NS
x2
1. X = {8n – 7n – 1 / n ∈ N}, Y = {49N –49/ 2
(a) (1 + x)2 (b) x
n ∈ N}, then x2 + 1
(a) X ⊂ Y (b) Y ⊂ X 1 x2 + 1
(c) 2 (d)
(c) X = Y (d) X ∩ Y = φ. (1 + x) x2
Ans : (d)
Ans : (c)
8. f : X → Y where X = {– 1, – 2, – 3},
2. If A = {a, b}, B = {c, d}, C = {d, e}, then Y = {3, 4, 5} is given by f (x) = x + 6, x ∈ X,
{(a, c), (a, d), (a, e), (b, c), (b, d), (b, e)} then f is
is equal to
(a) onto (b) many to one
(a) A ∩ (B ∪ C) (b) A ∪ (B ∩ C)
(c) constant function (d) bijective
(c) A × (B ∪ C) (d) A × (B ∩ C)
Ans : (d)
Ans : (c)
9. The range of f : Z → Z given by f (x) = x2
3. If n(A) = 4, n(B) = 3, n(A × B × C) = 24, is
then n(C) =
(a) Q (b) Z (c) W (d) N
Ans : (c)
Ans : (c)
10. The value of a in order that {(4, 3), (7, a)}
4. If n(A) = 4, n(B) = 5, n(A ∩ B) = 3, then may represent a constant function is
n((A × B) ∩ (B ×A)) is
(a) 7 (b) 4
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11
(c) 3 (d) none of these
Ans : (b)
Ans : (c)
5. f : R → R given by f ( x) = x + x 2 is
11. The co-domain of f : A → R where
(a) 1 – 1 (b) onto A = {2, 3, 5}, f (x) = 2x – 1 can be taken as
(c) bijective (d) none of these (a) {3, 5, 7} (b) {3, 5, 9, 11}
Ans : (d) (c) {5, 9} (d) {3, 5}
6 Which of the following functions from z to Ans : (b)
itself are bijections ?
(a) f(x) = x3 (b) f(x) = x + 2
(c) f(x) = 2x + 1 (d) f(x) = x2 + x
Ans : (b)
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CHAPTER
2
NUMBERS AND
SEQUENCES
I. E CLI ' IVI IO LEMMA A ALGORITHM
U
D
S
D
S
N
ND
Key Points
9 Let a and b (a > b) be any two positive integers. Then, there exist unqiue integers q and r such
9
that a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b. (Euclid's Division Lemma)
The remainder is always less than the divisor.
If r = 0 then a = bq so b divides a.
Similarly, if b divides a then a = bq.
9 If aand b are any two integers then there exist unique integers q and rsuch that a = bq + r,
9
9 If a and b are positive integers such that a = bq + r, then every common divisor of a and b is
9
a common divisor of b and r and vice-versa. (Euclid's Division Algorithm)
9 If a, b are two positive integers with a > b then G.C.D of (a, b) = GCD of (a – b, b).
9
9 Two positive integers are said to be relatively prime or co prime if their. Highest Common
9
Factor is 1.
Solution : 17 = (– 3) × (– 5) + 2, 0 ≤ r < | – 3 |
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EXERCI E 2.1 3. Prove that the product of two consecu-
S
tive positive integers is divisible by 2.
1. Find all positive integers, when divided Solution :
by 3 leaves remainder 2.
Let the 2 consecutive positive integers be
Solution:
To find all positive intergers which when x, x + 1
divided by 3 leaves remainder 2.
i.e. a ≡ 2 (mod 3) = x2 + x
⇒ a − 2 is divisible by 3 Case (i)
⇒ a = 3K + 2 If x is an even number
∴ a takes the following values Let x = 2k
a = 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, .............. when K = 0, 1,
∴ x2 + x = (2k)2 + 2k
2, 3, 4, ........
= 2k (2k + 1), divisible by 2
2. A man has 532 flower pots. He wants to
arrange them in rows such that each row Case (ii)
contains 21 flower pots. Find the number If x is an odd number,
of completed rows and how many flower
pots are left over Let x = 2k + 1
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4. When the positive integers a, b and c are = 4 (n2 + n) + 1 leaves remainder 1 when
divided by 13, the respective remainders divided by 4.
are 9,7 and 10. Show that a + b + c is
Hence proved.
divisible by 13.
Solution : 6. Use Euclid’s Division Algorithm to find
the Highest Common Factor (HCF) of
When a is divided by 13, remainder is 9
(i) 340 and 412 (ii) 867 and 255
i.e., a = 13q + 9 ........ (1)
(iii)10224 and 9648 (iv) 84, 90 and 120
When b is divided by 13, remainder is 7 Solution :
i.e., b = 13q + 7 ......... (2) i) HCF of 340, 412 by Euclid’s algorithm.
When c is divided by 13, remainder is 11 First we should divide 412 by 340.
∴ HCF of 84, 90 is 6 = 32 × 1 (60 − 32) [From (1)]
Next, we find HCF of 120 and 6. = 32 − (1 × 60 − 1 × 32)
120 = 6 × 20 + 0 = 32 − 1 × 60 + 1 × 32
∴ HCF of 84, 90 and 120 = 6 = 32 (1 + 1) + 60 (−1)
7. Find the largest number which divides d = 32 (2) + 60 (−1)
1230 and 1926 leaving remainder 12 in ⇒ 32x + 60y = 32 (2) + 60 (−1)
each case.
∴ x = 2, y = −1
Solution :
To find the largest number which dividies 9. A positive integer when divided by 88
1230 and 1926 leaving remainder 12 gives the remainder 61. What will be the
remainder when the same number is di-
i.e., HCF of 1230 - 12 and 1926 - 12 vided by 11?
i.e., HCF of 1218 and 1914 Solution :
First we divide 1914 by 1218 The standard form is a = bq + r
⇒a = 88q + 61
a = (11 × 8q) + (55 + 6)
1218 = 696 × 1 + 522
a = 11 [8q + 5] + 6
696 = 522 × 1 + 174
∴ When the same positive integer is divid-
522 = (174) × 3 + 0 ed by 11 the remainder is 6.
∴ HCF = 174 10. Prove that two consecutive positive inte-
∴ The required largest number = 174. gers are always coprime.
Solution :
8. If d is the Highest Common Factor of 32
and 60, find x and y satisfying d = 32x + Let x, x + 1 be two consecutive integers.
60y. Let G.C.D. of (x, x + 1) be ‘n’
Solution : Then ‘n’ divides x + 1 − x
Given d is the HCF of 32 and 60 i.e., n = 1
∴ 60 = 32 × 1 + 28 ......... (1) G.C.D. of (x, x + 1) = 1
x & x + 1 are Co-prime.
32 = 28 × 1 + 4 ......... (2)
28 = (4) × 7 + 0
∴d=4
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7 × 5 × 3 × 2 + 3 = 3×(7×5×2+1) = 3 × 71
Since the given number can be factorized in
terms of two primes, it is a composite number.
Example 2.10
Value of the first box from bottom = 5 × 2 = 10 'a' and 'b' are two positive integers such that
Value of n = 5 × 10 = 50 ab × ba = 800. Find 'a' and 'b'.
Value of the second box from bottom
Solution :
= 3×50 = 150
The number 800 can be factorized as
Value of m = 2×150 = 300
Thus, the required numbers are m = 300, n = 50. 800= 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 = 25 × 52
Example 2.8 Hence, ab × ba = 25 × 52
Can the number 6n, n being a natural number end This implies that a = 2 and b = 5 (or) a = 5
with the digit 5 ? Give reason for your answer. and b = 2.
Solution :
Since 6n = (2 × 3)n = 2n × 3n,
2 is a factor of 6n. So, 6n is always even.
But any number whose last digit is 5 is
always odd.
Hence, 6n cannot end with the digit 5.
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363636 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 481
EXERCI E 2.2
S
∴ HCF = 3 × 7 × 481
1. For what values of natural number n, 4 n
= 10,101
can end with the digit 6?
Solution : 4. If 13824 = 2a × 3b then find a and b.
Solution :
4n = (2 × 2)n
Given 2a × 3b = 13824
=2 ×2
n n
⇒ 2a × 3b = 29 × 32
Since 2 is a factor of 4, 4n is always even. ∴ a = 9, b = 2
2 13824
∴ If 4n is to be end with 6, n should be even.
2 6912
∴ For the even powers of ‘n’, 4n will be ended 2 3456
with even no. 2 1728
2. If m, n are natural numbers, for what 2 864
values of m, does 2n × 5m ends in 5? 2 432
Solution : 2 216
n m
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∴ 113400 = 23 × 34 × 52 × 71
360 999999 277
∴ p1 = 2, p2 = 3, p3 = 5, p4 = 7 and 720
x1 = 3, x2 = 4, x3 = 2, x4 = 1 2799
6. Find the LCM and HCF of 408 and 170 2520
by applying the fundamental theorem of 2799
arithmetic. 2520
Solution : 279
Given no’s are 408, 170
∴ Required greatest number
2 408 2 170 = 999999 − 279 (remainder)
2 204 5 85
= 999720
2 102 17
3 51 8. What is the smallest number that when
17 divided by three numbers such as 35, 56
and 91 leaves remainder 7 in each case?
∴ 408 = 23 × 3 × 17
Solution :
170 = 2 × 5 × 17
∴ H.C.F = 2 × 17 = 34 91) + remainder 7
L.C.M = 2 × 17 × 5 × 3 = 2040
3 35 = 7 × 5
7. Find the greatest number consisting of 6 56 = 7 × 2 × 2 × 2
digits which is exactly divisible by 24, 15, 91 = 7 × 13
36? ∴ L.C.M = 7 × 5 × 13 × 8
= 3640
Solution :
∴ The required number is 3640 + 7
First, we find the L.C.M of 24, 15, 36 = 3647
3 24, 15, 36 9. Find the least number that is divisible by
2 8, 5, 12 the first ten natural numbers.
2 4, 5, 6 Solution :
2, 5, 3 The required number is the LCM of
L.C.M =5×3 ×2 2 3 (1, 2, 3, ........ 10)
=5×9×8 2 =2×1
4 =2×2
= 360
6 =3×2
The greatest 6 digit no. is 999999
8 =2×2×2
9 =3×3
10 = 5 × 2 and 1, 3, 5, 7
L.C.M = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7
= 2520
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9. Find the remainder when 281 is divided
5. What is the time 100 hours after 7 a.m.?
by 17.
Solution :
Solution :
Formula :
To find the remainder when 281 is divided
t+n=f (mod 24) by 17.
t → current time 24 = 16 = −1 (mod 17)
n → no. of hrs. ⇒ 280 = (24)20 = (−1)20 = 1
f → future time ∴ 281 = 280 × 21
100 + 7 = f (mod 24) =1×2
⇒ 107 − f is divisible by 24 =2
∴ f = 11 so that 107 − 11 = 96 is divisible
by 24. nai to London through British Airlines
∴ The time is 11 A.M. is approximately 11 hours. The airplane
6. What is the time 15 hours before 11 begins its journey on Sunday at 23:30
p.m.? hours. If the time at Chennai is four and
half hours ahead to that of London’s
Solution : time, then find the time at London, when
Formula : will the flight lands at London Airport.
t − n ≡ p (mod 24) t → Current time Solution :
⇒ 11 − 15 = − 4 ≡ − 1 × 24 + 20 n → no of hrs Formula :
≡ 20 (mod 24) p → past time t + n ≡ f (mod 24) t → present time
∴ The time 15 hours in the past was 8 p.m. ⇒ 23.30 + 11 = f (mod 24) n → no of hours
7. Today is Tuesday. My uncle will come af- ⇒ 34.30 = f (mod 24) f → future time
ter 45 days. In which day my uncle will ∴ 34.30 − f is divisible by 24
be coming? ⇒ f = 10.30 (a.m)
Solution : But the time difference between London &
Today is Tuesday Chennai is 4.30 hrs.
Day after 45 days = ? ∴ Flight reaches London Airpot at
When we divide 45 by 7, remainder is 3. = 10.30 hrs − 4.30 hrs
∴ The 3rd day from Tuesday is Friday = 6 AM next day i.e. 6 AM on Monday
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IV. EQ E CE :
S
U
N
S
Key Points
9 A real valued sequence is a function defined on the set of natural numbers and taking real
9
values.
9 A sequence can be considered as a function defined on the set of natural numbers.
9
9 Though all the sequences are functions, not all the functions are sequences.
9
Example 2.19 0.01
a4 = = 0.001
Find the next three terms of the sequences. 10
1 1 1 0.001
(i) , , ,...... (ii) 5, 2 – 1, – 4, ..... a5 = = 0.0001
2 6 14 10
(iii) 1, 0.1, 0.01, .....
0.0001
Solution : a6 = = 0.00001
10
1 1 1 1
(i) , , , , ... Example 2.20
2 6 10 14
Find the general term for the following sequences
+4 +4 +4
In the above sequence the numerators are (i) 3, 6, 9, ..... (ii) , , ,....
2 3 4
same and the denominator is increased by 4. (iii) 5, – 25, 125. ....
So the next three terms are
Solution :
1 1
a5 = = (i) 3, 6, 9, ....
14 + 4 18
1 1 Here the terms are multiples of 3. So the
a6 = = general term is
18 + 4 22
1 1 an = 3n,
a7 = =
22 + 4 26 1 2 3
(ii) , , ,....
2 3 4
(ii) 5, 2, –1, –4, ... 1 2 3
a1 = ; a2 = ; a3 =
–3 –3 –3 2 3 4
Here each term is decreased by 3. So the We see that the numerator of nth terms is n,
next three terms are – 7, – 10, – 13. and the denominator is one more than the numer-
(iii) 1, 0.1, 0.01, ...
ator. Hence, an = n , n ∈ N
+ 10 + 10 n +1
Here each term is divided by 10. Hence, the (iii) 5, –25, 125, ....
next three terms are The terms of the sequence have + and – sign
alternatively and also they are in powers of 5.
So the general terms an = (–1)n+1 5n, n ∈ N
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Example 2.21 1
The general term of a sequence is defined as a5−1 a4 1 4 1
a5 = = = 16 = × =
n(n + 3); n ∈ N is odd a5− 2 + 3 a3 + 3 1 + 3 16 13 52
an = 2 4
n + 1 ; n ∈ N is even Therefore, the first five terms of the se-
Find the eleventh and eighteenth terms. 1 1 1
quence are 1, 1, , ,
4 16 25
Solution :
To find a11, since 11 is odd, we put
EXERCI E 2.4
n = 11 in an = n (n + 3)
S
Thus, the eleventh term 1. Find the next three terms of the following
sequence.
a11 = 11 (11 + 3) = 154,
(i) 8, 24, 72, … (ii) 5, 1,-3,…
To find a18, since 18 is even we put 1 2 3
(iii) , , , .........
4 9 16
n = 18 in an = n2 + 1 Solution :
Thus, the eighteenth term i) Given sequence is 8, 24, 72,..........
a = 182 + 1 = 325. Each number is multiplied by 3
∴ The next 3 terms in the sequence are
Example 2.22
72 × 3 = 216
Find the first five terms of the following se-
216 × 3 = 648
quence.
648 × 3 = 1944
an −1
a1 = 1, a2 = 1, an = ; n ≥ 3, n ∈ N ∴ 216, 648, 1944
an − 2 + 3
ii) Given sequence is 5, 1, −3, ...........
Solution : Each number is subtracted by 4
The first two terms of this sequence are giv- − 3−4=−7
en by a1 = 1. a2 = 1. The third term a3 depends on − 7 − 4 = − 11
the first and second terms. − 11 − 4 = − 15
a3−1 a 1 1 ∴ The next 3 terms in the sequence are
a3 = = 2 = = − 7, − 11, − 15
a3− 2 + 3 a1 + 3 1 + 3 4
Similarly the fourth term a4 depends upon 1 2 3
iii) Given sequence is , , , .........
a2 and a3. 4 9 16
Each no. in Numerator is increased by 1 &
1 1 all nos in denominator are consecutive square
a4 −1 a3 1 1 1 no's
a4 = = = 4 = 4= × = ∴ The next 3 terms are
a4 − 2 + 3 a2 + 3 1 + 3 4 4 4 16
4 5 6
In the same way, the fifth term a5 can be , , , .........
25 36 49
calculated as
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2. Find the first four terms of the sequences ii) Given sequence is 0, 1 2 , 1 3 , ..........
whose nth terms are given by
0 1 2
(i) an = n3 − 2 (ii) an = (−1)n+1 ⇒ , , , ..........
n (n + 1)
(iii) an = 2n2 − 6 1 2 3
1−1 2 −1 3 −1
Solution : ⇒ , , , ..........
1 2 3
i) Given an = n3 − 2
n = 1 ⇒ a1 = 13 − 2 = 1 − 2 = − 1 ∴ The nth term of the sequence is
n = 2 ⇒ a2 = 23 − 2 = 8 − 2 = 6 n −1
an =
n = 3 ⇒ a3 = 33 − 2 = 27 − 2 = 25 n
n = 4 ⇒ a4 = 43 − 2 = 64 − 2 = 62 iii) Given sequence is 3, 8, 13, 18, ........
∴ The first 4 terms are −1, 6, 25, 62 ⇒ 5 − 2, 10 − 2, 15 − 2, 20 − 2, .........
ii) Given an = (−1)n+1 n (n + 1)
⇒ 5 (1) − 2, 5 (2) − 2, 5(3) − 2, 5(4) − 2
n = 1 ⇒ a1 = (-1)2 . 1 (2) = 2
∴ The nth term of the sequence is
n = 2 ⇒ a2 = (-1)3 . 2 (3) = − 6
n = 3 ⇒ a3 = (-1)4 . 3 (4) = 12 an = 5n − 2
n = 4 ⇒ a4 = (-1)5 . 4 (5) = −20 4. Find the indicated terms of the sequences
whose nth terms are given by
iii) Given an = 2n2 − 6 5n
(i) an = ; a6 and a13
n+2
n = 1 ⇒ a1 = 2(1) − 6 = − 4
n = 2 ⇒ a2 = 2(4) − 6 = 2 (ii) an = − (n2 − 4) ; a4 and a11
n = 3 ⇒ a3 = 2(9) − 6 = 12 Solution :
n = 4 ⇒ a4 = 2(16) − 6 = 26 5n
i) Given an = , a6 , a13 = ?
∴ The first 4 terms are −4, 2, 12, 26 n+2
3. Find the nth term of the following se- 5(6) 30 15
a6 = = =
quences 6+2 8 4
1 2 5(13) 65 13
(i) 2,5,10,17, ... (ii) 0, , , ......... a13 = = =
2 3 13 + 2 15 3
(iii) 3,8,13,18, ...
Solution : ii) an = − (n2 − 4) ; a4, a11 = ?
i) Given sequence is 2, 5, 10, 17, ............ a4 = − (16 − 4) = − 12
⇒ 12 + 1, 22 + 1, 32 + 1, 42 + 1, ............ a11 = − (121 − 4) = −117
∴ The nth term of the sequence is 5. Find a8 and a15 whose nth term is an =
n2 - 1
an = n 2 + 1 n + 3 ; n is even, n ∈ N
2
n ; n is odd,
2n + 1
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a3 = 2a2 + a1
Solution : = 2 (1) + 1
Given =3
n -1
2
a4 = 2a3 + a2
n+ 3 ; n is even, n ∈ N
an = 2
= 2 (3) + 1
n
; n is odd , =7
2n+1
82 − 1 63 a5 = 2a4 + a3
a8 = =
8 + 3 11 = 2 (7) + 3
152 225
a15 = = = 17
2(15) + 1 31
a6 = 2a5 + a4
6. If a1 = 1, a2 = 1 and an = 2an-1 + an-2 , n > 3, = 2 (17) + 7
n ∈ N, then find the first six terms of the
= 41
sequence.
Solution : ∴ The first 6 terms are 1, 1, 3, 7, 17, 41
Given a = 1, a = 1
V. ARITHMETIC PROGRE IO :
SS
N
Key Points
9 An Arithmetic Progression is a sequence whose successive terms differ by a constant
9
number.
9 Let a and d be real numbers. Then the numbers of the form a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d,...
9
is said to form Arithmetic Progression denoted by A.P. The number 'a' is called the first term
and 'd ' is called the common difference.
9 If there are finite numbers of terms in an A.P. then it is called Finite Arithmetic Progression. If
9
there are infinitely many terms in an A.P. then it is called Infinite Arithmetic Progression.
9 The nth term denoted by tn can be written as tn = a + (n – 1)d.
9
9 The common difference of an A.P. can be positive, negative or zero.
9
9 An Arithmetic progression having a common difference of zero is called a constnat arithmetic
9
progression.
9 In a finite A.P. whose first term is a and last term l, then the number of terms in the A.P. is given
9
l − a
by l = a + (n – 1)d gives n = +1.
d
9 If every term is added or subtracted by a constant, then the resulting sequence is also an A.P.
9
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9 In every term is multiplied or divided by a non-zero number, then the resulting sequence is
9
also an A.P.
9 If the sum of three consecutive terms of an A.P. is given, then they can be taken as a – d, a and
9
a + d. Here the common difference is d.
9 If the sum of four consecutive terms of an A.P. is given then, they can be taken as a – 3d, a – d,
9
a + d and a + 3d. Here common difference is 2d.
9 Three non-zero numbers a, b, c are in A.P. if and only if 2b = a + c .
9
Example 2.23 Thus, the differences between consecutive
Check whether the following sequences are in terms are equal. Hence the terms of the sequence
A.P. or not ? 3 2 , 5 2 , 7 2 , 9 2 , .... are in A.P.
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In an A.P., sum of four consective terms is 28 and 3a = 207 gives a = 69
their sum of their squares is 276. Find the four It is given that product of the two least
numbers. amounts is 4623
Solution : (a – d) a = 4623
Let us take the four terms in the form (a – (69 – d) 69 = 4623
3d), (a – d), (a + d) and (a + 3d). d=2
Since sum of the four terms is 28, Therefore, amount given by the mother to
a – 3d + a – d + a + d + a + 3d = 28 her three children are
4a = 28 gives a = 7 `(69 –2), `69, `(69 + 2). That is, `67, `69
Similarly, since sum of their squares is 276, and `71.
(a – 3d)2 + (a – d)2 + (a + d)2 + (a + 3d)2 = 276. EXERCI E 2.5
S
a2 – 6ad + 9d2 + a2 – 2ad + d2 + a2 + 2ad
+ d2 + a2 + 6ad+ 9d2 = 276 1. Check whether the following sequences
are in A.P.
4a2 + 20d2 = 276 ⇒ 4(7)2 + 20d2 = 276.
(i) a − 3, a − 5, a − 7, ........
d2 = 4 gives d = ± 2
If d = 2 then the four numbers are 7 – 3(2), (ii) , , , , .........
2 3 4 5
7 – 2, 7 + 2, 7 + 3(2)
(iii) 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, .....
That is the four numbers are 1, 5, 9 and 13.
-1 1 2
If a = 7, d = –2 then the four numbers are (iv) , 0, , , .........
3 3 3
13, 9, 5 and 1
(v) 1, −1, 1, −1, 1, −1, ..........
Therefore, the four consecutive terms of the
A.P. are 1, 5, 9 and 13. Solution :
Example 2.30 i) a − 3, a − 5, a − 7, ..........
A mother divides `207 into three parts such that t2 − t1 = (a − 5) − (a − 3)
the amount are in A.P. and gives it to her three =a−5−a+3
children. The product of the two least amounts =−2
that the children had `4623. Find the amount
t3 − t2 = (a − 7) − (a − 5)
received by each child.
=a−7−a+5
Solution : = −2
Let the amount received by the three ∴ t2 − t1 = t3 − t2
children be in the form of A.P. is given by
∴ The given sequence is in A.P.
a – d, a, a + d. Since, sum of the amount is
`207, we have
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2 3 4 5 = 5, 11, 17, 23, ........
t2 − t1 = 1 3 − 1 2 t3 − t 2 = 1 4 − 1 3 ii) a = 7, d = −5
2−3 3−4 ∴ The A.P is
= =
6 12 = 7, 7 + (−5), 7 + 2 (−5), 7 + 3 (−5), ........
= −1 6 = −112
= 7, 2, −3, −8, .........
∴ t2 − t1 ≠ t3 − t2 iii ) a = 3 4 , d = 12
( )
t2 − t1 = 0 − −1 3 = 13 n n
t3 − t 2 = 1 3 − 0 = 13
Solution :
i) tn = − 3 + 2n
t 4 − t3 = 2 3 − 1 3 = 1 3
n = 1 ⇒ t1 = −3 + 2(1) = −1
∴ The sequence is in A.P. n = 2 ⇒ t2 = −3 + 2(2) = 1
n = 3 ⇒ t3 = −3 + 2(3) = 3 .........
v) 1, −1, 1, −1, 1, −1 .........
∴ a = −1, d = t2 − t1
t2 − t1 = −1 −1 = −2
= 1 − (−1)
t3 − t2 = 1 − (−1) = 1 + 1 = 2 d=2
∴ The sequence is not in A.P. ii) tn = 4 − 7n
2. First term a and common difference d n = 1 ⇒ t1 = 4 − 7(1) = −3
are given below. Find the corresponding n = 2 ⇒ t2 = 4 − 7(2) = −10
A.P. n = 3 ⇒ t3 = 4 − 7(3) = −17
(i) a = 5, d = 6 (ii) a = 7, d = −5 ∴ a = −3, d = t2 − t1
3 1
(iii) a = , d = = −10 − (−3)
4 2
= −10 + 3
Solution :
d = −7
i) a = 5, d = 6
∴ The A.P. is a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ........
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8. If 3 + k, 18 − k, 5k + 1 are in A.P. then find 11. The sum of three consecutive terms that
k. are in A.P. is 27 and their product is 288.
Find the three terms.
Solution :
Solution :
Given 3 + k, 18 − k, 5k + 1 are in A.P.
Let the 3 consecutive terms in an A.P. be
⇒ (18 − k) − (3 + k) = (5k + 1) − (18 − k) a − d, a, a + d
⇒ 15 − 2k = 6k − 17 i) Sum of 3 terms = 27
⇒ a − d + a + a + d = 27
⇒ −8k = −32
⇒ 3a = 27
⇒ k=4 a=9
9. Find x, y and z, given that the numbers x, ii) Product of 3 terms = 288
10, y, 24, z are in A.P. ⇒ (a − d) . a . (a + d) = 288
Solution : ⇒ a2 (a2 − d 2) = 288
⇒ 9 (81 − d 2) = 288
Given that x, 10, y, 24, z are in A.P.
⇒ 81 − d 2 = 32
∴ y is the arithmetic mean of 10 & 24
⇒ d 2 = 49
10 + 24 34 ⇒ d=+7
⇒ y= = = 17
2 2 a = 9, d = 7 ⇒ the 3 terms are 2, 9, 16
a = 9, d = −7 ⇒ the 2 terms are 16, 9, 2
∴ x, 10, y, 24, z are in A.P.
12. The ratio of 6th and 8th term of an A.P.
Clearly d = 7 is 7 : 9. Find the ratio of 9th term to 13th
∴ x = 10 − 7 = 3 & z = 24 + 7 = 31 term.
∴ x = 3, y = 17, z = 31 Solution :
t6 7
10. In a theatre, there are 20 seats in the front Given =
t8 9
row and 30 rows were allotted. Each suc-
cessive row contains two additional seats a + 5d 7
⇒ =
than its front row. How many seats are a + 7d 9
there in the last row? ⇒ 9a + 45d = 7 a + 49d
Solution : ⇒ 2a = 4d
⇒ a = 2d .....(1)
By the data given,
t9 a + 8d
a = 20, d = 2, n = 30 ∴ =
t13 a + 12d
t30 = a + 29d 2d + 8d
= (from (1))
= 20 + 29(2) 2d + 12d
10d
= 20 + 58 =
14d
= 78 5
=
7
∴ The no. of seats in 30th row = 78
∴ t9 : t13 = 5 : 7
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13. In a winter season let us take the temper- 14. Priya earned ` 15,000 in the first year.
ature of Ooty from Monday to Friday to Thereafter her salary increased by `
be in A.P. The sum of temperatures from 1500 per year. Her expenses are ` 13,000
Monday to Wednesday is 0° C and the during the first year and the expenses in-
sum of the temperatures from Wednes- creases by ` 900 per year. How long will
day to Friday is 18° C. Find the tempera- it take for her to save ` 20,000.
ture on each of the five days. Solution :
Solution : 1st year 2nd year
Let the temperature from Monday to Friday
Salary : `15,000 `16,500
respectively be
Expense : `13,000 `13,900
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d
Savings : `2,000
`2,600
i) Given a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) = 0
3a + 3d = 0 ∴ the yearly savings are
a+d=0 `2,000, `2,600, `3,200, ........... form an A.P
with a = 2,000, d = 600, tn = 20,000
a=−d
a + (n – 1) d = 20,000
ii) Given (a + 2d) + (a + 3d) + (a + 4d) = 18
⇒ 3a + 9d = 18 ⇒ 2,000 + (n – 1) 600 = 20,000
⇒ 600 n – 600 = 18,000
⇒ 6d = 18 ⇒ 600 n = 18,600
186
⇒ d=3 ⇒ n =
6
∴ a = −3 n = 31
The temperature of each of the 5 days
After 31 years, her savings will be
− 30 C, 00 C, 30 C, 60 C, 90 C
`20,000.
VI. ARITHMETIC ERIE :
S
S
Key Points
9 The sum of terms of a sequence is called series.
9
9 Let a1, a2, a3, ......, an, ... be the sequence of real numbers. Then the real numbers a1 + a2 + a3 +
9
.... is defined as the series of real numbers.
9 If a series has finite number of terms then it is called a Finite series. If a series has infinite
9
number of terms then it is called Infinite series.
n
9 Sum to n terms of an A.P. S n = [2a + (n − 1)d ]
2
9
n
9 If the first term a, and the last term l (nth term) are given then S n = [a + l ] .
2
9
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1 2
2 2
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S3 = [2a + (3n − 1)d ]
2
Surya - 10 Maths 61 Consider Numbers and Sequences
2n n
S2 − S1 = [2a + (2n − 1)d ] − [2a + (n − 1)d ]
Example 2.38 2 2
n
The houses of a street are numbered from 1 to 49. = [(4a + 2(2n − 1)d ] − [2a + (n − 1)d ]]
Senthil's house is numbered such that the sum of 2
numbers of the houses prior to Senthil's house n
S2 − S1 = × [2a + (3n − 1)d ]
is equal to the sum of numbers of the houses 2
following Senthil's house. Find Senthil's house 3n
3( S2 − S1 ) = [2a + (3n − 1)d ]
number ? 2
Solution : 3( S2 − S1 ) = S3
Let Senthil's house number be x.
EXERCI E 2.6
S
It is given that 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + (x – 1)
= (x – 1) + (x + 2) + .... + 49 1. Find the sum of the following
(i) 3, 7, 11,… up to 40 terms.
1 + 2 + 3 + ...... +1 +(x2–+1)3 + ... + ( x − 1)
(ii) 102, 97, 92,… up to 27 terms.
= [1 + 2 + 3 +=....[1 + 249]
+ 3–+[1...++ 249]
+ 3− [1 + 2++x]3 + ... + x] (iii) 6 + 13 + 20 + ....... + 97
+....
x −1 49 x Solution :
[1 + ( x − 1)] = [1 + 49] − [1 + x]
2 2 2 i) Given A.P is 3, 7, 11, ......... up to 40 terms
x( x − 1) 49 × 50 x( x + 1)
= −
2 2 2
x − x = 2450 − x − x ⇒ 2 x 2 = 2450
2 2
S n = n [2a + (n − 1) d ]
2
x 2 = 1225 gives x = 35 40
S40 = [6 + 39(4)]
2
Therefore, Senthil's hosue number is 35. = 20 [6 + 156]
= 20 × 162
Example 2.39
= 3240
The sum of first, n, 2n and 3n terms of an A.P.
are S1, S2 and S3 respectively. Prove that S3 = 3 ii) Given A.P is 102, 97, 92, .... up to 27 terms
(S2 – S1). a = 102, d = −5, n = 27
Solution :
S n = n [2a + (n − 1) d ]
2
If S1, S2 and S3 are sum of first n, 2n
27
and 3n terms of an A.P. respectively then S27 = [204 + 26( −5)]
n 2n 2
S1 = [2a + (n − 1)d ], S2 = [2a + (2n − 1)d ], 27
2 2 = [204 − 130]
2
3n
S3 = [2a + (3n − 1) d ] 27
2 = × 74
2
Consider
= 27 × 37
2n n = 999
S2 − S1 = [2a + (2n − 1)d ] − [2a + (n − 1)d ]
2 2
n
= [(4a + 2(2n − 1)d ] − [2a + (n − 1)d ]]
2
n
S2 − S1 = × [2a + (3n − 1)d ]
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a = 6, d = 7, l = 97 n = 3 ⇒ t3 = 12 − 3 = 9
l−a ∴ a = 1, d = 5 − 1 = 4
∴ n= +1
d
∴ Sn = n a+ n− d
97 − 6 2 [2 ( 1) ]
= +1
7 S 28 = 28 [2 + 27(4)] = 14 [2 + 108]
2
91
= +1 = 14 × 110 = 1540
7
= 13 + 1 4. The sum of first n terms of a certain se-
= 14 ries is given as 2n2 − 3n. Show that the
∴ Sn = n (a + l ) series is an A.P.
2
Solution :
S14 = 14 +
2 (6 97) Given Sn = 2n2 − 3n
= 7 × 103
n = 1 ⇒ S1 = 2 − 3 = −1
= 721
n = 2 ⇒ S2 = 2(4) − 3 (2) = 8 − 6 = 2
2. How many consecutive odd integers be-
∴ t1 = a = − 1, S2 = 2
ginning with 5 will sum to 480?
Solution : 2 1
n = 1 ⇒ t1 = 4 − 3 = 1
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901 − 603
= 35 −15 + 85 = +1
2 2 2 1
= 35 ×
2 35 = 298 + 1
1225 = 299
=
2 ∴ Sn = n [a + l ]
2
= 612.5
299
= × 1504
6. Find the sum of all odd positive integers 2
less than 450. = 299 × 752
= 224848
Solution :
To find the sum : Next we take sum of all the no's between
602 & 902 which are divi. by 4
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ......... + 449
a = 604, d = 4, l = 900
a = 1, d = 2, l = 449 150
l−a
l−a ∴ n= +1 4 602
∴ n= +1 d
d 900 − 604 600
449 − 1 = +1 2
= +1 4
2 296 602 + (4 – 2)
448 = +1
= +1 4 = 602 + 2
2 = 74 + 1 = 604
= 224 + 1 = 75
= 225
∴ Sn = n [a + l ] 225
2
∴ Sn = n [a + l ] 4 902
2 75
225 S75 = × 1504 900
S 225 = [450] 2
2 = 75 × 752 2
= 225 × 225 = 56, 400 = 902 – 2
= 50, 625 = 900
∴ Sum of no's which are not div. by 4
= 224848 − 56400 = 168448
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SS
N
Key Points
9 A Geometric Progression is a sequence in which each term is obtained by multilplying a fixed
9
non-zero number to the preceding term except the first term. The fixed number is called com-
mon ratio. The common ratio is usually denoted by r.
9 Let a and r ≠ 0 be real numbers. Then the numbers of the form a, ar, ar2, .... arn–1 ... is called
9
a Geometric Progression. The number 'a' ios called the first term and number 'r' is called the
common ratio.
9 The general term or nth term of a G.P. is tn = arn–1.
9
9 When the product of three consecutive terms of a G.P. are given, we can take the three terms
a
9
as , a, ar.
r
9 When the products of four consecutive terms are given for a G.P. then we can take the four
9
a a
terms as 3 , , ar , ar 3 .
r r
9 When each term of a Geometric Progression is multiplied or divided by a non-zero constant
9
then the resulting sequence is also a Geometric Progression.
9 Three non-zero numbers a, b, c are in G.P. if and only if b2 = ac.
9
1
(ii) , 1, 2, 4, ....
Which of the following sequences form a 2
Geometric Progression ? t2 1 t3 2 t4 4
1 = = 2; = = 2; = =2
(i) 7, 14, 21, 28, .... (ii) , 1, 2, 4, .... t1 1 t2 1 t3 2
2 2
(iii) 5, 25, 50, 75, ...
Here the ratios between successive terms
Solution : 1
are equal. Therefore the sequence , 1, 2, 4, ....
To check if a given sequence form a G.P. we 2
have to see if the ratio between successive terms is a Geometric Progression with common ratio
are equal. r = 2.
(i) 7, 14, 21, 28, .... (iii) 5 , 2 5 , 5 0 , 7 5 , . . .
t2 14 t 21 3 t4 28 4 t2 25 t3 50 t4 75 3
= = 2; 3 = = ; = = = = 5; = = 2; = =
t1 7 t2 14 2 t3 21 3 t1 5 t2 25 t3 50 2
Since the ratios between successive terms Since the ratios between successive terms
are not equal, the sequence 7, 14, 21, 28, .... is not a are not equal, the sequence 5, 25, 50, 75, ... is not a
Geometric Progression. Geometric Progression.
Example 2.41
Find the geometric progression whose first term
and common ratios are given by (i) a = –7, r = 6
(ii) a = 256, r = 0.5
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90% of the initial value. 1. Which of the following sequences are in
G.P.?
That is the value of the machine at the end
(i) 3, 9, 27, 81,… (ii) 4, 44, 444, 4444,...
90
of the first year is 40,000 ×
100 (iii) 0.5, 0.05, 0.005, …
After two years, the value of the machine is 1 1 1
iv) , , , ....... v) 1, −5, 25, −125 …
90% of the value in the first year. 3 6 12
1
Value of the machine at the end of the 2nd vi) 120, 60, 30, 18,… vii) 16, 4, 1, , .......
2
4
year is 40,000 × 90 Solution :
100
i) Given sequence is 3, 9, 27, 81 ..........
Continuing this way, the value of the ma-
chine depreciates in the following way as t2 9
t1 = 3 =3
2
90 90 t3 27
40000, 40000 × , 40000 × ...
100 100 t2 = 9 = 3
t4 81
This sequence is in the form of G.P. t = 27 = 3
90
with first term 40,000 and common ratio . ∴ The sequence is a G.P.
100
For finding the value of the machine at the end of ii) Given sequence is 4, 44, 444, ...........
t2 44
t1 = 4 = 11
5th year (i.e. in 6th year), we need to find the sixth
term of this G.P. t3 444 111 ≠ 11
t2 = 44 = 11
90
Thus, n = 6, a = 40,000, r = . t t
∴ 2t ≠ 3t
100 1 2
n −1
90
Using tn = ar n −1 , we have t6 = 40,000 ×
100 ∴ The sequence is not a G.P.
5 iii) Given sequence is 0.5, 0.05, 0.005, .......
90
= 40000 ×
100 t2 0.05 5
= = =
1
9 9 9 9 9 t1 0.5 50 10
t6 = 40,000 × × × × × t3 0.005 5 1
10 10 10 10 10 = = =
= 23619.6 t2 0.05 50 10
Therefore the value of the machine in 6th ∴ The sequence is a G.P.
year = `23619.60.
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t2 ii ) Given a = 2, r = 2
= −5
t1
t3 25 ∴ The first 3 terms of the G.P. are
= = −5
t2 −5 2, 2, 2 2, .........
t4 −125
= = −5 iii) a = 1000, r = 2 5
t3 25
∴ The sequence is a G.P.
1000, 1000 × 2 5 , 1000 × 2 5 × 2 5
vi) 120, 60, 30, 18, ...........
t2 60 1 = 1000, 400, 160, ...........
= =
t1 120 2 3. In a G.P. 729, 243, 81,… find t7.
t3 30 1 Solution :
= =
t2 60 2 Given G.P is 729, 243, 21, ........
t4 18 1 a = 729, r = 8 243 = 1 3
= ≠
t3 30 2 ∴ tn = a . r n−1
⇒ t7 = a . r6
∴ The sequence is not a G.P.
( 3)
6
vii ) 16, 4, 1, 1 4 , ....... = 729 × 1
1
t2 4 1 = 36 × =1
= = 36
t1 16 4
t3 1 4. Find x so that x + 6, x + 12 and x + 15 are
=
t2 4 consecutive terms of a Geometric Pro-
t4 1 gression.
=
t3 4 Solution :
Given x + 6, x + 12, x + 15 are consecutive
∴ The sequence is a G.P. terms of a G.P.
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x = − 18 a . r5 = 1215 ........... (2)
32805
5. Find the number of terms in the follow- (1) ÷ (2) ⇒ r 3 =
1215
ing G.P. 3
⇒ r = 27
i) 4, 8, 16, … , 8192 ?
⇒ r=3
1 1 1 1
ii) , , , ........, ?
3 9 27 2187 Sub. r = 3 in (2)
Solution :
i) Given G.P is 4, 8, 16, ........ 8192 a × 35 = 1215
⇒ a = 4, r = 2, tn = 8192 ⇒ a × 243 = 1215
⇒ a . rn-1 = 8192 1215
⇒ a=
⇒ 4 × 2n-1 = 8192 243
⇒ 2 = 2048 ⇒ a=5
⇒ 2n-1 = 211 ⇒ ∴ t12 = a . r11
⇒ n − 1 = 11 = 5 × 311
∴ n = 12
7. Find the 10th term of a G.P. whose 8th
1 1 1 1
ii ) Given G.P is , , , ......., term is 768 and the common ratio is 2.
3 9 27 2187
Solution :
1 1 1
a = , r = , tn = Given t8 = 768, r=2
3 3 2187
1 ⇒ a . r7 = 768
⇒ a . r n −1 =
2187 ⇒ a × 27 = 768
n −1
1 1 1 ⇒ a × 128 = 768
⇒ . =
3 3
2187
a=6
n −1
1 3
⇒ = ∴ t10 = a . r9
3 2187
n −1 = 6 × 29
1 1
⇒ = = 6 × 512
3 729
n −1 6 = 3072
1 1
⇒ =
3 3
∴ n −1 = 6
⇒ n=7
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a a 57
i.e., × a + a × ar + ar × =
Surya - 10 Maths r r and
Numbers 2 Sequences
71
1 57
⇒ a 2 + r + 1 =
r 2
8. If a, b, c are in A.P. then show that 3a, 3b, 1 + r 2 + r 57
3c are in G.P. ⇒ 9 =
r 2
Solution : 19
Given a, b, c are in A.P. 1+ r + r2 57
⇒ =
a+c r 9 ×2
⇒b= ......(1) 3
2 2
To Prove : 3a, 3b, 3c are in G.P. 1+ r + r 19
⇒ =
r 6
i.e. TP : (3b)2 = 3a . 3c 2
⇒ 6r + 6r + 6 = 19r
LHS : (3b)2
⇒ 6r 2 − 13r + 6 = 0
=3 2b
⇒ r=3 , 2
= 3a+c (from (1)) 2 3
=3 .3a c ∴ a = 3, r = 2 ⇒ 3 terms are 2, 3, 9 2
3
= RHS &
∴ 3a, 3b, 3c are in G.P. ∴ a = 3, r = 3 2 ⇒ 3 terms are 9 2 , 3, 2
9. In a G.P. the product of three consecutive
terms is 27 and the sum of the product of
57 Manager. The company gave him a start-
two terms taken at a time is . Find the ing salary of ` 60,000 and agreed to in-
2
three terms. crease his salary 5% annually. What will
Solution : be his salary after 5 years?
Let the 3 consecutive terms of a G.P be Solution :
a Given, initial salary = Rs. 60,000
, a, ar
r Annual increment = 5%
i) Product of 3 terms = 27 Salary increment at the end of 1 year =
a 5
⇒ × a × ar = 27 60,0 00 × = 3000
100
r
∴ Continuing this way, we want to find the
⇒ a3 = 27
total salary after 5 years.
∴ a =3
( )
n
ii) Sum of product of terms taken 2 at a A = P 1+ r
100
( )
n
57 = 60,000 1 + 5100
time =
2
a a 57 105
5
i.e.,
× a + a × ar + ar × = = 60,000 ×
r r 2 100
1 57 = 60,000 × (1.05)5
⇒ a 2 + r + 1 =
r 2
= Rs. 76,600
1 + r 2 + r 57
⇒ 9 =
r 2
19
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1 + rPlease
+ r 2 Send
57 Your Answer Keys to our Email Id: kalvikavi.blog@gmail.com
⇒ =
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n = 3 (in the 4th year)
Offer A: ` 20,000 to start with followed
( )
3
A = P 1 + r 100
by a guaranteed annual increase of 6%
log 22,000 = 4.3424
for the first 5 years.
Offer B: ` 22,000 to start with followed
3 log (1.03) = 0.0384
by a guaranteed annual increase of 3% = 22,000 × (1.03)3 4.3808
for the first 5 years.
= ` 24040 Antilog 24040
What is his salary in the 4th year with re-
spect to the offers A and B? 12. If a, b, c are three consecutive terms of
an A.P. and x, y, z are three consecutive
terms of a G.P. then prove that xb−c × yc−a
Offer A :
× za−b = 1.
P = ` 20,000 r = 6% Solution :
n = 3 (in the 4th year) Given a, b, c are consecutive terms of A.P.
⇒ a, a + d, a + 2d, .......
( )
3
A = P 1 + r 100
x, y, z are consecutive terms of G.P.
log 20,000 = 4.3010 ⇒ x, xr, xr2, ......
3 log (1.06) = 0.0759 T.P : xb-c × yc-z × za-b = 1
4.3769 LHS : xb-c × yc-a × za-b = x– d × (xr)2d × (xr2)–d
= x0 × r2d × r–2d = x0 × r0 = 1
Antilog 23820
= RHS. Hence proved.
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S
S
Key Points
9 A series whose terms are in Geometric progression is called Geometric series.
9
a (r n − 1)
9 The sum to n terms is S n = , r ≠ 1.
r −1
9
9 If r = 1, then Sn = a + a + a + .... + a = na.
9
a
9 The sum of infinite terms of a G.P. is given by a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + ... = , –1 < r < 1.
1− r
9
Example 2.46 Example 2.48
Find the sum of 8 terms of the G.P. How many terms of the series 1 + 4 + 16 + ....
make the sum 1365 ?
1, –3, 9, –27, ...
Solution :
Solution :
Let n be the number of terms to be added to
Here the first term a = 1,
−3 get the sum 1365
1 4
Sum to n terms of a G.P. is a = 1, r = = 4 > 1
1
a (r n − 1) a (r n − 1)
Sn = if r ≠ 1 S n = 1365 gives = 1365
r −1 r −1
1(( −3)8 − 1) 6561 − 1 1(4n − 1)
Hence, Sn = = = −1640 = 1365 so, (4n − 1) = 4095
( −3) − 1 −4 4 −1
4n = 4096 then 4n = 46
Example 2.47
n=6
Find the first term of G.P. in which S6 = 4095
and r = 4. Example 2.49
1
Solution : Find the sum 3 + 1 + + ... ∞
3
Common ratio = 4 > 1, Sum of first 6 terms Solution :
t2 1
S6 = 4095 Here a = 3, r = =
t1 3
a (r n − 1)
Hence, S n = = 4095 a 3 9
r −1 Sum of infinite terms = = =
1− r 1− 1 2
a (46 − 1) 3
Since, r = 4, = 4095 gives
4 −1
4095
a× = 4095
3
First term a = 3.
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EXERCI E 2.8 rn −1
Sn = a .
S
1. Find the sum of first n terms of the G.P. r −1
(i)
9 27
(ii) 256, 36 − 1
(i) 5, - 3, , − , ........ ∴ S6 = 5 .
5 25 3 −1
64, 16, .........
Solution : = 5 2 × 728
9 −27 = 5 × 364
i) Given G.P is 5, − 3, , , ........
5 25 = 1820
a = 5, r = −3 5 < 1
3. Find the first term of the G.P. whose
1 − rn
∴ Sn = a . common ratio 5 and whose sum to first 6
1− r
terms is 46872.
( )
n
1 − −3 5 Solution :
= (5) ×
( )
1 − −3
5 Given r = 5, S6 = 46872
1 − (−3 5 )
n rn −1
Sn = a .
= (5) × r −1
8
5 56 − 1
⇒ a× = 46872
25
8
( ( 5) )
−3
n
⇒
4
a (56 − 1) = 46872 × 4
ii) Given G.P is 256, 64, 16, ......... ⇒ a (15624) = 46872 × 4
a = 256, r = 1 4 < 1 46872 × 4
∴ a =
15624
1 − rn
∴ Sn = a . =3× 4
1− r
a = 12
( )
n
1 − 14
= 256 × 4. Find the sum to infinity of
1 − 14
(i) 9 + 3 + 1 + ..........
( )
n
1 − 14 28
= 256 × (ii) 21 + 14 + + ........
3 Solution : 3
4
=
1024
3
( ( ))
1− 1
4
n i) 9 + 3 + 1 + ......... is a geometric series
with a = 9, r = 1 3 < 1
2. Find the sum of first six terms of the G.P.
a 9
5, 15, 45, … S∞ = =
1− r 1− 1
Solution : 3
Given G.P is 5, 15, 45, ............ 9
=
2
a = 5, r = 3 > 1 3
27
= 2
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4 44 444
= + + + ........ to n terms
Surya - 10 Maths
10 100 1000 Relations and Functions
76
1 11 111
=4 + + + ...... n terms
10 100 1000
ii ) 21 + 14 + 28 3 , .......... is geo. series 49
= +
99
+
999
+ ...... n terms
9 10 100 1000
with a = 21, r = 14 21 = 2 3 < 1
1 1 1
4 1 − + 1 − + 1 −
∴ S∞ =
a
=
21 = 10 100 1000
1− r 1− 2 9
3 + ...... n terms
21 (1 + 1 + 1 + ...... n terms)
= 4
1− 2 = 1 1 1
3 9 − + + + ...... n terms
21 10 100 1000
=
1
3 4
1 ( )
1− 1 n
10
= 63 =
9 n − 10 1
1 − 10
( ( ))
5. If the first term of an infinite G.P. is 8 4 1 n
1
and its sum to infinity is
32
then find the 9
= n − 9 1 − 10
3
common ratio.
Solution :
ii) 4n 4
= 3−+ 33 +
9 81
( ( ))
1 −333110
n
+ ..... upto n terms
= 3 (1 + 11 + 111 + ........ + n terms)
32
∞
3 = (9 + 99 + 999 + ........ + n terms)
9
a 32
⇒ = 3
1− r 3 = [(10 − 1) + (100 − 1) + (1000 − 1) + ....... n terms]
1 4
9
8 32 3
⇒ = = [(10 + 100 + 1000 + ...... n terms ]
1− r 3 9
⇒ 3 = 4 − 4r − [(1 + 1 + 1 + ...... n terms ]
⇒ 4r = 1 3 10n − 1
= 10 . − n
∴ r = 14 9 n
30 3 n
= (10n − 1) −
6. Find the sum to n terms of the series 81 9
(i) 0.4 + 0.44 + 0.444 + ....... to n terms 10 n
= (10n − 1) −
(ii) 3 + 33 + 333 + ...... to n terms 27 3
Solution :
7. Find the sum of the Geometric series 3 +
i) 0.4 + 0.44 + 0.444 + ..... to n terms 6 + 12 + ...... + 1536.
4 44 444 Solution :
= + + + ........ to n terms
10 100 1000 Given 3 + 6 + 12 + .......... + 1536 is a geo-
1 11 111 metric series
=4 + + + ...... n terms
10 100 1000 a = 3, r = 2, tn = 1536
49 99 999
= + + + ...... n terms
9 10 100 1000
Students
Dear Teachers4and 1 Please1 Send 1
1 − + 1 − + 1 − Your Answer
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⇒ a . r n-1 = 1536
rn −1
⇒ 3 . 2 n-1 = 1536 ∴ Sn = a .
r −1
1536 48 − 1
⇒ 2n −1 = S8 = 8 .
3 3
⇒ n −1
2 = 512 = 29 65535
=8×
∴ n −1 = 9 3
n = 10 = 8 × 21845
= ` 174760
rn −1
∴ Sn = a .
r −1 9. Find the rational form of the number
210 − 1 0.123.
S10 = 3 ×
2 −1 Solution :
= 3 (1023) Let x = 0.123
= 3069 x = 0.123123123 .....(1)
8. Kumar writes a letter to four of his ⇒ 1000 x = 123.123123 .......
friends. He asks each one of them to copy
⇒ 1000 x = 123.123 .....(2)
sons with the instruction that they con- ∴ (2) – (1) ⇒ 999x = 123
tinue the process similarly. Assuming
123
that the process is unaltered and it costs ⇒x=
` 2 to mail one letter, find the amount 999
spent on postage when 8th set of letters is 41
∴x =
mailed. 333
Solution : 10. If Sn = (x + y) + (x2 + xy + y2) + (x3 + x2y +
By the data given, xy2 + y3) + ......... n terms then prove that
The number of mails delivered are x 2 ( x n - 1) y 2 ( y n - 1)
(x - y) S n = −
x -1 y -1
4, 4 × 4, 4 × 4 × 4, ...............
i.e., 4, 16, 64, ............ 8th set of letters. Solution :
Given
Each mail costs ` 2
Sn = (x + y) (x2 + xy + y2) + (x3 + x2y + xy2
∴ The total cost is
+ y ) + ........ + n terms
3
IX. PECIAL ERIE :
S
S
S
Key Points
n(n + 1)
9 The sum of first n natural numbers 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n =
2
9
9 The sum of squares of first n natural numbers
9
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
12 + 22 + 32 + .... + n 2 =
6 2
n(n + 1)
9 The sum of cubes of first n natural numbers 13 + 23 + 33 + .... + n3 =
2
9
9 The sum of first n odd natural numbers 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n – 1) = n2.
9
Example 2.54 Example 2.55
Find the value of (i) 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 50 (ii) 16 Find the sum of (i) 1 + 3 + 5 + .... + to 40 terms
+ 17 + 18 + .... + 75 (ii) 2 + 4 + 6 + .... + 80 (iii) 1 + 3 + 5 + .... + 55
Solution : Solution :
(i) 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 50 (i) 1 + 3 + 5 + ..... + 40 terms = 402 = 1600
n(n + 1)
Using, 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n = (ii) 2 + 4 + 6 + ..... + 80
2
50 × (50 + 1) = 2 (1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 40)
1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 50 = = 1275 40 × (40 + 1)
2 =2× = 1640
(ii) 16 + 17 + 18 + ... + 75 2
(iii) 1 + 3 + 5 + .... + 55
= (1+2+3 + ... + 75) – (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 15)
Here the number of terms is not given. Now
we have to find the number of terms using the
75(75 + 1) 15(15 + 1)
= − (l − a ) (55 − 1)
2 2 formula, n = + 1 gives n= +1=28.
d 2
= 2850 – 120 = 2730 Therefore, 1 + 3 + 5 + .... + 55
= (28)2 = 784.
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S
25 × (21 + 1) (2 × 21 + 1) 1. Find the sum of the following series
= 25 ×
6 i) 1 + 2 + 3 + ........ + 60
25 × 21 × 22 × 43 ii) 3 + 6 + 9 + ........ + 96
= = 82775
6 iii) 51 + 52 + 53 + ........ + 92
2 2 2 2
iv) 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + ........ + 225
= (12 + 22 + 32 + .... + 282 ) v) 62 + 72 + 82 + ...... + 212
2 2 2 2
− (1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + 14 ) vi) 103 + 113 + 123 + ..... + 203
28 × 29 × 57 14 × 15 × 29 vii) 1 + 3 + 5 + ...... + 71
= −
6 6 Solution :
= 7714 − 1015 = 6699 i) 1 + 2 + 3 + ........ + 60
n
Example 2.57 n(n + 1)
Find the sum of (i) 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 16
3 3 3 3
∑K =
2
k =1
(ii) 93 + 103 + ..... + 213 60 × 61
=
Solution : 2
16 × (16 + 1)
2 = 30 × 61
(i) 13 + 23 + 33 + .... + 163 =
2 = 1830
= (136) 2 = 18496 ii) 3 + 6 + 9 + ........ + 96
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
(ii) 9 + 10 + .... + 21 = (1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + 21 ) = 3 (1 + 2 + 3 + ......... + 32)
− (13 + 23 + 33 + .... + 83 )
32 × 33
= 3
2
2 2
21 × (21 + 1) 8 × (8 + 1)
= =
2 2 = 3 × 16 × 33
2 2
= (231) − (36) = 52065 = 1584
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= 3003 ∴ 1 + 3 + 5 + ....... + 71 = (36)2
n
n(n + 1) (2n + 1) 2. If 1 + 2 + 3 + ....... + k = 325, then find 13 +
∑K 2
=
6
23 + 33 + ........... + k3
k =1
Solution :
15 × 16 × 31
= Given 1 + 2 + 3 + ......... + k = 325
6
= 1240 k (k + 1)
⇒ = 325
2
v) 62 + 72 + 82 + ...... + 212
∴ 13 + 23 + 33 + ........... + k3
= (12 + 22 + 32 + ....... + 212)
2
− (12 + 22 + ....... + 52) k (k + 1)
=
2
21 × 22 × 43 5 × 6 × 11
= −
6 6 = (325) 2
= 3311 − 55 = 105625
= 3256
3. If 13 + 23 + 33 + ....... + k3 = 44100, then
vi) 103 + 113 + 123 + ..... + 203 find 1 + 2 + 3 + ........... + k.
= (13 + 23 + ....... + 203) Solution :
− (13 + 23 + ....... + 93) Given 13 + 23 + 33 + ........ + k3 = 44100
n 2 2
n(n + 1) k (k + 1)
∑ K3 =
2 ⇒
2
= 44100
k =1
20 × 21
2
9 × 10
2 k (k + 1)
= − ⇒ = 210
2 2 2
⇒ 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + k = 210
= (210) 2 − (45) 2
= 44100 − 2025
= 42075
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4. How many terms of the series 13 + 23 + 6. Rekha has 15 square colour papers of
33 + ....... should be taken to get the sum sizes 10 cm, 11 cm, 12 cm,…, 24 cm. How
14400? much area can be decorated with these
Solution : colour papers?
Given 13 + 23 + 33 + ......... + k3 = 14400 Solution :
2
k (k + 1) Given sides of 15 square Colour papers are
⇒ = 14400
2 10 cm, 11 cm, 12 cm, ........ 24 cm
k (k + 1) ∴ its area = 102 + 112 + 122 + ........ + 242
⇒ = 120
2
= (12 + 22 + 32 + ...... + 242) − (12
⇒ k 2 + k − 240 = 0
+ 22 + ...... + 92)
⇒ (k + 16) (k − 15) = 0
24 × 25 × 49 9 × 10 × 19
∴ k = −16, k = 15 = −
6 6
But k ≠ − 16
= 4900 − 285
∴ k = 15
= 4615 cm2
5. The sum of the squares of the first n natu-
7. Find the sum of the series to (23 − 13) +
ral numbers is 285, while the sum of their
(43 − 33) + (63 − 53) + ........ to
(i) n terms (ii) 8 terms
Solution :
Solution :
Give sum of the squares of first 'n' natural
numbers = 285 To find the sum of the series :
n(n + 1) (2n + 1) i) (23 − 13) + (43 − 33) + (63 − 53) + ........ n terms
i.e., = 285 .......... (1)
6 = (23 + 43 + 63 + ........ n terms)
and Sum of their cubes = 2025 − (13 + 33 + 53 + .......... n terms)
2
n(n + 1) n n
i.e., = 2025
2 ∑ (2n)3 − ∑ (2n − 1)3
1 1
n + 1 n
⇒ n = 45 ............. (2)
2 = ∑ [(2n)3 − (2n − 1)3 ]
1
Sub (2) in (1)
( a 3 − b3 = (a − b) (a 2 + ab + b 2 )
n(n + 1) 2n + 1
(1) ⇒ × = 285 n
2 3 = ∑ [(2n − 2n + 1) (4n 2 + 2n(2n − 1) + (2n − 1) 2 ]
2n + 1 1
⇒ 45 × = 285
3 n
= ∑ [4n 2 + 4n 2 − 2n + 4n 2 − 4n + 1]
285
⇒ 2n + 1 = = 19 1
15 n
⇒ 2n = 18 = ∑ [12n 2 − 6n + 1]
1
∴ n=9
= 12 ∑ n 2 − 6 ∑ n + ∑1
2 3
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1)(2Email n(n + 1)
= 12 − 6 +n
1
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n
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= ∑ [4n 2 + 4n 2 − 2n + 4n 2 − 4n + 1]
1
Surya - 10 Maths
n 82 Relations and Functions
= ∑ [12n − 6n + 1] 2
1
3. If the HCF of 65 and 117 is expressible in
= 12 ∑ n 2 − 6 ∑ n + ∑1
the form of 65m – 117, then the value of
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 3 n(n + 1) m is
= 12
6
− 6 +n
2 (1) 4 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) 3
= n(n + 1)[4n + 2 − 3] + n Hint : Ans : (2)
= (n 2 + n)(4n − 1) + n HCF of 65, 117 is 13
3 2 2
= 4n + 4n − n − n + n 65m –117 = 13
= 4n3 + 3n 2
⇒ 65m = 130
ii) When n = 8,
⇒ m=2
S8 = 4(83) + 3(82)
4. The sum of the exponents of the prime
= 4(512) + 3(64) factors in the prime factorization of 1729
= 2048 + 192 is
= 2240 (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
EXERCI E 2.10 Hint : Ans : (3)
S
1729 = 7 × 13 × 19
= 7 × 13 × 19
1. Euclid's division lemma states that
for positive intgers a and b, there exist ∴ Sum of the exponents = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
unique integers q and r such that a = bq + 5. The least number that is divisible by all
r, where r must satisfy. the numbers from 1 to 10 (both inclusive)
(1) 1 < r < b (2) 0 < r < b is
(3) 0 ≤ r < b (4) 0 < r ≤ b (1) 2025 (2) 5220 (3) 5025 (d) 2520
Hint : Ans : (3) Hint : Ans : (4)
By definition of Euclid's lemma 0 ≤ r < b Refer 9th sum in Ex. 2.2
6. 74k ≡ _______ (mod 100)
2. Using Euclid's division lemma, if the
cube of any positive integer is divided by (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
9 then the possible remainders are Hint : Ans : (1)
(1) 0, 1, 8 (2) 1, 4, 8 If k = 1, 7 leaves remainder 1 modulo 100.
4
(3) 0, 1, 3 (4) 1, 3, 5
7. Given F1 = 1, F2 = 3 and Fn = Fn–1 + Fn–2
Hint : Ans : (1) then F5 is
x3 ≡ y (mod 9) (1) 3 (2) 5 (3) 8 (4) 11
when x = 3, y = 0 (27 is div. by 9) Hint : Ans : (4)
when x = 4, y = 1 (63 is div. by 9) F3 = F 2 + F 1 = 4
when x = 5, y = 8 (117 is div. by 9) F4 = F 3 + F 2 = 7
∴ The remainders are 0, 1, 8, .... F5 = F4 + F3 = 4 + 7 = 11
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sion is unity and the common difference a = 1, d = 4, Sn = 120
is 4. Which of the following will be a term
n
of this A.P. ⇒ (2a + (n − 1)d ) = 120
2 –1 –240
(1) 4551 (2) 10091
n −16 15
(3) 7881 (4) 13531 ⇒ (2 + (n − 1)4) = 120 2 2
2
Hint : Ans : (3) ⇒ n(1 + 2n − 2) = 120 – 8, 15
2
a = 1, d = 4 ⇒ n(2n − 1) = 120
∴ The A.P is 1, 5, 9, 13, ..... leaves ⇒ 2n 2 − n − 120 = 0
remainder 1 when divided by 4. ⇒n=8
∴ 7881 leaves remainder 1 when divided 12. If A = 265 and B = 264 + 263 + 262 + ..... + 20
by 4. which of the following is true ?
9. If 6 times 6th term of an A.P. is equal to 7 (1) B is 264 more than A
times the 7th term, then the 13th term of the (2) A and B are equal
A.P. is
(3) B is larger than A by 1
(1) 0 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 13
Hint : Ans : (1)
6(t6) = 7 (t7) ⇒ 6 (a + 5d) = 7 (a + 6d) Hint : Ans : (4)
⇒ 6a + 30d = 7a + 42d 2 is greater than 2 + 2 + 22 + 23 by 1
4 0 1
⇒ a + 12d = 0 25 is greater than 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + 24 by 1
⇒ t13 = 0 ∴ 265 is greater than 20 + 21 + .... + 264 by 1
∴ A is larger than B by 1.
10. An A.P. consists of 31 terms. If its 16th term
is m, then the sum of all the terms of this 13. The next term of the sequence
A.P. is 3 1 1 1
, , , ,.... is
31 16 8 12 18
(1) 16m (2) 62m (3) 31m (d) m
2 1 1 2 1
Hint : Ans : (3) (1) (2) (3) (4)
24 27 3 81
31
n = 31, a + 15d = m S31 = [2a + 30d] Hint : Ans : (2)
2
= 31 (a + 15d) 1
8 = 1 × 16 = 2
r=
= 31m 3 8 3 3
16
11. In an A.P., the first term is 1 and the com- 1 2
mon difference is 4. How many terms of ∴ Next term of the sequence = ×
18 3
the A.P. must be taken for their sum to be 1
equal to 120? =
27
(1) 6 (2) 7 (3) 8 (4) 9
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14. If the sequence t1, t2, t3, .... are in A.P. then 2. A milk man has 175 litres of cow's milk
the sequence t6, t12, t18, .... is and 105 litres of buffalow's milk. He
(1) a Geometric Progression wishes to sell the milk by filling the two
types of milk in cans of equal capacity.
(2) an Arithmetic Progression Claculate the following (i) Capacity of a
(3) neither an Arithmetic Progression nor a can (ii) Number of cans of cow's milk
Geometric Progression (iii) Number of cans of buffalow's milk.
(4) a constant sequence Solution :
Hint : Ans : (3) Cow's milk = 175 lrs.
Obivously they should be in A.P. Buffalow's milk = 105 lrs.
15. The vlaue of (13 + 23 + 33 + ..... + 153) – (1 Since he wish to sell the milk by filling the
+ 2 + 3 + ..... + 15) is 2 types of milk in cans of equal capacity,
(1) 14400 (2) 14200 i) Capacity of a can = HCF of 175 and 105
(3) 14280 (4) 14520 = 35 litres
Hint : Ans : (3) 175
ii) Number of cans of Cow's milk = =5
2 35
15 × 16 15 × 16 iii) Number of cans of buffalow's milk
−
2 2
= 14400 − 120 105
= =3
35
= 14280
3. When the positive integers a, b and c are
IT EXERCI E - 2 divided by 13 the respective remainders
UN
S
are 9, 7 and 10. Find the remainder when
1. Prove that n2 – n divisible by 2 for every a + 2b + 3c is divided by 13.
positive interger n. Solution :
Solution : Let a = 13q + 9
Any positive integer is of the form 2q (or)
b = 13q + 7 ⇒ 2b = 26q + 14
2q + 1 for some integer q.
c = 13q + 10 ⇒ 3c = 39q + 30
i) n2 – n = (2q)2 – 2q
a+ 2b + c = (13q + 9) + (26q + 14) + (39q + 30)
= 2q (2q – 1)
= 78q + 53
which is divisible by 2.
= 13 (6q) + 13(4) + 1
ii) n2 – n = (2q + 1)2 – (2q + 1)
∴ When a + 2b + 3c is divided by 13, the
= (2q + 1) (2q + 1 – 1)
remainder is 1.
= 2q (2q + 1), which is divisible by 2.
Hence proved.
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4. Show that 107 is of the form 4q + 3 for 7. Two A.P.'s have the same common differ-
any integer q. ence. The first term of one A.P. is 2 and
Solution : that of the other is 7. Show that the dif-
When 107 is divided by 4, ference between their 10th terms is the
107 = 4(26) + 3 same as the difference between their 21st
terms, which is the same as the difference
This is of the form
between any two corresponding terms.
107 = 4q + 3 for q = 26.
Solution :
5. If (m + 1)th term of an A.P. is twice the
(n + 1)th term, then prove that (3m + 1)th 1st A.P 2nd A.P.
term is twice the (m + n + 1)th term. a = 2, d = d a = 7, d = d
Solution : t10 = a + 9d T10 = a + 9d
Given tm + 1 = 2(tn+1) = 2 + 9d = 7 + 9d
a + (m + 1 – 1) d = 2 (a + (n + 1 – 1) d) t21 = a + 20d T21 = a + 20d
a + md = 2 (a + nd) = 2 + 20d = 7 + 20d
a + md = 2a + 2nd — (1) ∴ T10 – t10 = 5 and T21 – t21 = 5 = Tn – tn = 5
To Prove : t3m+1 = 2 (tm+n+1)
8. A man saved `16500 in ten years. In each
LHS : t
= a + (3m + 1 – 1)d than he did in the preceding year. How
= a + 3md much did he save in the first year ?
= (a + md) + 2md Solution :
= 2a + 2nd + 2md (from (1)) Given Sn = ` 16500, d = ` 100, n = 10 in A.P.
= 2 [a + (m + n)d] n
= 2 [tm+n+1] S n = [2a + (n − 1)d ]
2
= RHS 10
⇒ [2a + 9(100)] = 16500
Hence proved. 2
6. Find the 12th term from the last term of 16500
⇒ 2a + 900 =
the A.P – 2, – 4, – 6, ... –100. 5
Solution : ⇒ 2a + 900 = 3300
Given A.P is – 2, – 4, – 6, .... – 100 ⇒ 2a = 2400
To find : t12 from the last term ∴ a = 1200
a = – 100, d = 2
∴ He saved Rs. 1200 in 1st year.
t12 = a + 11d
= – 100 + 11(2)
= – 100 + 22
= – 78
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S
Solution : 1. Express the number 0.3178 in the form
a
Given t2 = 6, t6 = 9 6 in G.P. of .
b
⇒ a . r = 6, a . r 5 = 9 6 3178
(Ans: )
999
∴r4 = 9 (when divide)
2. A class of 20 boys and 15 girls is divided
⇒r= 3 into n groups so that each group has x boys
∴a × 3 = 6 and y girls. Find x, y and n.
∴a = 2 (Ans : n = 7, x = 4, y = 3)
∴ The G.P is 3. Show that 7n cannot end with digit zero for
2, 6, 18,..... any natural number.
(or) 4. Find the HCF of the following numbers by
2, 6,3 2,.... using Euclid's division algorithm.
i) 867, 255 ii) 1656, 4025
10. The value of a motor cycle depreciates at
iii) 180, 252, 324 iv) 92690, 7378
the value of the motor cycle 3 year hence, v) 134791, 6341, 6339
which is now purchased for ` 45,000 ?
Solution : (Ans : i) 51 ii) 23 iii) 36 iv) 31 v) 1)
P = ` 45000, n = 3, r = 15% (depreciation) 5. Use Euclid's lemma, show that the square of
n
any positive integer is either of the form
r 3m (or) 3m+1 for same integer m.
A = P 1 −
100
6. Find the largest number which divides 70
3
15 and 125 leaving remainder 5 and 8
= 45,000 1 −
100 respectively.
85 85 85 (Ans : 13)
= 45,000 × × ×
100 100 100
7. Find the largest positive integer that will
= 27,635.625
divide 398, 436 and 542 that leaves
= 27636
remainders 7, 11, 15 respectively.
(Ans : 17)
8. If HCF of 144 and 180 is expressed in the
form 13m – 3, find m.
(Ans : 3)
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9. If d is the HCF of 56 and 72, find x and y 17. The first term of an A.P is 5, the last term is
satisfying d = 56x + 72y. Also show that 45. Sum of all its terms is 400. Find the
x and y is not unique. number of terms and the common difference
of A.P.
(Ans : 4 and –3, –68, 53)
10. Find the largest number of four digits 8
(Ans : n = 16, d = )
exactly divisible by 12, 15, 18 and 27. 3
(Ans : 9720) 18. The 24th term of an A.P is twice its 10th term.
Show that its 72nd term is 4 times its
11. Write the first 6 terms of the sequence 15th term.
whose nth term is
19. Find the sum of all two digit odd positive
n , if n = 1, 2,3
numbers.
i) an =
an −1 + an − 2 + an −3 , if n > 3
(Ans : 2475)
3n − 2
ii) a = n −1 20. Which term of the sequence
3
1 1
4 7 10 20,19 ,18 .... is the first negative term ?
(Ans : i) 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 ii) 1, , , ,..... ) 4 2
3 9 27 (Ans : 28)
21. Find the 18th term of the A.P from right end
following : 3, 7, 11, ....... 407.
i) an = (–1)n . 2n+3 (n + 1) ; a5, a8 (Ans : 339)
ii) an = (–1) , (1 – n + n ) ; a2, a9
n 2
22. How many consecutive integers beginning
(Ans : i) – 1536, 18432 ii) 3, –73) with 10 must be taken for their sum to be
2035 ?
13. How many temrs are there in the A.P.
(Ans : 55)
−5 −2 10
−1, , ,....... ? 23. Sum of 3 numbers in an A.P is 54 and their
6 3 3
(Ans : 27) product is 5670. Find the 3 numbers.
14. Find the 40th term of an A.P whose 5th term (Ans : 15, 18, 21)
is 41 and 11th term is 71.
24. Find the sum of all natural numbers
(Ans : 216) between 201 and 399 that are divisible by 5.
15. If 7th term of an A.P is 1 and 9th term is 1 1 2 3
9 7 25. Find : 4 − + 7 − + 10 − + ......
. n n n
up to n terms.
(Ans : 1)
3n 2 + 4n − 1
16. Find the middle term of the A.P 213, 205, (Ans : )
197, ...37 2
(Ans :125)
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26. The sum of first 'n' terms of an A.P is 36. A farmer buys a used tractor for Rs. 12000.
5n – n2. Find the nth term of the A.P. He pays Rs. 6000 and agress to pay the
balance in annual instalment of Rs. 500 plus
(Ans : – 2 (n – 3))
12% interest on u paid amount. How much
27. If 7 times the 7th term of an A.P is equal to will the tractor cost him ?
11 times its 11th term, show that its 18th term
(Ans : Rs. 16,680)
is 0.
37. The sum of an infinite geometric series is
28. Find the sum of 22 terms of the A.P x + y,
15 and the sum of the squares of these terms
x – y, x – 3y, .....
is 45. Find the series.
(Ans : 22 (x – 20y))
10 20
(Ans : 5 + + + ....)
29. If the ratio between the sums of n terms of 3 9
AP's is (7n + 1) : (4n + 27), find the ratio of 38. Evaluate : 12 + 32 + 52 + ......... 292
their 11th terms. (Ans : 4495)
(Ans : 148 : 111) 39. Evaluate : 83 + 93 + ..... + 173
30. A man gets the initial salary of 5200 p.m. and 40. The sum of the squares of first 'n' natural
receive an automatic increase of 320 in the numbers is 285, while the sum of their cubes
very next month and each month hereafter. is 2025. Find 'n'.
earings during the 1st year. (Ans : 9)
(Ans : 8080, 83520) OBJECTIVE TYPE Q E TIO
U
S
NS
39 257
31. Sum of 3 terms of a G.P is and their 1. When the denominator number of
10
product is 1. Find the G.P. writes in the form of 2m × 5n, then m + n is 500
(Ans : 5 ,1, 2 ) (a) 6 (b) 5
2 5
(c) 23 (d) none of these
32. If 4th and 7th terms of a G.P are 54 and 1458
respectively, find G.P. Ans : (b)
(Ans : 2, 6, 18, 54, .....) 2. The common difference of the A.P
1 1 − 2q 1 − 4q
33. In the series 18, – 12, 8, ....., which term is , , , .......
512 2q 2q 2q
?
729 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) – 1 (d) q
(Ans : 9th term)
Ans : (c)
34. Find the sum : 0.2 + 0.92 + 0.992 + ....
to nterms. 3. The first 3 terms of A.P are 3y – 1, 3y + 5
and 5y + 1, then y is
35. Find the sum of the series :
(a) 5 (b) 1 (c) – 5 (d) 4
1 1 1
9 3 9 9 9 27 .... ∞. (Ans : 3) Ans : (a)
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4. For an A.P, Sn = n2 – n + 1, the 2nd term is 11. The 3rd term of a G.P is the square of first
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) – 2 term. If the 2nd term is 8, then the 6th term
is
Ans : (b)
(a) 120 (b) 124 (c) 128 (d) 132
5. The next term of an A.P :
Ans : (d)
– 12, – 9, – 6, – 3, ....... is
(a) 3 (b) 6 12. If a1 = a2 = 2, an = an–1 – 1, then a5 is
(c) 0 (d) none of these (a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 0 (d) – 2
Ans : (c) Ans : (b)
6 The sum of 6 terms of the A.P 1, 3, 5, 7, 2
13. The 9th term of the series 27 + 9 + 5 +
.......... is ......... is 5
(a) 25 (b) 49 (c) 36 (d) 30 10 10 16 17
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
Ans : (c) 17 17 27 27
(Ans : (a))
7. Which term of the series – 3, – 1, 5, ....... is
53 ? 14. The nth term of the series 3.8 + 6.11 + 9.14
+ 12.17 + ........ will be
(a) 12 (b) 13 (c) 14 (d) 15
Ans : (d)
(c) n (3n + 5) (d) 3n (3n + 5)
8. The common ratio of the G.P −5 , 25 , −125 ,
........ is 2 4 8 Ans : (d)
35 −5 5 −5 5
(a) 15 (b) (c) (d) 15. If the nth term of a G.P 5, , , .... is
4 2 2 5 2 4
Ans : (c) , then n is
1024
9. If the 3rd term of G.P is 4, then the product (a) 11 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 4
of its first 5 terms is Ans : (a)
(a) 43 (b) 45 (c) 44 (d) 42
16. If 1 + 2 + 3 + ......... + n = K, then
Ans : (b)
13 + 23 + 33 + ...... + n3 is
10. If a, b, c are in A.P., a, b, din G.P, then
a, a – b, d – c will be in (a) K3 (b) K2
(a) A.P (b) G.P K ( K + 1)
(c) (d) (K + 1)3
(c) A.P and G.P (d) none of these 2
Ans : (b)
Ans : (b)
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CHAPTER
3
I. IM LTA EO LI EAR EQ ATIO I THREE VARIABLE :
ALGEBRA
S
U
N
US
N
U
NS
N
S
Key Points
9 Any first degree equation containing two variables x and y is called a linear equation in two
9
variables. The general form of linear equation in two variables x and y is ax + by + c = 0, where
atleast one of a, b is non-zero and a, b, c are real numbers.
9 The general form of a linear equation in three variables x, y and z is ax +by +cz +d = 0 where
9
a, b, c, d are real numbers, and atleast one of a, b, c is non-zero.
9 A linear equation in two variables of the form ax +by +c = 0 , represents a straight line.
9
9 A linear equation in three variables of the form ax + by +cz +d = 0 , represents a plane.
9
The father’s age is six times his son’s age. Six Solve 2x −3y = 6 , x + y = 1
years hence the age of father will be four times Solution :
his son’s age. Find the present ages (in years) of 2x − 3y = 6 — (1)
the son and father. x+y=1 — (2)
(1) × 1 gives, 2x – 3y = 6
Solution :
Let the present age of father be x years and (2) × 2 gives, 2x +2y = 2
the present age of son be y years −4
– 5y = 4 gives, y =
Given, x = 6y 5
−4 4
— (1) Substituting y = in (2), x – = 1 we get,
5 5
9
x + 6 = 4(y + 6) x=
5
— (2)
Substituting (1) in (2), 6y + 6 = 4(y + 6)
6y + 6 = 4y + 24 gives, y = 9
Therefore, son’s age = 9 years and father’s
age = 54 years.
9 −4
Therefore x = , y =
5 5
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x + y = z — (3)
2x + 3y – z = 5 — (2)
Substituting (3) in (1) we get, z + z = 24
x + y + z = 6 — (3) gives, z = 12
Adding (1) and (2), 3x – 2y + z = 2 Therefore, (3) equation will be, x + y = 12
2x + 3y – z = 5 (+) (2) is 5x + 3y = 44
5x + y = 7 — (4) 3 × (3) is 3x + 3y = 36 (–)
Adding (2) and (3), 2x + 3y – z = 5 2x =8 we get, x = 4
x+y+z=6 (+) Substituting x = 4 , z = 12 in (3) we get,
y = 12−4 = 8
Therefore, Number of first place finishers is 4
4 × (4) – (5) 20x + 4y = 28
Number of second place finishers is 8
3x + 4y = 11 (–)
Number of third place finishers is 12.
17x = 17 gives, x = 1 Example 3.5
Substituting x = 1 in (4), 5 + y = 7 gives, y = 2 Solve x + 2y – z = 5 ; x − y + z = −2 ;
Substituting x = 1 , y = 2 in (3), 1 + 2 + z = 6 we −5x − 4y + z = −11
get, z = 3
Solution :
Therefore, x = 1, y = 2 , z = 3 Let, x + 2y – z = 5 — (1)
Example 3.4 x – y + z =–2 — (2)
In an interschool atheletic meet, with 24 indi-
–5x – 4y + z = –11 — (3)
vidual events, securing a total of 56 points, a first
place secures 5 points, a second place secures 3 Adding (1) and (2) we get,
points, and a third place secures 1 point. Having x + 2y – z = 5
as many third place finishers as first and second
place finishers, find how many athletes finished x – y + z = –2 (+)
in each place. 2x + y =3 — (4)
Solution : Subtracting (2) and (3),
Let the number of I, II and III place finish-
ers be x , y and z respectively.
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2x + y = 3
6 x − 2 y = 2 we get, 3x – y = 12 — (1)
2x + y = 3 12
0 =0 Considering, x − 1 = z + 2
2 7
Here we arrive at an identity 0 = 0.
x z
− = 1 + 2 gives,
Hence the system has an infinite number of
2 7
solutions. 7x − 2z
= 3 we get, 7x – 2z = 42 — (2)
Example 3.6 14
y z
Solve 3x + y – 3z = 1 ; –2x – y + 2z = 1 ; Also, from + = 13 gives,
3 2
2 y + 3 z = 13 we get, 2y + 3z = 78 — (3)
Solution :
6
Let 3x + y − 3z = 1 — (1)
–2x – y + 2z = 1 — (2) Eliminating z from (2) and (3)
− x −y + z = 2 — (3) (2) × 3 gives, 21x – 6z = 126
Adding (1) and (2), 3x + y – 3z = 1 (3) × 2 gives, 4y + 6z = 156 (+)
– 2x – y + 2z = 1 (+) 21x + 4y = 282
x – z =2 — (4)
(1) × 4 gives, 12x – 4y = 48 (+)
Adding (1) and (3), 3x + y – 3z = 1
33x = 330 so, x = 10
–x–y+z=2 (+)
2x – 2z = 3 — (5) Substituting x = 10 in (1), 30 − y = 12 we
get, y = 18
Now, (5) – 2 × (4) we get,
2x – 2z = 3 Substituting x = 10 in (2), 70 − 2z = 42 then,
z = 14
2x – 2z = 4 (–)
0=–1 Therefore, x = 10 , y = 18 , z = 14 .
Here we arrive at a contradiction as 0 ≠ –1.
This means that the system is inconsistent
and has no solution.
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3p + 30r = 16 — (5) – 7y + 7z = 7
15p – 4r = 3 –7y + 7z = 7
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EXERCI E 3.1 1 2
(ii) − +4=0
S
x y
1. Solve the following system of linear equa- 1 1
tions in three variables − +1= 0
y z
(i) x + y + z = 5; 2 x − y + z = 9; x − 2 y + 3 z = 16
2 3
1 2 1 1 2 3 + = 14
(ii) − + 4 = 0; − + 1 = 0; + = 14 z x
x y y z z x
3y Let 1 x = a, 1 y = b, 1 z = c
(iii) x + 20 = + 10 = 2 z + 5 = 110 − ( y + z )
2
∴ a − 2b = − 4 — (1)
Solution:
i) Given x+y+z=5 — (1) b–c=−1 — (2)
2x – y + z = 9 — (2) 2c + 3a = 14 — (3)
x – 2y + 3z = 16 — (3) Solving (1) & (2)
(1) – (3) ⇒ 3y – 2z = –11 — (4) (1) × 1 ⇒ a – 2b = – 4
(2) ⇒ 2x – y + z = 9 (2) × 2 ⇒ 2b − 2 = − 2
Adding a − 2c = –6 — (4)
3y – 2z = −11 a − 2c = − 6
− 3y − z = − 1 Adding 4a = 8
sub y = − 1, z = 4 in (1) ⇒ x = 1 2 , y = 13 , z = 1 4
⇒ x−1+4 =5
∴ Solution set :
⇒ x =2
∴ Solution set :
{1 2 , 1 , 1
3 4 }
x = 2, y = −1, z = 4
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⇒ 2 x + 40 = 3 y + 20 ii) 2y + z = 3 (−x + 1) ; −x + 3y – z = −4
1
⇒ 2 x − 3 y = − 20 ........... (1) 3x + 2y + z = −
2
3y y+ z z+ x x+ y
+ 10 = 2 z + 5 iii ) = = ; x + y + z = 27
2 4 3 2
⇒ 3 y + 20 = 4 z + 10 Solution :
⇒ 3 y − 4 z = − 10 ........... (2) Given x + 2y – z = 6 — (1)
2 z + 5 = 110 − y − z
– 3x –2y + 5z = – 12 — (2)
z = 25 ii) Given
2y + z = 3 (−x + 1) ⇒
Sub z = 25 in (4)
3x + 2y + z = 3 ....... (1)
2x − 100 = −30
− x + 3y − z = − 4 ....... (2)
⇒ 2x = 70 1
3x + 2y + z = − ....... (3)
⇒ x = 35 2
Solving (1) & (2)
Sub x = 35 in (1)
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2x + 5y = −1 ........ (4)
70 − 3y = −20
Solving (2) + (3)
3y = 90
(2) + (3) ⇒ 2x + 5y = −9 ........ (5)
2
∴ y = 30
Solving (4) & (5)
∴ Solution : x = 35, y = 30, z = 35
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0 = 92 − 1 By data given,
0 = 72
x+ y+ z
= 53 ⇒ x + y + z = 159 ........ (1)
This is a contradiction 3
1 z + 1 y + 1 x = 65
Since 0 ≠ 7 2 2 3 4
6 z + 4 y + 3x
∴ The system has no solution. ⇒ = 65 ⇒
12
y+ z z+ x x+ y 3 x + 4 y + 6 z = 780 ........ (2)
iii) Given
iii ) = = ; x + y + z = 27
4 3 2 ( z − 4) = 4 ( x − 4) ⇒ 4 x − z = 12 ........ (3)
y+z z+x z+ x x+ y Solving (1) & (2)
⇒ = & =
4 3 3 2
(1) × (4) ⇒ 4x + 4y + 4z = 636
⇒ 3y + 3z = 4z + 4x & 2z + 2x = 3x + 3y (2) ⇒
⇒ 4x − 3y + z = 0 & x + 3y − 2z = 0
Subtracting 3x − 2z = − 144 ......... (4)
∴ 4x − 3y + z = 0 ........... (1)
Solving (3) & (4)
x + 3y − 2z = 0 ........... (2)
(3) × (2) ⇒ 8x − 2z = 24
x + y + z = 27 ........... (3)
(4) ⇒
3x − 2z = − 144
From (1) & (2)
a1 b1 c1 4 −3 −1 Subtracting 7x= 168
≠ ≠ ie ≠ ≠
a2 b2 c2 1 3 2 168
x = = 24
7
a1 b1 c1
From (2) & (3), ≠ ≠ ie 1 ≠ 3 ≠ – 2 Sub x = 24 in (3)
a2 b2 c2
∴ The system of equations has a unique 96 − z = 12
solutions. z = 84
3. Vani, her father and her grand father ∴ (1) ⇒ 24 + y + 84 = 159
have an average age of 53. One-half of
⇒ y = 51
her grand father’s age plus one-third of
her father’s age plus one fourth of Vani’s ∴ Vani' present age = 24 years
age is 65. Four years ago if Vani’s grand- Father's present age = 51 years
father was four times as old as Vani then
how old are they all now ? Grand father's age = 84 years
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4. The sum of the digits of a three-digit num- Solving (4) & (5)
ber is 11. If the digits are reversed, the
new number is 46 more than five times (4) × 11 ⇒ 22x + 33y = 121
the former number. If the hundreds digit (5) ⇒ 22x + 5y = 37
plus twice the tens digit is equal to the
units digit, then find the original three Subtracting, 28y = 84
digit number ? y=3
Solution : Sub y = 3 in (4)
Let x be the 100's digit
2x + 9 = 11
y be the 10's digit
2x =2
z be the unit's digit of a 3 digit no.
x =1
∴ The required number is 100x + 10y + z
Sub in (1)
and the reversed number is 100z + 10y + x
x + y + z = 11
Given x + y + z = 11 ........... (1)
⇒ 1 + 3 + z = 11
∴ By the data given,
100 z + 10 y + x = 5 (100 x + 10 y + z) + 46 ∴ The 3 digit no is
⇒ 499 x + 40 y − 95 z = − 46 ........... (2) 100x + 10y + z
and = 100(1) + 10 (3) + 7
also x + 2y = z
= 137 and reversed digit number 731.
⇒ x + 2y − z = 0 ........... (3) 5. There are 12 pieces of five, ten and twen-
ty rupee currencies whose total value is `
Adding (1) & (3), 2x + 3y = 11 ......... (4)
105. When first 2 sorts are interchanged
Solving (1) & (2) in their numbers its value will be in-
creased by ` 20. Find the number of cur-
(1) × 95 ⇒ 95x + 95y + 95z = 1045
rencies in each sort.
(2) × 1 ⇒ 499x + 40y − 95z = − 46
Solution :
Subtracting, 94x + 135y = 999 Let x be the number of 5 rupee currencies
÷ by 27 ⇒ 22x + 5y = 37 Let y be the number of 10 rupee currencies
Let z be the number of 20 rupee currencies
........... (5)
By the data given,
x + y + z = 12 ......... (1)
5x + 10y + 20z = 105 ......... (2)
10x + 5y + 20z = 125 ......... (3)
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Solving (2) & (3) ∴ (1) ⇒ x + 3 + 2 = 12 ⇒ x=7
(3) ⇒ 10x + 5y + 20z = 125 No. of 10 rupee notes = 3
No. of 20 rupee notes = 2
Subtracting, 15y + 20z = 85
⇒ 3y + 4z = 17 ..... (5)
II. GC nd LCM n s:
D
a
of
poly
omial
9 Step 1 : First, divide f (x) by g (x) to obtain f (x) = g(x)q(x) + r(x) where q(x) is the quotient and
9
r(x) is the remainder. Then, deg [r(x)] < deg [g(x)].
9 Step 2 : If the remainder r(x) is non-zero, divide g(x) by r(x) to obtain g(x) = r(x) q(x) + r1(x)
9
where r1(x) is the new remainder. Then deg[r1(x)] < deg[r(x)]. If the remainder r1(x) is zero,
then r(x) is the required GCD.
9 Step 3 : If r1(x) is non-zero, then continue th eprocess until we get zero as remainder. The divi-
9
sor at this stage will be the required GCD.
9 If the f(x) and g(x) are two polynomials of same degree then the polynomial carrying the high-
9
est coefficient will be the dividend.
9 The Least Common Multiple of two or more algebraic expressions is the expression of lowest
9
degree (or power) such that the expressions exactly divide it.
Example 3.10 2
Find the GCD of the polynomials x + x − x + 2 3 2 x +x −x+2
3 2
2x3 − 5x2 + 5x − 3
and 2x3 − 5x2 + 5x − 3. 2x3 + 2x2 − 2x + 4 (−)
Solution : − 7x2 + 7x − 7
Let f(x) = 2x3 − 5x2 + 5x − 3 and g(x) = x3 + −7 (x2 − x + 1)
x −x+2
2
−7 (x2 − x + 1) = 0, note that −7 is not a divisor
of g(x)
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12x + 21x − 18)] = 3(x − 2)
2
Therefore, GCD (2x3 − 5x2 + 5x − 3,
x + x2 − x + 2) = x2 − x + 1
3 Example 3.12
Example 3.11 Find the LCM of the following
Find the GCD of 6x3 − 30x2 + 60x − 48 and i) 8x4 y2, 48x2y4 ii) 5x − 10, 5x2 − 20
3x3 − 12x2 + 21x − 18 4 2 3 2 2
Solution : Solution :
Let f(x) = 6x3 − 30x2 + 60x − 48 = 6 i) 8x4 y2, 48x2y4
(x − 5x + 10x − 8) and
3 2
First let us find the LCM of the numerical
g(x) = 3x − 12x2 + 21x − 18 = 3
3
coefficients.
(x3 − 4x2 + 7x − 6)
That is, LCM (8, 48) 2 8, 48
Now, we shall find the GCD of x3 − 5x2 +
10x − 8 and x3 − 4x2 + 7x − 6 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 6 = 48 2 4, 24
Then find the LCM of the 2 2, 12
1
terms involving variables. 1, 6
x − 5x + 10x − 8 x − 4x2 + 7x − 6
3 2 3
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Now , divide g(x) by x2 + 2x - 3 (excluding 3)
= (x2 + 1) (x + 1) (x − 1)
x−1
x2 − 2x + 1 = (x − 1)2
x + 2x − 3 x + x2 − 5x + 3
2 3
ii) x − 1, x3 − 11x2 + x − 11
4
x4 − 11x3 + x2 − 11x
iii) 3x + 6x − 12x − 24x, 4x + 14x + 8x −8x
4 3 2 4 3 2
11x3 − x2 + 11x − 1
iv) 3x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 3, 6x3 + 12x3 + 6x + 12 11x3 – 121x2 + 11x − 121
Solution : 120x2 + 120
i) Let f(x) = x4 + 3x3 − x − 3 = 120 (x2 + 1) ≠ 0
g(x) = x3 + x2 − 5x + 3
To find the GCD of f(x), g(x)
Divide f(x) by g(x)
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x + 1 x − 11x2 + x − 11
2 3
x3 + x2 + x + 1
x3 + 0x2 + x x2 + 1
− 11x2 − 11
− 11x2 − 11 = x2 + 1 ≠ 0
0 x+1
∴ HCF = x + 1
2 x + 1 x + x2 + x + 1
2 3
iv) p2 − 3p + 2 = (p − 2) (p − 1) = 2 (x + 3) 2 (x − 3)
p −4
2
= (p − 2) (p + 2) = 4 (x + 3) (x − 3)
∴ LCM = (p − 2) (p − 1) (p + 2) ∴ LCM = 4(x − 3) (x + 3) (2x + 1)
v) 2x2 − 5x − 3 = (x − 3) (2x + 1) vi) (2x2 − 3xy)2 = (x (2x − 3y))2
4x2 − 36 = (2x)2 − (6)2 = x2 (2x − 3y)2
(4x − 6y)3 = (2 (2x − 3y))3
−5 −6
= 8 (2x − 3y)3
−6 +1
2 2 8x3 − 27y3 = (2x)3 − (3y)3
= (2x + 6) (2x − 6) ∴ LCM = (2x − 3y)3 8x2 (4x2 + 6xy + 9y2)
= 8x2 (2x − 3y)3 (4x2 + 6xy + 9y2)
Key Points
9 The product of two polynomials is the product of their LCM and GCD. That is, f(x) × g(x) =
9
LCM[f(x), g(x)] × GCD [f(x), g(x)].
GCD = x − 3a
g(x) = x2 + xy f ( x) × g ( x)
= x (x + y) ∴ LCM =
GCD
∴ GCD = x (x + y) x( x − 3a ) ( x 2 + 3ax + 9a 2 ) ( x − 3a ) 2
=
∴ LCM = x (x + y) y x − 3a
= (x3 + 1) (x3 − 1) = x (x2 + 3ax + 9a2) (x − 3a)2
= x6 − 1 3. Find the GCD of each pair of the follow-
∴ f(x) × g(x) = xy (x + y) × x ( x + y) ing polynomials
= x2y (x + y)2 i) 12 (x4 − x3), 8(x4 − 3x3 + 2x2) whose
∴ LCM × GCD = xy (x + y) x (x + y) LCM is 24x3 (x − 1) (x − 2)
= x2y (x + y)2 ii) (x3 + y3), (x4 + x2y2 + y4) whose LCM is
∴ f(x) × g(x) = LCM × GCD (x3 + y3) (x2 + xy + y2)
Solution :
2. Find the LCM of each pair of the
following polynomials i) f(x) = 12 (x4 − x3)
= 12x3 (x − 1)
a−2 g(x) = 8 (x4 − 3x3 + 2x2)
= 8 × x2 (x2 − 3x + 2)
ii) x4 − 27 a3x, (x − 3a)2 whose GCD is
(x − 3a) = 8 × x2 (x − 2) (x − 1)
LCM = 24x3 (x − 1) (x − 2)
Solution :
i) Let f(x) = a2 + 4a − 12 f ( x) × g ( x)
∴ GCD =
= (a + 6) (a − 2) LCM
12 x3 ( x − 1) 8 x 2 ( x − 2) ( x − 1)
g(x) = a2 − 5a + 6 =
24 x3 ( x − 1) ( x − 2)
= (a − 3) (a − 2)
= 4x2 (x − 1)
GCD = a−2
ii) f(x) =(x3 + y3) = (x + y) (x2 − xy + y2)
f ( x) × g ( x)
∴ LCM = g(x) = x4 + x2y2 + y4 = (x2 − xy + y2)
GCD
(x2 + xy + y2)
(a + 6) (a − 2) × (a − 3) (a − 2)
= LCM = (x3 + y3) (x2 + xy + y2)
a−2
= (x + y) (x2 − xy + y2) (x2 + xy + y2)
= (a + 6) (a − 3) (a − 2) f ( x) × g ( x)
∴ GCD =
ii) Let f(x) = x4 − 27a3 x LCM
( x + y ) ( x 2 − xy + y 2 ) × ( x 2 − xy + y 2 ) ( x 2 + xy + y 2 )
= x (x3 − 27a3) =
( x + y ) ( x 2 − xy + y 2 ) ( x 2 + xy + y 2 )
= x (x3 − (3a)3)
= x2 − xy + y2
= x [(x − 3a) (x2 + 3ax + 9a2)]
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4. Given the LCM and GCD of the two poly- LCM × GCD (a 3 − 10a 2 + 11a + 70) ( a − 7)
nomials p(x) and q(x) find the unknown q( x) = =
p( x) (a − 7) (a − 5)
polynomial in the following table
(a − 5) (a 5 − 5a − 14) (a − 7)
=
S. LCM GCD (a − 7) (a − 5)
No. = a 2 − 5a − 14
i) a3 − 10a2 + 11a + 70 a−7 q ( x) = (a − 7) (a + 2)
ii) (x + y ) (x + x y + y ) (x2 − y2)
2 2 4 2 2 4
ii) Given LCM = (x2 + y2) (x4 + x2y2 + y4)
p(x) q(x) GCD = (x2 − y2)
a − 12a + 35
2
q(x) = (x4 − y4) (x2 + y2 − xy) p(x) = ?
(x − y ) (x + y − xy)
4 4 2 2
LCM × GCD
p( x) =
q( x)
Solution :
( x2 + y 2 ) ( x4 + x2 y 2 + y 4 ) ( x2 − y 2 )
i) Given LCM = a3 − 10a2 + 11a + 70, =
( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x 2 − y 2 ) ( x 2 + y 2 − xy )
GCD = a − 7
( x 2 + y 2 − xy ) ( x 2 − xy + y 2 )
=
p(x) = a − 12a + 35,
2
q(x) = ? x 2 + y 2 − xy
= x 2 + xy + y 2
Key Points
p( x)
9 An expression is called a rational expression if it can be written in the form where p(x)
q ( x )
9
and q(x) are polynomials and q(x) ≠ 0.
9 A rational expression is the ratio of two polynomials.
9
p( x)
9 A rational expression is said to be in its lowest form if GCD (p(x), q(x)) = 1.
q( x)
9
9 A value that makes a rational expression (in its lowest form) undefined is called an excluded
9
value.
Example 3.13 Example 3.14
Reduce the rational expressions to its lowest Find the excluded values of the following
form expressions (if any).
x−3 x 2 − 16 x + 10 7p + 2 x
(i ) 2 (ii ) 2 i) (ii ) 2
(iii ) 2
x −9 x + 8 x + 16 8x 8 p + 13 p + 5 x +1
Solution :
Solution :
x + 10
x−3 x−3 1 i)
(i ) 2 = = 8x
x −9 ( x + 3) ( x − 3) x + 3 x + 10
The expression is undefined when
x 2 − 16 ( x + 4) ( x − 4) x − 4 8x
(ii ) = =
2
x + 8 x + 16 ( x + 4) 2 x+4 8x = 0 or x = 0. Hence the excluded value is 0.
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7p + 2 x 2 − 11x + 18
(ii ) 2 ii )
8 p + 13 p + 5 x2 − 4x + 4
( x − 9) ( x − 2)
7p + 2 =
(ii )
The expression 2 is undefined ( x − 2) ( x − 2)
when 8 p + 13 p + 5
x−9
=
8p2 + 13p + 5 = 0 that is x−2
(8p + 5) (p + 1) = 0 9 x 2 + 81x
iii )
−5 −5 x3 + 8 x 2 − 9 x
p=
, p = − 1. The excluded values are and − 1. 9 x( x + 9)
8 8 =
−5 −5 x( x 2 + 8 x − 9)
= , p = − 1. The excluded values are and − 1.
8 8 9( x + 9)
=
x ( x + 9) ( x − 1)
(iii ) 2
x +1 9
=
Here x2 > 0 for all x. x −1
Therefore, x2 + 1 > 0 + 1 = 1. Hence, x2 + 1 p 2 − 3 p − 40
≠ 0 for any x. iv) 3 2
Therefore, there can be no real excluded p 2 − 3 p − 40
x =
values for the given rational expression 2 2 p ( p 2 − 12 p + 32)
x +1
( p − 8) ( p + 5)
=
EXERCI E 3.4 2 p ( p − 8) ( p + 4)
S
p+5
=
1. Reduce each of the following rational ex- 2 p ( p − 4)
pressions to its lowest form.
2. Find the excluded2 values, if any of the
x2 − 1 x 2 − 11x + 18 9 x 2 + 81x p − 3 p − 40
i) ii ) iii ) iv) 3
2 following expressions.
x2 + x x2 − 4x + 4 3
x + 8x − 9x 2 p − 24 p 2 + 64 p
y t x2 + 6 x + 8
i) 2 ii ) 2 iii ) 2
+ 18 9 x 2 + 81x p 2 − 3 p − 40 y − 25 t − 5t + 6 x +x−2
iii ) iv)
x+4 x3 + 8 x 2 − 9 x 2 p 3 − 24 p 2 + 64 p
y t x2 + 6 x + 8 x3 − 27
Solution : i) 2 ii ) 2 iii ) iv)
y − 25 t − 5t + 6 x2 + x − 2 x3 + x 2 − 6 x
x2 − 1 Solution :
i)
x2 + x y y
i) 2 =
( x + 1) ( x − 1) y − 25 (y + 5) (y − 5)
=
x( x + 1)
The expression is undefined if y = −5, y = 5
x −1
= ∴ The excluded values are 5, −5
x
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t x3 − 27
ii ) iv)
2
t − 5t + 6 x3 + x 2 − 6 x
t x3 − 33
= =
(t − 3) (t − 2) x( x 2 + x − 6)
The expression is undefined if t = 3, t = 2 ( x − 3) ( x 2 + 3x + 9)
=
x ( x + 3) ( x − 2)
∴ The excluded values are 3, 2
x2 + 6 x + 8 This expression is not defined for
iii ) x = 0, x = − 3, x = 2
x2 + x − 2
( x + 4) ( x + 2) ∴ The excluded values are 0, − 3, 2
=
( x + 2) ( x − 1)
x+4
=
x −1
This expression is not defined if x = 1
p( x) r ( x)
9 If and are two rational expressions wehre q(x) ≠ 0, s(x) ≠ 0, their product is
q( x) s ( x)
9
p( x) r ( x) p( x) × r ( x)
× =
q( x) s ( x) q( x) × s ( x)
p( x) r ( x)
9 If and are two rational expressions wehre q(x), s(x) ≠ 0, then,
q( x) s ( x)
9
p( x) r ( x) p( x) s ( x) p ( x) × s ( x)
÷ = × =
q( x) s ( x) q( x) r ( x) q( x) × r ( x)
Example 3.15
x3 27 y x 4b 2 x2 − 1
i) Multiply 2
by 5 ii) Multiply by 4 3
9y x x −1 a b
Solution :
x3 27 y 3
i) 2
× 5 = 2
9y x x y
x 4b 2 x 2 − 1 x 4 × b 2 ( x + 1) ( x − 1) x 4 ( x + 1)
ii) × = × =
x − 1 a 4 b3 x −1 a 4 × b3 a 4b
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Example 3.16
p 2 − 10 p + 21 p 2 + p − 12
Find ii ) ×
p−7 ( p − 3) 2
14 x 4 7x x 2 − 16 x − 4 ( p − 7) ( p − 3) ( p + 4) ( p − 3)
i) ÷ 4 ii ) ÷ = ×
y 3y x+4 x+4
p−7 ( p − 3) 2
2 2
16 x − 2 x − 3 8 x + 11x + 3
iii ) ÷ = p+4
3 x 2 − 2 x − 1 3 x 2 − 11x − 4
5t 3 6t − 12
Solution : iii ) ×
14 x 4 7 x 14 x 4 3 y 4 4t − 8 10t
i) ÷ 4 = × = 6 x3 y 3 3
y 3y y 7x 5t 6(t − 2)
= ×
x 2 − 16 x − 4 ( x + 4) ( x − 4) x + 4 4(t − 2) 10t
ii ) ÷ = × = x+4
x+4 x+4 ( x + 4) x − 4 3t 2
=
16 x 2 − 2 x − 3 8 x 2 + 11x + 3 4
iii ) ÷
3x 2 − 2 x − 1 3x 2 − 11x − 4 2. Simplify
16 x 2 − 2 x − 3 3 x 2 − 11x − 4
= × x+4 9 x 2 − 16 y 2
3 x 2 − 2 x − 1 8 x 2 + 11x + 3 i) × 2
3 x + 4 y 2 x + 3 x − 20
(8 x + 3) (2 x − 1) (3 x + 1) ( x − 4)
= ×
x3 − y 3 x 2 + 2 xy + y 2
ii ) ×
(2 x − 1) ( x − 4) 2 x 2 − 9 x + 4 3 x 2 + 9 xy + 6 y 2 x2 − y 2
= =
( x − 1) ( x + 1) x2 − 1 Solution :
EXERCI E 3.5 x+4 9 x 2 − 16 y 2
i) × 2
3 x + 4 y 2 x + 3 x − 20
S
1. Simplify x+4 (3 x + 4 y ) (3x − 4 y)
= ×
4 x 2 y 6 xz 3 p 2 − 10 p + 21 p 2 + p − 12 3x + 4 y ( x + 4) (2 x − 5)
i) × ii ) ×
2z2 20 y 4 p−7 ( p − 3) 2 3x − 4 y
=
5t 3 6t − 12 2x − 5
iii ) ×
4t − 8 10t 3 −40
Solution :
8 −5
4 x 2 y 6 xz 3
i) ×
2z2 20 y 4 2 2
2 3 1 4, −5
2
4 x2 y 6 xz 3
= × 4
2 z2
20 y 3
10
5
3
3x z
=
5 y3
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x3 − y 3 x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 x + 2 x2 − x − 6
ii ) × iii ) ÷
3 x 2 + 9 xy + 6 y 2 x2 − y 2 4y 12 y 2
( x − y ) ( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) ( x + y) ( x + y) x+2 12 y 2
= × = ×
3( x 2 + 3 xy + 2 y 2 ) ( x + y) ( x − y) 4y ( x − 3) ( x + 2)
( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) ( x + y ) 3y
=
= x−3
3( x + 2 y ) ( x + y )
12t 2 − 22t + 8 3t 2 + 2t − 8
x 2 + xy + y 2 iv) ÷
= 3t 2t 2 + 4t
3( x + 2 y )
2(6t 2 − 11t + 4) 2t (t + 2)
3. Simplify = × 2
3t 3t + 2t − 8
2 a 2 + 5a + 3 a 2 + 6a + 5
i) ÷ 2(3t − 4) (2t − 1) 2t (t + 2)
2a 2 + 7 a + 6 −5a 2 − 35a − 50 = ×
3t (3t − 4) (t + 3)
b 2 + 3b − 28 b 2 − 49
ii ) 2 ÷ 2 4(2t − 1)
b + 4b + 4 b − 5b − 14 =
3
x + 2 x2 − x − 6
iii ) ÷ a 2 + 3a − 4 a 2 + 2a − 8
4y 12 y 2 4. If x = and y =
3a − 3 2a − 2a − 4
12t 2 − 22t + 8 3t 2 + 2t − 8
iv) ÷ find the value of x y .
2 -2
3t 2t 2 + 4t
Solution :
Solution :
2 a 2 + 5a + 3 a 2 + 6a + 5 Given
i) ÷
2a 2 + 7 a + 6 −5a 2 − 35a − 50 a 2 + 3a − 4 a 2 + 2a − 8
x= , y =
(2a + 3) (a + 1) −5(a 2 + 7 a + 10) 3a 2 − 3 2a 2 − 2a − 4
= ×
(2a + 3) (a + 2) (a + 5) (a + 1) (a + 4) (a − 1) (a + 4) (a − 2)
= =
(2a + 3) (a + 1) −5 (a + 5) (a + 2) 3(a + 1) (a − 1) 2(a − 2) (a + 1)
= × a+4 a+4
(2a + 3) (a + 2) (a + 5) (a + 1) = =
3(a + 1) 2(a + 1)
= −5
x2
∴ x 2 y −2 =
b 2 + 3b − 28 b 2 − 49 y2
ii ) ÷
b 2 + 4b + 4 b 2 − 5b − 14 (a + 4) 2 4(a + 1) 2
(b + 7) (b − 4) (b − 7) (b + 2) = ×
= × 9(a + 1) 2 (a + 4) 2
(b + 2) (b + 2) (b + 7) (b − 7)
4
b−4 =
= 9
b+2
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p( x) x−7
Surya - 10 Maths 109 = Algebra
q( x) x+2
S
⇒
Find −
x 2 q−( 3x)x − 28 xx+2 2− 3 x − 28 1. Simplify
Solution : 2
⇒ q( x) =2 ( x + 2) x( x + 1) x(1 − x) x + 2 x −1
x + 20 x + 36 x 2 + 12 x + 4 i) + ii ) +
= − 2 x−2 x−2 x+3 x−2
⇒ q( x) =x 2x−2 3+x4−x 28 + 4 isxanother polynomial
− 3 x − 28
x3 y3
(x 2 + 20 x + 36) − (x 2 + 12 x + 4) iii ) +
= x− y y−x
x 2 − 3 x − 28
8 x + 32 8( x + 4) 8 x( x + 1) x(1 − x)
= 2
= = i) +
x − 3 x − 28 ( x − 7) ( x + 4) x − 7 x−2 x−2
Example 3.18 x + x + x − x2
2
=
Simplify 1 1 1 x−2
+ 2 − 2
2
x − 5 x + 6 x − 3 x + 2 x − 8 x + 15 2x
Solution : =
x−2
1 1 1
= + − x + 2 x −1
x 2 − 5 x + 6 x 2 − 3 x + 2 x 2 − 8 x + 15 ii ) +
1 1 1 x+3 x−2
= + − ( x − 2) ( x + 2) + ( x + 3) ( x − 1)
( x − 2) ( x − 3) ( x − 2) ( x − 1) ( x − 5) ( x − 3) =
( x − 1) ( x − 5) + ( x − 3) ( x − 5) − ( x − 1) ( x − 2) ( x + 3) ( x − 2)
=
( x − 1) ( x − 2) ( x − 3) ( x − 5) ( x 2 − 4) + ( x 2 + 2 x − 3)
=
( x 2 − 6 x + 5) + ( x 2 − 8 x + 15) − ( x 2 − 3 x + 2) ( x + 3) ( x − 2)
=
( x − 1) ( x − 2) ( x − 3) ( x − 5) 2 x2 + 2 x − 7
=
x 2 − 11x + 8 ( x + 3) ( x − 2)
=
( x − 1) ( x − 2) ( x − 3) ( x − 5)
( x − 9) ( x − 2)
=
( x − 1) ( x − 2) ( x − 3) ( x − 5)
x−9
=
( x − 1) ( x − 3) ( x − 5)
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( x + 1) ( x − 1)
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4 x − ( x 2 + 2 x + 1)
=
( x + 1) ( x − 1)
Surya - 10 Maths 110 Algebra
− x2 + 2 x − 1
=
( x + 1) ( x − 1)
x3 y3 −( x 2 − 2 x + 1)
iii ) + =
x− y y−x ( x + 1) ( x − 1)
x3 y3 −( x − 1) ( x − 1)
= − =
x− y x− y ( x + 1) ( x − 1)
x3 − y 3 1− x
= =
x− y 1+ x
( x − y ) ( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) 1 2 x3 + x 2 + 3
= 3. Subtract from
x− y x2 + 2
Solution :
(x 2 + 2)2
= x 2 + xy + y 2
2 x3 + x 2 + 3 1
= −
2. Simplify (x 2 + 2) 2 2
x +2
i)
(2 x + 1) ( x − 2) (2 x 2 − 5 x + 2)
−
(2 x3 + x 2 + 3) − (x 2 + 2)
x−4 x−4 =
(x 2 + 2)2
4x x +1
ii ) 2 − 2 x3 + x 2 + 3 − x 2 − 2
x −1 x −1 =
(x 2 + 2)2
(2 x + 1) ( x − 2) (2 x 2 − 5 x + 2) 2 x3 + 1
i) − =
x−4 x−4 (x 2 + 2)2
2 2
2 x − 3x + 2 − 2 x + 5 x − 2 4. Which rational expression should be
=
x−4 x2 + 6x + 8
2 x − 4 2( x − 2) subtracted from to get
= = 3 x3 + 8
x−4 x−4 .
x2 − 2x + 4
4x x +1
ii ) 2
− Solution :
x −1 x −1
4x x +1 x2 + 6x + 8 3
= − 3
− 2
( x + 1) ( x − 1) x − 1 x +8 x − 2x + 4
4 x − ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 4) ( x + 2) 3
= = 2
− 2
( x + 1) ( x − 1) ( x + 2) ( x − 2 x + 4) x − 2 x + 4
4 x − ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) x+4−3 x +1
= = 2
= 2
( x + 1) ( x − 1) x − 2x + 4 x − 2x + 4
− x2 + 2 x − 1
=
( x + 1) ( x − 1)
−( x 2 − 2 x + 1)
=
( x + 1) ( x − 1)
−( x − 1) ( x − 1)
=
( x + 1) ( x − 1)
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1− x
x +1 x +1
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( A + B) + ( A − B)2
2
=
A
Surya - 10 Maths B Algebra
111
2 2 B
= 2( A + B ) ×
A
2x + 1 2x − 1 x2 1
5. If A = ,B= find 1 x +1
2x − 1 2x + 1 =2 + ×
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 2
x
x +1
1 2B
− 2 2
2(1 + x ) 1
A − B A − B2 = ×
( x + 1) 2 x
Solution :
2( x 2 + 1)
1 2B =
= − 2 x ( x + 1) 2
A − B A − B2
1 2B = RHS
= − Hence Proved
A − B ( A + B) ( A − B)
A + B − 2B 7. Pari needs 4 hours to complete a work.
=
( A + B) ( A − B) His friend Yuvan needs 6 hours to com-
A− B plete the same work. How long will it
= take to complete if they work together?
( A + B) ( A − B)
1 Solution :
= Time taken by Pari to Complete a work
A+ B
= 4 hrs.
1
2x + 1 2x − 1 ∴ In 1 hour, he completes part of work
+ 4
2x − 1 2x + 1 Time taken by Yuvan to complete the same
1 work = 6 hrs.
=
(2 x + 1) + (2 x − 1)2 ∴ In 1 hour,he completes 1 6 part of work
2
=
4 x2 − 1 ( (a + b)2 + (a − b)2 = 1 4 + 16
2[4 x 2 + 1] = 2 (a 2 + b 2 ))
3+ 2
=
x 1 12
6. If A = ,B= . prove that 5
x +1 x +1 = part of work
( A + B ) 2 + ( A − B ) 2 2( x 2 + 1) 12
=
A÷ B x( x + 1) 2 ∴ Time taken by both together to complete
Solution :
Given the work = 12 5 hrs
x 1 = 2 2 5 hrs
A= ,B=
x +1 x +1
( A + B)2 + ( A − B)2 = 2 hrs 24 min.
=
A
B
B
= 2( A2 + B2 ) ×
A
1
x2 1 x +1
=2 + 2
×
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( x + 1) 2
Please
( x + 1) Send
x Your Answer Keys to our Email Id: kalvikavi.blog@gmail.com
x +1
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Example 3.20
Find the square root of the following expressions
(i) 16x2 + 9y2 − 24xy + 24x −18y + 9 (ii) (6x2 + x −1) (3x2 + 2x −1) (2x2 + 3x +1)
iii ) 15 x 2 + ( 3 + 10 ) x + 2 5 x 2 + (2 5 + 1) x + 2 3 x 2 + ( 2 + 2 3) x + 2 2
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Solution :
i) 16 x 2 + 9 y 2 − 24 xy + 24 x − 18 y + 9
= (4 x) 2 + ( −3 y ) 2 + (3) 2 + 2(4 x) ( −3 y ) + 2( −3 y ) (3) + 2 (4 x) (3)
= (4 x − 3 y + 3) 2 = | 4 x − 3 y + 3 |
ii ) (6 x 2 + x − 1) (3x 2 + 2 x − 1) (2 x 2 + 3x + 1)
= (3 x − 1) (2 x + 1) (3 x − 1) ( x + 1) (2 x + 1) ( x + 1) = | (3 x − 1) (2 x + 1) ( x + 1) |
= x ( 3 x + 2 ) + 2 ( 3 x + 2 ) = ( x + 2) ( 3 x + 2 )
Therefore,
15 x 2 + ( 3 + 10 ) x + 2 5 x 2 + (2 5 + 1) x + 2 3 x 2 + ( 2 + 2 3 ) x + 2 2
= ( 5 x + 1)( 3 x + 2 )( 5 x + 1) ( x + 2) ( 3 x + 2 ) ( x + 2) = ( 5 x + 1)( 3 x + 2 ) ( x + 2)
EXERCI E 3.7
S
1. Find the square root of the following ra- Solution :
tional expressions. 400 x 4 y12 z16
4 12 16 2 i)
400 x y z 7 x + 2 14 x + 2 100 x8 y 4 z 4
i) ii )
100 x8 y 4 z 4 1 1
x2 − x + 20 x 2 y 6 z8
2 16 =
2 8 8 10 x4 y 2 z 2
121(a + b) ( x + y ) (b − c)
iii )
81 (b − c) 4 (a − b)12 (b − c) 4 y4 z6
=2
x2
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Solution :
7 x 2 + 2 14 x + 2
ii ) i) 4 x 2 + 20 x + 25
1 1
x2 − x +
2 16 = (2 x + 5) 2
( 7x + 2)
2
= | 2x + 5 |
= 2
1
x − ii ) 9 x 2 − 24 xy + 30 xz − 40 yz + 25 z 2 + 16 y 2
4
7x + 2 = (3 x − 4 y + 5 z ) 2
=
1 \ = | 3x − 4 y + 5 z |
x−
4
iii ) 1+ 1 +2
7x + 2 x6 x3
=4
4x − 1
(1 + 1 x )
2
= 3
121(a + b)8 ( x + y )8 (b − c)8
iii ) = 1+ 1
81 (b − c) 4 (a − b)12 (b − c) 4 x3
= 1 6 (4 x + 3) (3 x + 2) ( x + 2)
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∴ x 4 − 12 x3 + 42 x 2 − 36 x + 9 = x 2 − 6 x + 3
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x x2 x y y2
− 10 + 27 − 10 + (ii) ax4 + bx3 + 361x2 + 220x +100
y y2 y x x2 Solution :
x2 10 + 11x + 12x2
10 100 + 220x + 361x2 + 6x3 + ax4
y2
100
2x x
−5 −10 + 27 20 + 11x 220x + 361x2
y y
220x + 121x2
x 20 + 22x + 12x 240x2 + bx3 + ax4
−10 + 25 2
y
2 3 4
2x y y y2 (–) (–)
− 10 + 2 − 10 +
y x x x2 0
y y2 (The given polynomial is a perfect square)
2 − 10 + 2
x x ∴ a – 144 = 0, b – 264 = 0
0 a = 144 b = 264
x2 x y y2 x y 4. Find the values of m and n if the follow-
∴ 2
− 10 + 27 − 10 + 2 = −5+ ing expressions are perfect squares
y y x x y x
1 6 13 m
i) 4 − 3 + 2 + + n
3. Find the values of a and b if the following x x x x
polynomials are perfect squares ii ) x 4 − 8 x3 + mx 2 + nx + 16
(i) 4x4 −12x3 + 37x2 + bx + a (ii) ax4 Solution :
+ bx + 361x + 220x +100
3 2
1 3
Solution : − +2
x2 x
2x2 – 3x + 7
2x2 4x4 − 12x3 + 37x2 + bx + a 1 1 6 13 m
− 3 + 2 + +n
4x4 x2 x 4
x x x
1
4x2 – 3x – 12x3 + 37x2
x4
– 12x3 + 9x2
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−b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac −b
9 α+β= =
2a a
9
−b + b − 4ac −b − b − 4ac c
2 2
9 αβ = × =
2a 2a a
9
9 x2 - (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0 is the general form of the quadratic equation when
9
the roots are given.
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x2 + 8x +12 .
b c
Solution : α+β=− = − 8 and αβ = = − 65
a a
Let p(x) = x2 + 8x +12 = (x + 2) (x + 6) α + β = − 8 ; αβ = − 65
p (–2) = 4 – 16 + 12 = 0
(ii) 2x2 + 5x + 7 = 0
p (–6) = 36 – 48 + 12 = 0
Therefore –2 and –6 are zeros of p(x)=x2+8x+12 a = 2, b = 5, c = 7
b −5 c 7
Example 3.25 α+β=− = and αβ = =
a 2 a 2
Write down the quadratic equation in general
5 7
form for which sum and product of the roots are α+β=− ; αβ =
2 2
given below.
7 5 3 1 (iii) kx2 − k2x − 2k3 = 0
i ) 9,14 ii ) − , iii ) − , −
2 2 5 2
a = k, b = – k2, c = –2k3
Solution :
b −( − k 2 )
(i) General form of the quadratic equation α+ β = − =
when the roots are given is
x2 – (sum of the roots) x + product of the c −2k 3
and αβ = = = − 2k 2
roots = 0 a k
x2 − 9x +14 = 0
EXERCI E 3.9
7 5
S
ii ) x − − x , = 0 gives 2 x 2 + 7 x + 5 = 0
2
2 2 1. Determine the quadratic equations,
3 1
2
10 x + 6 x − 5 whose sum and product of roots are
iii ) x 2 − − x + − = 0 ⇒ =0
5 2 10 5
i ) − 9, 20 ii ) , 4
3
Therefore 10x2 + 6x – 5 = 0 −3
iii ) , − 1 iv) − (2 − a ) 2 , (a + 5) 2
Example 3.26 2
Find the sum and product of the roots for each of Solution :
the following quadratic equations : i) Given
(i) x2 + 8x − 65 = 0 (ii) 2x2 + 5x + 7 = 0 Sum of the roots, SOR = –9
(iii) kx2 − k2x − 2k3 = 0 Product of the roots, POR = 20
Solution : The required quadratic equation is
Let a and b be the roots of the given qua- x2 – (SOR) x + (POR) = 0
dratic equation ⇒ x2 – (–9)x + 20 = 0
⇒ x2 + 9x + 20 = 0
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5 ii) x2 + 3x = 0
ii) Given SOR = , POR = 4
3 a = 1, b = 3, c = 0
∴ The required quadratic equation is
−b −3
5 ∴ α+ β = = = −3
x2 – x + 4 = 0 a 1
3 c 0
⇒ 3x – 5x + 12 = 0
2 αβ = = = 0
a 1
−3
iii) Given SOR = , POR = –1 1 10
2 iii) Given 3 + =
∴ The required equation is a a2
3a + 1 10
−3 ⇒ = 2
x – x + (–1) = 0
2
a a
2
10
⇒ 2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0 ⇒ 3a + 1 =
a
iv) Given SOR = – (2 – a)2, POR = (a + 5)2 2
⇒ 3a + a − 10 = 0
∴ The required equation is
A = 3, B = 1, C = –10
x2 – (–(2 – a)2) x + (a + 5)2 = 0
− B −1
⇒ x + (2 – a) x + (a + 5) = 0
2 2 2
A 3
2. Find the sum and product of the roots C −10
αβ= =
for each of the following quadratic A 3
equations
(iv) 3y2 – y – 4 = 0
(i) x2 + 3x − 28 = 0 (ii) x2 + 3x = 0
a = 3, b = –1, c = –4
1 10
iii) 3 + = 2 (iv) 3y – y – 4 = 0
2
−b 1
a a ∴ α+β= =
Solution : a 3
c −4
i) x2 + 3x − 28 = 0 αβ= =
a 3
Given equation is x2 + 3x − 28 = 0
a = 1, b = 3, c = –28
−b −3
∴ Sum of the roots = α + β = = = −3
a 1
c −28
Product of the roots = α β = = = − 28
a 1
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S
1. Solve the following quadratic equations 5 2
by factorization method ⇒ 2 x 2 + 2 x + 5 x +5 2 = 0
i) 4x2 − 7x − 2 = 0 ⇒ 2 x (x + 2 ) + 5 (x + 2 ) = 0
ii) 3(p2 − 6) = p (p + 5)
⇒ ( 2 x + 5) + (x + 2 ) = 0
∴ 2 x + 5 = 0 (or) x + 2 = 0
iii) a (a − 7) = 3 2
⇒ x = −5 (or) x = − 2
2
2
iv) 2x + 7x + 5 2 = 0
∴ Roots are −5 , − 2
2
1
v) 2 x 2 − x + = 0
8 1
Solution : v) 2 x2 − x + = 0
−7 −8 8
i) Given 4x2 − 7x − 2 = 0
⇒ 16x2 − 8x + 1 = 0
− 8 +1 ⇒ 16x2 − 4x − 4x + 1 = 0
⇒ 4x − 8x + x − 2 = 0
2
⇒ 4x (4x − 1) − 1 (4x − 1) = 0
⇒ 4x (x − 2) + 1 (x − 2) = 0 ⇒ (4x − 1) (4x − 1) = 0
⇒ (4x + 1) (x − 2) = 0
⇒ 4x = − 1 (or) x − 2 = 0
x = 14 , 14
x = − 1 4 (or) x = 2
∴ Roots are 1 4 , 1 4
{
Roots are − 1 4 , 2 } 2. The number of volleyball games that must
ii) Given 3(p2 − 6) = p (p + 5) be scheduled in a league with n teams is
−5 −36
n2 − n
⇒ 3p2 − 18 = p2 + 5p −9 +4 given by G (n) = where each team
2
⇒ 2p2 – 5p –18 = 0 2 2 plays with every other team exactly once.
−9
⇒ p = 9 2 , −2 , 2 A league schedules 15 games. How many
2
iii) Given a (a − 7) = 3 2 teams are in the league?
Solution :
Squaring on both sides
n2 − n
a − 7a = 18
2 By data given, G (n) = = 15
2
a2 − 7a − 18 = 0 ⇒ n2 − n = 30
(a − 9) (a + 2) = 0 ⇒ n2 − n − 30 = 0
a = 9 (or) −2 ⇒ (n − 6) (n + 5) = 0
⇒ n = 6, − 5
Roots are 9, − 2
∴ Number of terms in the league = 6
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x2 − 3x − 2 = 0 2x2 − x − 1 = 0
x2 − 3x = 2 (Shifting the Constant to RHS) x 1
x2 − − =0
2 2 2 2
2 3 3
x − 3x + = 2 + ( ÷ 2 make co-efficient of x 2 as 1)
2 2
x 1
1
2
x2 − =
Add (co-efficient of x ) to both sides 2 2
2 2 2
x 1 1 1
3
2
17 x2 − + = +
2 4 2 4
x − =
2 4 2 2
1 9 3
(writing the LHS as complete square) x − = =
4 16 4
3 17 1 3 1
x− =± x − = ± ⇒ x = 1, −
2 2 4 4 2
(Taking the square root on both sides)
Example 3.33
3 17 3 17
x= + or x = − Solve x2 + 2x − 2 = 0 by formula method
2 2 2 2
3 + 17 3 − 17 Solution :
Therefore, x= ,
2 2 Compare x2 + 2x − 2 = 0 with the standard
form ax2 + bx + c = 0
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Solution : ( p + q ) 2 ± ( p + q ) 2 ( p + q ) 2 − 4 pq
=
Compare 3p2 + 2 5 p − 5 = 0 with the stan- 2 pq
dard form ax2 + bx + c = 0 ( p + q ) 2 ± ( p + q ) 2 ( p 2 + q 2 + 2 pq − 4 pq )
=
a = 3, b = 2 5 , c = − 5 2 pq
( p + q)2 ± ( p + q)2 ( p − q)2
−b ± b 2 − 4ac =
x= 2 pq
2a
( p + q)2 ± ( p + q) ( p − q)
=
2 pq
( p + q ) {( p + q ) ± ( p − q )}
=
2 pq
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p+q p+q ⇒ x2 − 2x − 3 = 0
Therefore, x = × pq, × 2q
2 pq 2 pq ⇒ x2 − 2x = 3
p+q p+q ⇒ x2 − 2x + 1 = 3 + 1
we get, x = ,
q p
⇒ (x − 1)2 = 4
EXERCI E 3.11 ⇒ (x − 1) = + 2
S
⇒ x − 1 = 2, x − 1 = −2
1. Solve the following quadratic equations
by completing the square method ⇒ x = 3, x = −1
5x + 7 Solution set = {3, − 1}
i) 9x2 − 12x + 4 = 0 ii) = 3x + 2
x −1 2. Solve the following quadratic equations
Solution : by formula method
i) Given equation is i) 2x2 − 5x + 2 = 0
ii) 2f2 −6f +3 2 =0
9x2 − 12x + 4 = 0
iii) 3y2 − 20y − 23 = 0
⇒ 9x2 − 12x = − 4
iv) 36y2 − 12ay + (a2 − b2) = 0
xx 22 − 12 −4
⇒
⇒ − 12 9 xx = = −4 9 ÷ by
((÷ by 9)
9)
9 9
xx 22 − 4 −4
⇒
⇒ − 4 3 xx = = −4 9 i) Given equation is
3 9
( ) ( )
2 2
2
xx 2 − 4 2 2 −4 2 2
⇒
⇒ − 4 3 xx + + 23 = = −4 9 + + 23 2x2 − 5x + 2 = 0
3 3 9 3
( ) a = 2, b = −5, c = 2
2
⇒ xx − 2 2 −4 4
⇒ − 23 = = −4 9 + + 49
3 9 9
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
( )
2
− 22 3 =
2 x=
⇒
⇒ xx − 3
= 00 2a
⇒
⇒ ( )( ) − 22 3 xx −
xx − 3
− 22 3 =
3
= 00 =
5 ± 25 − 16
4
⇒
⇒ = 22 3 ,, 22 3
xx = 5± 9
3 3 =
4
∴ Solution set = 2 3 , 2 3 { } =
5±3
4
ii) Given equation is 5+3 5−3
= ,
5x + 7 4 4
= 3x + 2 1
x −1 = 2,
2
⇒ 5x + 7 = (3x + 2) (x − 1)
⇒ 5x + 7 = 3x2 − x − 2
⇒ 3x2 − 6x − 9 = 0
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a = 2, b = −6, c = 3 2 A = 36, B = − 12a, C = a2 − b2
−b ± b 2 − 4ac − B ± B 2 − 4 AC
x= ∴ y=
2a 2A
6 ± 36 − 4 ( 2 )(3 2 ) =
12a ± 144a 2 − 4(36) (a 2 − b 2 )
= 2 (36)
2 2
6 ± 2 36 − 24 12a ± 144a 2 − 144 (a 2 − b 2 )
= =
2 2 72
6±2 3 12a ± 144b 2
= =
2 2 72
6+2 3 6−2 3 12a ± 12b
= , =
2 2 2 2 72
a±b
3+ 3 3− 3 =
= , 6
2 2
a+b a−b
= ,
iii) Given equation is 6 6
3y2 − 20y − 23 = 0
3. A ball rolls down a slope and travels a
a = 3, b = − 20, c = − 23
distance dt = t2 − 0.75t feet in t seconds.
−b ± b 2 − 4ac Find the time when the distance travelled
y= by the ball is 11.25 feet.
2a
20 ± 400 − 4 (3) (−23)
Solution :
=
6 By data given,
20 ± 2 400 + 276 d = t2 − 0.75t where d = 11.25 ft
=
6 ⇒ t2 − 0.75 t = 11.25
20 ± 676
= ⇒ t2 − 0.75 t − 11.25 = 0
6
20 ± 26 ⇒ (t − 3.75) (t + 3) = 0
=
6 ⇒ t − 3.75 = 0, t+3=0
20 + 26 20 − 26
= , ∴ t = 3.75 t=−3
6 6
46 −6 But t ≠ − 3
= ,
6 6 ∴ t = 3.75 sec
23
= , −1
3
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Two years ago, his age = (x − 2) years. Therefore, height of the wall AB = 15 ft
(Rejecting −8 as height cannot be negative).
Four years from now, his age = (x + 4) years.
Example 3.39
Given, (x − 2) (x + 4) = 1 + 2x
A flock of swans contained x2 members. As the
x + 2x − 8 = 1 +2x gives (x − 3)(x + 3) = 0
2
clouds gathered, 10x went to a lake and one-
then, x = ± 3 eighth of the members flew away to a garden.
Therefore, x = 3 (Rejecting −3 as age can- The remaining three pairs played about in the
water. How many swans were there in total?
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A passenger train takes 1 hr more than an express
train to travel a distance of 240 km from Chennai 1. If the difference between a number and
to Virudhachalam. The speed of passenger train 24
its reciprocal is , find the number.
is less than that of an express train by 20 km per 5
Solution :
hour. Find the average speed of both the trains.
Let x be the required number
Solution :
1
Let the average speed of passenger train be be its reciprocal
x km/hr. x
1 24
Then the average speed of express train will Given x − =
x 5
be (x + 20) km/hr
x 2 − 1 24
Time taken by the passenger train to cover ⇒ =
x 5
240 2
distance of 240 km = hr ⇒ 5 x − 5 = 24 x
x
⇒ 5 x 2 − 24 x − 5 = 0
Time taken by express train to cover dis-
240 ⇒ x = 5, −1 5
x + 20
− 24 − 25
240 240 −25 +1
Given, = +1
x x + 20 5 5
1 1 x + 20 − x
240 − = 1 gives, 240 =1 1
x x + 20 x( x + 20) -5,
5
we get, 4800 = (x2 + 20x)
∴ The required numbers are 5, −1
5
x2 + 2x − 4800 = 0 gives, (x + 80) (x − 60) = 0 we
get, x = − 80 or 60. 2. A garden measuring 12m by 16m is to
have a pedestrian pathway that is ‘w’ me-
Therefore x = 60 (Rejecting − 80 as speed ters wide installed all the way around so
cannot be negative) that it increases the total area to 285 m2.
Average speed of the passenger train is 60 What is the width of the pathway?
km/hr Solution :
Average speed of the express train is 80 km/hr. w
w
12m
w
16m
w
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∴ By Data given
Let 'w' be the equal width of the pedestrian
90 90 1 1
pathway. − = 30 min = hr
x + 15 x 2 2
∴ By the data given, 1 1 1
⇒ 90 − =
56 − 372 x + 15 x 2
x − x − 15 1
62 −6 ⇒ =
x( x + 15) 180
4 4
⇒ 180 × ( − 15) = x 2 + 15 x
31 −3
⇒ x 2 + 15 x − 2700 = 0
2 2
⇒ ( x + 60) ( x − 45) = 0
∴ x = − 60, 45
⇒ (16 + 2w) (12 + 2w) = 285
∴ Original speed = 45 Km/hr
⇒ 4w2 + 56w + 192 − 285 =0
4. A girl is twice as old as her sister. Five
⇒ 4w2 + 56w − 93 =0
years hence, the product of their ages
⇒ −31 3 (in years) will be 375. Find their present
2 2
ages.
But w can't be -ve Solution :
∴ w = 32 Let the present ages of the girl and her sister
be x, y
15 − 700
= 1.5 m
By data given, 35 −20
∴ Width of the path away = 1.5 m 2 2
i) x = 2y
3. A bus covers a distance of 90 km at a uni- 35
−10
form speed. Had the speed been 15 km/ 2
ii) (x + 5) (y + 5) = 375
hour more it would have taken 30 min-
utes less for the journey. Find the origi- ⇒ (2y + 5) (y + 5) = 375
nal speed of the bus.
⇒ 2y2 + 15y - 350 = 0
Solution :
⇒ y = −35 2 ,10
Let 'x' Km/hr be the original speed of the bus.
y can't be -ve
Distance covered at a uniform speed = 90 Km
∴ y = 10
90
Time taken = ∴ x = 2y ⇒ x = 20
x
Had the speed been 15 Km/hr more, ∴ Their present ages are 20, 10 years old.
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5. A pole has to be erected at a point on the 6. From a group of 2x2 black bees, square
boundary of a circular ground of diam- root of half of the group went to a tree.
eter 20 m in such a way that the differ- Again eight-ninth of the bees went to the
ence of its distances from two diametri- same tree. The remaining two got caught
cally opposite fixed gates P and Q on the up in a fragrant lotus. How many bees
boundary is 4 m. Is it possible to do so? were there in total ?
If answer is yes at what distance from the Solution :
two gates should the pole be erected?
Given number of black bees = 2x2
Solution :
A By the data given,
2 8 2 x2 ) = 2
x
900 2 x 22−x x−−x8−9 (29x(2 )=2
(( ))
4
x−
2 8
O ⇒ ⇒ 2 x 22 x1 −18−9 −9 x−=x2= 2
Q
( () )
P 20m 2 1
⇒⇒ 2 x 22 x1 9 −9 x−=x2= 2
⇒⇒ x 29−x 9=x18
2 x 22 − = 18
In the fig, PQ = 20 m = diameter of the ⇒⇒ x 29−x 9−x18− 18
2 x 22 − = 0= 0
circle with centre O. −3
⇒ x = 6,
Let A be the point of pole s.t 2 2
−3
ButButx ≠x−≠3 2 2
AP − AQ = 4m AP = x, AQ = x − 4
∴∴ x =x6= 6
Also, PA2 + QA2 = PQ2
−9 − 36
(Angle in a semicircle is 900)
−12 +3
⇒ x2 + (x − 4)2 = 202
2 2
⇒ 2x2 − 8x + 16 − 400 = 0
3
⇒ 2x2 − 8x − 384 = 0 −6
2
⇒ x2 − 4x − 192 = 0
∴ Total number of bees = 2x2
⇒ (x − 16) (x + 12) = 0
= 2 (36)
∴ x = 16 m
= 72
x = 16 ⇒ x − 4 = 12m
∴ Pole should be erected at a distance of
16 m, 12m from the two gates.
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7. Music is been played in two opposite 8. There is a square field whose side is 10
galleries with certain group of people. m. A square flower bed is prepared in its
In the first gallery a group of 4 singers centre leaving a gravel path all round the
were singing and in the second gallery 9 flower bed. The total cost of laying the
singers were singing. The two galleries flower bed and gravelling the path at ` 3
are separated by the distance of 70 m. and ` 4 per square metre respectively is
Where should a person stand for hearing ` 364. Find the width of the gravel path.
the same intensity of the singers voice? Solution :
(Hint: The ratio of the sound intensity is
10m
equal to the square of the ratio of their
corresponding distances). x
Solution :
P 10m x Flower bed x 10m
4 9
x
Gallery-1 Gallery-2
d 70 – d
10m
G1 P G2
Given, length of the square field = 10m
Let the side of the flower bed = x m
galleries be P, who stand at a distance of 'd' m.
Area of square field = 100 m2 &
\
∴G1 G2 = 70m, G1P = dm, G2P = (70 – d)m area of the flower bed = x2 m2
Since the ratio of sound intensity is equal to the Area of the gravel path = (100 – x2) m2
\
square of the ratio of their corresponding sides, Given cost of laying flower bed = `3 /m2.
4 d2 Cost of laying gravel path = `4 /m2.
=
9 (70 − d ) 2
By the problem,
\
⇒ 4 (70 – d)2 = 9d2 3x2 + 4 (100 – x2) = 364
⇒ 4 (4900 –140d + d2) = 9d2 ⇒ 3x2 + 400 – 4x2 = 364
⇒ 19600 – 560d + 4d2 = 9d2 ⇒ x2 = 36
⇒ 5d2 + 560d – 19600 = 0
⇒ x=6
⇒ d2 + 112d – 3920 = 0
Length of flower bed = 6m
⇒ (d + 140) (d – 28) = 0
\
10 − 6
⇒ d = – 140 (or) 28 Width of the path =
2
\
d = 28m
4
\
The person should stand 28m from gallery 1 =
2
(or)
= 2m
42m from gallery-2 to hear the same intensity of
the singers voice.
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9. Two women together took 100 eggs 10. The hypotenuse of a right angled triangle
to a market, one had more than the is 25 cm and its perimeter 56 cm. Find
other. Both sold them for the same sum of the length of the smallest side.
money. The first then said to the second: Solution :
“If I had your eggs, I would have earned
` 15”, to which the second replied: “If Given b = 25 cm, a + b + c = 56 cm
I had your eggs, I would have earned ` ⇒ a = c = 56 − 25
2
6 How many eggs did each had in the ⇒ a + c = 31
3
beginning? Let a = x, c = 31 − x
Solution : ∴ In D ABC, a2 + c2 = 252
Let the number of eggs of woman 1 and 2
respectively be x, y,and their selling price be x2 + (31 − x)2 = 625
p, q, ⇒ x + y = 100 — (1)
2x2 − 62x + 336 = 0
* If both of them sold the eggs for the equal x2 − 31x + 168 = 0
sum of money, px = qy.
(x − 24) (x − 7) = 0
* By the data given in the problem,
2 x = 24, 7
py = 15, qx = 6
3
20
qx =
3 ∴ Length of smallest side = 7 cm
15 20
p= , q=
y 3x
Also,
15 20
px = qy ⇒ x= y
y 3x
3x 4 y
⇒ =
y 3x
⇒ 9x2 = 4 y 2
⇒ 9 x 2 = 4(100 − x) 2 (from (1))
2 2
⇒ 9 x = 4( x − 200 x + 10000)
⇒ 5 x 2 + 800 x − 40000 = 0
⇒ x 2 + 160 x − 8000 = 0
⇒ ( x + 200)( x − 40) = 0
⇒ x = 40
∴ yy == 60
∴ 60
∴ Woman 1 had 40 eggs and
Woman 2 had 60 eggs.
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S
Since the equation has no real roots, D < 0
1. Determine the nature of the roots for the
That is, b2 − 4ac < 0 following quadratic equations
Here, a = k + 9, b = k + 1, c = 1 i) 15x2 + 11x + 2 = 0
That is, (k + 1)2 − 4(k + 9) (1) < 0 ii) x2 − x + 1 = 0
k2 + 2k + 1 − 4k − 36 < 0
iii) 2t 2 − 3t + 3 2 = 0
iv) 9y2 − 6 2 y + 2 = 0
k2 − 2k − 35 < 0
v) 9a2b2x2 − 24abcdx + 16c2d2 = 0, a ≠ 0 b ≠ 0
(k + 5) (k − 7) < 0 Solution :
Therefore - 5 < k < 7. {If a < b and if i) Given equation is 15x2 + 11x + 2 = 0
(x − a) (x − b) < 0 then, a < x < b).
a = 15, b = 11, c = 2
Example 3.43 ∴ D = b2 − 4ac
Prove that the equation x2 (p2 + q2) + 2x = 121 − 4 × 15 × 2
(pr + qs) + r2 + s2 = 0 has no real roots. If ps = qr,
= 121 − 120
then show that the roots are real and equal.
Solution : ∴ The equation will have real and unequal
The given quadratic equation is, roots.
x2 (p2 + q2) + 2x (pr + qs) + r2 + s2 = 0 ii) Given equation is x2 − x – 1 = 0
Here, a = p2 + q2, b = 2 (pr + qs), c = r2 + s2 a = 1, b = −1, c = −1
Now D = b2 − 4ac ∴ D = b2 − 4ac
= [2(pr + qs)]2 − 4 (p2 + q2) (r2 + s2) = 1 − 4 (1) (-1)
= 4 [p2 r2 + 2pqrs + q2 s2 − p2 r2 − p2 s2 − q2 =1+4
r2 − q2 s2] =5>0
= 4 [− p2 s2 + 2pqrs − q2 r2] ∴ The equation will have real and unequal
= − 4 [(ps − qr)2] < 0 ....... (1) roots.
Since, D = b2 − 4ac < 0, the roots are not iii) Given 2t 2 − 3t + 3 2 = 0
equal.
a = 2 , b = −3, c = 3 2
If ps = qr then = − 4 [ps − qr]2
= − 4 [qr − qr]2 = 0 (using (1)) ∴ D = b2 − 4ac
Thus D = 0 if ps = qr and so the roots will be = 9 − 4 ( 2 ) (3 2 )
real and equal. = 9 − 24
= −15 < 0
∴ The roots are unreal.
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4. If a, b are real then show that the roots of 5. If the roots of the equation (c2 − ab) x2 − 2
the equation (a − b) x2 − 6 (a + b) x − 9 (a − b) (a2 − bc) x + b2 − ac = 0 are real and equal
= 0 are real and unequal. prove that either a = 0 (or) a3 + b3 + c3 =
3abc.
Solution :
Solution :
To prove the roots of (a − b) x2 − 6 (a + b)
x − 9 (a − b) = 0 are real & unequal Given roots of the equation (c2 − ab) x2 − 2
(a2 − bc) x + b2 − ac = 0 are real & equal
Here A = a − b, B = − 6 (a + b), c = − 9 (a − b)
To prove either a = 0 (or)
∴ D = B2 − 4AC = 0
a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
= 36 (a + b)2 − 4 (a − b) (−9 (a − b)) = 0
Here A = c2 − ab, B = − 2 (a2 − bc) C = b2 − ac
= 36 (a + b)2 + 36 (a − b)2
Given D = B2 − 4AC = 0
= 36 [(a + b)2 + (a − b)2]
⇒ 4 (a2 − bc)2 − 4 (c2 − ab) (b2 − ac) = 0
= 36 [2(a2 + b2)]
⇒ (a2 − bc)2 − (c2 − ab) (b2 − ac) = 0
= 72 (a2 + b2) > 0, a & b are real
⇒ (a4 + b2c2 − 2a2bc) − (b2c2 − ab3 − ac3
∴ The roots of the equation are real & un-
equal. + a2 bc) = 0
⇒ a4 − 3a2bc + ab3 + ac3 = 0
3 3 3
⇒ a = 0 (or) a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = 0
⇒ a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
Hence proved.
XIV. RELATIO BE EE ROOT A COEFFICIE T OF A Q A RATIC EQ ATIO
N
W
N
S
ND
N
S
U
D
U
N
Key Points
9 Let a and b are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then.
9
−b – Co-efficient of x
α+β= =
a Co-efficient of x 2
c Constant term
αβ = =
a Co-efficient of x 2
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tion x2 − 13x + k = 0 is 17 find k.
iv) a4 + b4 = (a2 + b2)2 − 2a2b2
Solution :
= 292 − 2 × (10)2
x − 13x + k = 0 here, a = 1, b = −13, c = k
2
= 641 (since from (iii), a2 + b2 = 29)
Let a, b be the roots of the equation. Then
α β α2 + β 2 (α + β ) − 2αβ
2
−b −( −13) v) + = =
α+β= = = 13 ............ (1) β α αβ αβ
a 1
49 − 20 29
= =
Also a − b = 17 ........... (2) 10 10
(1) + (2) we get, 2a = 30 gives a = 15 α2 β 2 α3 + β3 (α + β ) − 3αβ (α + β )
3
vi ) + = =
Therefore, 15 + b = 13 (from (1)) gives b = −2 β α αβ αβ
c k ( −343) − 3 (10 × ( −7))
But αβ = = gives 15 × ( −2) = k =
a 1 10
we get, k = − 30 −343 + 210 −133
= =
Example 3.45
If a and b are the roots of x2 + 7x + 10 = 0 find Example 3.46
the values of If a, b are the roots of the equation 3x2 + 7x − 2
= 0, find the values of
i) (a - b) ii) a2 + b2 iii) a3 - b3 iv) a4 + b4
α β α 2 β2
α β α 2 β2 i) + ii ) +
v) + vi ) + β α β α
β α β α
Solution :
Solution :
3x2 + 7x − 2 = 0 here, a = 3, b = 7, c = −2
x2 + 7x + 10 = 0 here, a = 1, b = 7, c = 10
since a, b are the roots of the equation
If a and b be the roots of the equation then,
−b −7 c 10 −b −7 c −2
α+β= = = − 7 ; αβ = = = 10 i) α+ β = = ; αβ = =
a 1 a 1 a 3 a 3
α β α2 + β 2 (α + β ) − 2αβ
2
i) α − β = (α + β)2 − 4αβ + = =
β α αβ αβ
= ( −7) 2 − 4 × 10 = 9 = 3 2
−7 −2
− 2
ii) a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 − 2ab = 3 3
−2
= (−7)2 − 2 × 10 = 29 3
−61
=
6
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−b − ( −1) 1 c 1
α+β= = = ; αβ = = − = 5ab + 2 [(a + b)2 - 2ab]
a 2 2 a 2
1 1 1
i) Given roots are 1 , 1 = 5 − + 2 − 2 × − = 0
2 4 2
α β
1 The required equation is x2 − (Sum of the
1 1 α+β roots)x + (Product of the roots) = 0
Sum of the roots = + = = 2 = −1
α β αβ 1
− 3
2 x2 − x + 0 = 0 gives 2 x 2 − 3 x = 0
2
1 1 1 1
Product of the roots = × = = = −2
α β αβ − 1
2
The required equation is x2 – (Sum of the roots)
x + (Product of the roots) = 0
x2 − (−1)x − 2 = 0 gives x2 + x − 2 = 0
ii) Given roots are a2 b, b2 a
Sum of the roots a2 b, b2 a
1 1 1
= ab (a + b) = − = −
2 2 4
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1. Write each of the following expression in find
terms of a + b and ab. 1 1 α β α+ 2 β + 2
i) + ii ) + iii ) +
α β 1 1 α β β α β + 2 α+ 2
i) + ii ) 2 + 2
3 β 3α αβ β α Solution :
α+ 3 β + 3
iii ) (3α − 1) (3 β − 1) iv) + Given a, b are the roots of 2x2 − 7x + 5 = 0
β α
Solution : a = 2, b = − 7, c = 5
α β α + β = −b = 7
i) + a 2
3β 3α c
αβ = a = 5
2
α 2 + β2
=
3αβ 1 1
i) +
α β
=
(α + β 2 )− 2αβ
α+β
3αβ =
αβ
1 1
ii ) + 2
2
α β β α = 2
5
β +α 2
= 2 2
α β 7
= 5
α+β
= α β
(αβ )2 ii ) +
β α
iii ) (3α − 1) (3β − 1) α2 + β 2
=
= 9αβ − 3α − 3β + 1 αβ
= 9αβ − 3(α + β ) + 1 (α + β ) − 2αβ
2
=
α +3 β+3 αβ
iv) +
β α 49 − 5
= 4 = 29 4 × 2 5 = 29 10
α 2 + 3α + β 2 + 3β 5
= 2
αβ
α 2 + β 2 + 3 (α + β )
=
αβ
(α + β ) 2 − 2αβ + 3 (α + β )
=
αβ
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α+ 2 β + 2 α + β = −b = − 6
iii ) α + 2 + β + 2 a
iii ) β + 2 + α + 2
β +22 α + 2 αβ = c a = − 4
α + 4α + 4 + β 2 + 4 β + 4
= α2 + 4α + 4 + β 2 + 4 β + 4
= (α + 2) (β + 2) i) To find the equation whose roots are a2, b2
(α + 2) (β + 2)
(α + β2 )+ 4 (α + β)+ 8
2
= (α2 + β 2 )+ 4 (α + β ) + 8
Sum = a2 + b2
= αβ + 2α + 2 β + 4 = (a + b)2 - 2ab
αβ + 2α + 2 β + 4
(α + β )2 − 2αβ + 4 (α + β ) + 8
2
= (-6)2 - 2 (-4)
= (α + β ) − 2αβ + 4 (α + β ) + 8
= αβ + 2(α + β) + 4 = 36 + 8
αβ + 2(α + β) + 4
2
49 2 7 = 44
49 − 5 + 4 7 +8
4 −5+ 4 2 +8
4 21 Product = a2 b2
= 1
= 5 7 = (ab)2
5 + 2 7 + 4
2 + 2 2 + 4
2 2 = (-4)2
49
49 + 3 + 14 = 16
= 44 + 3 + 14
= 19 ∴ The required equation is
+4
2 +4
2 x2 −(Sum of the roots) x + Proof of the roots = 0
49 + 68
49 + 68 ⇒ x2 − 44x + 16 = 0
= 4
= 27 4
27 ii) To find the equation whose roots are
2
2 2 2
13 29 1 ,
13 29
117 1
2 α β
= 117 × 2 2 2
= 4 × 27 Sum = +
42 27
39 α β
2 39
13 1 1
= 13 = 2 +
= 6 α β
6
α+ β −6
3. The roots of the equation x2 +6x−4 = 0 are = 2 = 2 =3
αβ −4
α, β. Find the quadratic equation whose
roots are 2 2
Product = .
2 2 α β
i ) α2 and β 2 ii ) and iii ) α2 β and β 2 α
α β 4
=
αβ
Solution :
4
Given a, b are the roots of x2 + 6x − 4 = 0 = = −1
−4
a = 1, b = 6, c = −4 ∴ The required equation is x2 − 3x − 1 = 0
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iii) To find the equation whose roots are a2 b, b2 a 5. If one root of the equation 2y2 − ay + 64=0
Sum = a2 b + b2 a is twice the other then find the values of
a.
= ab (a + b)
= - 4 (-6) Solution :
= 24 Let a, b be the roots of 2y2 − ay + 64 = 0
Product = a2 b, ab2 α + β = a2
= (ab)3 αβ = 32
= (-4)3
Given a = 2b
= - 64
∴ α +β = a2 ab = 32
∴ The required equation is
⇒ x2 − 24x − 64 = 0 2b . b = 32
4. If α, β are the roots of 7x2 + ax + 2 = 0 and ⇒ 3β = a 2 ⇒ b2 = 16
−13
if β − α = Find the values of a.
7 ⇒ β = a6 ⇒ b=+4
Solution :
Given a, b are the roots of 7x2 + ax + 2 = 0 ∴ a6 = ± 4
α+β= a = ± 24
7
6. If one root of the equation 3x2 + kx + 81 =
αβ = 2
7 0 (having real roots) is the square of the
Also, β − α = −13 7 other then find k.
Solution :
⇒ α − β = 13 7 Let a, b be the roots of 3x2 + kx + 81 = 0
169 α + β = −k
⇒ (α − β )2 = 3
49 αβ = 27
169
⇒ (α + β ) − 4αβ =
2
Given a = b2
49
∴ α +β = −k3
2
−a 2 169 ........ (1) ab = 27
⇒ −4 =
7 7 49
⇒ b2 . b = 27
a 2 8 169
⇒ − = ⇒ b2 = 27
49 7 49
∴ b=3
a 2 56 169
⇒ − = ∴ α =9
49 49 49
∴ (1) ⇒ 9 + 3 = −k 3
⇒ a 2 − 56 = 169
⇒ a 2 = 225 ⇒ − k 3 = 12
∴ a = 15, − 15 ⇒ k = − 36
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Step 3 Draw the parabola and mark the co-ordinates of the parabola which intersect the
X axis.
Step 4 The roots of the equation are the x coordinates of the intersecting points (–4, 0) and
(3,0) of the parabola with the X axis which are −4 and 3 respectively.
Since there are two points of intersection with the X axis, the quadratic equation x2 + x − 12 has
real and unequal roots.
ii) x2 − 8x + 16 = 0
Step 1 Prepare the table of values for the equation y = x2 − 8x + 16
x −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
y 25 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16
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Step 2 Plot the points for the above ordered pairs (x, y) on the graph using suitable scale.
Step 3 Draw the parabola and mark the co-ordinates of the parabola which intersect with the
X axis.
Step 4 The roots of the equation are the x coordinates of the intersecting points of the
parabola with the X axis (4, 0) which is 4.
Since there is only one point of intersection with the X axis, the quadratic equation x2 − 8x + 16
= 0 has real and equal roots.
iii) x2 + 2x + 5 = 0
Let y = x2 + 2x + 5
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x −2 −1 0 1 2
y 4 5 6 7 8
Step 3 Mark the points of intersection of the curve y = 2x2 and the line y = x + 6. That is,
(–1.5, 4.5) and (2,8)
Step 4 The x coordinates of the respective points forms the solution set {–1.5,2} for
2x2 − x − 6 = 0
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Example 3.50
Draw the graph of y = x2 + 4x + 3 and hence find the roots of x2 + x + 1 = 0
Solution :
Step 1 Draw the graph of y = x2 + 4x + 3 by preparing the table of values as below
x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
y 3 0 −1 0 3 8 15
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Example 3.51
Draw the graph of y = x2 + x − 2 and hence solve x2 + x − 2 = 0
Solution :
Step 1 Draw the graph of y = x2 + x − 2 by preparing the table of values as below
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
y 4 0 −2 −2 0 4
Example 3.52
Draw the graph of y = x2 − 4x + 3 and use it to solve x2 − 6x + 9 = 0
Solution :
Step 1 Draw the graph of y = x2 − 4x + 3 by preparing the table of values as below
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y 15 8 3 0 −1 0 3
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EXERCI E 3.15
S
1. Graph the following quadratic equations and state their nature of solutions.
i) x2 − 9x + 20 = 0 ii) x2 − 4x + 4 = 0 iii) x2 + x + 7 = 0
iv) x2 − 9 = 0 v) x2 − 6x + 9 = 0 vi) (2x − 3) (x + 2) = 0
Solution :
i) x2 − 9x + 20 = 0
Let y = x2 – 9x + 20
X: –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x2 : 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49
– 9x : 18 9 0 –9 –18 –27 –36 –45 –54 –63
20 : 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
y = x – 9x + 20 :
2
42 30 20 12 6 2 0 0 2 6
Scale
32 x-axis – 1 cm – 1 unit
(–1, 30)
28
24
(0, 20) 20
16
12 (1, 12)
8
(2, 6) (7, 6)
4
(3, 2) (4, 0) (5, 0) (6, 2)
0
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
–4
–8
– 12
– 16
– 20
– 24
– 28
– 32
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• Plot the points (–1, 30), (0, 20), (1, 12), (2, 6), (3, 2), (4, 0), (5, 0), (6, 2), (7, 6) on the graph.
• Join all the points by a free-hand smooth curve. This curve is the graph of y = x2 – 9x + 20.
• Here, the curve meets x-axis at (4, 0), (5, 0).
∴ The equation has real roots and x - coordinates of the points are x = 4, x = 5.
∴Solution = {4, 5}
ii) x2 − 4x + 4 = 0
Let y = x2 – 4x + 4
x: –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
x2 : 4 1 0 1 4 9 16
– 4x : 8 4 0 –4 –8 –12 –16
4 : 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
y = x – 4x + 4 :
2
16 9 4 1 0 1 4
Y
10
(–1, 9)
8
6
(0, 4) 4 (4, 4)
2
(1, 1) (2, 0) (3, 1)
X’ –5 0
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 X
–2
–4
–6
–8
–10
Y’
• Plot the points (– 2, 16), (–1, 9), (0, 4), (1, 1), (2, 0), (3, 1), (4, 4) on the graph.
• Join all the points by a free-hand smoot curve. This curve is the graph of y = x2 – 4x + 4.
• Here, the curve meets x-axis at (2, 0).
∴ The equation 2 equal roots.
∴ The x - coordinates of the points is x = 2.
∴Solution = {2, 2}
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iii)
Suryax2- +10xMaths
+7=0 152 Algebra
Let y = x + x + 7
2
x: –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
x2 : 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
x : –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
7 : 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
y=x +x+7:
2
13 9 7 7 9 13 19
Y
Scale
x-axis – 1 cm – 1 unit
y-axis – 1 cm – 2 units
(–3, 13) 14
(2, 13)
12
10
(–2, 9) (1, 9)
8
(0, 7)
(–1, 7) 6
4
X’ –5 0
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 X
–2
–4
–6
–8
–10
Y’
• Plot the points (–3, 13), (–2, 9), (–1, 7), (0, 7), (1, 9), (2, 13), (3, 19) on the graph.
• Join all the points by a free-hand smooth curve. This curve is the graph of y = x2 + x + 7.
• Here the curve does not meet the x-axis and the curve has no real roots.
iv) x2 – 9 = 0
Let y = x2 – 9
x: –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
x2 : 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16
–9 : –9 –9 –9 –9 –9 –9 –9 –9 –9
y=x –9: 2
7 0 –5 –8 –9 –8 –5 0 7
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Y
Scale
9 x-axis – 1 cm – 1 unit
y-axis – 1 cm – 1 unit
8
(–4, 7) 7 (4, 7)
4
(–1, 7) 3
2
1
(–3, 0) (3, 0)
X’ –5 0
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 X
–1
–3
–4
–5
(–2, –5) (2, –5)
–6
–7
– 8 (1, –8)
(–1, –8)
–9
(0, –9)
Y’
• Plot the points (–4, 7), (–3, 0), (–2, –5), (–1, –8), (0, –9) (1, –8), (2, –5), (3, 0), (4, 7) on the
graph.
• Join all the points by a free-hand smooth curve. This curve is the graph of y = x2 – 9.
• Here, the curve meets x-axis at 2 points (–3, 0), (3, 0)
∴ The equation has real and unequal roots.
∴ The x - coordinates are 3, –3 will be the solution.
∴Solution = {–3, 3}
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v) x2 − 6x + 9 = 0
Solution:
Let y = x2 – 6x + 9
x: –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x2 : 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 25
– 6x : 12 6 0 –6 –12 –18 –24 –30
9 : 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
y = x – 6x + 9 :
2
25 16 9 4 1 0 1 4
Y
Scale
x-axis – 1 cm – 1 unit
18 y-axis – 1 cm – 2 units
(–1, 16) 16
14
12
(0, 9)
8
6
4 (1, 4) (5, 4)
2
(2, 1) (3, 0) (4, 1)
X’ –5 0 X
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–2
–4
–6
–8
–10
Y’
• Plot the points (–1, 16), (0, 9), (1, 4), (2, 1), (3, 0), (4, 1) (5, 4) on the graph.
• Join all the points by a free-hand smooth curve. This curve is the graph of y = x2 – 6x + 9.
• Here, the curve meets x-axis at only one point (3, 0) and the equation has real and equal roots.
∴ The x - coordinate 3 will be the solution.
∴Solution = {3, 3}
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vi) (2x – 3) (x + 2) = 0
⇒ 2x2 + x – 6 = 0
Solution:
Let y = 2x2 + x – 6
x: –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
2x2 : 18 8 2 0 2 8
x : –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
–6 : –6 –6 –6 –6 –6 –6
y = 2x + x – 6 :
2
9 0 –5 –6 –3 4
Y
Scale
x-axis – 1 cm – 1 unit
18 y-axis – 1 cm – 2 units
16
14
12
(–3, 9)
8
6
4 (2, 4)
2
(–2, 0)
X’ –5 0
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 X
–2
(1, –3)
–4
(–1, –5)
– 6 (0, –6)
–8
–10
Y’
• Plot the points (–3, 9), (–2, 0), (–1, –5), (0, –6), (1, –3), (2, 4) on the graph.
• Join all the points by a free-hand smooth curve. This curve is the graph of y = 2x2 + x – 6.
• Here, the curve meets x-axis at two points (–2, 0), (1.5, 0) and
∴ The equation has real and unequal roots.
∴ The x - coordinates are x = –2, –1.5 will be the solution.
∴Solution = {–2, 3/2}
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16
14
(– 4, 12) 12 (4, 12)
10
6
+ 8 (3, 5)
y =x (–3, 5)
4
(–2, 0) 2
(2, 0)
X’ –5 0 X
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–2
(–1, –3) – 4 (1, –3)
–6
–8
–10
Y’
• Plot the points (– 4, 12), (– 3, 5), (–2, 0), (–1, –3), (0, –4), (1, –3), (2, 0), (3, 5), (4, 12) on the
graph.
• To solve x2 − x –12 = 0, subtract x2 − x – 12 = 0 from y = x2 − 4.
from y = x2 – 4
y = x2 + 0x – 4
0 = x2 − x – 12
y= x+8
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y-axis – 1 cm – 1 unit
7
(– 3, 6)
6 (2, 6)
5 x
x2 –
y=
4
(2, 6)
3 (4, 3)
(–2, 2) 2 (1, 2) (3, 2)
1 (2, 1)
(–1, 0) (0, 0)
X’ –5 0
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 X
–1
–2
–3
1
x–
–4
y=
–5
Y’
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• Plot the points (–3, 6), (–2, 2), (–1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 2), (2, 6) on the graph.
• To solve x2 + 1 = 0, subtract x2 + 1 = 0 from y = x2 + x.
y = x2 + x
0 = x2 − 0x + 1
y= x–1
• Draw the graph of y = x – 1.
x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
• The line y = x – 1 does not meet the curve y = x2 + x and the equation has no real roots.
4. Draw the graph of y = x2 + 3x + 2 and use it to solve x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
Solution :
First, we draw the graph of y = x2 + 3x + 2.
x: –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
x2 : 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
2 : 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
y = x2 + 3x + 2 : 6 2 0 0 2 6 12 20
• Plot the points (–4, 6), (–3, 2), (–2, 0), (–1, 0), (0, 2), (1, 6), (2, 12), (3, 20) on the graph.
• Join all the points to draw a free-hand smooth curve.
• To solve x2 + 2x + 1 = 0, subtract x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 from y = x2 + 3x + 2.
y = x2 + 3x + 2
0 = x2 + 2x + 1
y= x+1
• Draw the graph of y = x + 1.
x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
• The line y = x + 1 meets the curve y = x2 + 3x + 2 at (–1, 0) only and the equation x2+2x + 1 = 0
has 2 equal roots.
∴Solution = {–1, –1}
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Y
Scale
x-axis – 1 cm – 1 unit
y-axis – 1 cm – 2 units
12 (2, 12)
10
8
(– 4, 6) 6 (1, 6)
4
(–3, 2)
2 (0, 2)
X’ –5 0
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 X
–2
x +1 –4
y=
–8
–10
Y’
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0 = x2 + 3x – 4
y= 0
which is the equation of x - axis.
• The curve meets x-axis at (– 4, 0), (1, 0) and the x co-ordinates of the points x = – 4, x = 1 will
be the solution of x2 + 3x – 4 = 0.
∴Solution = {–4, 1}
Y
Scale
x-axis – 1 cm – 1 unit
y-axis – 1 cm – 2 units
12
10
8
(– 5, 6) 6 (2, 6)
2
(–4, 0) (1, 0)
X’ –5 0
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 X
–2
(0, – 4) –4
(–3, – 4)
–6
(–2, –6) (–1, –6)
–8
–10
Y’
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Scale
x-axis – 1 cm – 1 unit
y-axis – 1 cm – 2 units
14
12
(–2, 8) 10
y=8
8
6
4
2
(–1, 0) (2, 0) (6, 0)
X’ –5 0 X
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
–2
Y’
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Scale
x-axis – 1 cm – 1 unit
10 y-axis – 1 cm – 2 units
(–2, 9)
8
6
y=x+1
2
(–1, 0)
X’ –5 0
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X
–2
(2, –3)
–4
y = 2x2 – 3x + 5
(0, – 5) – 6 (1, –6)
–8
–10
–12
Y’
• Plot the points on the graph and join all of them by a hand-free smooth curve.
• To solve 2x2 – 4x – 6 = 0, subtract it from y = 2x2 – 3x – 5.
y = 2x2 – 3x – 5
0 = 2x2 – 4x – 6
y= x+1
• Draw the graph of y = x + 1.
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x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
• The line y = x + 1 meets the curve y = 2x2 – 3x – 5 at (–1, 0), (3, 4).
The x co-ordinates of the points x = –1, x = 3 will be the solution set.
∴Solution = {–1, 3}
8. Draw the graph of y = (x − 1) (x + 3) and hence solve x2 − x − 6 = 0
Solution :
First, we draw the graph of y = x2 + 2x – 3.
x: –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
x2 : 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
2x : –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–3 : –3 –3 –3 –3 –3 –3 –3 –3
y = x + 2x –3 :
2
5 0 –3 –4 –3 0 5 12
Scale
x-axis – 1 cm – 1 unit
y-axis – 1 cm – 2 units
12 (3, 12)
10
8
(–4, 5) 6 y = x2 + 2x – 3
(2, 5)
4
2
(–3, 0) (1, 0)
X’ –5 0 X
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
–2
(–2, –3) (0, –3)
–4
(–1, –4)
– 6 (1, –6)
–8
y = 3x + 3
–10
–12
Y’
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• Plot the points on the graph and join all of them by a hand-free smooth curve.
• To solve x2 – x – 6 = 0, subtract it from y = x2 + 2x – 3.
y = x2 + 2x – 3
0 = x2 – x – 6
y= 3x + 3
• Draw the graph of y = 3x + 3.
x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y –9 –6 –3 0 3 6 9 12
• The line meets the corve at (– 2, – 3), (3, 12).
The x co-ordinates of the points x = –2, x = 3 which are the solution.
∴Solution = {–2, 3}
XVI. MATRICE
S
9 A matrix is a rectangular array of elements. The horizontal arrangements are called rows and
9
vertical arrangements are called columns.
9 If a matrix A has m number of rows and n number of columns, then the order of the matrix
9
A is (Number of rows) × (Number of columns) that is, m × n.We read m × n as m cross n or
m by n.
9 General form of a matrix A with m rows and n columns (order m × n) can be written in the
9
form
a11 a12 a13 a2 n
a21 a22 a23 a2 n
A=
am1 am 2 amj amn
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9 A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column and any number of rows. It
9
is also called as a column vector.
9 A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is called a square
9
matrix. Thus a matrix A = (aij)m×n will be a square matrix if m = n.
9 In a square matrix, the elements of the form a11, a22, a33, . . . (i.e) aii are called leading diagonal
9
elements.
9 A square matrix, all of whose elements, except those in the leading diagonal are zero is called
9
a diagonal matrix.
9 A diagonal matrix in which all the leading diagonal elements are equal is called a scalar
9
matrix.
9 A square matrix in which elements in the leading diagonal are all “1” and rest are all zero is
9
called an identity matrix (or) unit matrix.
9 A matrix is said to be a zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero.
9
9 The matrix which is obtained by interchanging the elements in rows and columns of the given
9
matrix A is called transpose of A and is denoted by AT (read as A transpose).
9 A square matrix in which all the entries above the leading diagonal are zero is called a lower
9
9 If all the entries below the leading diagonal are zero, then it is called an upper triangular
9
matrix.
9 Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if and only if they have the same order and each
9
element of matrix A is equal to the corresponding element of matrix B. That is, aij = bij for all
i, j.
9 The negative of a matrix Am × n denoted by − Am × n is the matrix formed by replacing each ele-
9
ment in the matrix Am × n with its additive inverse.
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(8,2), (2,8)
2a − b = 0 .......... (3)
Hence possible orders are 1 × 16, 16 × 1, 3c + d = 2 .......... (4)
4 × 4, 2 × 8, 8 × 2.
(3) gives 2a − b = 0
Example 3.55
2a = b .......... (5)
Construct a 3 × 3 matrix whose elements are aij
= i2 j2 Put 2a = b in equation (1),
a − 2a = 1 gives a = −1
The general 3 × 3 matrix is given by Put a = −1 in equation (5),
a11 a12 a13 2 (−1) = b gives b = −2
A = a21 a22 a23 aij = i j2 2
Put a = −1 in equation (2),
a31 a32 a33 2 (−1) + c = 5 gives c = 7
a11 = 12 × 12 = 1 × 1 = 1 ; Put c = 7 in equation (4),
a12 = 12 × 22 = 1 × 4 = 4 ; 3(7) + d = 2 gives d = −19
a13 = 12 × 32 = 1 × 9 = 9 ; Therefore, a = −1,b = −2,c = 7,d = −19
a21 = 22 × 12 = 4 × 1 = 4 ;
a22 = 22 × 22 = 4 × 4 = 16 ;
a23 = 22 × 32 = 4 × 9 = 36 ;
a31 = 32 × 12 = 9 × 1 = 9 ;
a32 = 32 × 22 = 9 × 4 = 36 ;
a33 = 32 × 32 = 9 × 9 = 81 ;
1 4 9
Hence the required matrix is A = 4 16 36
9 36 81
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S
i) Given aij = | i − 2j | , 3 × 3
8 9 4 3
a11 a12 a13
3
1. In the matrix A = −1 7 5 , A = a21 a22 a23
2
write a31 a32 a33
1 4 3 0
a11 = | 1 − 2 | = | −1 | = 1
6 8 −11 1
a12 = | 1 − 4 | = | −3 | = 3
(i) The number of elements
a13 = | 1 − 6 | = | −5 | = 5
(ii) The order of the matrix
a21 = | 2 − 2 | = 0
(iii) Write the elements a22, a23, a24, a34, a43, a44.
a22 = | 2 − 4 | = | − 2 | = 2
Solution : a23 = | 2 − 6 | = | − 4 | = 4
i) A has 4 rows and 4 columns a31 = | 3 − 2 | = | 1 | = 1
Number of elements =4×4 a32 = | 3 − 4 | = | −1 | = 1
= 16 a = | 3 − 6 | = | −3 | = 3
ii) Order of the matrix = 4 × 4 1 3 5
iii) a22 = 7 , a23 = 3 ∴ A= 0 2 4
2
a24 = 5 a34 = 0, a43 = −11, a44 = 1 1 1 3
2. If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the (i + j )3
ii ) aij =
possible orders it can have? What if it 3
has 6 elements? a11 = 8 3 , a12 = 27 3 = 9 , a13 = 64 3
Solution : a21 = 27 3 = 9 , a22 = 64 3 , a23 = 125 3
Given, a matrix has 18 elements
a31 = 64 3 , a32 = 125 3 , a33 = 216 3 = 72
The possible orders of the matrix are
8 9 64
18 × 1, 1 × 18, 9 × 2, 2 × 9, 6 × 3, 3 × 6 3 3
∴ A= 9 64 125
If the matrix has 6 elements 3 3
The order are 1 × 6, 6 × 1, 3 × 2, 2 × 3 64 125 72
3 3
3. Construct a 3 × 3 matrix whose elements
are given by
(i + j )3
i ) aij = | i − 2 j | ii ) aij =
3
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5 4 3 5 2 2
4. If 1 −7 9 then find the transpose 5
6. If A = − 17 0.7 then verify
3 8 2 2
8 3 1
of A.
Solution : (AT)T = A
Given Solution :
Given
5 4 3
A = 1 −7 9 5 2 2
3 8 2 A = − 17 0.7 5 2
5 1 3 8 3 1
∴ A = 4 −7 8
T
5 − 17
8
3 9 2
AT = 2 0.7 3
7 2 5 1
−3 2
5. If A = − 5 2 then find the 5 2 2
3 −5 (A )
T T
= − 17 0.7 5 2 = A
transpose of-A. 8 3 1
Solution :
Given 7. Find the values of x, y and z from the fol-
lowing equations
7 −3
12 3
A= − 5 2 y z x+ y 2 6 2
i) 3 = ii ) =
x 3 5 5+ z xy 5 8
3 −5 2
− 7 3 x+ y+ z 9
iii ) x+ z = 5
− A= 5 −2
y+z 7
− 3 5
Solution :
− 7 5 − 3
∴ Transpose of − A = i) Given
3 −2 5
12 3 y z
3 = 3 5
x 2
⇒ x = 3, y = 12, z = 3
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x+ y 2 6 2 x + y + z 9
5 + z = x + z = 5
xy 5 8
y + z 7
⇒ x + y = 6, xy = 8, 5+z=5 ⇒ x+y+z=0 x+z=5 y+z=7
x = 2 (or) 4, ⇒ z=0 ⇒ 5+y=9 ⇒ x+3=5 ⇒ 4+z=7
⇒ y=4 ⇒ x=2 ⇒ z=3
y = 4 (or) 2
Example 3.58
Two examinations were conducted for three groups of students namely group 1, group 2, group 3 and
their data on average of marks for the subjects Tamil, English, Science and Mathematics are given
below in the form of matrices A and B. Find the total marks of both the examinations for all the three
groups.
Tamil English Science Mathematics
Group 1 22 15 14 23
A=
Group 2 50 62 21 30
Group 3 53 80 32 40
Solution :
The total marks in both the examinations for all the three groups is the sum of the given
matrices.
22 + 20 15 + 38 14 + 15 23 + 40 42 53 29 63
A + B = 50 + 18 62 + 12 21 + 17 30 + 80 = 68 74 38 110
53 + 81 80 + 47 32 + 52 40 + 18 134 127 84 58
Example 3.59
1 3 −2 1 8
If A = 5 −4 6 B = 3 4 find A+B.
−3 2 9 9 6
Solution :
Since A and B have same order 3 × 3, 2A + B is defined.
7 8 6 4 11 −3 14 16 12 4 11 −3
We have 2 A + 3 = 2 1 3 9 + −1 2 4 = 2 6 18 + −1 2 4
−4 3 −1 7 5 0 −8 6 −2 7 5 0
18 27 9
= 1 8 22
−1 11 −2
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5 4 −2 −7 4 −3 8 + a = 2a + 1 gives a = 7
1 3 1 7
3 then −3
If A = 2 B = 3b − 2 = b − 5 gives b =
Find 4A −2 3B.4 4 2 2
5 −6 9
1 9 4
3
Substituting a = 7 in a − 4 = 4c gives c =
4
Solution : 3 3
Since A, B are of the same order 3 × 3, sub- Therefore, a = 7, b = − c = , d = −1
2 4
traction of 4A and 3B is defined.
Example 3.63
5 4 −2 −7 4 −3
1 3 1 7 If
4 A − 3B = 4 2 − 3 3
2 4 4 2
1 9 4 5 −6 9 1 8 3 8 −6 −4 5 3 0
A = 3 5 0 , B = 2 11 −3 , C = −1 −7 2
20 6 −8 21 −12 9
8 7 6
0 1 5
1 4 3
3 21
= 2 3 4 2 + − − −9
4 36 16 4 2 compute the following :
−15 18 −27 A− B
(i) 3A + 2B − C ii)
2 2
41 4 1
5 Solution :
15
= − 4 2 − 9 i) 3 A + 2 B − C
4 2
−11 54 −11 1 8 3 8 −6 −4 5 3 0
= 3 3 5 0 + 2 2 11 −3 − −1 −7 2
Example 3.62 8 7 6 0 1 5 1 4 3
8 7 6 0
1 9 −1 −9
−23 26 15
1 = 3 4 + −3 −4
= −3 −28 9
2 8 −3 −8 3
8 4 −9
0 0
23 15
−
2
13
2 = 0 0 = O
3 9 0 0
= − −14
2 2
9 RHS : (− A) + A
4 2 −
2 −1 −9 1 9
EXERCI E 3.17 = −3 −4 + 3 4
S
−8 3 8 −3
1 9 5 7 0 0
1. If A = 3 4 , B = 3 3 then verify
= 0 0 = O
that
(i) A + B = B + A
∴ LHS = RHS
ii) A + (−A) = (−A) + A = O
4 3 1 2 3 4 8
Solution : 2. If A = 2 3 −8 , B = 1 9 2 and C = 1 −
1 9 5 7 1 0 −4 −7 1 −1 2
Given A = 3 4 , B = 43 33
1 2 3 4 8 3 4
8 −3 A = 21 30 −8 , B = 1 9 2 and C = 1 −2 3 then verify that
1 0 −4 −7 1 −1 2 4 −1
i) To verify : A + B = B + A
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
A & B are of same order
Solution :
6 16
∴ A + B = 6 7 10 6 8
B+C = 2 7 5
9 −3
−5 5 −2
6 16
B + A = 6 7 4 3 1 10 6 8
A + ( B + C ) = 2 3 −8 + 2 7 5
9 −3
∴ A+ B = B + A 1 0 −4 −5 5 −2
14 9 9
= 4 10 −3 ...........(1)
−4 5 −6
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B+C = 2 7 5
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−5 5 −2
4 3 1 10 6 8
Surya - 10 Maths Algebra
A + ( B + C ) = 2 3 −8 + 2 7 5 173
1 0 −4 −5 5 −2
14 9 9 0 4 9 7 3 8
4. If A = ,B= find the
= 4 10 −3 ...........(1) 8 3 7 1 4 9
−4 5 −6
value of i) B − 5A ii) 3A − 9B
6 6 5
Solution :
A + B = 3 12 −6 Given
−6 1 −5 0 4 9 7 3 8
A= ,B=
6 6 5 8 3 4 8 3 7 1 4 9
∴ ( A + B ) + C = 3 12 −6 + 1 −2 3 7 3 8 0 20 45
i) B − 5 A = −
−6 1 −5 2 4 −1 1 4 9 40 15 35
14 9 9 7 −17 −37
= 4 10 −3 ...........(2) =
−39 −11 −26
−4 5 −6
0 12 27 63 27 72
∴ From (1) & (2) LHS = RHS ii ) 3 A − 9 B = −
24 9 21 9 36 81
7 0
3. Find X and Y if X + Y = and −63 −65 −45
3 5 =
3 0 15 −27 −60
X - Y = 0 4
5. Find the values of x, y, z if
Solution :
x−3 3 x − z 1 0
i) x + y + 7 =
7 0 x + y + z 1 6
Given X + Y = ........... (1)
3 5
ii) (x y−z z + 3) + (y 4 3) = (4 8 16)
3 0 Solution :
X − Y = 0 4 ........... (2) x−3 3x − z 1 0
i ) Given =
10 0 x + y + 7 x + y + z 1 6
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2X =
3 9
⇒ x − 3 = 1 3x − z = 0 x+y+7=1
5 0
⇒ X=3 ∴ x = 4 12 − z = 0 ⇒ x + y = − 6
9
2 2 z = 12 ⇒ 4 + y = − 6
4 0 ⇒ y = −10
(1) − (2) ⇒ 2Y =
3 1 ii) (x y − z z + 3) + (y 4 3) = (4 8 16)
2 0 ⇒ x+y=4 y−z+4=8 z + 6 = 16
⇒ Y=3 1 ⇒ x + 14 = 4 y−z=4 z = 10
2 2
⇒ x = −10 y − 10 = 4
∴ y = 14
∴ x = − 10, y = 14, z = 10
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4 −2 4
6. Find x and y if x + y = 2 x2 2 x 16 10 x 2 x 2 + 16 48
−3 3 6 ⇒ + =
Solution : 3x x 2 8 8 x 20 12 x
4 −2 4
Given x + y =
−3 3 6 2 x 2 + 16 12 x 2 x 2 + 16 48
⇒ =
⇒ 4x − 2y = 4 − 3x + 3y = 6 3 x + 8 x 2 + 8 x 20 12 x
⇒ 2x − y = 2 ......... (1) ∴ 12x = 48 ⇒ x = 4 x2 + 8x = 12x
−x+y=2 .......... (2) 3x + 8 = 20 ⇒ 3x = 12 ⇒ x2 − 4x = 0
⇒ x = 4 ⇒ x (x − 4) = 0
(1) ⇒ 2x − y = 2 ⇒ x = 0, x = 4
(2) ⇒ −x+y =2
∴x=4
Adding, x=4
x2 −2 x 5
Sub x = 4 in (2) 8. Solve for x, y 2 + 2 =
y 8
y
−4+y=2 ⇒ y=6 Solution :
∴ x = 4, y = 6 x2 −2 x 5
Given 2 + 2 =
y y 8
the matrix equation
⇒ x2 − 4x = 5 y2 − 2y = 8
2 x 2 8 5x x 2 + 8 24
x + 2 = 2 ⇒ x − 4x − 5 = 0
2
⇒ y − 2y − 8 = 0
2
Therefore, AB ≠ BA 2 x + y 4
By matrix multiplication x + 2 y = 5
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1 −1 −3 4 −4 8
1 2 Therefore, AB + AC = +
BC = 2 1 × −13 4 16 0
2 −1 2× 2
1 3 3× 2 −7 12
= ...... (2)
1 − 2 2 + 1 −1 3 3 4
= 2 + 2 4 − 1 = 4 3 From (1) and (2), A (B + C) = AB + AC.
1 + 6 2 − 3 7 −1 Hence proved.
−1 3
A( BC ) = (1 −1 2)1×3 × 4 3
7 −1 3× 2
A( BC ) = ( −1 − 4 + 14 3 − 3 − 2)
= (9 − 2) ............ (2)
From (1) and (2), (AB)C = A(BC).
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S
2 −1
1 2 1 1. Find the order of the product matrix AB
If A = and B = −1 4 show that
2 −1 1 if
0 2
(AB)T = BT AT.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
Solution : Orders of A 3 × 3 4 × 3 4 × 2 4 × 5 1 × 1
LHS (AB)T Orders of B 3 × 3 3 × 2 2 × 2 5 × 1 1 × 3
2 −1 Solution :
1 2 1
AB = × −1 4 i) A is of order =3×3
2 −1 1 2×3
0 2 3× 2 B is of order =3×3
2 − 2 + 0 −1 + 8 + 2 0 9 ∴ Order of AB = 3 × 3
= =
4 + 1 + 0 −2 − 4 + 2 5 −4
ii) A → 4 × 3, B → 3 × 2
T
0 9 0 5 ∴ Order of AB = 4 × 2
( AB )T = = .......... (1)
5 −4 9 −4
iii)A → 4 × 2, B → 2 × 2
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1 −3 2 5
(No. of columns in A = No. of rows in B) BA =
2 5 4 3
⇒ a − b = − 3 ........ (1)
(1 × 2) + (−3 × 4) 1 × 5 + ( −3) × 3
Product BA exist =
2×2+5×4 2 × 5 + 5 × 3
⇒ 17 − b = a
2 − 12 5 − 9
=
(No. of columns in B = No. of rows in A) 4 + 20 10 + 15
⇒ a + b = 17 ........ (2) −10 −4
= ........... (2)
2a = 14
∴ From (1) & (2) AB ≠ BA
a=7
1 3 1 −1 2 1
Sub a = 7 in (1) 5. Given that A = ,B= ,C =
5 −1 3 5 2 −4
7−b=−3 1 3 1 −1 2 1 3 2
A= ,B= ,C = verify that
b = 10 5 −1 3 5 2 −4 1 3
∴ a = 7, b = 10 A(B + C) = AB + AC
2 5 1 −3 Solution :
4. If A = ,B= find AB, BA
4 3 2 5 Given
and check if AB = BA? 1 3 1 −1 2 1 3 2
A= ,B= ,C =
Solution : 5 −1 3 5 2 −4 1 3
2 5 1 −3 To verify : A ( B + C) = AB + AC
Given A= ,B=
4 3 2 5
LHS : A (B + C)
2 5 1 −3
AB =
4 3 2 5
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3 1 −3 1
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1 − 6 −2 + 2
=
3 − 3 −6 + 1
Surya - 10 Maths 179 Algebra
−5 0
=
0 −5
1 3 2 2 4 1 −2 1 2
= BA =
5 −1 −1 6 5 −3 1 3 1
1 × 2 + 3 × −1 1 × 2 + 3 × 6 1 × 4 + 3 × 5 1 − 6 −2 + 2
= =
5 × 2 + ( −1) × ( −1) 5 × 2 − 1 × 6 5 × 4 − 1 × 5 −3 + 3 −6 + 1
2 − 3 2 + 18 4 + 15 −5 0
=
10 + 1 10 − 6 20 − 5 =
0 −5
−1 20 19
= .......... (1) ∴ AB = BA
11 4 15
∴ Commutative property is true.
RHS : AB + AC
1 2 4 0 2 0
1 3 1 −1 2 1 3 1 3 2 7. Let A = , B= , C=
= + 1 3 1 5 1 2
5 −1 3 5 2 5 −1 −4 1 3
1 + 9 −1 + 15 2 + 6 1 − 12 3 + 3 2 + 9 Show that i) A(BC) = (AB)C
= + ii) (A − B) C = AC − BC
5 − 3 −5 − 5 10 − 2 5 + 4 15 − 1 10 − 3
iii) (A − B)T = AT − BT
10 14 8 −11 6 11
= + Solution :
2 −10 8 9 14 7
1 2 4 0 2 0
−1 20 19 Given A = , B= , C=
= ........... (2) 1 3 1 5 1 2
11 4 15
∴ From (1) & (2) LHS = RHS i) To show : A(BC) = (AB)C
6. Show that the matrices
1 2 1 −2 4 0 2 0 8 + 0 0 + 0
A= ,B= satisfy BC = =
3 1 −3 1 1 5 1 2 2 + 5 0 + 10
commutative propertyAB = BA 8 0
=
7 10
Solution :
1 2 1 −2 1 2 8 0 8 + 14 0 + 20
A( BC ) = =
Given A =
3 1
,B=
−3 1 1 3 7 10 8 + 21 0 + 30
22 20
1 2 1 −2 = ........ (1)
AB = 29 30
3 1 −3 1
1 − 6 −2 + 2 1 2 4 0
= AB =
3 − 3 −6 + 1 1 3 1 5
−5 0 4 + 2 0 + 10
= =
0 −5 4 + 3 0 + 15
1 −2 1 2 6 10
BA = =
−3 1 3 1 7 15
1 − 6 −2 + 2 6 10 2 0
= ( AB ) C = 1 2
−3 + 3 Please
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−6 + 1 Send Your Answer Keys to our Email Id: kalvikavi.blog@gmail.com
1 3 1 5
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4 + 2 0 + 10
=
4 + 3 0 + 15
Surya - 10 Maths 180 Algebra
6 10
=
7 15
iii) To show : (A - B)T = AT − BT
6 10 2 0
( AB) C = −3 2
T
−3 0
7 15 1 2 ( A − B )T = = ........ (1)
0 −2 2 −2
12 + 10 0 + 20
= 1 1 4 1
14 + 15 0 + 30 A T − BT = −
2 3 0 5
22 20
= ........... (2) −3 0
29 30 = ........ (2)
2 −2
∴ From (1) & (2) LHS = RHS
ii) To show (A − B) C = AC − BC ∴ From (1) & (2)
(A − B) C (A − B)T = AT − BT
−3 2 2 0 cos θ 0 sin θ 0
= 8. If A = ,B=
0 −2 1 2 0 cos θ 0 sin θ
−6 + 2 0 + 4 then show that A2 + B2 = I.
=
0 − 2 0 − 4 Solution :
−4 4 cos θ 0 sin θ 0
= ........... (1) Given A = ,B=
0 cos θ 0 sin θ
1 2 2 0 To show : A2 + B2 = I
AC =
1 3 1 2
A2 = A . A
2 + 2 0 + 4
=
2 + 3 0 + 6 cos θ
=
0 cos θ 0
0
cos θ 0 cos θ
4 4
=
5 6 cos 2 θ + 0 0+0
=
4 0 2 0 0+0 0 + cos 2 θ
BC =
1 5 1 2 cos 2 θ 0
=
8 + 0 0 + 0 0 cos 2 θ
=
2 + 5 0 + 10 sin θ 0 sin θ 0
A2 =
8 0 0 sin θ 0 sin θ
=
7 10 sin 2 θ + 0 0+0
4 4 8 0 =
∴ AC − BC = − 0+0 0 + sin 2 θ
5 6 7 10
sin 2 θ 0
−4 4 =
= .......... (2) 0 sin 2 θ
−2 −4
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 0
∴ From (1) & (2), LHS = RHS ∴ A2 + B 2 =
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
0
1 0
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0 Email Id: kalvikavi.blog@gmail.com
1
sin 2 θ + 0 0+0
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= www.padavelai.com
0+0 0 + sin 2 θ
sin
Surya - 10 Maths
2
θ 0 181 Algebra
=
0 sin 2 θ
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 0
∴ A2 + B 2 = a b 1 0
11. If A = and I = show that
0 cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ c d 0 1
A − (a + d) A = (bc − ad) I2.
2
1 0
= Solution :
0 1
a b 1 0
=I Given A = ,I =
c d 0 1
Hence proved. To prove : A2 − (a + d) A = (bc − ad) I
cos θ sin θ
9. If A =
prove that AAT = I A2 = A . A
− sin θ cos θ
Solution : a b 1 0
= .
cos θ sin θ c d 0 1
Given A =
− sin θ cos θ a 2 + bc ab + bd
To prove : A.AT = I =
ac + cd bc + d 2
LHS : a b
(a + d ) A = (a + d )
T cos θ sin θ cos θ − sin θ
A. A = c d
− sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
2
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ − cos θ sin θ + sin θ cos θ =
= 2
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
ca + cd ad + d
− sin θ cos θ + cos θ sin θ
2
=I A − (a + d ) A
Hence proved. a 2 + bc ab + bd a 2 + ad ab + bd
= −
5 −4 ac + cd bc + d 2 ca + cd ad + d 2
10. Verify that A2 = I when A =
6 −5 bc + ad 0
Solution : =
0 bc − ad
5 −4
Given A =
6 −5 1 0
To prove : A 2 = I = (bc − ad )
0 1
5 −4 5 −4
A2 = A. A = = (bc − ad ) (I)
6 −5 6 −5
= RHS
25 − 24 −20 + 20
=
30 − 30 −24 + 25 Hence proved.
1 0
=
0 1
=I
Hence proved.
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1 7 3 1
5 2 9 13. If A = show that A2 −5A+7I2= 0
12. If A = , B = 1 2 verify −1 2
1 2 8
5 −1 Solution :
that (AB)T =BT AT 3 1
Given A =
Solution : −1 2
1 7 To verify : A2 − 5A + 7I2 = 0
5 2 9
Given A = , B = 1 2
1 2 8 3 1 3 1
5 −1 A2 =
To verify : (AB)T =BT AT −1 2 −1 2
1 7 9 −1 3 + 2
5 2 9 =
AB = 1 2 −3 − 2 −1 + 4
1 2 8
5 −1
8 5
=
5 × 1 + 2 × 1 + 9 × 5 5 × 7 + 2 × 2 + 9 × −1
= −5 3
1 × 1 + 2 × 1 + 8 × 5 1 × 7 + 2 × 2 + 8 × −1
∴ A2 − 5 A + 7 I 2
5 + 2 + 45 35 + 4 − 9
= 8 5 15 5 1 0
1 + 2 + 40 7 + 4 − 8 = − +7
−5 3 −5 10 0 1
52 30
= 8 5 15 5 7 0
43 3 = − +
−5 3 −5 10 0 7
52 43
∴ ( AB)T = ........... (1) 0 0
30 3 =
0 0
5 1
1 1 5 =0
T T
B A = 2 2
7 2 −1
9 8 EXERCI E 3.19
S
5 + 2 + 45 1 + 2 + 40 Multiple Choice Questions :
=
35 + 4 − 9 7 + 4 − 8 1. A system of three linear equations in three
52 43 variables is inconsistent if their planes
= ........... (2)
30 3 (1) intersect only at a point
∴ From (1) & (2), (AB) = B AT T T
(2) intersect in a line
Hence proved. (3) coincides with each other
(4) do not intersect
Hint : Ans : (4)
System of equations is in consistent if
their planes do not intersect.
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1
Hint : Ans : (1) 5. y2 + is not equal to
y2
(3) ⇒ 3z = 9 ⇒z=3 2
(2) ⇒ − y + z = 1 ⇒ − y + 3 = 1 y4 + 1 1
(1) (2) y +
⇒−y=−2 y2 y
2 2
y=2 1 1
(3) y + +2 (4) y + − 2
y
(1) ⇒ x + y − 3z = − 6 y
⇒x+2−9=−6 Hint : Ans : (2)
2
⇒x=7−6=1 1 1
y2 + ≠y+
2
2 y y
x − kx − 6 then the value of k is
2
x 8
(1) 3 (2) 5 (3) 6 (4) 8 6. 2
− 2 gives
x − 25 x + 6 x + 5
Hint : Ans : (2)
x 2 − 7 x + 40 x 2 + 7 x + 40
x − 2x − 24 = (x − 6) (x + 4)
2 (1) (2)
( x − 5) ( x + 5) ( x − 5) ( x + 5) ( x + 1)
x2 − kx − 6 = (x − 6) (x + 1)
x 2 − 7 x + 40 x 2 + 10
(3) (4)
(∵ x + 1 is the only possible factor) ( x 2 − 25) ( x + 1) ( x 2 − 25) ( x + 1)
= x2 − 5x − 6 Hint : Ans : (3)
∴k=5 x 8
= 2
− 2
x − 25 x + 6 x + 5
3y − 3 7y − 7
4. ÷ is x 8
y 3y2 = −
( x + 5) ( x − 5) ( x + 5) ( x + 1)
9y 9 y3 x( x + 1) − 8 ( x − 5)
(1) (2) =
7 (21 y − 21) ( x + 5) ( x − 5) ( x + 1)
21 y 2 − 42 y + 21 7( y 2 − 2 y + 1) x 2 + x − 8 x + 40
(3) (4) =
3 y3 y2 ( x + 5) ( x − 5) ( x + 1)
Hint : Ans : (1) x 2 − 7 x + 40
=
( x 2 − 25) ( x + 1)
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(3) (4) 2x2 – 6x + 10
5 x z2 5 y
2x2 4x4 − 24x3 + 76x2 + ax + b
Hint : Ans : (4)
4x4
8 4 10
256 x y z 4x2 – 6x – 24x3 + 76x2
=
25 x 6 y 6 z 6
– 24x3 + 36x2
4 2 5
16 x y z 4x2 – 12x + 10 40x2 + ax + b
=
5 x3 y 3 z 3
40x2 − 120x + 100
16 x z 2 (+) (−)
=
5 y 0
(∵ Perfect square)
to make x + 64 a perfect square
2
a + 120 = 0, b − 100 = 0
(1) 4x2 (2) 16x2
a = − 120 b = 100
(3) 8x2 (4) − 8x2
11. If the roots of the equation q2 x2 + p2x +
Hint : Ans : (2) r2 = 0 are the squares of the roots of the
= x + 64 4
equation qx2 + px + r = 0, then q, p, r are
= (x2)2 + 82 in _____
= (x2)2 + 82 + 2(x2) (8) (1) A.P (2) G.P
= (x2 + 8)2, perfect square (3) Both A.P and G.P (4) none of these
∴ 16x2 should be added
Hint : Ans : (2)
9. The solution of (2x − 1)2 = 9 is equal to Roots of q x + p x + r = 0 are squares of
2 2 2 2
q2 A has 3 rows & 4 columns
p 2 2r − p 2 ∴ A is of order 3 × 4
⇒ − = 2
q2 q q 15. If A is a 2 × 3 matrix and B is a 3 × 4 ma-
2
2r 2 p trix, how many columns does AB have?
⇒ = 2
q q (1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 2 (4) 5
2
2p Hint : Ans : (2)
⇒ r=
q2 A → 2 × 3, B→3×4
⇒ p 2 = qr ∴ AB is of order 2 × 4
∴ q, p, r are in G.P.
∴ No.of columns of A × B is 4.
12. Graph of a linear polynomial is a
16. If number of columns and rows are not
(1) straight line (2) circle
equal in a matrix then it is said to be a
(3) parabola (4) hyperbola (1) diagonal matrix
Hint : Ans : (1) (2) rectangular matrix
(3) square matrix
line.
(4) identity matrix
13. The number of points of intersection of
the quadratic polynomial x2 + 4x + 4 with Hint : Ans : (2)
the X axis is No. of rows ≠ No. of columns
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 0 or 1 (4) 2 ⇒ Matrix is said to be rectangular
Hint : Ans : (2) 17. Transpose of a column matrix is
(x + 2)2 = 0 (1) unit matrix (2) diagonal matrix
⇒ x+2=0
(3) column matrix (4) row matrix
⇒ x = −2
∴ The polynomial will meet x - axis at (−2, 0) Hint : Ans : (4)
No. of points of intersection = 1. Transpose of a column matrix is a row
matrix
1 3 5 7
14. For the given matrix A= 2 4 6 8 1
9 11 13 15 Ex : If A = 2 AT = (1 2 3)
the order of the matrix AT is 3
(1) 2 × 3 (2) 3 × 2
(3) 3 × 4 (4) 4 × 3
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1 3 5 7 1 0
18. Find the matrix X if 2 X +
=
1 2 3 0 1
5 7 9 5
−2 −2 2 2 20. If A = , B = 2 −1 and C =
(1) (2) 3 2 1 −2 5
2 −1 2 −1 1 0 0 2
1 2 3 2 −1 and C = 0 1
A= 2 1 , B= −2 5
1 2
(3) (4) 3 2 1 0 2
2 2 2 2
Which of the following statements are
Hint : Ans : (2) correct?
1 3 5 7 5 5
2X + = (i ) AB + C =
5 7 9 5 5 5
4 4 0 1
⇒ 2X =
4 −2 (ii ) BC = 2 −3
2 2 −4 10
⇒ X =
2 −1 2 5
(iii ) BA + C =
3 0
19. Which of the following can be calculated
from the given matrices −8 20
(iv) ( AB )C =
−8 13
A = 3 4 , B = 4 5 6
(1) (i) and (ii) only (2) (ii) and (iii) only
5 6 7 8 9 (3) (iii) and (iv) only (4) all of these
(i) A2 (ii) B2 (iii) AB (iv) BA Hint :
(1) (i) and (ii) only (2) (ii) and (iii) only 1 + 4 + 0 0 − 2 + 6 0 1
i ) AB + C = +
(3) (ii) and (iv) only (4) all of these 3 + 4 + 0 0 − 2 + 2 −2 5
0 − 8 5 + 20 Sub z = 1 in (4)
=
0 + 0 7 + 0
− 3x + 1 = − 17
−8 25 −8 20
= ≠ − 3x = − 18
0 7 −8 13
x=6
∴ (i) & (ii) only are correct Sub x = 6, z = 1 in (1)
IT EXERCI E - 3 6 − 2y + 3 = 5
UN
S
1. Solve ⇒ − 2y = − 4
1
y=2
3
Solution : ∴ x = 6, y = 2, z = 1.
Given 2. One hundred and fifty students are ad-
1 mitted to a school. They are distrbuted
( x + y − 5) = y − z = 2 x − 11 = 9 − ( x + 2 z )
3 over three sections A, B and C. If 6 stu-
1 dents are shifted from section A to sec-
⇒ ( x + y − 5) = y − z tion C, the sections will have equal num-
3
ber of students. If 4 times of students of
⇒ x + y − 5 = 3y − 3z
section C exceeds the number of students
⇒ x − 2y + 3z = 5 .......... (1) of section A by the number of students in
section B, find the number of students in
⇒ y − z = 2x − 11
the three sections.
⇒ 2x − y + z = 11 ....... (2)
Solution :
Also, 2x − 11 = 9 − x − 2z
Let the number of students in 3 sections.
3x + 2z = 20 ....... (3) A, B, C respectively be x, y, z
(1) ⇒ x − 2y + 3z = 5 ∴By data given, x + y + z = 150 — (1)
(2) ⇒×2 4x − 2y + 2z = 22 x–6=z+6
x – z = 12 — (2)
(−) (+) (−) (−)
−3x + z = −17 .......... (4) Also, given 4z = x + y
⇒ x + y – 4z = 0 — (3)
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Solving (1) & (2) When 198 is added to the number of digits are
reversed
x + y + z = 150
⇒ (100x + 10y + z) + 198 = 100z + 10y + x
x + y – 4z = 0
⇒ 99x – 99z = – 198
Subtracting, 5z = 150
⇒ x–z =–2
z= 30 ⇒ x=z–2 — (2)
Sub. z = 30 in (2) 10's digit exceeds 100's digit by twice as that of
x – 30 = 12 10's digits exceed the unit's digit
x = 42 ⇒ y – x = 2(y – z)
⇒ y – x = 2y – 2z
Sub. x = 42, z = 30 in (1)
⇒ – x – y = – 2z
42 + y + 30 = 150
⇒ x + y = 2z
⇒ y = 150 – 72
⇒ z – 2 + y = 2z (from (2))
= 78 y = 2z – z + 2
∴ No. of students in Section A = 42 y=z+2 — (3)
No. of students in Section B = 78
No. of students in Section C = 30 145 (z – 2) – 35 (z + 2) + z = – 27
3. In a three-digit number, when the tens ⇒ 145z – 290 – 35z – 70 + z = – 27
and the hundreds digit are interchanged 111z = 333
the new number is 54 more than three z=3
times the original number. If 198 is add- Sub. z = 3 in (2) ⇒ x = 3 – 2 = 1
ed to the number, the digits are reversed.
Sub. z = 3 in (3) ⇒ y = 3 + 2 = 5
The tens digit exceeds the hundreds digit
by twice as that of the tens digit exceeds x = 1, y = 5, z = 3
the unit digit. Find the original number. The original number is 100x + 10y + z
\
Solution : = 100(1) + 10(5) + 3
Let the original 3 digit number be = 100 + 50 + 3
100x + 10y + z. = 153
By data given
100y + 10x + z = 3 (100x + 10y + z) + 54
⇒ 100y + 10x + z = 300x + 30y + 3z + 54
⇒ 290x – 70y + 2z = – 54
⇒ 145x – 35y + z = – 27 — (1)
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4. Find the least common multiple of 6. Reduce the given Rational expressions to
xy (k2 + 1) + k(x2 + y2) and xy (k2 − 1) + its lowest form
k (x2 − y2). x 3a − 8 10 x3 − 25 x 2 + 4 x − 10
(i ) (ii )
Solution : x 2 a + 2 xa + 4 −4 − 10 x 2
xy (k2 + 1) + k(x2 + y2)
= kx2 + (k2 + 1) xy + ky2 Solution :
= kx2 + k2xy + xy + ky2 x 3a − 8
= kx (x + ky) + y (x + ky) (i )
x 2 a + 2 xa + 4
= (kx + y) (x + ky)
xy (k2 − 1) + k (x2 − y2)
(x a )3 − 23
=
= kx2 + (k2 − 1) xy − ky2 x2a + 2 xa + 4
= kx2 + k2xy − xy − ky2 (x a − 2) ( x 2 a + 2 x a + 4)
=
= kx (x + ky) − y (x + ky) x2a + 2 xa + 4
= (x + ky) (kx − y) = xa − 2
LCM = (x + ky) (kx + y) (kx − y)
= (x + ky) (k2x2 − y2) 10 x3 − 25 x 2 + 4 x − 10
(ii )
−4 − 10 x 2
5. Find the GCD of the following by
5 x 2 (2 x − 5) + 2 (2 x − 5)
division algorithm 2x4+13x3+27x2+23x+7, =
x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1, x2 + 2x + 1 −2 (2 + 5 x )
Solution : (5 x 2 + 2) (2 x − 5)
=
x+1 −2 (2 + 5 x 2 )
x + 2x + 1 x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1
2 (2 x − 5)
=
−2
x3 + 2x2 + x
5
x2 + 2x + 1 =−x+
2
x2 + 2x + 1
7. Simplify
0
1 1
+
2x2 + 9x + 7 p q+r q2 + r 2 − p2
× 1 +
x2 + 2x + 1 2x4 + 13x3 + 27x2 + 23x + 7 1 1 2qr
−
p q+r
2x4 + 4x3 + 2x2
9x3 + 25x2 + 23x Solution :
9x + 18x + 9x
3 2 1 1
+
7x2 + 14x + 7 p q+r q2 + r 2 − p2
= × 1 +
1 1 2qr
7x2 + 14x + 7 −
p q+r
0
q+r+ p
∴ G.C.D. = x2 + 2x + 1 p (q + r ) q 2 + r 2 − p 2 + 2qr
= ×
q+r− p 2qr
p (qEmail
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2 2
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1 1 www.padavelai.com
+
p q+r q2 + r 2 − p2
= × 1 +
1
Surya - 10 Maths 1 2qr 190 Algebra
−
p q+r
q+r+ p
p (q + r ) q 2 + r 2 − p 2 + 2qr x x W
= × ∴ (1) ⇒ x + + =
q+r− p 2qr 2 3 6
p (q + r ) 6 x + 3x + 2 x W
⇒ =
6 6
q+r+ p (q + r )2 − p 2
= × ⇒ W = 11x
q+r− p 2qr
W
q+r+ p (q + r + p) (q + r − p) ∴x =
= × 11
q+r− p 2qr x W / 11 W
∴y = ⇒ y = = and
( p + q + r )2 2 2 22
=
2qr x W / 11 W
z= ⇒z= =
3 3 33
8. Arul, Ravi and Ram working together
can clean a store in 6 hours. Working W W
∴ Arul alone does = = = 11 hours
alone, Ravi takes twice as long to clean x W / 11
the store as Arul does. Ram needs three W W
Ravi alone does = = = 22 hours
times as long as Arul does. How long y W / 22
would it take each if they are working
W W
Ram alone does = = = 33 hours
Solution : z W / 33
Let x, y, z be the working speed of Arul, Ravi and 9 Find the square root of 289x4 − 612x3 +
Ram respectively & W be the total work done. 970x2 − 684x + 361.
W
x+y+z= — (1) Solution :
6
By data given, 17x2 − 18x + 19
17x2 289x4 − 612x3 + 970x2 − 684x + 361
* Ravi takes twice as Arul does
289x4
W W
⇒ = 2 34x2 − 18x − 612x3 + 970x2
y x
− 612x3 + 324x2
1 2
⇒ = 34x − 36x + 19
2
646x2 − 684x + 361
y x
x 646x2 − 684x + 361
⇒y= 0
2
* Ram takes thrice as Arul does
∴ 289 x 4 − 612 x3 + 970 x 2 − 684 x + 361
W W
⇒ = 3
x = 17 x 2 − 18 x + 19
z
1 3
⇒ =
z x
x
⇒z=
3
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⇒ 160l − l 2 = 4800
⇒ y 2 + 6 y + 9 = 72 y − 180
⇒ l2 − 160l + 4800 = 0
⇒ y 2 − 66 y + 189 = 0
⇒ (l − 120) (l − 40) = 0
⇒ ( y − 63) ( y − 3) = 0
∴ l = 120, l = 40
y = 63, 3
∴ l = 120, (1) ⇒ b = 160 − 120
11. A boat takes 1.6 hours longer to go 36
kms up a river than down the river. If the ∴ Length = 120 m
speed of the water current is 4 km per
Breadth = 40 m
hr, what is the speed of the boat in still
water? 13. At t minutes past 2 pm, the time needed
Solution : t2
to 3 pm is 3 minutes less than Find t.
Let the speed of the boat in still water be x km/hr. 4
Distance = 36 kms, Time difference = 1.6 hrs. Solution :
∴ By data given, Given time needed by the minutes hand show
36 36 8 8
− = (1.6 hrs = hrs) t2
x−4 x+4 5 5 − 3.
4
1 1 8
⇒ 36 − =
x − 4 x + 4 5 ∴ As per the data given,
x+4− x+4 8 t2
⇒ 2
= − 3 = 60 − t
x − 16 36 × 5 4
8 8
⇒ 2
= ⇒ t 2 − 12 = 240 − 4t
x − 16 180
⇒ t 2 + 4t − 252 = 0
⇒ x 2 − 16 = 180
⇒ (t + 18) (t − 14) = 0
⇒ x 2 = 196
∴ t = −18, t = 14
∴ x = 14
∴ t = 14 min.
∴ Speed of boat in still water = 14km / hr.
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14. The number of seats in a row is equal to ∴ The required polynomial is x2 − 6x + 11.
the total number of rows in a hall. The ii) To find the polynomial whose roots are
total number of seats in the hall will in-
crease by 375 if the number of rows is α −1 β −1
,
doubled and the number of seats in each α +1 β +1
row is reduced by 5. Find the number of α−1 β −1
rows in the hall at the beginning. Sum = +
α+ 1 β + 1
Solution :
αβ + α − β − 1 + αβ − α + β − 1
Let the number of rows be x. =
(α + 1) (β + 1)
∴ Number of seats in each row = x
2αβ − 2
∴ Total number of seats in the hall = x2 =
αβ + α + β + 1
∴ By the data given,
2(3) − 2 4 2
2x × (x − 5) = x2 + 375 = = =
3 + 2 +1 6 3
⇒ 2x2 − 10x = x2 + 375 α−1 β −1
⇒ x2 − 10x −375 = 0 Product = ×
α+ 1 β + 1
⇒ (x − 25) (x + 15) = 0 αβ − α − β − 1 αβ − (α + β) + 1
∴ x = 25, −15 = =
∴ No. of rows at the beginning = 25. 3 − 2 +1
=
15. If a and b are the roots of the polyno- 3 + 2 +1
mial f(x) = x2 − 2x + 3, find the poly- 2
=
nomial whose roots are (i) a + 2, b + 2 6
α −1 β −1 1
(ii) , =
α +1 β +1 3
Solution :
∴ The required polynomial is
Given a, b are the roots of f(x) = x2 − 2x + 3
a + b = 2, ab = 3 2 1 3x 2 − 2 x + 1
x2 − x+ =
i) To find the polynomial whose roots are 3 3 3
a + 2, b + 2 and the equation is 3x2 – 2x + 1 = 0.
Sum = a + b + 4
=2+4 16. If – 4 is a root of the equation x2+px−4=0
=6 and if the equation x2 + px + q = 0 has
equal roots, find the values of p and q.
Product = (a + 2) (b + 2)
= ab + 2a + 2b + 4 Solution :
= ab + 2 (a + b) + 4 Given –4 is a root of x2 + px − 4 = 0
= 3 + 2(2) + 4 ∴ a + b = −p, ab = −4
= 11 − 4 + 1 = −p ⇒ − 4 × b = −4
∴p=3 ∴b=1
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17. Two farmers Senthil and Ravi cultivates ii) Sales in the month of August
three varieties of grains namely rice,
500 1000 1500
wheat and ragi. If the sale (in `) of three = 16
varieties of grains by both the farmers 2500 1500 500
in the month of April is given by the ma- 8000 16000 24000
= 40000 24000 8000
trix.
April sale in `
rice wheat ragi cos θ sin θ x − cos θ
18. If cos θ + sin θ =I
500 1000 1500 Senthil − sin θ cos θ cos θ x 2
A=
2500 1500 500 Ravi find x. cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ
⇒
and the May month sale (in `) is exactly Solution : − cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ
twice as that of the April month sale for Given x sin θ − sin θ cos θ 1 0
each variety. + = 0 1
cos θ sinsinθ θ θ
cos x sin
θx − cos θ
(i) What is the average sales of the months cos θ + sin θ cos θ = I 2
θ 2 θcos
− sin cos + xθsin θ 0 x 1 0
April and May. ⇒ 2 =
cos θ θ2 θ + x sin θ 0
0cos θ sincos 1
(ii) If the sales continues to increase in the same ⇒
way in the successive months, what will be − cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ
sales in the month of August ? x sin θ − sin θ cos θ 1 0
+ =
Solution : sin θ cos θ x sin θ 0 1
Given sale of April month is cos 2 θ + x sin θ 0 1 0
⇒ =
0 cos 2 θ + x sin θ 0 1
500 1000 1500
A=
2500 1500 500 ⇒ cos2q + x sinq) = 1
∴ By given data, sale of may month is ⇒ x sinq = 1 – cos2q
⇒ x sinq = sin2q
1000 2000 3000
B= ⇒ x = sin q
5000 3000 1000
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S
2
1. Solve : 2x + 5y + 2z = − 38,
and if BA = C , find p and q.
2
⇒ a + c =
b + d 64 37 6. Oviya, Sankee, Mithu have a total of $ 89
in their wallets. Oviya has $6. less than Mithu.
∴ 3a + 6c = 18 .......... (1)
Sankee has 3 times Mithu has Howmany
a + c = 64 .......... (2) does each have ?
(1) ⇒ a + 2c = 6
(Ans : 13, 57, 19)
(3) ⇒ a + c = 64
7. Sum of 3 numbers is 10. Sum of the first
c = − 58
number, twice the second number and 3
a − 58 = 64
times the third is 29 and the sum of first,
a = 122 four times the second and nine times the
3b + 6d = 9 ....... (3) third is 43, Find the numbers.
b + d = 37 ....... (4) (Ans : 4, 3, 3)
(3) ⇒ b + 2d = 3 8. In a shop, the following items were sold on
(4) ⇒ b + d = 37 3 days.
d = − 34
Rice Oil Sugar
b − 34 = 37
b = 71 Day 1 25 10 10
∴ a = 122, b = 71, c = − 58, d = − 34 Day 2 16 6 4
122 71 Day 3 30 12 6
∴D =
−58 −34
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If the total values sold were Rs.820, Rs.480 12. If (x + 3) (x − 2) is the GCD of f(x) = (x + 3)
and Rs.912 respectively. Find the cost of (2x2 − 3x + a) and g(x) = (x − 2) (3x2 + 7x − b),
1 kg of each item. find a and b.
(Ans : 12, 40, 12) (Ans : a = −2, b = 6)
9. Find the GCD of the following : 13. The HCF and LCM of 2 polynomials are
i) x − 27a x, (x − 3a)
4 3 2
(Ans : x − 3a) 5x2 + x and (x3 − 4x) (5x + 1) respectively.
One of the polynomials is 5x3 − 9x2 − 2x.
ii) x3 + 8x2 − x − 8, x3 + x2 − x − 1
Find the other.
(Ans : x2 − 1)
(Ans : x(x + 2) (5x + 1)
iii) x2 − x − 2, x2 + x − 6, 3x2 − 13x + 14
(Ans : x − 2) 14. Find the LCM of the polynomials
2x3 + 15x2 + 2x − 35, x3 + 8x2 + 4x − 21
iv) 3 (x2 − 5x + 6), 4 (x2 − 4x + 3)
whose GCD is x + 7.
(Ans : x − 3)
(Ans x3 + 8x2 + 4x − 21) (2x2 + x − 5))
v) 6a2 − 11a + 3, 12a2 + 5a − 3
(Ans : 3a − 1) 15. Simplify :
10. Find the LCM of the following : 2 x 2 + 3x + 1 4 x 2 + 5 x + 1 15 x 2 + 8 x + 1
i) × ×
i) q2 − 4, q3 − 8, q2 − 6q + 8
(Ans :1)
(Ans : (q2 − 4) (q − 4) (q2 + 2q + 4) 4 2
x + x +1
ii) 2 (x − 1)2, 3 (x2 − 1) ii)
x2 + x + 1
(Ans : 6 (x − 1)2 (x + 1) (Ans : x 2 - x + 1)
iii) 2m2 − 18n2, 5m2n + 15mn2, m3 + 27n3 a 2 − (b + c) 2 b 2 − (c+ a ) 2
iii) ÷
(Ans : 10mn (m − 3n) (m2 + 27n3) c 2 − ( a + b) 2 a 2 + ab + ca
(a - b - c)a
iv) 6b2 − b − 1, 3b2 + 7b + 2, 2b2 + 3b − 2 Ans : (c - a - b) (b - a - c))
(Ans : (3b + 1) (2b − 1) (b + 2))
11. Find the GCD by long division : 16. Solve the following by factorisation :
(Ans : x + 1) a + 2b 2a + b
Ans : ,
3 3
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iv) (5x − 2) (x + 1) = 3x (3x − 1) 20. In a music hall, the number of seats in each
1 row is 10 less than the number of rows. If
Ans : 1, there are 704 seats in the hall. Find the
2
2 x + 3 3( x − 4) number of rows.
v) = (Ans : 5, − 18)
x+8 x−2 (Ans : 32)
17. Solve the following by completing the 21. The perimeter of a right triangle is 60 cm.
square. Its hypotenuse is 25 cm. Find the area of the
triangle.
3 ± 19
i) 5x2 − 6x − 2 = 0 Ans : (Ans : 150 cm2)
5
22. The speed of a boat in still water is
-1 ± 33
Ans : 15 Km/hr. It goes 30 km upstream and
ii) 2x2 + x − 4 = 0 4 return down stream to the original point in
3 4 1 2 hrs. Find the speed of the stream.
iii) 4x2 + 17x = 15 Ans : , - 5
4 (Ans : 5 Km/hr)
2 x + 1 x+3 23. An aeroplane left 30 min later than its
iv) 2 −3 =5
x + 3 2 x − 1 scheduled time and in order to reach its
-1
Ans : - 10, time, it has to increase its speed by
5
250 Km/hr from its usual speed. Find the
18. Solve the following by using quadratic original speed.
formula.
(Ans : 750 Km/hr)
1 2 4
i) + =
x +1 x + 2 x + 4
(Ans : 2 ± 2 3 ) 24. The numerator of a fraction is 3 less than its
denominator. If 2 is added to both the
2 2 2 a + b a - b numerator and the denominator, the the sum
ii ) 9 x − 6ax + (a − b ) = 0 Ans : ,
3 3 of new fraction and original fraction is 29 .
1 Find the original fraction. 20
iii ) a ( x 2 + 1) = x(a 2 + 1) Ans : a,
a
iv) ( x − 2) (2 x + 3) = 3( x − 4) ( x + 8) 7
Ans :
(Ans : - 6,-4) 10
25. A flock of swans contained x2 members.
19. Divide 18 into two parts such that twice the As the clouds gathered. 10x went
sum of their squares is 5 times their
product. lake, and 18 x2 flew away to a
garden. The remaining three couples
(Ans : 6, 12) played about in the water. Howmany swans
were there in that lake ?
(Ans : 144)
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(Ans : 2) 34. If A = 4 , B = (1 3 − 6), verify that
5
27. Find 'k' if the following equations have real
& equal roots. (AB) = BT AT
T
i) 2x2 − 10x + k = 0 (Ans : 25/2) 35. Construct a 4 × 3 matri whose elements are
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U
S
NS
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
1. The value of a, b, c, d (Ans : (d))
d +1 10 + a 2 2a + 1 8. Which one of the following is a root of the
3b − 2 = if
a − 4 b − 5 4c equation 2x4 - 5x3 - 3x2 + 13x + 9 = 0
a) 1 b) -1 c) 2 d) 0
−3 5 (Ans :(b))
a ) 11, 7, 3,1 b) 9, ,1,
2 4 9. For what value of k, will the system of
3 −5 −3 5 equations 2x + 3y = k and (k - 1) x +
c) − 9, , , − 1 d ) 9, , ,1
2 4 2 4 (k + 2) y = 3k has infinite solutions ?
(Ans : (d)) a) -7 b) 5 c) 7 d) 0
1 0 0 (Ans : c)
2. If A = 0 1 0 , then A2 is 10. The discriminant D of the equation
a b −1 3 3 x2 + 10x + 3 = 0
a) 64 b) - 64 c) 81 d) none
a) a null matrix b) a unit matrix (Ans : (a))
c) −A d) A 11. The LCM of 6x y, 9x yz, 12x y z is
2 2 2 2
(Ans : (b)) a) 36 xy2z2 b) 36 x2y2z
c) 36 x y z d) 36 xy z
1 2 x 1 −2 y (Ans : (b))
x 2 − 25 x+5
3. If A = 0 1 0 , B = 0
1 0 12. On dividing by 2 equal to
x+3 x −9
0 0 1 0 0 1 a) (x - 5) (x - 3) b) (x - 5) (x + 3)
and AB = I3, then x + y equals c) (x + 5) (x - 3) d) (x + 5) (x + 3)
a) 0 b) −1 c) 2 d) none (Ans : (a))
13. The solution set of the equation
(Ans : (a))
(x-3)2 = 9 is
5 x a) {0, 3} b) {3, 3} c) {3, 6} d) {0, 6}
4. If A = and A = AT, then
y 0 (Ans : (d))
14. The equation whose roots are b + c and
a) x = 0, y = 5 b) x + y = 5 b - c is
c) x = y d) none a) x2 + 2bx + (b2 - c2) = 0
(Ans : (c)) b) x2 - 2bx + (b2 - c2) = 0
5. Matrix A = (aij)m +n is a square matrix if c) x2 - 2bx - (b2 - c2) = 0
a) m < n b) m > n d) x2 + 2bx - (b2 - c2) = 0 (Ans : (b))
c) m = 1 d) m = n
15. The value of m if 10x2 + mx - 10 leaves a
(Ans : (d))
remainder 2 when divided by 2x - 3.
6. If 1 α is a root of 2x2 - 5x + 7 = 0, then the 80
−80
value of 7a2 - 5a is a) 7 b) - 7 c) d)
3 3
a) 2 b) -2 c) 5 d) -5 (Ans : (b))
(Ans :(b))
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CHAPTER
I. C n
4 u n nd s n s
GEOMETRY
o
gr
e
cy
a
imilarity
of
tria
gle
Points to Remember
9 AA Criterion of similarity If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles
9
of another triangle, then the two triangles are similar, because the third angle in both triangles
must be equal. Therefore, AA similarity criterion is same as the AAA similarity criterion.
9 SAS Criterion of similarity. If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle
9
and if the sides including them are proportional then the two triangles are similar.
9 SSS Criterion of similarity. If three sides of a triangle are proportional to the three corre-
9
sponding sides of another triangle, then the two triangles are similar.
9 A perpendicular line drawn from the vertex of a right angled triangle divides the triangle into
9
two triangles similar to each other and also to original triangle.
DADB ~ DBDC, DABC ~ DADB, DABC ~ DBDC
9 If two triangles are similar, then the ratio of the corresponding sides are equal to the ratio of
9
their corresponding altitudes.
i.e. if DABC ~ DPQR then
AB BC CA AD BE CF
= = = = =
PQ QR RP PS QT RU
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9 If two triangles are similar, then the ratio of the corresponding sides are equal to the ratio of
9
the corresponding perimeters.
DABC ~ DDEF then
AB BC CA AB + BC + CA
= = =
DE EF FD DE + EF + FD
9 The ratio of the area of two similar triangles are equal to the ratio of the squares of their cor-
9
responding sides.
area (∆ABC) AB 2 BC 2 AC 2
= = =
area (∆PQR) PQ 2 QR 2 PR 2
9 If two triangles have common vertex and their bases are on the same
9
straight line, the ratio between their areas is equal to the ratio between
the length of their bases.
area (∆ABD) AD
Here, =
area (∆BDC) DC
9 Two triangles are said to be similar if their corresponding sides are proportional.
9
9 The triangles are equiangular if the corresponding angles are equal.
9
Example 4.1 Solution :
Show that DPST ~ D PQR i) In DPST and DPQR,
PS 2 2 PT 4 2
= = , = =
PQ 2 + 1 3 PR 4 + 2 3
PS PT
Thus, = and ∠P is common
PQ PR
Therefore, by SAS similarity,
DPST ~ D PQR
PS PT
Thus, = and ∠P is common
PQ PR
Therefore, by SAS similarity,
DPST ~ D PQR
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since ≠ , ≠
2 5 AB BC
Solution :
The ratio of the corresponding sides of similar
triangles is same as the ratio of their perimeters,
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y h ph
= we get, y = .......... (2)
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ph ph
(1) + (2) gives x + y = +
Surya - 10 Maths a b Geometry
203
1 1
p = ph + ( Since x + y = p )
a b
Solution : a + b
1= h
Let AB and CD be two poles of height ‘a’ metres ab
and ‘b’ metres respectively such that the poles ab
Therefore, h =
are ‘p’ metres apart. That is AC = p metres. Sup- a+b
pose the lines AD and BC meet at O, such that Hence, the height of the intersection of the lines
OL = h metres joining the top of each pole to the foot of the op-
ab
posite pole is metres.
a+b
Construction of similar triangles
Example 4.10
Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle
3
PQR with its sides equal to of the correspond-
5
3
Let CL = x and LA = y. ing sides of the triangle PQR (scale factor <1)
5
Then, x + y = p Solution :
In DABC and DLOC, we have ∠CAB = Given a triangle PQR we are required to con-
∠CLO [each equals to 900] 3
struct another triangle whose sides are of the
∠C = ∠C [C is common] corresponding sides of the triangle PQR.
DCAB ~ DCLO [By AA similarity] Steps of construction
CA AB p a 1. Construct a DPQR with any measurement.
= gives =
CL LO x h
ph
so, x = ........... (1)
a
In DALO and DACD, we have
∠ALO = ∠ACD [each equal to 900]
∠A = ∠A [A is common]
DALO ~ DACD [By AA similarity]
AL OL
= gives
AC DC 2. Draw a ray QX making an acute angle with
y h ph QR on the side opposite to vertex P.
= we get, y = .......... (2)
p b b
3
ph ph 3. Locate 5 (the greater of 3 and 5 in )
(1) + (2) gives x + y = + 5
a b points.
1 1
p = ph + ( Since x + y = p ) Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, and Q5 on QX so that QQ1=
a b
Q1Q2 = Q2Q3 = Q3Q4 = Q4Q5
a + b
1= h
ab
ab
Therefore, h =
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4. Join Q5R and draw a line through Q3 (the third 4. Join Q4 (the 4th point, 4 being smaller of
3 7
point, 3 being smaller of 3 and 5 in ) parallel 4 and 7 in ) to R and draw a line through
5 4
to Q5R to intersect QR at R'.
Q7 parallel to Q4R, intersecting the
5. Draw line through R' parallel to the line RP extended line segment QR at R'.
to intersect QP at P'. Then, DP'QR' is the
required triangle each of whose sides is 5. Draw a line through R' parallel to RP
three-fifths of the corresponding sides of intersecting the extended line segment
QP at P' Then DP'QR' is the required
DPQR.
triangle each of whose sides is seven-fourths
of the corresponding sides of DPQR.
Example 4.11
Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle EXERCI E 4.1
7
S
PQR with its sides equal to of the correspond-
4 1. Check whether the which triangles are
7
ing sides of the triangle PQR (scale factor >1) similar and find the value of x.
4
Solution:
AE 2 2 4
i) = = =
AC 2 + 3.5 5.5 11
AD 3 3
= =
AB 3+ 5 8
AE AD
Given a triangle PQR, we are required to ∴ ≠
7 AC AB
construct another triangle whose sides are of
4 ∴ the 2 triangles are not similar.
the corresponding sides of the triangle PQR.
ii) Given ∠PQB=1100 ⇒ ∠PQC = 700 = ∠QBA
Steps of construction
∴ Corresponding angles are equal.
1. Construct a DPQR with any measurement.
CQ PQ
2. Draw a ray QX making an acute angle with ∴ =
QB AB
QR on the side opposite to vertex P.
3 x
⇒ =
7 3 5
3. Locate 7 (the greater of 4 and 7 in ) points.
4 x
Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6 and Q7 on QX so that ⇒ 1=
5
QQ1= Q1Q2 = Q2Q3 = Q3Q4 = Q4Q5 = Q5Q6 = ∴ x=5
Q 6Q 7
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2. A girl looks the reflection of the top of the 3. A vertical stick of length 6 m casts a shad-
lamp post on the mirror which is 66 m ow 400 cm long on the ground and at the
away from the foot of the lamppost. The same time a tower casts a shadow 28 m
girl whose height is 12.5 m is standing 2.5 long. Using similarity, find the height of
m away from the mirror. Assuming the the tower.
mirror is placed on the ground facing the Solution :
sky and the girl, mirror and the lamp- P
B 4m C Q 28m R
A
Lamp Post
Girl In DABC and DPQR
h
1.5 m ∠B = ∠Q = 900
B P
∠C = ∠R (AC | | PR)
0.4 m C 87.6 m
Mirror
∴ By AA similarity, DABC ~ DPQR
Given AB = height of girl = 1.5 m AB BC
BC = Dist. between girl & Mirror = 0.4 m PQ QR
LP = height of lamp post = h 6 4
CP = dist. between Mirror & Post= 87.6 m ⇒ =
h 28
In DABC, DLPC, 6 1
∠B = ∠P = 900 ⇒ =
h 7
∠ACB = ∠LCP (angle of incidence & ⇒ h = 42 m
angle of reflection)
∴ DABC & DLPC are similar. ∴ Height of the tower = 42m.
AB BC 4. Two triangles QPR and QSR, right an-
∴ = (By AA similarity)
LP CP gled at P and S respectively are drawn on
1.5 0.4 the same base QR and on the same side
⇒ =
h 87.6 of QR. If PR and SQ intersect at T, prove
87.6 × 1.5 that PT × TR = ST × TQ.
⇒ h=
0.4 Solution :
87.6 × 3 2 P
S
=
4
10
= 43.8 × 3 × 5 2
T
= 21.9 × 15
= 328.5 m
Q R
∴ Height of he lamp post = 328.5 m
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ii) DLOP ~ DRPN iii) DQMO ~ DRPN
i) ∠AED = ∠ACB = 900 iv) QR2 = MQ × RN
ii) ∠A is common
∴ By AA similarity,
DABC ~ DADE
Also, ∴ By similarily,
AB2 = AC2 + BC2 AD ED AE Solution :
= =
AB BC AC
= 5 + 12
2 2
i) In DLOP, DQMO
3 DE AE
⇒ = =
= 25 + 144 13 12 5 a) ∠OLP = ∠OQM = 900
15 36
= 169 ∴ AE = , DE = b) ∠LOP= ∠OMQ (Corresponding angles)
13 13
∴ AB = 13 ∴ By AA similarity,
DLOP ~ DQMO
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⇒
9
=
(2.1) 2
⇒
AC
AC
(
=y 1 +1
6 3 )
16 EF 2 1+ 2
⇒ y =1
16 × (2.1) 2 6
⇒ EF 2 =
9 1
4 × 2.1 ⇒ y =1
∴ EF = = 2.8 cm 2
3 ∴ y = 2m
9. Two vertical poles of heights 6 m and 3 ab
(or) Using formula y =
m are erected above a horizontal ground a+b
AC. Find the value of y. 6 × 3 18
= = = 2m
6+3 9
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10. Construct a triangle similar to a given of the corresponding sides of the triangle
2
triangle PQR with its sides equal to 4
3 LMN (scale factor ).
5
of the corresponding sides of the triangle Solution :
L
2
PQR (scale factor ). L'
3
Solution :
P
P'
M
N' N
M1
M2
Q
M3
Q1 R' R
M4
Q2
M5
Q3
X Steps of construction
1. Construct a DLMN with any measurement.
1. Construct a DPQR with any measurement.
2. Draw a ray MX making an acute angle with
2. Draw a ray QX making an acute angle with
MN on the side opposite to vertex L.
QR on the side opposite to vertex P.
4
3. Locate 5 points (greater of 4 and 5 in )
2 5
3. Locate 3 points (greater of 2 and 3 in ) points.
3
points. M1, M2, M3, M4 & M5 so that MM1= M1M2 =
Q1, Q2, Q3 on QX so that M2M3 = M3M4 = M4M5,
QQ1= Q1Q2 = Q2Q3 4. Join M5 to N and draw a line through
4
4. Join Q3R and draw a line through Q2 M4 (4 being smaller of 4 and 5 in ) parallel
5
2 to M5N to intersect MN at N'.
(3 being smaller of 2 and 3 in ) parallel
to Q3R to intersect QR at R'. 3 5. Draw line through N' parallel to the line LN
intersecting line segment ML to L'.
5. Draw line through R' parallel to the line RP
intersecting the QP at P'. Then, DP'QR' is Then, L'M'N' is the required D.
the required D. 12. Construct a triangle similar to a given
6
triangle ABC with its sides equal to
11. Construct a triangle similar to a given 5
4 of the corresponding sides of the triangle
triangle LMN with its sides equal to 6
5 ABC (scale factor ).
5
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Solution : Solution :
A' Q'
Q
B C B'
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
X
P R R'
P1
Steps of construction P2
P3
P4
1. Construct a DABC with any measurement. P5
P6
P7
2. Draw a ray BX making an acute angle with X
BC on the side opposite to vertex A.
6 Steps of construction
5 1. Construct a DPQR with any measurement.
points.
B1, B2, ........... B6 on BX so that BB1 = B1B2 2. Draw a ray PX making an acute angle with
= B2B3 = B3B4 = B3B4= B4B5 = B5B6, PR on the side opposite to vertex Q.
7
4. Join B4 (4 being smaller of 4 and 6 in 3. Locate 7 points (greater of 3 and 7 in )
6 3
) to C and draw a line through B6 parallel points.
4
to B4C to intersecting the extended line P1, P2, ........... P7 on PX so that PP1 = P1P2 =
segment BC at C'. P2P3 ................ = P6P7,
5. Draw line through C' parallel to CA 4. Join P3R (3 being smaller of 3 and 7
intersect the extended line segment BA to 7
in ) and draw a line through P7 parallel
A'. 3
to P3R to intersecting the extended line
Then, DA'B'C' is the required D.
segment PR at R'.
13. Construct a triangle similar to a given
5. Draw line through R' parallel to QR
7
triangle PQR with its sides equal to intersect the extended line segment PQ to
3
Q'.
of the corresponding sides of the triangle
Then, DP'Q'R' is the required D.
7
PQR (scale factor ).
3
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AD AE
To Prove : =
DB EC
Construction : Draw a line DE | | BC
No. Statement Reason
1. ∠ABC = ∠ADE Corresponding AD AE
Given : In ∆ABC , =
= ∠1 angles are equal DB EC
To Prove : DE | | BC
because DE || BC
2. ∠ACB = ∠AED Corresponding Construction : Draw BF | | DE
= ∠2 angles are equal
because DE || BC No. Statement Reason
3. ∠DAE = ∠BAC Both triangles have 1. In D ABC, BF || Construction
= ∠3 a common angle DE
AD AE Thales theorem (In
DABC ~ DADE By AAA similarity = ....(1) DABC taking D in
2. DB EC
AB AC Corresponding sides AB and E in AC).
=
AD AE are proportional Thales theorem (In
AD AF
3. = ....(2) DABC taking F in
AD + DB DB FC
AC)
AD Split AB and AC
AE +EC using th epoints D
=
AE and E.
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AD AE
By Thales theorem, we have =
No. Statement Reason DB EC
1. ∠BAD = ∠1 and Assumption x x+2
= gives x( x − 1) = ( x − 2) ( x + 2)
x − 2 x −1
∠DAC = ∠2
Hence, x2 x = x2 − 4 so, x = 4
2. ∠BAD = ∠AEC Since DA || CE and
−
When x = 4, AD = 4, DB = x − 2 = 2,
= ∠1 AC is transversal,
corresponding AE = x + 2 = 6, EC = x − 1 = 3.
angles are equal Hence, AB = AD + DB = 4 + 2 = 6,
3. ∠DAC = ∠ACE Since DA || CE and AC = AE + EC = 6 + 3 = 9.
= ∠2 AC is transversal. Therefore, AB = 6, AC = 9.
Alternate angles are
Example 4.13
equal.
D and E are respectively the points on the sides
4. BA BD In DBCE by Thales
= ....(2) AB and AC of a D ABCsuch that AB = 5.6 cm,
AE DC theorem
AD = 1.4 cm, AC = 7.2 cm and AE = 1.8 cm,
5. AB BD From (1) show that DE | | BC.
=
AC DC Solution :
6. From (1) and (2) We have AB = 5.6 cm, AD = 1.4 cm,
= AC = 7.2 cm and AE = 1.8 cm
AC AE
7. AC = AE ....(3) Cancelling AB BD = AB AD = 5.6 – 1.4 = 4.2 cm
−
8. ∠1 = ∠2 DACE is isosceles
by (3)
9. AD bisects ∠A Since, ∠1 = ∠BAD
= ∠2 = ∠DAC.
Hence proved. and EC = AC – AE = 7.2 – 1.8 = 5.4 cm.
Example 4.12 AD 1.4 1 AE 1.8 1
= = and = =
In DABC if DE | | BC, AD = x, DB = x − 2, and DB 4.2 3 EC 5.4 3
EC = x − 1 then find the lengths of the sides AB AD AE
=
and AC. DB EC
Solution : Therefore, by converse of Basic Proportion-
In DABC we have DE | | BC ality Theorem, we have DE is parallel to BC.
Hence proved.
Example 4.14
In the Fig. DE | | AC and DC | | AP. Prove that
BE BC
= .
EC CP
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BC BD
We have = ............ (1)
CP DA
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Solution :
Construction
Step 1 : Draw a line segment PQ = 8cm.
Step 2 : At P, draw PE such that ∠QPE = 60 .
Step 3 : At P, draw PF such that ∠EPF = 900.
Step 4 : Draw the perpendicular bisector to PQ,
which intersects PF at O and PQ at G.
Step 5 : With O as centre and OP as radius draw
Construction
a circle.
Step 1 : Draw a line segment QR = 5cm.
Step 6 : From G mark arcs of radius 5.8 cm on the
circle. Mark them as R and S. Step 2 : At Q, draw QE such that ∠RQE = 300.
Step 7 : Join PR and RQ. Then DPQR is the re- Step 3 : At Q, draw QF such that ∠EQF = 900.
quired triangle . Step 4 : Draw the perpendicular bisector XY to
QR, which intersects QF at O and QR at G.
Step 8 : From R draw a line RN perpendicular to
Step 5 : With O as centre and OQ as radius draw
LQ. LQ meets RN at M
a circle.
Step 9 : The length of the altitude is RM = 3.5 Step 6 : From G mark an arc in the line XY at M,
cm. such that GM = 4.2 cm.
Example 4.18 Step 7 : Draw AB through M which is parallel
Construct a triangle DPQR such that QR = 5 to QR.
cm, ∠P = 300 and the altitude from P to QR is of Step 8 : AB meets the circle at P and S.
length 4.2 cm. Step 9 : Join QP and RP. Then DPQR is the re-
quired triangle.
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Example 4.19
EXERCI E 4.2
S
Draw a triangle ABC of base BC = 8 cm, ∠A =
1. In DABC, D and E are points on the sides
600 and the bisector of ∠A meets BC at D such
AB and AC respectively such that DE | |
that BD = 6 cm.
BC
Solution : AD 3
(i) If = and AC =15 cm find AE.
DB 4
(ii) If AD = 8x 7, DB = 5x − 3, AE = 4x
−
− 3 and EC = 3x − 1, find the value of x.
Solution :
A
D E
B C
AD 3
i) Given = − , AC = 15
DB 4
AD AE
∴ By BPT =
DB EC
3 x
⇒ =
4 15 − x
⇒ 4 x = 45 − 3 x
⇒ 7 x = 45
Construction x = 45 7 = 6.428 6.43 cm
Step 1 : Draw a line segment BC = 8cm. ii) Given AD = 8x 7, DB = 5x 3
−
−
Step 2 : At B, draw BE such that ∠CBE = 600.
AE = 4x 3, EC = 3x 1
Step 3 : At B, draw BF such that ∠EBF = 900.
−
−
Step 4 : Draw the perpendicular bisector to BC, AD AE
By BPT =
which intersects BF at O and BC at G. DB EC
Step 5 : With O as centre and OB as radius draw 8x − 7 4 x − 3
⇒ =
a circle. 5 x − 3 3x − 1
Step 6 : From B mark an arcs of 6 cm on BC at D. ⇒ (8 x − 7) (3 x − 1) = (4 x − 3) (5 x − 3)
Step 7 : The perpendicular bisector intersects the ⇒ 24 x 2 − 29 x + 7 = 20 x 2 − 27 x + 9
circle at I. Join ID. ⇒ 4 x2 − 2 x − 2 = 0
Step 8 : ID produced meets the circle at A. Now ⇒ 2 x2 − x − 1 = 0
join AB and AC. Then DABC is the required
∴ x = 1, −1 2
triangle.
x =1
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x D E
35
R
P Q
18 15
B C
C
D
In DABC, To Prove : DE | | BC
In trapezium ABCD, AB | | DC | | PQ AD 8 2
i) = =
Join AC, meet PQ at R. AB 12 3
AE 12 2
In DACD, PR | | DC = =
AC 18 3
AP AR AD AE
∴ By BPT = =
PD RC AB AC
x AR
⇒ = .......... (1)
18 RC
AD 1.4 1
In DABC, RQ | | AB ii ) = =
AB 5.6 4
BQ AR AE 1.8 1
∴ By ABT = = =
QC RC AC 7.2 4
35 AR AD AE
⇒ = ∴ =
15 RC AB AC
7 AR ∴ By Converse of BPT, DE | | BC
⇒ = .......... (2)
3 RC
∴ From (1) & (2) 4. In fig. if PQ | | BC and PR | | CD prove
that
x 7
= AR AQ QB DR
18 3 (i ) = (ii ) =
⇒ x = 42 AD AB AQ AR
∴ AD = AP + PD Solution :
= 42 + 18 i) In D ABC, PQ | | BC
= 60 m
3. In DABC, D and E are points on the sides
AB and AC respectively. For each of the
following cases show that DE | | BC
(i) AB = 12 cm, AD = 8 cm, AE = 12 cm
and AC = 18 cm.
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AQ AP In DABC, PQ | | BC
∴ By BPT = .......... (1)
AB AC AP AQ
∴ = .............. (1)
PB QC
In DADC, PR | | DC
AR AP In DABC, QR | | AB
∴ By BPT = .......... (2)
AD AC BR AQ
∴ From (1) & (2), ∴ = .............. (2)
RC QC
AQ AR
=
AB AD ∴ From (1) & (2)
AB AD AP BR
ii ) From (i ) = (reciprocal) ⇒ =
AQ AR PB RC
12 − x x
AB AD ⇒ =
⇒ −1 = −1 x 6− x
AQ AR
⇒ x 2 = (6 − x) (12 − x)
AB − AQ AD − AR
⇒ = ⇒ x 2 = x 2 − 18 x + 72
AQ AR
BQ DR ⇒ 18 x = 72
⇒ = ⇒ x = 4 cm
AQ AR
Hence proved.
5. Rhombus PQRB is inscribed in DABC 6. In trapezium ABCD, AB | | DC, E and
such that ∠B is one of its angle. P, Q and F are points on non-parallel sides AD
R lie on AB, AC and BC respectively. If and BC respectively, such that EF | | AB.
AE BF
AB = 12 cm and BC = 6 cm, find the sides Show that = .
ED FC
PQ, RB of the rhombus. Solution :
Solution : A B
A
12 - x
P
E F
P x Q
x C
D
x
In trapezium ABCD, AB | | DC | | EF
B x R 6-x C
Join AC to meet EF at P
Rhombus PQRS is inscribed in DABC.
In DADC, EP | | DC
Let the side of the rhombus be x.
AE AP
∴ AB = 12 cm AP = 12 x ∴ By BPT , = ........... (1)
ED PC
−
BC = 6 cm RC = 6 x
In DABC, PR | | AB
−
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In figure DE | | BC and CD | | EF ∴ BD = 2.5 cm and DC = 6 – x = 6 – 2.5
DC = 3.5 cm
9. Check whether AD is bisector of ∠A of
DABC in each of the following
(i) AB = 5 cm, AC = 10 cm, BD = 1.5 cm
AF AE
In ∆ ACD, by BPT , = ........... (1)
AD AC
AD AE (ii) AB = 4 cm, AC = 6 cm, BD = 1.6. cm
In ∆ ABC , by BPT , = ........... (2)
AB AC and CD = 2.4 cm.
Solution :
∴ From (1) & (2) A
AF AD
i)
=
AD AB
⇒ AD 2 = AF . AB
5 10
8. In DABC, AD is the bisector of ∠A meet-
ing side BC at D, if AB = 10 cm, AC = 14
cm and BC = 6 cm, find BD and DC
Solution : B 1.5 D 3.5 C
A AB 5 1 BD 1.5 3
= = , = =
AC 10 2 DC 3.5 7
AB BD
∴ ≠
10 14 AC DC
∴ AD is not the bisector of ∠A.
B x D 6-x C
6
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ii) A AB BE
∴ By ABT , =
AC EC
AD BE
⇒ = ... (2) (Given AB = AD)
4 6 AC EC
∴ From (1) & (2),
BE DF
=
EC FC
B 1.6 D 2.4 C ∴ By Converse of BPT ,
AB 4 2 BD 1.6 2 EF | | BD
= = , = =
AC 6 3 DC 2.4 3
Hence proved.
AB BD
∴ =
AC DC 12. Construct a DPQR which the base PQ =
4.5 cm, ∠R = 350 and the median from R
∴ By Converse of ABT, to PQ is 6 cm.
AD is the bisector of ∠A. Solution :
Rough Diagram
11. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB = R
BD.
G
Solution : P 4.5 cm Q
D F
C S
R
F
E
O
40
A B P G Q
Construction
Step 1 : Draw a line segment PQ = 4.5cm. F
600
4.5 cm
Q 6.5 cm R
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250
O
4
Q 6.5 cm G R
A G B
5.5 cm
600
X
F
O
P M
C
E 250 Q
D
Construction
Step 1 : Draw a line segment QR = 6.5 cm. 250
G
A 5.5 cm B
Step 2 : At Q, draw QE such that ∠RQE = 600.
Y E
Step 3 : At Q, draw QF such that ∠EQF = 900.
Step 4 : Draw the perpendicular bisector XY to
Construction
QR intersects QF at O & QR at G.
Step 1 : Draw a line segment AB = 5.5 cm.
Step 5 : With O as centre and OQ as radius draw
Step 2 : At A, draw AE such that ∠BAE = 250.
a circle.
Step 3 : At A, draw AF such that ∠EAF = 900.
Step 6 : XY intersects QR at G. On XY, from G,
Step 4 : Draw the perpendicular bisector XY to
mark arc M such that GM = 4.5 cm.
AB intersects AF at O & AB at G.
Step 7 : Draw AB, through M which is parallel Step 5 : With O as centre and OA as radius draw
to QR. a circle.
Step 8 : AB meets the circle at P and S. Step 6 : XY intersects AB at G. On XY, from G,
Step 9 : Join QP, RP. Then DPQR is the mark arc M such that GM = 4 cm.
required D. Step 7 : Draw PQ, through M parallel to AB
meets the circle at C and D.
Step 8 : Join AC, BC. Then DABC is the
required D.
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16. Draw a triangle ABC of base BC = 5.6 17. Draw DPQR such that PQ = 6.8 cm, ver-
cm, ∠A = 400 and the bisector of ∠A tical angle is 50° and the bisector of the
meets BC at D such that CD = 4 cm. vertical angle meets the base at D where
Solution : PD = 5.2 cm.
Rough Diagram Solution :
A Rough Diagram
R
400
500
4 cm
5.2 cm
B D C P D R
5.6 cm 6.8 cm
F
F
O A
O
200
200
R
4cm 250 0
0 D C G 5.2cm 25
P 500 8cm D Q
I
I
Construction
Construction
Step 1 : Draw a line segment BC = 5.6 cm.
Step 2 : At B, draw BE such that ∠CBE = 400. Step 1 : Draw a line segment PQ = 6.8 cm.
Step 3 : At B, draw BF such that ∠CBF = 900. Step 2 : At P, draw PE such that ∠QPE = 500.
Step 4 : Draw the perpendicular bisector to BC Step 3 : At P, draw PF such that ∠QPF = 900.
meets BF at O & BC at G. Step 4 : Draw the perpendicular bisector to PQ
Step 5 : With O as centre and OB as radius draw meets PF at O and PQ at G.
a circle.
Step 5 : With O as centre and OP as radius draw
Step 6 : From B, mark an arc of 4 cm on BC
a circle.
at D.
Step 7 : The ⊥r bisector meets the circle at I & Step 6 : From P mark an arc of 5.2 cm on PQ at
Join ID. D.
Step 8 : ID produced meets the circle at A. Join Step 7 : The perpendicular bisector meets the
AB & AC. circle at R. Join PR and QR.
Step 9 : Then DABC is the required triangle. Step 8 : Then DPQR is the required triangle.
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Example 4.21
P and Q are the mid-points of the sides CA and
CB respectively of a DABC, right angled at C.
Prove that 4 (AQ2 + BP2) = 54 AB2.
Solution :
By Pythagoras theorem we have, AB2 =
AC2 + BC2
x2 = 72 + 42 gives x2 = 49 + 16
x2 = 65. Hence, x = 65
Since, DAQC is a right triangle at C,
The number 65 is between 8 and 8.1.
AQ2 = AC2 + QC2 ........... (1)
82 = 64 < 65 < 65.61 = 8.12
Also, DBPC is a right triangle at C,
Therefore, the length of the ladder is ap-
BP2 = BC2 + CP2 ........... (2)
From (1) and (2), AQ2 + BP2 = Example 4.23
AC + QC + BC + CP
2 2 2 2
An Aeroplane leaves an airport and flies due
4 (AQ2 + BP2) = 4AC2 + 4QC2 + 4BC2 + 4CP2 north at a speed of 1000 km/hr. At the same time,
another aeroplane leaves the same airport and
= 4AC2 + (2QC)2 + 4BC2 + (2CP)2 flies due west at a speed of 1200 km/hr. How far
= 4AC2 + BC2 + 4BC2 + AC2 apart will be the two planes after 1½ hours?
(Since P and Q are mid points) Solution :
= 5 (AC + BC )2 2
4 (AQ2 + BP2) = 5 AB2
(By Pythagoras Theorem)
Example 4.22
What length of ladder is needed to reach a height
of 7 ft along the wall when the base of the ladder
is 4 ft from the wall? Round off your answer to
the next tenth place.
Let the first aeroplane starts from O and goes
Solution :
upto A towards north, (Distance = Speed × time)
Let x be the length of the ladder. BC = 4 ft, 3
where OA = 1000 × km = 1500 km
AC = 7 ft. 2
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Let the second aeroplane starts from O at 2. There are two paths that one can choose
the same time and to go from Sarah’s house to James house.
One way is to take C street, and the oth-
goes upto B towards west,
er way requires to take A street and then
3 B street. How much shorter is the direct
where OB = 1200 × km = 1800 km
2 path along C street? (Using figure).
The required distance to be found is BA.
In right angled tirangle AOB, AB2 = OA2 +
OB2
AB2 = (1500)2 + (1800)2 = 1002 (152 + 182)
= 1002 × 549 = 1002 × 9 × 61
Solution:
AB = 100 × 3 × 61 = 300 61 kms. S
EXERCI E 4.3 1.5 miles
S
1. A man goes 18 m due east and then 24 m
due north. Find the distance of his cur-
J P
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Solution: Given xy + yz = 17 xz +
A
⇒ l + b = 17 ........ (1) ⇒ l + b + l2
2 2
Given xy + yz = 17 ⇒= 26
xz + yw 2 l2
Pond
34 m
⇒ l + b = 17 ........ (1) ⇒ l 2 + b 2 + l 2 + b 2 = 26
⇒ 2 l 2 + b 2 = 26
S 41 m B ∴ l 2 + b 2 = 169
Path - 1 (Through pond) ⇒ l 2 + (17 − l ) 2 = 169 ( From (1)
2
⇒ 2l − 34l + 289 = 169
AB = 342 + 412
⇒ 2l 2 − 34l + 120 = 0
= 1156 + 1681
⇒ l 2 − 17l + 60 = 0
= 2837
⇒ (l − 12) (l − 5) = 0
= 53.26 m
∴ l = 12, l = 5
Path – 2 (South & then East) But l = 12 only
∴ (1) ⇒ b = 17 − 12
Total dist. covered
=5
∴ Length = 12 cm, Breadth = 5m
= 34 + 41
5. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 6 m
= 75 m more than twice of the shortest side. If
∴ Reqd. time saving = 75 53.26 the third side is 2 m less than the hypot-
−
enuse, find the sides of the triangle.
= 21.74 m
Solution:
4. In the rectangle WXYZ, XY + YZ = 17 A
cm, and XZ + YW = 26 cm.
Calculate the length and breadth of the z
x
rectangle?
B y C
⇒ x2 + (2x + 4)2 = (2x + 6)2 ∴ When the foot of the ladder moves 1.6 m
⇒ x2 + 4x2 + 16x + 16 = 4x2 + 24x + 36 towards the wall, the top of the ladder will slide
⇒ x2 8x 20 = 0
−
upwards at a dist of 0.8 m
−
⇒ (x 10) (x + 2) = 0 7. The perpendicular PS on the base QR of
−
∴ x = 10 m a DPQR intersects QR at S, such that QS
∴ y = 2 (10) + 4 = 24 m = 3 SR. Prove that 2PQ2 = 2PR2 + QR2.
z = 2(10) + 6 = 26 m Solution:
∴ The length of 3 sides are P
5m
C = 3SR + SR
5m QR = 4SR ⇒ SR = 1 4 QR
4m
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gled triangle with right In D ABD, AD2 = AB2 + BD2
angle at B and points D, E trisect BC. = AB2 + x2
Prove that 8AE2 = 3AC2 + 5AD2
In D ABE, AE2 = AB2 + BE2
= AB2 + (2x)2
= AB2 + 4x2
In D ABC, AC2 = AB2 + BC2
= AB2 + (3x)2
= AB2 + 9x2
Solution:
A To prove : 8AE2 = 3AC2 + 5AD2
RHS :
3AC + 5AD2 = 3 (AB2 + 9x2) + 5 (AB2 + x2)
2
∴ BD = DE = EC = x (take) = LHS
Hence proved.
Theorem 6 : Alternate Segment theorem 4. ∠RPQ + ∠QPB From (1) and (3).
Statement = ∠QRP + ∠RPQ
If a line touches a circle and from the point of ∠QPB = ∠QRP
contact a chord is drawn, the angles between ....(4)
the tangent and the chord are respectively equal 5. ∠QRP = ∠PSQ Angles in the same
to the angles in the corresponding alternate ...(5)
segment are equal.
segments. 6. ∠QPB = ∠PSQ From (4) and (5) ;
Proof ...(6)
Hence (i) is proved.
Given : A circle with centre at O, tangent AB 7. ∠QPB + ∠QPA =
Linear pair of
touches the circle at P and PQ is a chord. S and T 180o ....(7)
angles.
are two points on the circle in the opposite sides 8. ∠PSQ + ∠PTQ =
Sum of opposite
of chord PQ. 180o ....(8)
angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral is 180o.
9. ∠QPB + ∠QPA = From (7) and (8).
∠PSQ + ∠PTQ
10. ∠QPB + ∠QPA = ∠QPB = ∠PSQ
∠QPB + ∠PTQ from (6)
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−
and tangent is 90°)
OP = OQ (Radii of a circle are equal)
∠OPQ = ∠OQP = 400 (DOPQ is isosceles)
∠POQ = 1800 ∠OPQ ∠OQP
−
−
0 0 0 0
2
16 256 400 20
TP = + 42 =
2
+ 16 = so, TP = cm
3 9 9 3
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Example 4.28
If radii of two concentric circles are 4 cm and 5
cm then find the length of the chord of one circle
which is a tangent to the other circle.
Solution :
OA = 4 cm, OB = 5 cm; also OA ⊥ BC. Construction
OB2 = OA2 + AB2 Step 1 : Draw a circle with centre at O of radius
3 cm.
52 = 42 + AB2 gives AB2 = 9
Step 2 : Take a point P on the circle. Join OP.
Therefore AB = 3 cm Step 3 : Draw perpendicular line TT' to OP which
BC = 2AB hence BC = 2 × 3 = 6 cm
C ns u n n n Step 4 : TT' is the required tangent.
o
tr
ctio
of
a
ta
ge
t
Example 4.30
to
a
circle
Draw a circle of radius 4 cm. At a point L on it
Example 4.29
draw a tangent to the circle using the alternate
Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. Take a point P on
segment.
this circle and draw a tangent at P.
Solution :
Solution :
Given, radius=4 cm
Given, radius r = 3 cm
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Construction
Construction Step 1 : With centre at O, draw a circle of radius
3 cm.
radius 4 cm. Step 2 : Draw a line OP of length 8 cm.
Step 2 : Take a point L on the circle. Through L Step 3 : Draw a perpendicular bisector of OP,
draw any chord LM. which cuts OP at M.
Step 3 : Take a point M distinct from L and N Step 4 : With M as centre and MO as radius, draw
on the circle, so that L, M and N are in anti- a circle which cuts previous circle at A and B.
clockwise direction. Join LN and NM.
Step5 : Join AP and BP. AP and BP are the re-
Step 4 : Through L draw a tangent TT' such that quired tangents. Thus length of the tangents are
∠TLM = ∠MNL . PA = PB = 7.4 cm.
Step 5 : TT' is the required tangent. Verification : In the right angle triangle OAP ,
PA2 = OP2 − OA2 = 64 – 9 = 55
Example 4.31 PA = 55 = 7.4 cm (approximately) .
Draw a circle of diameter 6 cm from a point P,
which is 8 cm away from its centre. Draw the
two tangents PA and PB to the circle and measure
their lengths.
Solution :
Given, diameter (d) = 6 cm, we find radius
6
(r) = = 3 cm.
2
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Concurrency Theorems
Key Points
9 A cevian is a line segment that extends from one vertex of a triangle to the opposite side.
9
9 A median is a cevian that divides the opposite side into two congruent(equal) lengths.
9
9 An altitude is a cevian that is perpendicular to the opposite side.
9
9 An angle bisector is a cevian that bisects the corresponding angle.
9
9 Ceva’s Theorem : Let ABC be a triangle and let D,E,F be points on lines BC, CA, AB respec-
9
BD CE AF
tively. Then the cevians AD, BE, CF are concurrent if and only if × × = 1 where the
DC EA FB
lengths are directed.
9 Menelaus Theorem : A necessary and sufficient condition for points P, Q, R
9
on the respective sides BC, CA, AB (or their extension) of a triangle ABC
BP CQ AR
to be collinear is that PC × QA × RB = 1 where all segments in the formula
are directed segments.
Solution :
By Meanlau’s theorem, the trees P, Q, R
will be collinear (lie on same straight line)
Using Ceva's theorem, we have, BP CQ RA
BD CE Af if × × =1 ........... (1)
× × =1 ............ (1) PC QA RB
DC EA FB
Af CE Given BP = 2 m, CQ =3 m, RA =10 m, PC =6 m,
Substitute the values of and in (1),
FB EA QA = 5 m and RB = 2 m
BD 5 2 Substituting these values in (1) we get,
We have × × =1
DC 8 5 BP CQ RA 2 3 10 60
x 10 x 1 × × = × × = =1
× = 1 we get, × = 1. PC QA RB 6 5 2 60
y 40 y 4
Hence, x = 4y ............ (2) Hence the trees P, Q, R lie on a same straight
line.
BC = BD + DC = 15
so, x + y = 15 ............ (3)
From (2), using x = 4y in (3) we get, 4y +y = 15
gives 5y = 15 then y = 3
Substitute y = 3 in (3) we get, x = 12 .
Hence BD = 12 , DC = 3.
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S
= 64 + 36
1. The length of the tangent to a circle from
a point P, which is 25 cm away from the = 100
centre is 24 cm. What is the radius of the = 10
circle? Area of DMLN
= 7=cm
Area of DMOL +
Solution: Area of DNOL + Area of DMON
1 1 1
25 cm P ⇒ × ML × LN = × LM × r + × LN × r
2 2 2
O 1
+ × MN × r
24 cm 2
T ⇒ 8 × 6 = 8r + 6r + 10r
⇒ 24r = 48
Given OP = 25 cm, PT = 24cm r = 2cm
3. A circle is inscribed in DABC having
Radius & Tangent are Perpendicular
sides 8 cm, 10 cm and 12 cm as shown in
∴ OT = OP 2 − PT 2 figure, Find AD, BE and CF.
2 2 Solution:
= 625 − 576 From the fig,
x + y = 12
= 49
= 7 cm y+z=8
z + x = 10
∴ Radius = 7 cm Adding, 2 (x + y + z) = 30
2. DLMN is a right angled triangle with ⇒ x + y + z = 15
∠L = 90° . A circle is inscribed in it. The
⇒ 12 + z = 15
lengths of the sides containing the right
angle are 6 cm and 8 cm. Find the radius ∴ z =3
of the circle. ⇒ y+3 =8
Solution: ⇒ y =5
N
∴ x + 5 = 12
⇒ x =7
10 cm
∴ AD = 7 cm, BE = 5 cm, CF = 3 cm
6 cm
r 4. PQ is a tangent drawn from a point P to a
r circle with centre O and QOR is a diam-
O eter of the circle such that ∠POR = 120°.
r Find ∠OPQ .
L 8 cm M
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Solution:
∴ PT = 132 − 52
R
P
1200 = 169 − 25
O = 144
= 12
Q = TQ
−
⇒ ∠POQ = 600 (linear pair) Let AP = AE = x ⇒ TA = 12 x
−
Also ∠OQP = 900 (Radius tangent) ∴ In DAET, ∠AET = 900
^
∴ ∠OPQ = 900 600 ∴ x2 + 82 = (12 x)2
−
−
= 300 ⇒ x2 + 82 = 144 + x2 24x
−
5. A tangent ST to a circle touches it at B.
⇒ 64 = 144 24x
−
AB is a chord such that ∠ABT = 650. ⇒ 24x = 80
Find ∠AOB, where “O” is the centre of 10
x=
the circle. 3
Solution:
∴ AB = 2x
20
Length of tangent AB = cm
3
O
S
7. In two concentric circles, a chord of
65 0
B
length 16 cm of larger circle becomes a
A
tangent to the smaller circle whose ra-
T dius is 6 cm. Find the radius of the larger
Given ∠TBA = 650 ⇒ ∠APB = 650 circle.
Solution:
(angles in altemate segment).
∴ ∠AOB=2∠APB=2(650)=1300 circumference)
(Angle subtended at the centre is twice the angle
subtended at any point on the remaining O
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∴ AT = TB = 8 cm, OT = 6 cm ∴ In DORP, PR2 = 16 - x2
In DO'RP, PR2 = 9 - (5 - x)2
∴ In D OBT,
∴ 16 - x2 = 9 - (5 - x)2
2 2
OB = 8 + 6 ⇒ 10 x = 32
= 64 + 36 16
∴ x=
= 100 5
= 10 cm 256
∴ PR = 16 −
25
∴ Radius of the larger circle = 10 cm
144
=
8. Two circles with centres O and O' of ra- 25
dii 3 cm and 4 cm, respectively intersect 12
=
at two points P and Q, such that OP and 5
O'P are tangents to the two circles. Find = 2.4
the length of the common chord PQ.
∴ PQ = 2 (PR)
Solution:
= 2 (2.4)
= 4.8 cm
4 3
9. Show that the angle bisectors of a trian-
gle are concurrent.
R
5-x O
Solution:
O x
A
Q F O E
4 BF 8 3.4cm
⇒ × × =1
4 BF + 6 2
⇒ 4 BF = BF + 6 R
⇒ 3BF = 6
∴ BF = 2 cm
T'
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5 cm
B 5 cm A
8.7 cm
M
10 cm
8.7
cm
8.7
4.5
cm
cm
D
Construction
Step 1 : With centre at O, draw a circle of radius
5 cm.
Step 2 : Draw a line OP = 10 cm.
Construction Step 3 : Draw a perpendicular bisector of OP,
which cuts OP at M.
Step 1 : With O as the centre, draw a circle of
Step 4 : With M as centre and MO as radius, draw
radius 4.5 cm.
a circle which cuts previous circle at A and B.
Step 2 : Take a point L on the circle. Through L Step5 : Join AP and BP. AP and BP are the re-
draw any chord LM. quired tangents. Thus length of the tangents are
PA = PB = 8.7 cm.
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Verification : In the right angle triangle DOAP , 16. Draw the two tangents from a point
which is 5 cm away from the centre of
PA2 = OP 2 − OA 2
a circle of diameter 6 cm. Also, measure
= 100 − 25 = 75 = 8.7 cm the lengths of the tangents.
15. Take a point which is 11 cm away from Solution:
the centre of a circle of radius 4 cm and
draw the two tangents to the circle from A
that point.
Solution: 4cm
3cm
M
O P
3cm 5cm
4cm
3cm
O
4 cm B
B 4 cm A
4 cm
Construction
Step 1 : With centre at O, draw a circle of radius
3 cm. with centre at O.
10.
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A AB BC
DABC ~ DEDF if = and
DE FD
∠B = ∠D
c
3.6
M
O P ∠A = ∠F
3.6 cm 7.2cm
∠C = ∠F
3.6
4) 1100
Construction
Hint : Ans : (2)
Step 1 : Draw a circle of radius 3.6 cm. with cen- ∠R = 180 - (∠L + ∠M) 0
tre at O. = 1800 - (600 + 500)
Step 2 : Draw a line OP = 7.2 cm. = 1800 - 1100
Step 3 : Draw a perpendicular bisector of OP, 0
which cuts it M.
3. If DABC is an isosceles triangle with ∠C =
Step 4 : With M as centre and OM as radius, draw 90° and AC = 5 cm, then AB is
a circle which cuts previous circle at A and B.
1) 2.5 cm 2) 5 cm 3) 10 cm 4) 5 2 cm
Step5 : Join AP and BP. They are the required
Hint : Ans : (4)
tangents AP = BP = 0.3 cm.
A
Verification :
AP = OP 2 − OA 2
5
= (7.2) 2 − (3.6) 2
= 51.84 − 12.96
C B
= 38.88 = 6.3 (approx) DABC is isosceles ⇒ ∠B = ∠A = 250
EXERCI E 4.5 5
∴ sin 450 =
S
AB
Multiple choice questions
1 5
AB BC ⇒ =
1. If in triangles DABC and DEDF, = 2 AB
then they will be similar, when DE FD ⇒ AB = 5 2 cm
1) ∠B = ∠E 2) ∠A = ∠D
3) ∠B = ∠D 4) ∠A = ∠F
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B C
1) 25 : 4 2) 25 : 7 3) 25 : 11 4) 25 : 13
AD AE
By BPT , =
Hint : Ans : (1) AB AC
Where PQ = PS + SQ 2.1 AE
Area of ∆ PQR PQ 2 ⇒ =
= =2+3 3.6 2.4
Area of ∆ PST PS 2 2.1
=5 ⇒ AE = 2.4 ×
3.6
25
= 2
4 = × 2.1
3
∴ Ratio = 25 : 4 = 2 × 0.7
5. The perimeters of two similar triangles = 1.4 cm
DABC and DPQR are 36 cm and 24 cm re-
spectively. If PQ = 10 cm, then the length of 7. In a DABC, AD is the bisector of ∠BAC . If
AB is AB = 8 cm, BD = 6 cm and DC = 3 cm. The
length of the side AC is
2 10 6
1) 6 cm 2) cm 1) 6 cm 2) 4 cm 3) 3 cm 4) 8 cm
3 3
2 Hint : Ans : (2)
3) cm 4) 15 cm A
3
Hint : Ans : (4)
Perimeter of ∆ ABC 36 AB
= = 8 x
Perimeter of ∆ PQR 24 PQ
3 AB
⇒ =
2 10
⇒ AB = 15 cm
6. If in DABC, DE | | BC . AB = 3.6 cm, AC = B 6 D 3 C
8. In the adjacent figure ∠BAC = 90° and cm, ∠PAQ = 90°, PA = 6 cm and QA = 8
AD ⊥ BC then cm. Find ∠PQR
1) BD . CD = BC2 2) AB . AC = BC2 1) 80° 2) 85° 3) 75° 4) 90°
3) BD . CD = AD 2
4) AB . AC = AD 2
Hint :
Ans : (4)
In PAQ, PA = 6, QA = 8
Hint : Ans : (3)
∆ DBA ~ ∆DAC ⇒ PQ = 64 + 36
BD AD = 100
∴ =
AD CD
= 10
⇒ AD 2 = BD × CD
Also, in DPQR, PQ2 + QR2 = 100 + 576
9. Two poles of heights 6 m and 11 m stand = 676
vertically on a plane ground. If the distance = 262
= PR2
tance between their tops?
∴ Q = 900
1) 13 m 2) 14 m 3) 15 m 4) 12.8 m
11. A tangent is perpendicular to the radius at
Hint :
{
the
Ans : (1)
1) centre 2) point of contact
3) infinity 4) chord
A
Hint :
Ans : (2)
5
T
11 B O
D P
12m
6
6
A tangent is perpendicular to the radius at
C E the point of contact.
12m
12. How many tangents can be drawn to the
circle from an exterior point?
∴ AD = 122 + 52 = 169 = 13 cm
1) one 2) two 3) infinite 4) zero
10. In the given figure, PR = 26 cm, QR = 24 Hint :
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∴ BQ = 11 – 7
=4
P ∴ BR = BQ = 4 cm
15. In figure if PR is tangent to the circle at P
T2
and O is the centre of the circle, then ∠POQ
is
Two tangents can be drawn to the circle 1) 120° 2) 100° 3) 110° 4) 90°
from an external point. Hint :
13. The two tangents from an external points P ∠RPQ = 600 ⇒ QO'P = 600 (O' is on the circle)
to a circle with centre at O are PA and PB.
⇒ QOP = 2(60)
If ∠APB = 70° then the value of ∠AOB is
1) 100° 2) 110° 3) 120° 4) 130° = 1200
Hint : IT EXERCI E - 4
UN
S
Ans : (2)
A 1. In the figure, if BD ⊥ AC and CE ⊥ AB ,
CA CE
O (i ) ∆ AEC ~ ∆ ADB (ii ) =
70 0
P AB DB
OA ⊥ AP, OB ⊥ BP
∴ ∠AOB + 900 + 900 + 700 = 3600
⇒ ∠AOB = 3600 – 2500 Solution :
= 1100 In DAEC, DADB
14. In figure CP and CQ are tangents to a circle i) ∠A is common
with centre at O. ARB is another tangent
ii) ∠AEC = ∠ADB = 900
touching the circle at R. If CP = 11 cm and
BC = 7 cm, then the length of BR is ∴ By AA similarity, DAEC ~ DADB
1) 6 cm 2) 5 cm 3) 8 cm 4) 4 cm ∴ Corresponding sides are proportional.
CA CE
(ie) =
AB DB
Hence proved.
2. In the given figure AB | | CD | | EF . If AB =
Hint :
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B E C
⇒ AD × BE × AF = DB × EC × FC
ab 6 × 4 24 12
x= = = =
a + b 6 + 4 10 5 Hence proved.
In ∆ABE, 4. In the figure, ABC is a triangle in which
ED CD AB = AC . Points D and E are points on the
⇒ =
EB AB side AB and AC respectively such that AD
y x = AE. Show that the points B, C, E and D
⇒ = lie on a same circle.
y+5 6
Solution :
⇒ = A
y +5 5×6
y 2
⇒ =
y+5 5 D E
⇒ 5 y = 2 y + 10
⇒ 3 y = 10
10
⇒ y=
3 B C
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i ) AC 2 = b 2 = AE 2 + EC 2
( 2)
2
= h2 + x + a
z y
(
= ( p 2 − x 2 ) + x 2 + a + ax
4
2
)
2
= p2 + a + ax
W x O 4
Hence proved
Given speed of 1st train = 20 Km/hr
ii ) AB 2 = c 2 = AE 2 + BE 2
∴ Speed of 2nd train = 30 Km/hr
( )
2
= h2 + a − x
2
2
ON = 30 × 2 = 60 Km = y = p2 − x2 + a + x 2 − ax
4
∴ Distance between 2 trains after 2 hrs. = p 2 − ax + a
2
4
Z = x2 + y 2 Hence proved
iii ) Adding (i) & (ii)
= 402 + 602
= 1600 + 3600 (
b2 + c2 = p 2 + a
2
4 )(
+ ax + p 2 − ax + a
2
4 )
2
= 5200 = 2 p2 + 2 a
4
= 40 × 13 2
= 2 p2 + a
2
= 20 13 Km
Hence proved
6. D is the mid point of side BC and AE ⊥ BC.
7. A man whose eye-level is 2 m above the
If BC = a, AC =b, AB = c, ED = x, AD = p and
ground wishes to find the height of a tree.
AE = h , prove that
He places a mirror horizontally on the
a2 a2 ground 20 m from the tree and finds that if
(i ) b 2 = p 2 + ax + (ii ) c 2 = p 2 − ax +
4 4 he stands at a point C which is 4 m from the
a 2 mirror B, he can see the reflection of the top
(iii ) b 2 + c 2 = 2 p 2 + of the tree. How height is the tree?
2
Solution :
Solution :
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T
PR = 30 ft = height of pillar
P RU = 8 ft = height of emu
UW = x = Shadow of emu,
x
2m y → distance between pillar & bird
DEUW ~ D PWR
C 4m B 20 m R
4
mirror
x 8 ⇒ 15 x = 4 x + 4 y
∴ =
Assume that the man & tree are standing up on x + y 30 ⇒ 11x = 4 y
a straight line 15
∴ ∠PBC = ∠TBR ⇒ x = 4 11 y
DPCB ~ DTRB ∴ Length of the shadow = 4 11 (Distance be-
∴ Corresponding sides are proportional tween pillar & emu)
TR RB 9. Two circles intersect at A and B. From a
(ie) = point P on one of the circles lines PAC and
PC BC
PBD are drawn intersecting the second cir-
⇒ = cle at C and D. Prove that CD is parallel to
2 4
the tangent at P.
x
⇒ =5 Solution :
2 C
A
⇒ x = 10 m
∴ Height of the tree = 10 m
P
8. An emu which is 8 ft tall is standing at the B D
foot of a pillar which is 30 ft high. It walks
away from the pillar. The shadow of the T
emu falls beyond emu. What is the relation
between the length of the shadow and the PT is a tangent at P.
distance from the emu to the pillar? ∴ ∠TPB = ∠PAB (angles in alternate segment)
Solution : ∠PAB = ∠ACD (Exterior angle of a cyclic
P quad. ABCD is equal to interior opp. angles)
∴ ∠TPB = ∠ACD
E ∴ Alternate interior angles are equal
30 ft
∴ CD and PT are parallel.
8 ft
R y U x W
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A
10. Let ABC be a triangle and D,E,F are points
D
on the respective sides AB, BC, AC (or their
extensions). Let AD : DB = 5 : 3 , BE : EC C
B E
= 3 : 2 and AC = 21 . Find the length of the
line segment CF.
{
F
Solution :
A 4. In DABC, B = 900, AD, CE are two medians
5
21-x
21
drawn from A and C respectively. If
3 5
AC = 5 cm, AD = find CE.
D F
3 x 2
C
(Ans : 2 5 cm)
B 3 E 2
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A
15. A vertical pillar is bent at a height of 2.4 m
and its upper end touches the ground at a
D E distance of 1.8 m from its other end on the
ground. Find the height of the pillar.
(Ans : 5.4 m)
B F C
16. Construct a DPQR, such that QR = 5.1 cm,
∠P = 600, attitude from P to QR is 3.2 cm.
28 17. Construct a DABC having base 6 cm, verti-
(Ans :
9 cm ; 7 cm)
11. In an equilateral DABC, E is any point on cal angle 600 and median in rough the ver-
BC such that BE = 1 4 BC. Prove that 16 tex is 4 cm.
AE2 = 13 AB2. 18. Construct a D of base 5 cm and vertical an-
12. In DPQR, Qx is the bisector of ∠Q meeting gle 1200 such that the bisector of the verti-
PR in x. If PQ : QR = 3 : 5, XR = 15 cm, cal angle meets the base at a point 3 cm.
Find PR. 19. Draw the tangents to a circle whose diam-
(Ans : 29 cm) eter is 10 cm from a point 13 cm from its
13. DABC ~ DDEF, If BC = 2 cm, EF = 5 cm and centre.
area of DDEF = 50, Find area of DABC 20. Draw a circle of diameter 8 cm. Take a
(Ans : 8)
the circle, draw a tangent to the circle at the
14. In DABC, D is a point on AB, CD = 9 cm,
point P.
DM = 6 cm, BC = 12 cm, ∠CAB = ∠BCD.
Find the perimeter of DADC.
(Ans 45 cm)
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CHAPTER
5
I. AREA OF A TRIA GLE A
N
ND
Q A RILATERAL :
COORDINATE
GEOMETRY
U
D
Key Points
9 The area of D ABC is the absolute value of the expression
9
1
=
2
{( x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2 )}
9 The vertices A(x1, y1 ), B (x2, y2 ) and C (x3, y3) of DABC are said to be “taken in order” if A, B,
9
C are taken in counter-clock wise direction.
9 The following pictorial representation helps us to write the above formula very easily.
9
x1 x2 x3 x1
1
2
y1 y2 y3 y1
1
Area of DABC =
2
{( x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 ) − ( x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3 )} sq. units.
9 Three distinct points A(x1, y1 ), B (x2, y2 ) and C (x3, y3) will be collinear if and only if area of
9
DABC = 0 .
1
9 Area of the quadrilateral ABCD == {( x1 − x3 )( y2 − y4 ) − ( x2 − x4 )( y1 − y3 } sq. units.
2
9
Example 5.1 The area DABC is
Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are 1
(-3,5) , (5,6) and (5,-2). =
2
{( x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 ) − ( x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3 )}
Solution : 1
= {(6 + 30 + 25) − (25 − 10 − 18)}
Plot the points in a rough diagram and take 2
them in counter-clockwise order. 1
= {61 + 3}
2
Let the vertices be A(–3, 5) , B(5, –2), C(5,6)
1
↓ ↓ ↓ = (64) = 32 sq. units
2
(x1, y1) (x2, y2) (x3, y3)
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1
2
{( x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 ) − ( x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3 )}= 22
1
{(2 + 4k + 14) − (2k − 14 − 4)} = 22
2
2k + 34 = 44
gives 2k = 10 so k = 5
Example 5.4
If the points P(–1, – 4), Q (b, c) and R(5, –1) are
collinear and if 2b + c = 4 , then find the values
of b and c.
Example 5.2
Solution :
Show that the points P(–1.5, 3) , Q(6, –2) ,
R(–3, 4) are collinear. Since the three points P(-1,-4), Q(b,c) and
R(5, –1) are collinear,
Solution :
Area of triangle PQR = 0
The points are P(– 1.5, 3) , Q(6, –2) , R(–3, 4) 1
Area of ∆PQR 2
{( x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 ) − ( x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3 )}= 0
1
=
2
{( x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 ) − ( x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3 )} 2
{( −c − b − 20) − ( −4b + 5c + 1)} = 0
1 −c − b − 20 + 4b − 5c − 1 = 0
= {(3 + 24 − 9) − (18 + 6 − 6)}
2 b – 2c = 7 — (1)
1 Also, 2b + c = 4 — (2)
= {18 − 18} = 0
2 (from given information)
Therefore, the given points are collinear. Solving (1) and (2) we get b = 3 , c = −2
Example 5.5
Example 5.3 The floor of a hall is covered with identical tiles
If the area of the triangle formed by the vertices which are in the shapes of triangles. One such tri-
A(–1, 2) , B(k , –2) and C(7, 4) (taken in order) angle has the vertices at (– 3, 2) , (–1, –1) and (1,
is 22 sq. units, find the value of k. 2) . If the floor of the hall is completely covered
by 110 tiles, find the area of the floor.
Solution :
Solution :
The vertices are A(–1, 2) , B(k , –2) and
C(7, 4) Vertices of one triangular tile are at (– 3, 2)
, (–1, –1) and (1, 2)
Area of triangle ABC is 22 sq.units
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1 ( x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y4 + x4 y1 )
=
2 − ( x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x4 y3 + x1 y4 )
1
= {(88 + 60 − 15 − 24) − (30 − 55 − 48 + 24)}
2
1
= {109 + 49}
2
1
= {158} = 79 sq. units
Area of this tile 2
1
= {(3 − 2 + 2) − ( −2 − 1 − 6)} sq. units Example 5.7
2
The given diagram shows a plan for constructing
1
= (12) = 6 sq. units a new parking lot at a campus. It is estimated that
2 such construction would cost `1300 per square
Since the floor is covered by 110 triangle feet. What will be the total cost for making the
shaped identical tiles, parking lot?
Area of floor = 110×6 = 660 sq.units Solution :
1
= (32) = 16 sq. units.
2
So, area of parking lot = 16 sq. feets
Construction rate per square feet= `1300
Therefore, total cost for constructing the
parking lot = 16 × 1300 = `20800
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S
∴ Area of triangle ABC
1. Find the area of the triangle formed by 1 −10 −3 −8 −10
the points =
2 −4 −5 −1 −4
(i) (1, –1), (–4, 6) and (–3, –5)
1
(ii) (–10, – 4), (–8, –1) and (–3, –5) =
2
[(50 + 3 + 32) − (12 + 40 + 10)]
Solution: 1
= [85 − 62]
i) Given points are (1, –1), (–4, 6), (–3, –5) 2
Taking A, B, C in anti clockwise direction. 23
=
y 2
(–4, 6) = 11.5 sq.units
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(–9, 0)
D
(–1, –2)
A D C (–6, –3)
(–9, –2)
6. Find the value of k, if the area of a quad-
C (1, –3)
rilateral is 28 sq.units, whose vertices are
B (–8, –4)
(–4, –2), (–3, k), (3, –2) and (2, 3)
1 −9 −8 1 2 −9 Solution :
=
2 −2 −4 −3 2 −2 =
1 −4 −3 3 2 −4
= 28
1 2 −2 k −2 3 −2
=
2
[(36 + 24 + 2 − 4) − (16 − 4 − 6 − 18)]
⇒ (–4k + 6 + 9 – 4) – (6 + 3k – 4 – 12) = 56
1
= [58 − ( −12)] ⇒ (11 – 4k) – (3k – 10) = 56
2
1 ⇒ 21 – 7k = 56
= [70]
2 ∴ 7k = – 35
= 35 sq. units k=–5
ii) Given vertices of quadrilateral are (–9, 0), 7. If the points A(-3, 9) , B (a, b) and C(4,-5)
(–8, 6), (–1, –2), (–6, –3) are collinear and if a + b = 1 , then find a
First, we plot the points in the plane. and b.
Solution :
Let A (–8, 6), B (–9, 0), C (–6, –3),
D (–1, –2) Given, A (– 3, 9), B (a, b), C (4, –5) are
collinear and a + b = 1. — (1)
Area of quadrilateral
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the mid- points of the sides AB, BC and x1 + x2 + x3 = 34, y1 + y2 + y3 = 15
AC respectively of DABC . Find the coor- 22 + x3 = 34, 14 + y3 = 15
dinates of the vertices A, B and C. Hence x3 = 12 y3 = 1
find the area of DABC and compare this
∴ C (12 , 1)
with area of DPQR .
Solution : 2 2
P R 1 7 15 12 7
=
2 7 7 1 7
1
= [(49 + 15 + 84) − (105 + 84 + 7)]
2
B Q C
1
= [148 − 196]
2
1
= ( −48)
2
= 24 ( Area can't be –ve)
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Solution :
Required area of the patio = Area of portion
ABCD – Area of portion EFGH
1 −4 8 6 −10 −4 1 −3 6 3 −6 −3
= −
2 −8 −4 10 6 −8 2 −5 −2 7 4 −5 Solution :
1 i) Area of DAGF
= [(16 + 80 + 36 + 80) − ( −64 − 24 − 100 − 24)]
2 −9
1 1 −5 2 −2 −5
− [(6 + 42 + 12 + 30) − ( −30 − 6 − 42 − 12)] =
2 2 3 1 3 3
2
1 1
= [212 − ( −212)] − [90 − ( −90)] 1
2 2 = [( −2.5 − 13.5 − 6) − ( −13.5 − 1 − 15)]
1 1 2
= [424] − [180] 1
2 2 = [( −22) − ( −29.5)]
= 212 − 90 2
= 122 sq.units 1
= [7.5]
2
= 3.75 sq. units
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1 −2 3 2 1 −2
1 −4 2
3
2
−9
2 −4
= =
2 3 1 3 3 2 −2 −1 1 1
2 −2
1
= [( −2 + 4.5 + 3) − ( −4.5 + 1 − 6)] 1
2 = [(4 + 2 + 0.75 + 9) − ( −4 − 1.5 − 4.5 − 2)]
2
1
= [5.5 − ( −0.5)] 1
2 = [15.75 + 12]
2
1
= [6] 27.75
2 =
2
= 3 sq. units
= 13.875
13.88 sq. units
Example 5.8
Example 5.10
(i) What is the slope of a line whose inclination
is 30o ? The line r passes through the points (–2, 2) and
(5, 8) and the line s passes through the points (–8,
(ii) What is the inclination of a line whose slope 7) and (–2, 0). Is the line r perpendicular to s ?
is 3 ?
Solution :
Solution :
The slope of line r is m1 = 8 − 2 = 6
(i) Here q = 30o 5+ 2 7
Slope m = tan q 0 − 7 −7
1 The slope of line s is m2 = =
Therefore, slope m = tan 30o = −2 + 8 6
3
(ii) Given m = 3 , let q be the inclination
The product of slopes = 6 × −7 = −1
of the line 7 6
That is, m1m2 = – 1
tan q = 3
Therefore, the line r is perpendicular to line s.
We get, q = 60 o
Example 5.11
Example 5.9
The line p passes through the points (3, –2), (12,
Find the slope of a line joining the given points
(i) (– 6, 1) and (– 3, 2) (ii) 1 1 and (12, 2) . Is p parallel to q ?
− ,
and 2 , 3 3 2
(iii) (14, 10) and (14, –6) Solution :
7 7
Solution : 4+2 6 2
The slope of line p is m1 = = =
(i) (– 6, 1) and (– 3, 2) 12 − 3 9 3
y2 − y1 2 −1 1 2+2 4 2
The slope = = = . The slope of line q is m2 = = =
x2 − x1 −3 + 6 3 12 − 6 6 3
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Example 5.14
Consider the graph representing growth of popu-
lation (in crores). Find the slope of the line AB
and hence estimate the population in the year
2030?
Solution :
The points A(2005,96) and B(2015,100) are
on the line AB.
We get, Slope of AB = Slope of BC.
Therefore, the points A, B, C all lie in a
same straight line.
Hence the points A, B and C are collinear.
Example 5.13
Let A (1, –2), B (6, –2), C(5, 1) and D (2, 1) be
four points.
(a) AB (b) CD
(ii) Find the slope of the line segments
(a) BC (b) AD 100 − 96 4 2
Slope of AB = = =
(iii) What can you deduce from your answer? 2015 − 2005 10 5
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Example 5.15
a+c b+d
Without using Pythagoras theorem, show that the Therefore S = ,
2 2
points (1,-4) , (2, –3) and (4, –7) form a right
a+e b+ f
angled triangle. and T = ,
2 2
Solution : b+ f b+d
Let the given points be A(1, – 4) , B(2, –3) −
Now, slope of ST = 2 2 = f −d
and C(4, –7) . a+e a+c e−c
−
−3 + 4 1 2 2
The slope of AB = = =1 f −d
2 −1 1 And slope of QR =
−7 + 3 −4 e−c
The slope of BC = = = −2
4−2 2
Therefore, ST is parallel to QR. (since, their
−7 + 4 −3
The slope of AC = = = −1 slopes are equal)
4 −1 3
Also
Slope of AB slope of AC = (1)(−1) = −1 2 2
a + e a + c b+ f b+d
AB is perpendicular to AC. ∠A = 90° ST = − + −
Therefore, DABC is a right angled triangle. 1
(e − c ) 2 + ( f − d ) 2
=
Example 5.16 2
Prove analytically that the line segment joining 1
ST = QR
the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is par- 2
allel to the third side and is equal to half of its Thus ST is parallel to QR and half of it.
length.
EXERCI E 5.2
S
Solution :
Let P (a, b) Q (c, d) and R (e, f ) be the ver- 1. What is the slope of a line whose inclina-
tices of a triangle. tion with positive direction of x-axis is
Let S be the mid-point of PQ and T be the (i) 90o (ii) 0o
mid-point of PR Solution :
i) q = 90o m = tan 90o = undefined.
ii) q = 0o m = tan0o = 0
2. What is the inlination of a line whose
slope is (i) 0 (ii) 1
Solution :
i) m = 0 ⇒ tan q = 0 q = 0o
\
ii) m = 1 ⇒ tan q = 1 q = 45o
\
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3. Find the slope of a line joining the points 5. Show that the given points are collinear:
(i) (5, 5 ) with the origin (– 3, – 4), (7, 2) and (12, 5).
(ii) (sin q, – cos q) and (– sin q, cos q) Solution :
Solution : Given points are A (–3, –4), B (7, 2), C (12, 5)
i) Slope of the line joining (5, 5 ), (0, 0) 2+4
Slope of AB =
y2 − y1 0 − 5 1 7+3
∴m = = = 6
x2 − x1 0−5 5 =
10
1
∴ Slope = 3
5 =
5
ii) Slope of line joining (sin q, – cos q)
(– sin q, cos q) 5−2
Slope of BC =
12 − 7
y2 − y1 cos θ + cos θ
m= = 3
x2 − x1 − sin θ − sin θ =
5
2cos θ
=
−2sin θ ∴ Slope of AB = Slope of BC
= − cot θ
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⇒ 2a = 17 ∴ AB is perpendicular to AC.
17 ∴∠A = 90o
∴a =
2 DABC is a right angled triangle.
\
8. The line through the points (–2, 6) and ii) Given L (0, 5), M (9, 12), N (3, 14)
(4, 8) is perpendicular to the line through 12 − 5 7
Slope of LM = =
the points (8, 12) and (x, 24). FInd the 9−0 9
value of x. 14 − 12 2 −1
Solution : 3−9 −6 3
Slope of line joining (–2, 6), (4, 8) 14 − 5 9
8−6 2 1 Slope of LN = = =3
m1 = = = 3−0 3
4+2 6 3
∴ Slope of MN × Slope of LN
Slope of line joining (8, 12), (x, 24)
24 − 12 12 −1
m2 = = = ×3
x −8 x −8 3
Since two lines are perpendicular, = −1
1 12
⇒ × = −1 ∴ MN is perpendicular to LN.
3 x −8
4 ∴ ∠N = 90o
⇒ = −1
x −8 ∴ DLMN is a right angled D.
⇒ − x+8= 4
10. Show that the given points form a paral-
⇒ x=4 lelogram :
9. Show that the given points form a right A (2.5, 3.5), B (10, – 4), C (2.5, – 2.5) and
angled triangle and check whether they D (– 5, 5)
satisfies pythagoras theorem Solution :
(i) A (1, – 4), B (2, –3) and C (4, – 7) Plot the points and taking in anticlockwise
(ii) L (0, 5), M (9, 12) and N (3, 14) direction.
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y −3 − 2 y + 3
(–5, 5) ⇒ =
B −2 − 2 x − 1
A −5 y + 3
(2.5, 3.5)t ⇒ =
−4 x − 1
5 y+3
x ⇒ =
4 x −1
Also
Let A (2.5, 3.5), B (– 5, 5), C (2.5, –2.5),
D (10, –4) Slope of AD = Slope of BC
5 − 3.5 1.5 −1 y − 2 −3 + 3
Slope of AB = = = ⇒ =
−5 − 2.5 −7.5 5 x − 2 1+ 2
−4 + 2.5 −1.5 −1 y−2
Slope of CD = = = ⇒ =0
10 − 2.5 7.5 5 x−2
⇒ y−2=0
∴
∴ AB and CD are parallel.
Sub. in (1)
Also, 5x – 8 = 17
−4 − 3.5 −7.5 ⇒ 5x = 25
Slope of AD = = = −1
10 − 2.5 7.5 ∴x=5
−2.5 − 5 −7.5 ∴ x = 5, y = 2
Slope of BC = = = −1
2.5 + 5 7.5 12. Let A (3, – 4), B (9, – 4), C (5, –7) and D
(7, –7). Show that ABCD is a trapezium.
∴ Slope of AD = Slope of BC.
Solution :
∴ AD and BC are parallel.
Given points are (3, – 4), (9, –4), (5, –7), (7, –7)
∴ ABCD is a parallelogram. Plotting the given points in a plane and
11. If the points A (2, 2), B (–2, –3), C (1, –3) taking in anti clockwise direction.
and D (x, y) form a parallelogram then
find the value of x and y.
Solution :
Given A (2, 2), B (–2, –3), C (1, –3), D (x, y)
form a parallelogram.
∴ Slope of AB = Slope of CD.
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y D
y
(–7, 6) R
C
(6, 5)
S Q
x
x
(5, –1)
B B
(3, –4) A A P
(9, – 4) (–4, 2)
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12 ∴ Q is (3, – 3)
11 − 2 Since QS = 2 PR
Slope of QR = 2
−1 − 11 QS2 = 4 . PR2
2 2
7 (3 – 1)2 + (– 3 – 1)2 = 4 . PR2
= 2 ∴ PR2 = 5
2
∴ PR = 5
−7
=
12 5
⇒ PM = , M (2, −1)
2
∴ Slope of PS = Slope of QR
Let P be (l, m)
∴ PS and QR are parallel.
∴ PQRS is a parallelogram.
14. PQRS is a rhombus. Its diagonals PR
and QS intersect at the point M and
satisfy QS = 2PR. If the coordinates of S
and M are (1, 1) and (2, –1) respectively,
find the coordinates of P.
Solution :
R
M
S Q
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7−5 2
Slope of line BC = = = 1. Example 5.24
4−2 2
Two buildings of different heights are located at
opposite sides of each other. If a heavy rod is at-
tached joining the terrace of the buildings from
(6, 10) to (14, 12), find the equation of the rod
joining the buildings ?
Solution :
Let A(6,10) , B(14,12) be the points denot-
Let m be the slope of the required line. ing the terrace of the buildings.
Since the required line is perpendicular to BC,
m × 1 = −1
m = −1
The required line also pass through the point
A(1,4).
The equation of the required straight line is
y – y = m (x – x )
y – 4 = −1(x −1)
y – 4 = − x +1
we get, x + y −5 = 0. The equation of the rod is the equation of
Example 5.23 the straight line passing through A(6,10) and
B(14,12)
Find the equation of a straight line passing
through (5, –3) and (7, – 4). y − y1 x − x1 y − 10 x−6
= gives =
y2 − y1 x2 − x1 12 − 10 11 − 6
Solution :
y − 10 x − 6
The equation of a straight line =
2 8
passing through the two points (x1,
y1) and (x2, y2) is Therefore, x – 4y + 34 = 0.
y − y1 x − x1 Hence, equation of the rod is x – 4y + 34 = 0.
=
y2 − y1 x2 − x1 Example 5.25
Substituting the points we get, Find the equation of a line which passes through
y+3 x−5 (5,7) and makes intercepts on the axes equal in
= magnitude but opposite in sign.
−4 + 3 7 − 5
gives 2y + 6 = – x + 5 Solution :
Therefore, x + 2y + 1 = 0. Let the x intercept be ‘a’ and y intercept be ‘–a’.
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Put y =2 in the equation of the Cross Road, i) Slope of the line =
coefficient of y
we get, 4q − 6 +18 = 0 −2
=
4q = −12 gives q = –3 −2
Therefore, The point E is (-3,2) =1
Thus the Cross Road meets the North Street ii) Slope of the line = 1
at D(0, 6) and East Avenue at E (-3,2) . tan q = 1
EXERCI E 5.3 q = 45o.
\
S
iii) Interecept on y-axis
Put x = 0 in (1)
passing through the mid-point of a line
– 2y + 5 = 0
segment joining the points (1,-5), (4,2)
and parallel to (i) X axis (ii) Y axis ⇒ −2 y = −5
Solution : ⇒ y = 52
Mid point of the line joining the points
(1, –5), (4, 2) is ∴ y - intercept = 5 2
3. Find the equation of a line whose inclina-
1 + 4 −5 + 2
= , tion is 30˚ and making an intercept -3 on
2 2 the Y axis.
5 −3 Solution :
= ,
2 2 1
Given q = 30o ⇒ m = tan 30o = and
3
i) Equation of straight line passing through y-intercept = – 3
5 −3 The required equation of the line is
, and
2 2 y = mx + c
a) Parallel to x-axis is
1
y = −3 2 ⇒ 2 y + 3 = 0 ⇒y= x−3
3
b) Parallel to y-axis is ⇒ 3y = x − 3 3
x = 5 2 ⇒ 2x − 5 = 0 ⇒ x − 3y − 3 3 = 0
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4. Find the slope and y intercept of 6. The hill in the form of a right triangle has
3 x + (1 – 3 )y = 3. its foot at (19, 3) . The inclination of the
Solution : hill to the ground is 45˚. Find the equa-
tion of the hill joining the foot and top.
Given line is 3 x + (1 – 3)y–3=0
Solution :
⇒ (1 − 3) y = − 3 x + 3 A
− 3 3
⇒y= x+
1− 3 1− 3
3 3 +1 3 1+ 3
= . = . C – Foot of the hill.
3 −1 3 +1 1− 3 1+ 3
∴ Slope of AC = m = tan 45o = 1
3 3+3 3+ 3 3
= = ∴ Equation of AC whose slope 1 and passing
2 −2 through C (19, 3) is
3+ 3 3+ 3 3 1 1
∴ Slope = , y − intercept =
2 −2 . ⇒ y – 3 = 1 (x – 19)
⇒ x – y – 16 = 0.
5. Find the value of ‘a’, if the line through
(–2, 3) and (8, 5) is perpendicular to 7. Find the equation of a line through the
y = ax +2. given pair of points
2 −1
Solution : (i) 2, and , −2
3 2
Slope of the line joining (– 2, 3), (8, 5).
5−3 (ii) (2, 3) and (–7, –1)
=
8+ 2 Solution :
2 Given points are
=
10 2 −1
1 2, , , −2
m1 = 3 2
5 The equation of the line passing through 2 points
Slope of the line y = ax + 2 is m2 = a. 2
y−
Since the 2 lines are perpendicular. 3 = x−2
m1m2 = −1 2 −1
−2 − −2
3 2
1
⇒ × a = −1 3y − 2 x − 2
5 ⇒ =
−8 −5
⇒ a = −5
2
3y − 2 2x − 4
⇒ =
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3 = x−2
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−2 − −2
3 2
y−2 x−2
Surya - 10 3Maths Coordinate Geometry
⇒ = 274
−8 −5
2
3y − 2 2x − 4 y+4 x+6
⇒ = ⇒ =
−8 −5 11 + 4 5 + 6
⇒ 15 y − 10 = 16 x − 32 y+4 x+6
⇒ =
⇒ 16 x − 15 y − 22 = 0 15 11
⇒ 15 x + 90 = 11 y + 44
ii) Given points are (2, 3), (–7, –1)
⇒ 15 x − 11 y + 46 − 0
Equation through 2 points is
y −3 x−2 9. Find the equation of the median and alti-
= tude of DABC through A where the verti-
−1 − 3 −7 − 2
y −3 x−2 ces are A(6,2) , B(-5,-1) and C(1,9)
⇒ = Solution :
−4 −9
A (6, 2)
⇒ 9 y − 27 = 4 x − 8
⇒ 4 x − 9 y + 19 = 0
8. A cat is located at the point(-6,-4) in xy
plane. A bottle of milk is kept at (5,11).
The cat wish to consume the milk trav-
elling through shortest possible distance. B (– 5, –1) C (1, 9)
Find the equation of the path it needs to
take its milk. i) Equation of the median through A.
Solution : mid point of BC = −5 + 1 , −1 + 9
y 2 2
M = D (– 2, 4)
(5, 11) Equation of AD is [A (6, 2), D (– 2, 4).
c
y − y1 x − x1
(–6, –4) =
y2 − y1 x2 − x1
x' x y−2 x−6
o
⇒ =
4 − 2 −2 − 6
y−2 x−6
⇒ =
2 −8
C (– 6, –4) is the position of cat. y−2 x−6
= =
1 −4
M (5, 11) is the position of milk.
⇒ x − 6 = −4 y + 8
Equation of the path CM is ⇒ x + 4 y − 14 = 0
y − y1 x − x1
= ii) Equation of altitude through 'A'
y2 − y1 x2 − x1
9 + 1 10 5
Slope of BC = = =
1+ 5 6 3
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Remaining Data
0.8
⇒ 5 y − 10 = −3 x + 18
y = – 0.1x + 1
⇒ 3 x + 5 y − 28 = 0 0.6
0.4
10. Find the equation of a straight line which
0.2
has slope −5 and passing through the
point (–1,2).4 O 2 4 6 8 10
Time (in sec.)
Solution :
−5 ii) y = – 0.1x + 1
Given slope of the line is and (–1, 2) is
4
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12. Find the equation of a line whose in- 13. Find the intercepts made by the follow-
tercepts on the x and y axes are given ing lines on the coordinate axes.
below. (i) 3x −2y − 6 = 0 (ii) 4x + 3y +12 = 0
3 Solution :
(i) 4, – 6 (ii) – 5,
4
Solution : Method - 1 :
i) Given x-intercept = 4 = a 3x – 2y = 6
y - intercept = – 6 = b 3x 2 y
⇒ − =1
6 6
Equation of line in intercept form is
x y
x y ⇒ + =1
+ =1 2 −3
a b
x y ∴ x-int = 2, y-int = – 3
⇒ + =1
4 −6 Method - 2 :
x y 3x – 2y = 6
⇒ − =1
4 6
Put y = 0 ⇒ 3x = 6
3x − 2 y
⇒ =1 ⇒x=2 (x-int)
⇒ 3 x − 2 y − 12 = 0 Put x = 0 ⇒ – 2y = 6
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(iii) The coordinate of the point of contact P of y = 0.7x − 11 is also 0.7
the tangent line AB with the circle is ii) Given line is x = −11,
x + y −5 = 0 and x − y = 0 whose slope is 0
5 5
Solving, we get x = and y = ∴ Slope of the line perpendicular to
2
2 −1
Therefore, the coordinate of the point of x = −11 is ,
0
contact is P 5 , 5 . which is undefined.
2 2
3. Check whether the given lines are parel-
lel or perpendicular
EXERCI E 5.4
x y 1 2x y 1
S
(i) + + = 0 and + + =0
1. Find the slope of the following straight 3 4 7 3 2 10
lines (ii) 5x + 23y + 14 = 0 and 23x – 5y + 9 = 0
3 Solution :
(i) 5y −3 = 0 (ii) 7 x − = 0
17 i) Given pair of lines
Solution :
x y 1 2x y 1
3 4 7 3 2 10
Co.eff. of x
Slope = Their slope,
Co.eff. of y
−0 −1 −2
= m1 = 3 & m2 = 3
5 1 1
=0 4 2
−4
= 3 = −4
3
ii) Given line is 7 x − 317 = 0
∴ m1 = m2
Co.eff. of x
Slope =
Co.eff. of y ⇒ the 2 lines are parallel
−7 ii) Given lines are
=
0 5x + 23y + 14 = 0, 23x − 5y + 9 = 0
= undefined
Their slope,
2. Find the slope of the line which is −5 23
m1 = m2 =
(i) parallel to y = 0.7x −11 23 5
(ii) perpendicular to the line x = −11.
∴ m1 × m2 = −1
Solution :
i) Given line is y = 0.7x − 11 ∴ the 2 lines are perpendicular.
whose slope is 0.7 4. If the straight lines 12y = −(p + 3)x +12,
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12x − 7y = 16 are perpendicular then find 6. Find the equation of a line passing
‘p’. through (6,–2) and perpendicular to the
line joining the points (6,7) and (2,–3).
Solution :
Solution :
Given lines
The required line is passing through (6,
12y = − (p + 3) x + 12, −2) and perpendicular to the line joining (6, 7),
12x − 7y = 16 are perpendicular (2,−3)
⇒ (p + 3)x + 12y = 12 ∴ Slope of the line joining (6, 7), (2, −3)
−( p + 3) 12 −3 − 7 −10 5
m1 = m2 = = = =
12 7 2−6 −4 2
−2
∴ Slope of the line perpendicular to it is
Since 2 lines are perpendicular, 5
∴ Equation of the required line is
m1 × m2 = −1
−( p + 3) 12 −2
⇒ × = −1 y+2= ( x − 4)
12 7 5
⇒ − ( p + 3) = − 7 ⇒ 5 y + 10 = − 2 x + 12
⇒ p+3= 7 ⇒ 2x + 5 y − 2 = 0
⇒ p=4 7. A(-3, 0) B(10,-2) and C(12, 3) are the ver-
tices of DABC . Find the equation of the
5. Find the equation of a straight line pass-
ing through the point P(-5,2) and parallel altitude through A and B.
to the line joining the points Q(3,-2) and Solution :
R(-5, 4) . Given vertices of D are
Solution : A (−3, 0), B (10, −2), C (12, 3)
A
The required line is passing through Equation of altitude AD :
P (−5, 2) and parallel to the line joining the points
Q (3, −2), R (−5, 4) 3+ 2 5 E
Slope of BC = =
4+2 6 −3 12 − 10 2
Slope of QR = = =
−5 − 3 −8 4
−2 B D C
∴ Equn. of the line is ∴ Slope of AD is = (AD ⊥ BC)
5
y − y1 = m (x − x1) ∴ Equation of AD is
⇒ y − 2 = −3 4 ( x + 5) y − 0 = −2 5 ( x + 3)
⇒ 4 y − 8 = − 3 x − 15 5 y = − 2x − 6
⇒ 3x + 4 y + 7 = 0 ⇒ 2x + 5 y + 6 = 0
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3−0 3 1 5x − 4y = 1 ......... (2)
Slope of AC = = =
12 + 3 15 5 and parallel to the line 13x + 5y + 12 = 0
∴ Slope of BE = − 5 ( BE ⊥ AC)
Solving (1) & (2)
∴ Equation of BE is (1) × 4 ⇒ 28x + 12y = 40
y + 2 = −5 (x − 10) (2) × 3 ⇒ 15x − 12y = 3
⇒ y + 2 = −5x + 50 43x = 43
⇒ 5x + y − 48 = 0 x=1
8. Find the equation of the perpendicular Sub x = 1 in (1)
bisector of the line joining the points A(- 7(1) + 3y = 10
4,2) and B(6,-4) . C
⇒ 3y = 3
Solution :
Given AB and CD are y=1
perpendicular & D is the
∴ The required line is
midpoint of AB A D B
(–4, 2) (1, –1) (6, –4)
−4 + 6 2 − 4
∴D = , = (1, −1) Since it passes through (1, 1)
2 2
−4 − 2 −6 −3 13 + 5 + k = 0
Slope of AB = = =
6 + 4 10 5 k = −18
5
∴ Slope of CD = ( CD ⊥ AB) ∴ 13x + 5y − 18 = 0
3
∴ Equation of perpendicular bisector 10. Find the equation of a straight line
through the intersection of lines
CD is
5x −6y = 2 , 3x + 2y = 10 and perpendicu-
5 lar to the line 4x −7y +13 = 0.
y +1= ( x − 1)
3 Solution :
⇒ 3 y + 3 = 5x − 5 Given lines are
⇒ 5x − 3 y − 8 = 0 5x − 6y = 2 ......... (1)
9. Find the equation of a straight line 3x + 2y = 10 ......... (2)
through the intersection of lines (1) ⇒ 5x − 6y = 2
7x + 3y = 10 , 5x −4y = 1 and parallel to
(2) × 3 ⇒ 9x + 6y = 30
the line 13x + 5y +12 = 0.
14x = 32
Solution :
The required line is passing through the in- x = 16 7
tersection of the lines
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Sub in (4)
∴ Since it passes through
18
16 11 x− +3= 0
, 11
7 7 18 −15
x= −3=
16 11 11 11
⇒ 7 + 4 + k = 0
7 7
44
⇒ 16 + +k =0 −15 9
7 ,
11 11
44
⇒ k = − 16 −
7 The required equation of the line joining
−156
⇒ k= −15 9
(0, − 2) , ,
7 11 11
156
∴ 7x + 4 y − =0 y+2 x−0
7 =
9 −15
⇒ 49 x + 28 y − 156 = 0 +2
11 11
11. Find the equation of a straight line y+2 x
⇒ =
joining the point of intersection of 31 −15
3x +y +2 = 0 and x −2y −4 = 0 to the ⇒ 31x = −15 y − 30
point of intersection of 7x −3y = −12 and ⇒ 31x + 15 y + 30 = 0
2y = x + 3.
Solution : 12. Find the equation of a straight line through
(1) × 2 ⇒ 6x + 2y = − 4 the point of intersection of the lines
(2) ⇒ x − 2y = 4 8x + 3y = 18, 4x + 5y = 9 and bisecting
the line segment joining the points (5,–4)
7x = 0
and (–7,6).
x=0
(1) ⇒ y = −2
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Solution :
EXERCI E 5.5
To find : The point of int. of
S
8x + 3y = 18 ........ (1) Multiple choice questions :
4x + 5y = 9 ........ (2) 1. The area of triangle formed by the points
(−5,0) , (0,−5) and (5,0) is
(1) ⇒ 8x + 3y = 18
(1) 0 sq.units (2) 25 sq.units
(2) × 2 ⇒ 8x + 10y = 18
− 7y = 0 (3) 5 sq.units (4) none of these
y=0 Hint : Ans : (2)
y
1
(2) ⇒ 4x = 9 Area of ABC = ×b×h
2 B A
9 1 x
∴x = = × 10 × 5 (–5, 0) (5, 0)
4 2
(0, –5) C
∴ The point of int. of (1) & (2) in = 25 sq.units
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⇒ 3 p − 21 = − 12 + 2 p +1
⇒ p=9 Slope of PQ =
3
5. The point of intersection of 3x − y = 4 and Slope of its perpendicular bisector = − 3
x + y = 8 is
9. If A is a point on the Y axis whose ordi-
(1) (5,3) (2) (2,4) (3) (3,5) (4) (4,4)
nate is 8 and B is a point on the X axis
Hint : Ans : (3) whose abscissae is 5 then the equation of
Substitute and check the point to satisfy the the line AB is
given lines. (1) 8x + 5y = 40 (2) 8x −5y = 40
6. The slope of the line joining (12, 3) , (4,a) (3) x = 8 (4) y = 5
1 y
8
Here a = 5, b = 8 A (0, 8)
(1) 1 (2) 4 (3) – 5 (4) 2
x y 8
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(3) l2 and l4 are perpendicular A quadrilateral is trapezoid if one pair of
(4) l2 and l3 are parallel opposite sides are parallel and another pair is non
parallel.
Hint : Ans : (3)
14. When proving that a quadrilateral is a
i) Slope of l1 = 4 3 parallelogram by using slopes you must
ii) Slope of l2 = 3 4 find
(1) The slopes of two sides
iii) Slope of l3 = −3 4
(2) The slopes of two pair of opposite sides
iv) Slope of l4 = (3) The lengths of all sides
3
(4) Both the lengths and slopes of two side
Here l1 and l3 are perpendicular Hint : Ans : (1)
l2 and l4 are perpendicular We should find the slopes of all the sides
But 3rd option is a contradiction when proving a quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
12. A straight line has equation 8y = 4x +21. 15. (2, 1) is the point of intersection of two
Which of the following is true lines.
(1) The slope is 0.5 and the y intercept is 2.6 (1) x −y −3 = 0; 3x −y −7 = 0
(2) The slope is 5 and the y intercept is 1.6 (2) x +y = 3; 3x +y = 7
(3) The slope is 0.5 and the y intercept is 1.6 (3) 3x +y = 3; x +y = 7
(4) The slope is 5 and the y intercept is 2.6 (4) x + 3y −3 = 0; x −y −7 = 0
Hint : Ans : (2)
Hint : Ans :
Substitute (2, 3) & check in all pair of
(1)
lines.
Given equation is 8y = 4x + 21
⇒ y = 1 2 x + 218
⇒ y = 0.5 x + 2.6
∴ Slope = 0.5, y − int = 2.6
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IT EXERCI E - 5 −1 + 5 3 + 3
UN
Mid Point of AC = , 2 2
S
2 2
1. PQRS is a rectangle formed by joining
the points P(-1,-1), Q(-1, 4) ,R(5, 4) and = 2, 3 2( )
S(5,-1) . A, B, C and D are the mid-points
2 + 2 4 − 1
of PQ, QR, RS and SP respectively. Is the Mid Point of BD = ,
2 2
quadrilateral ABCD a square, a rectan-
gle or a rhombus? Justify your answer. ( )
= 2, 3 2
Solution :
Given P = (−1, −1) Q (−1, 4), R (5, 4), S (5, −1) ∴ diagonals bisect each other & opposite
y
sides are parallel.
ABCD is a rhombus.
Q R
(–1, 4) (5, 4)
2. The area of a triangle is 5 sq.units. Two
of its vertices are (2,1) and (3, –2). The
third vertex is (x, y) where y = x + 3 . Find
x
the coordinates of the third vertex.
P S
(–1, –1) (5, –1) Solution :
−1 + 5 4 + 4 1 2 3 x 2
B = Mid point of QR = , = (2, 4) A= =5
2 2 2 1 −2 y 1
5 + 5 4 − 1 3 ⇒ (– 4 + 3y + x) – (3 – 2x + 2y) = 10
C = Mid point of RS = , = 5,
2 2 2
⇒ x + 3y − 4 − 3 + 2x − 2y = 10
−1 + 5 −1 − 1
D = Mid point of PS =
2
, = (2, − 1) ⇒ 3x + y = 17 ...... (1)
2
4 − 32 Also given, x − y = − 3 ...... (2)
5
Slope of AB = = Adding, 4x = 14
2 +1 6
3 −4 −5 x=7
Slope of BC = 2 = 2 = −5 2
5−2 3 6 7
Sub, x = 2 in (2)
−1 − 3 2 −5
Slope of CD = = 2=5 7 − y = −3
2−5 −3 6 2
y= 7 + = 13
−1 − 3 2 −5 2 3 2
Slope of AD = =
2 +1 6
2(
∴ Third vertex is 7 , 13
2 )
∴ AB | | CD, BC | | AD
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Let Q (h, k) be the image of P (3, 8) about 9. Find the equation of a line passing
the line x + 3y = 7 ......... (1) through the point of intersection of the
lines 4x + 7y −3 = 0 and 2x −3y +1 = 0 that
Since the line is assumed as a plane mirror
has equal intercepts on the axes.
P & Q are equidistant from R (x, y)
Solution :
∴ R is the midpoint and PQ is a perpen-
First, we find the point of intersection of the
dicular bisector of (1)
lines
h + 3 k + 8 4x + 7y = 3 ........... (1)
∴ ( x, y ) = ,
2 2
2x − 3y = −1 ........... (2)
h+3 k +8
∴ x= , y= (1) ⇒ 4x + 7y = + 3
2 2
(2) × 2 ⇒ 4x − 6y = − 2
Since R (x, y) is a point on (1) 13y = 5
h + 3 k + 8 y = 513
+ 3 =7
2 2
Sub in (1)
⇒ h + 3 + 3k + 24 = 14 4 x + 3513 = 3
⇒ h + 3k = − 13 ....... (2)
⇒ x = − 35
Also, slope of PQ × Slope of (1) = −1
⇒ 4 x = 4 13
k − 8 −1
⇒ × = −1
h−3 3 ⇒ x= 1
13
⇒
k −8
h−3
=3 ∴ The point is 1 , 5
13 13( )
⇒ k −8 = 3h −9 Equation of plane in intercept form is
⇒ 3h − k = 1 ......... (3) x y
+ = 1, where a = b
Solving (2) & (3) a b
x y
⇒ + =1
(2) ⇒ h + 3k = −13 a b
(3) × 3 ⇒ 9h − 3k = 3 ⇒ x+ y=a ........... (1)
10h
h=−1
= −10
(
Since (1) passes through 113 , 513 )
a= 1 +5 =6
Sub in (2) 13 13 13
− 1 + 3k = − 13 6
∴ x + y = 13
3k = − 12
⇒ 13 x + 13 y − 6 = 0
k=−4
∴ Q is (− 1, − 4), which is the image of P (3, 8)
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6. Find the value of 'p' if the area of D 15. A line passing through the points (2, 7) and
formed by (p + 1, 2p − 2), (p − 1, p) and (3, 6) is parallel to the line joining (9, a) and
(p − 3, 2p − 6) is 0. (Ans : p = 4) (11, 2) find 'a'. (Ans : −2 (or) 4)
7. Find the area of quadrilateral whose 16. Find the equation of a straight line whose
vertices are, slope is 2 and passing through the point
3
i) A (3, −1), B (9, −5), C (14, 0), D (9, 19) (5, −4) (Ans : 2x − 3y − 22 = 0)
(Ans : 132) 17. Without using distance formula, show that
ii) P (−5,−3), Q (−4, −6), R (2, −3), S (1, 2) the points P (3, 2), Q (0, −3), R (−3, −2) and
S (0, 1) are the vertices of a parallelogram.
(Ans : 28)
18. A triangle has vertices at (3, 4), (1, 2), (−5,
iii) E (−3,2), F (5, 4), G (7, −6), H (−5, −4)
−6). Find the slopes of the medians.
(Ans : 80)
iv) A (−4, 5), B (0, 7), C (5,−5), D (−4, −2) (Ans : 6 5 , 3 2 , 9 7 )
(Ans : 60.5) 19. Find the equation of altitude from A of a
D ABC whose vertices are (1, −3), (−2, 5),
8. If (3, 3), (6, y), (x, 7) and (5, 6) are the ver-
(−3, 4). (Ans : x + y + 2 = 0)
tices of a parallelogram taken in order, find
x and y. (Ans : x = 8, y = 4) 20. Find the values of 'p' of the straight lines
9. If the points (p, q), (m, n), (p − m, q − n) are
are perpendicular to each other.
collinear, show that pn = qm.
(Ans : p = 1, 2)
10. Three vertices of a parallelogram ABCD
are (1, 2), (4, 3), (6, 6). Find the 4th vertex 21. Find the equation of the straight line pass-
D. (Ans : 3, 5) ing through (1, 4) and having intercepts in
the ratio 3 : 5 (Ans : 5x + 3y = 17)
11. The line joining A (0, 5) and B (4, 2) is per-
pendicular to the line joining C (−1, −2), D 22. Find the area of the triangle formed by sides
(5, b) find 'b'. (Ans : b = 6) x + 4y − 9 = 0, 9x + 10y + 23 = 0, 7x + 2y
−11 = 0 (Ans : 26 sq.units)
12. Find the equation of the line passing through
(9, −1) having its x-intercept thrice as its 23. Find the equation of the line through the
y-intercept. (Ans : x + 3y − 6 = 0) point of intersection of the lines 2x + y − 5
= 0, x + y − 3 = 0 and bisecting the line seg-
13. Find the slope and y-intercept of the line
−2 −2
ment joining the points (3, −2) (−5, 6)
10x + 15y + 6 = 0. Ans : m = , c =
5 5 (Ans : x + 3y − 5 = 0)
14. Find whether the lines drawn through the 24. Find the image of the point (−2, 3) w.r.to the
two pair of points are parallel (or) perpen- line x + 2y − 9 = 0 (Ans : 0, 7)
dicular.
25. The equation of the diagonals of a rectangle
i) (5, 2), (0, 5) and (0, 0), (−5, 3) are 4x − 7y = 0, 8x − y = 26 and one of its
(Ans : parallel) sides is 2x + 3y = 0, find the equation of the
ii) (4, 5), (0, −2) and (−5, 1), (2, −3) other sides.
(Ans : perpendicular) (Ans : 2x+3y−26=0, 3x−2y−13=0, 3x−2y = 0)
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U
S
NS
1. The point whose the line 3x - y + 6 = 0 a) 6 b) −6 c) 4 d) −4
meets the x - axis is Ans : (d)
a) (0, 6) b) (−2, 0) 10. AB is parallel to CD. If A and B are (2, 3)
c) (−1, 3) d) (2, 0) Ans : (b) and (6, 9) the slope of CD is
2. The point of intersection of the lines 2x + y 4 3 2 9
a) b) c) d)
− 3 = 0, 5x + y − 6 = 0 lies in the quadrant 9 2 3 4
a) I b) II c) IV d) III Ans : (b)
Ans : (a) 11. If (1, 2), (4, 6), (x, 6) and (3, 2) are the ver-
3. The value of 'k' if the lines 3x + 6y + 7 = 0 tices of a parallelogram taken in order, then
and 2x + ky − 5 = 0 are perpendicular is x is
a) 1 b) −1 c) 2 d) 1 2 a) 6 b) 2 c) 1 d) 3
Ans : (b) Ans : (a)
4. The slope of the line which is parallel to the 12. If the slope of a line is − 3 , then the angle
line joining the points (0, 0) and (−5, 5) is of inclimation is
a) 1 b) −1 c) 2 d) −2 a) 60 b) 30 c) 120 d) 150
Ans : (a) Ans : (c)
5. The area of triangle formed by (0, 4) (4, 0) 13. The value of a for which (−a, a) is collinear
and origin is with the points (2, 0), (0, 1) is
a) 8 b) 16 c) 2 d) 4 Ans : (a) a) 1 b) 2 c) −2 d) −1
6. The equation of a straight line which has Ans : (b)
the y-intercept 5 and slope 2 is 14. The x - coordinates of the point of intersec-
a) 2x + y + 5 = 0 b) 2x − y + 5 = 0 tion of the lines x − 7y + 5 = 0, 3x + y = 0
c) 2x − y − 5 = 0 d) 2x + y − 5 = 0 is
15 5 −5 −10
Ans : (b) a) b) c) d)
22 22 22 22
7. If the point (a, a) lies on the line 3x + 4y −
14 = 0 then 'a' is Ans : (c)
a) 2 b) −2 c) 1 d) 0 Ans : (a) 15. The equations of the 4 sides of a rectangle
are x = 1, y = 2, x = 4, y = 5. One vertex of
8. Equation of the line parallel to y-axis and
the rectangle is at
passing through (−2, 3) is
a) (2, 4) b) (5, 1)
a) x = 3 b) y = −2
c) (2, 5) d) (4, 2)
c) x = −2 d) y = 3 Ans (c)
Ans : (d)
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CHAPTER
6
TRIGO OMETRIC RATIO
TRIGONOMETRY
N
S
Key Points
9
9
9 Opposite side MP
sin θ = =
Hypotenuse OP
9
Adjacent side OM
cos θ = =
sin θ cos θ
tan θ = ;cot θ = ;
cos θ sin θ
1 1
cosec θ = ; sec θ =
sin θ cos θ
9 sin (90o – q) = cos q cos (90o – q) = sin q tan (90o – q) = cot q
9
9 cosec (90o – q) = sec q sec (90o – q) = cosec q cot (90o – q) = tan q
9
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(cos q + sin q) (cos q - sin q)
1
cos θ sin θ = 2sin q cos q
= −
sin θ cos θ 2sin θ cosθ 2sin θ cosθ
cos q - sin q = =
1 sin θ cos θ + sin θ 2 cos θ
= −
sin θ cos θ cos θ = 2 sin q
1 − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ [since cos q + sin q = 2 cos q]
= =
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ Therefore, cos q - sin q = 2 sin q
= cot θ .
Example 6.9
Example 6.7
Prove that (cosecq - sinq) (secq - cosq) (tanq +
Prove that sin2 A cos2 B + cos2 A sin2 B + cos2 A cotq) = 1
cos2 B + sin2 A sin2 B = 1
Solution : Solution :
2 2 2 2
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=
sin A
+
cosA 1 + tan 2 A 1 − tan A 2
sec A + tan A − 1 cosecA + cot A − 1 1 + cot 2 A = 1 − cot A
sin A (cosecA + cot A − 1) + cos A (sec A + tan A − 1)
=
(sec A + tan A − 1)(cosecA + cot A − 1)
Example 6.16
sin Acosec A + sin A cot A − sin A + cos A sec A + cos A tan A − cos A
=
(sec A + tan A − 1)(cosecA + cot A − 1) Prove that
1 + cos A − sin A + 1 + sin A − cos A (1 + cot A + tan A) (sin A − cos A)
=
1 sin A 1 cos A 3 3
= sin 2 A cos 2 A
+ −1 + −1 sec A − cos ec A
cos A cos A sin A sin A
2
=
1 + sin A − cos A 1 + cos A − sin A Solution :
cos A sin A
(1 + cot A + tan A) (sin A − cos A)
2sin A cos A
= sec3 A − cos ec3 A
(1 + sin A − cos A)(1 + cos A − sin A)
2sin A cos A cos A sin A
= 1 + + (sin A − cos A)
(1 + sin A − cos A) (1 − sin A − cos A) sin A cos A
=
2sin A cos A (sec A − cosecA) (sec 2 A + sec AcosecA + cosec 2 A)
=
1 − (1 − 2sin A cos A) (sin A cos A + cos 2 A + sin 2 A) (sin A − cos A)
2sin A cos A 2sin A cos A sin A cos A
= = =1
1 − 1 + 2sin A cos A 2sin A cos A
1 1 1
(sec A − cosecA) + +
cos 2 A cos A sin A sin 2 A
Example 6.15
sin A cos A
1 + tan 2 A 1 − tan A 2 (sin A cos A + 1) −
Show that = sin A cos A sin A cos A
1 + cot 2 A 1 − cot A =
sin 2 A + sin A cos A + cos 2 A
(sec A − cosecA)
Solution : sin 2 A cos 2 A
LHS (sin A cos A + 1) (sec A − cosecA)
= × sin 2 A cos 2 A
(sec A − cosecA) (1 + sin A cos A)
1 + tan 2 A 1 + tan 2 A
1 + cot 2 A = = sin 2 A cos 2 A
1
1+
tan 2 A Example 6.17
1 + tan 2 A cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
= = tan 2 A ...... (1)
tan 2 A + 1 If = p and = q, then prove that
sin θ cos θ
tan 2 A
RHS p2 q2 (p2 + q2 +3) = 1
2
Solution :
1 − tan A 1 − tan A
cos 2 θ
= 2
1 − cot A 1 We have = p .... (1) and sin θ = q.... (2)
1 − sin θ
tan A cos θ
2 p2 q2 (p2 + q2 +3) =
1 − tan A
= = ( − tan A) 2 = tan 2 A ..... (2)
tan A − 1
tan A
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2 2
cos 2 θ 2 sin 2 θ 2 = tan2 q (tan2 q + 1)
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
sin θ cos θ × + + 3
sin θ cos θ = (sec2 q - 1) . (sec2 q)
[from (1) and (2)] = sec4 q - sec2 q
cos 4 θ sin 4 θ cos 4 θ sin 4 θ = RHS
= 2 cos 2 θ × sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 3
sin θ 2. Prove the following identities.
= (cos 2 θ × sin 2 θ ) ×
1 − tan 2 θ
cos6 θ + sin 6 θ + 3sin 2 θ cos 2 θ i) 2
= tan 2 θ
cot θ − 1
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ cos θ
= cos6 θ + sin 6 θ + 3sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
ii ) = sec θ − tan θ
1 + sin θ
= (cos 2 θ )3 × (sin 2 θ )3 + 3sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
Solution :
= (cos 2 θ sin 2 θ )3 − 3cos 2 θ sin 2 θ (cos 2 θ sin 2 θ )
i) LHS
+ 3sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 1 − tan 2 θ
=
= 1 − 3cos 2 θ sin 2 θ (1) + 3cos 2 θ sin 2 θ = 1 cot 2 θ − 1
1 − tan 2 θ
EXERCI E 6.1 =
1
S
2
−1
1. Prove the following identities.
i) cot q + tan q = sec q cosec q 1 − tan 2 θ
=
ii) tan4 q + tan2 q = sec4 q - sec2 q 1 − tan 2 θ
Solution: tan 2 θ
i) LHS = tan 2 θ
= RHS
= cot θ + tan θ
cos θ sin θ ii) LHS
= + cos θ
sin θ cos θ =
1 + sin θ
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
= cos θ 1 − sin θ
sin θ.cos θ = ×
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ
1
= cos θ (1 − sin θ )
sin θ.cos θ =
1 1 cos 2 θ
= × 1 − sin θ
cos θ sin θ =
= sec θ . cosec θ cos θ
1 sin θ
= RHS = −
cos θ cos θ
ii) RHS = sec θ − tan θ
= tan4 q + tan2 q = RHS
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1 + sin θ = (sec2 q)3
i) = sec θ + tan θ
1 − sin θ = (1 + tan2 q)3
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ (∵ a+b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a+b))
ii ) + = 2sec θ
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ
= 1 + tan6 q + 3(1) tan2 q) (1 + tan2 q)
Solution :
= 1 + tan6 q + 3tan2 q . sec2 q
i) LHS
= RHS
1 + sin θ
= ii) LHS
1 − sin θ
= (sin q + sec q)2 + (cos q + cosec q)2
1 + sin θ 1 + sin θ
= × = sin2 q + sec2 q + 2sin q . sec q + cos2 q
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ
+ cosec2 q + 2 cos q . cosec q
(1 + sin θ )2
= = (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ) + sec 2 θ +
cos 2 θ
2sin θ 2cos θ
1 + sin θ + cosec 2θ +
= cos θ sin θ
cos θ
sin θ cos θ
1 sin θ = 1 + sec θ + cosec θ + 2 +
= + cos θ sin θ
cos θ cos θ
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
= sec θ + tan θ = 1 + sec 2 θ + cosec 2θ + 2
cos θ sin θ
= RHS
= 1 + sec 2 θ + cosec 2θ + 2sec θ cosec θ
ii) LHS = 1 + (sec θ cosec θ )
2
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ = RHS
= +
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ
1 5. Prove the following identities.
= (sec θ + tan θ ) + i) sec4 q (1 - sin4 q) - 2 tan2 q = 1
sec θ + tan θ
= (sec θ + tan θ ) + (sec θ − tan θ ) cot θ − cos θ cosec θ − 1
ii ) =
= 2sec θ cot θ + cos θ cosec + 1
= RHS Solution :
i) LHS
4. Prove the following identities.
i) sec6 q = tan6 q + 3tan2 q sec2 q + 1 = sec4 q (1 - sin4 q) - 2 tan2 q
ii) (sin q + sec q)2 + (cos q + cosec q)2 =
1 + (sec q + cosec q)2
Solution :
i) LHS
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=
(1 + sin 2 θ ) cos 2 θ 2sin 2 θ
− =
(sin 2
)(
A − sin 2 B + cos 2 A − cos 2 B )
cos 4 θ cos 2 θ (cos A + cos B ). (sin A + sin B )
1 + sin 2 θ 2sin 2 θ
=
cos 2 θ
−
cos 2 θ =
(sin 2
)(
A + cos 2 A − sin 2 B + cos 2 B )
1 − sin 2 θ (cos A + cos B ). (sin A + sin B )
=
cos 2 θ 1−1
=
cos 2 θ (cos A + cos B ). (sin A + sin B )
=
cos 2 θ =0
=1 = RHS
= RHS
ii) LHS
ii) LHS
sin 3 A − cos3 A sin 3 A + cos3 A
cot θ − cos θ = +
= sin A + cos A sin A − cos A
cot θ + cos θ (sin A + cos A).(sin 2 A − sin A cos A + cos 2 A)
cos θ =
− cos θ
= sin θ (sin A − cos A).(sin 2 A + sin A cos A + cos 2 A)
cos θ +
+1
sin θ sin A − cos A
1 = (1 − sin A cos A) + (1 + sin A cos A)
cos θ − 1 =2
sin θ
= = RHS
1
cos θ +1
sin θ
7. i) If sin q + cos q = 3 , then prove that
cosec θ − 1 tan q + cot q = 1
=
cosec θ + 1
3 sin q - cos q = 0, then show that
ii) If
= RHS 3tan θ − tan 3 θ
tan 3θ =
6. Prove the following identities. 1 − 3tan 2 θ
sin A − sin B cos A − cos B Solution :
i) + =0 i) Given sin q + cos q = 3
cos A + cos B sin A + sin B
sin 3 A + cos3 A sin 3 A − cos3 A ⇒ (sin q + cos q)2 = 3
ii ) + =2
sin A + cos A sin A − cos A ⇒ sin2 q + cos2 q + 2sin q cos q = 3
Solution : ⇒ 1 + 2sin q cos q = 3
i) LHS ⇒ sin q cos q = 1 ........ (1)
TP : tan q + cot q = 1
LHS : tan q + cot q
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2
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1 − 3
3
1
Surya - 10 Maths 302 3− Trigonometry
= 3 3
1−1
sin θ cos θ 1
= + 3−
cos θ sin θ = 3 3
0
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
=
cos θ sin θ = undefined
1 = LHS = RHS
= (from (1))
1 = Hence proved.
=1
= RHS cos α cos α
8. i) If = m and = n, then prove
sin β sin β
Hence proved. that (m2 + n2) cos2b = n2
ii) Given Given 3 sin q - cos q = 0 ii) If cotq + tanq = x and secq - cosq = y,
2 2
⇒ 3 sin θ = cos θ then prove that ( x 2 y ) 3 − ( xy 2 ) 3 = 1
sin θ 1 Solution :
⇒ =
cos θ 3 cos α cos α
1 i) Given = m, =n
⇒ tan θ = ⇒ θ = 300 sin β sin β
3 cos 2 α cos 2 α
3tan θ − tan 3 θ cos 2 β sin 2 β
T .P : tan 3θ =
1 − 3tan 2 θ
To Prove : (m2 + n2) cos2b = n2
LHS LHS :
tan3q = tan 3 (300) (m2 + n2) cos2b
= tan 900
cos 2 α cos 2 α
= undefined = 2
+ 2 cos 2 β
cos β sin β
RHS 1 1
= cos 2 α + 2
. cos 2 β
3tan θ − tan 3 θ 2
cos β sin β
=
1 − 3tan 2 θ sin 2 β + cos 2 β
1 1
3 = cos 2 α 2 2 . cos 2 β
3 − cos β . sin β
3 3
= cos 2 α
1
2
=
1 − 3 sin 2 β
3
= n2
1
3− = RHS
= 3 3
1−1
1
3−
= 3 3
0
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LHS :
x = cot θ + tan θ y = sec θ − cos θ
cos θ sin θ 1 q (p2 - 1)
= + = − cos θ
sin θ cos θ cos θ (secθ + cosec θ ) (sin θ + cos θ )2 − 1
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ
= = 1 1
sin θ cos θ cos θ = +
cos θ sin θ
1 sin 2 θ
= = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ − 1
sin θ .cos θ cos θ
sin θ + cos θ
To Prove : =
cos θ . sin θ
[1 + 2sin θ cos θ − 1]
(x y ) − (xy )
2 2
2 3 2 3
=1 sin θ + cos θ
= × 2sin θ cos θ
cos θ . sin θ
LHS = 2 (sin θ cos θ )
2
= 2p
1 sin 2 θ 3
= 2 × = RHS
sin θ cos 2 θ cos θ
2 ii) Given sinq (1 + sin q) = cos q
1 sin 4 θ 3
− ×
sin θ. cos θ cos 2 θ To Prove :
2 2 cos6 q – 4cos4 q + 8cos2 q = 4
1 3 sin 3 θ 3
= −
cos3 θ cos3 θ 10. If
cos θ 1
= , then prove that
1 + sin θ a
( ) − ( tan θ )
2 2
= sec3 θ 3 3 3
a2 − 1
= sin θ
= sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ a2 + 1
=1
Solution :
=1
Given
= RHS
cos θ 1
=
9. i) If sinq + cosq = p and secq + cosecq 1 + sin θ a
= q, then prove that q (p2 - 1) = 2p
a2 − 1
ii) If sinq (1 + sin2 q) = cos2 q, then prove To Prove : = sin θ
a2 + 1
that cos6 q - 4 cos4 q + 8cos2 q = 4
Solution : 1 + sin θ
∴a =
i) Given p = sin q + cos q, cos θ
= (1 + sin θ ) sec θ
q = sec q + cosec q
= sec θ + tan θ
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∴ LHS : Solution :
a2 − 1 (i) In right triangle ABC [see Fig.]
=
a2 + 1 opposite side 4
tan θ = =
(sec θ + tan θ) 2 − 1 adjacent side 5
=
(sec θ + tan θ) 2 + 1 4
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 (0.8)
sec 2 θ + tan 2 θ + 2sec θ tan θ − 1 5
=
sec 2 θ + tan 2 θ + 2sec θ tan θ + 1 θ = 38.70 (since tan 38.7 0 = 0.8011)
2sec 2 θ + 2sec θ tan θ (ii) In right triangle ABC [see Fig.6.12(b)]
2 tan θ (tan θ + sec θ ) 8
= tan θ =
2 sec θ (sec θ + tan θ) 3
sin θ 8
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 (2.66)
3
cos θ
= θ = 69.40 (since tan 69.40 = 2.6604)
1
cos θ ∠BAC = 69.40
= sin θ
Example 6.19
= RHS
A tower stands vertically on the ground. From a
point on the ground, which is 48 m away from
II. PROBLEM I VOLVI G A GLE OF the foot of the tower, the angle of elevation of
the top of the tower is30°. Find the height of the
S
N
N
N
ELEVATIO
tower.
N
Example 6.18
Calculate the size of ∠BAC in the given trian-
gles.
Solution :
Let PQ be the height of the tower.
Take PQ = h and QR is the distance between
the tower and the point R. In right triangle PQR,
∠PRQ = 300
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Then, AB = 200 m.
∠ACB = 300, ∠ADB = 450
In right triangle BAC,
AB
tan 300 =
AC
Solution : 1 200
=
3 AC
Let AB be the height of the kite above the
ground. Then, AB = 75. gives, AC = 200 3 ........ (1)
Let AC be the length of the string. In right triangle BAD,
In right triangle ABC, ∠ACB = 600 AB
tan 450 =
AB AD
sin θ = 200
AC 1=
75 AD
sin 600 = gives, AD = 200 ........ (2)
AC
3 75 150 Now, CD = AC + AD
gives, = so, AC = = 50 3
2 AC 3
= 200 3 + 200 [by (1) and (2)]
CD = 200 ( 3 + 1)
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at the top of a 30 m high building are 45° and Substituting (2) in (1), we get
60° respectively. Find the height of the tower.
30 + h
( 3 = 1.732) 3=
30
Solution : h = 30 ( 3 − 1)
= 30 (1.732 − 1)
= 30(0.732) = 21.96
Hence, the height of the tower is 21.96 m.
Example 6.23
A TV tower stands vertically on a bank of a ca-
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Let BC be the width of the canal. sin 240 = 0.4067 sin110 = 0.1908
In right triangle ABC,
cos 240 = 0.9135 cos110 = 0.9816
AB
tan 580 = Solution :
BC
AB
1.6003 = .......... (1)
BC
In right triangle ABD,
AB AB
tan 300 = =
BD BC + CD
1 AB
= .......... (2)
3 BC + 20
(i) In right triangle GOH,
Dividing (1) by (2) we get,
OG
cos 240 =
1.6003 BC + 20 GH
=
1 BC OG
0.9135 = ; OG = 228.38 km
3 250
20
BC = = 11.24m .......... (3) Distance of H to the North of
1.7791
AB G = 228.38 km
1.6003 = [from (1) and (3)]
11.24 (ii) In right triangle GOH,
AB = 17.99
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HJ top of the smaller tree = XD = 10.44 m
IJ (ii) In right triangle XAB,
0.1908 = ; IJ = 34.34 km
180 AX
cos 400 =
Distance of J to the North of BX
AC + CX
H = 34.34 km =
BD + DX
(iv) In right triangle HIJ, AC + 8
= 0.7660 =
HI 20 + 10.44
cos110 =
HJ gives AC = 23.32 − 8 = 15.32 m
HI Therefore the horizontal distance between
0.9816 = ; HI = 176.69 km
180 two trees = AC = 15.32 m
Distance of J to the East of EXERCI E 6.2
S
H = 176.69 km 1. Find the angle of elevation of the top of a
tower from a point on the ground, which
Example 6.25 is 30 m away from the foot of a tower of
Two trees are standing on flat ground. The angle
of elevation of the top of both the trees from a Solution :
point X on the ground is 40°. If the horizontal T
distance between X and the smaller tree is 8 m
and the distance of the top of the two trees is 20
m, calculate 10 3 m
q
(i) the distance between the point X and the
T B 30 m A
top of the smaller tree.
(ii) the horizontal distance between the two trees. 10 3
From the fig, tan θ =
(cos 40° = 0.7660) 30
1
Solution : =
3
Let AB be the height of the bigger tree and
∴ θ = 300
CD be the height of the smaller tree and X is the
point on the ground. 2. A road is flanked on either side by con-
(i) In right triangle XCD, tinuous rows of houses of height 4 3 m
with no space in between them. A pedes-
CX
cos 400 = trian is standing on the median of the
XD road facing a row house. The angle of
8 elevation from the pedestrian to the top
XD = = 10.44 km
0.7660 of the house is 30°. Find the width of the
road.
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4 3 4 3 4 3 DN = 5 m = Dist. between
300 Man & Wall
x P x B
A
T, B → Top & Bottom of Window
Let AB = Width of theroad BC = x, TB = y (Height of window)
x
P = Midpoint of AB In ∆CMB, tan450 =
5
BC = height of the row houses x
⇒ 1=
=4 3 m 5
⇒x=5
Let PB = PA = x m
x+ y
BC 0 In ∆CMT, tan600 =
In ∆PBC, tan30 = 5
PB
5+ y
1 4 3 ⇒ 3=
⇒ = 5
3 x
⇒ 5+ y = 5 3
⇒ x = 12 m
⇒ y=5 3−5
= 5 ( 3 − 1)
= 2x = 5 (0.732)
= 2 (12) = 3.66 m
= 24 m ∴ Height of window = 3,66 m
3. To a man standing outside his house, the 4. A statue 1.6 m tall stands on the top of a
angles of elevation of the top and bottom pedestal. From a point on the ground, the
of a window are 60° and 45° respectively. angle of elevation of the top of the statue
If the height of the man is 180 cm and if is 60° and from the same point the angle
he is 5 m away from the wall, what is the of elevation of the top of the pedestal is
height of the window? ( 3 = 1.732) 40°. Find the height of the pedestal. (tan
Solution : 40° = 0.8391, ( 3 = 1.732)
T
Window Solution :
y A
B
1.6 m
x
C
600
C M
5m 450 x
1.8 m
D N 600
5m 400
D
B y
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x h
⇒ y=
tan 400 B
x
= .......... (1)
0.8391
r
AB
In ∆BAD, tan600 =
BD 450
r 300
x + 1.6 E
⇒ 3= C 7m 5m
y
AC
x + 1.6 In ∆ACD, tan450 =
⇒ y= .......... (2) CD
3
∴ From (1) & (2) 1=
r+7
x x + 1.6 ⇒ r +7= h+r
=
0.8391 1.732
⇒ h=7
⇒ 1.732 x = 0.8391 x + 1.6 (0.8391)
∴ Height of the pole = 7m
⇒ 0.8929 x = 1.343
BC
⇒ x=
1.343 In ∆BCE, tan300 =
0.8929 CE
= 1.5 m 1 r
⇒ =
3 r+7+5
∴ Height of statue = 1.5 m ⇒ 3r = r + 12
5. A flag pole ‘h’ metres is on the top of the ⇒ 3r − r = 12
hemispherical dome of radius ‘r’ me-
tres. A man is standing 7 m away from ⇒ r ( 3 − 1) = 12
the dome. Seeing the top of the pole at an 12 3 +1
⇒ r= ×
angle 45° and moving 5 m away from the 3 −1 3 +1
dome and seeing the bottom of the pole
12 ( 3 + 1)
at an angle 30° . Find (i) the height of the =
pole (ii) radius of the dome. 2
= 6 (2.732)
( 3 = 1.732)
= 16.392 m
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6. The top of a 15 m high tower makes an 7. A vertical pole fixed to the ground is di-
angle of elevation of 60° with the bottom vided in the ratio 1 : 9 by a mark on it with
of an electronic pole and angle of eleva- lower part shorter than the upper part. If
tion of 30° with the top of the pole. What the two parts subtend equal angles at a
is the height of the electric pole? place on the ground, 25 m away from the
Solution : base of the pole, what is the height of the
{
pole?
A
Solution :
A
15–x
15m
300 9x
E C
y
x x
600
B D
y B
x q
Let AB = 15 m = Height of the tower
C q
D
CD = x m = Height of the pole = BE 25m
Let AC = height of the pole
⇒ x = 10 5 ∴ From (1) & (2)
∴ Height of the pole = 10 x h h
0
= −1
tan 8 tan 40
= 10 (10 5 )
h h
= 100 5 m ⇒ 0
− =1
tan 4 tan 80
8. A traveler approaches a mountain on 1 1
⇒ h − =1
highway. He measures the angle of eleva- tan 4 0
tan 80
tion to the peak at each milestone. At two tan 80 − tan 40
⇒ h =1
consecutive milestones the angles mea- tan 80 tan 40
sured are 4° and 8°. What is the height of 0 0
the peak if the distance between consecu- ⇒ h=
tan 80 − tan 40
tive milestones is 1 mile. (tan 4° = 0.0699,
0.14 × 0.07
tan 8° = 0.1405) =
0.14 − 0.07
Solution :
P 0.0098
=
0.07
= 0.14 miles
h
III. PROBLEM I VOLVI G A GLE OF
S
N
N
N
EPRE IO
80
D
SS
N
K 40
y M1 1 M2 Example 6.26
Let PK = h = height of mountain A player sitting on the top of a tower of height 20
m observes the angle of depression of a ball lying
M1, M2 = Mile stones, M1, M2 = 1 mile on the ground as 60° . Find the distance between
Let KM1 = y the foot of the tower and the ball. ( 3 = 1.732)
In DPKM1, Solution :
h
tan 80 =
y
h
⇒ y= ........... (1)
tan 80
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Let BC be the height of the tower and A be the ∠XCA = 30° = ∠CAM
position of the ball lying on the ground. Then, In right triangle AMC,
CM
BC = 20 m and ∠XCA= 60° = ∠CAB tan 300 =
AM
Let AB = x metres. 1 CM
=
In right triangle ABC, 3 140
BC 140 140 3
tan 600 = CM = =
AB 3 3
20 140 × 1.732
3= =
x 3
20 × 3 20 × 1.732 CM = 80.78
x= =
3× 3 3 Now, h = CD
= CM + MD
= 11.54m
= 80.78 + 60 = 140.78
Hence, the distance between the foot of the tower Therefore the height of the second building is
and the ball is 11.54 m. 140.78 m
Example 6.28
The horizontal distance between two buildings From the top of a tower 50 m high, the angles
is 140 m. The angle of depression of the top of of depression of the top and bottom of a tree are
the first building when seen from the top of the observed to be 30° and 45° respectively. Find the
second building is 30° . If the height of the first height of the tree. ( 3 = 1.732)
building is 60 m, find the height of the second Solution :
building. ( 3 = 1.732)
Solution :
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AB DC
tan 450 = tan 450 =
BD BC
50 60
1= gives x = 50 m 1= gives BC = 60 m
x BC
In right triangle AMC, In right triangle DCA,
AM DC
tan 300 = tan 280 =
CM AC
1 AM 60
= [since DB = CM ] 0.5317 =
3 50 AC
50 50 3 60
AM = = gives AC =
3 3 0.5317
50 × 1.732 = 112.85
= = 28.85 m
3 Distance between the two ships
AB = AC − BC = 52.85 m
Therefore, height of the tree =
CD = MB = AB −AM Example 6.30
= 50 − 28.85 = 21.15 m
A man is watching a boat speeding away from
As observed from the top of a 60 m high light depression of 60° with the man’s eye when at a
house from the sea level, the angles of depres- distance of 200 m from the tower. After 10 sec-
sion of two ships are 28° and 45°. If one ship onds, the angle of depression becomes 45°. What
is exactly behind the other on the same side of is the approximate speed of the boat (in km / hr),
the lighthouse, find the distance between the two assuming that it is sailing in still water? ( 3 =
ships. (tan 28° = 0.5317) 1.732)
Solution : Solution :
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{
1000 T
= 52.704 km/hr A
450
In D AEC, TW
tan 300 =
AE WL
tan 450 = 1 60 − x
EC ⇒ =
120 − x 3 y
1=
70 ⇒ y = 3 (60 − x ) ........... (2)
⇒ 70 = 120 − x ∴ From (1) & (2)
⇒ x = 120 − 70 ⇒ 20 3 = 3 (60 − x )
⇒ x = 50 ⇒ 20 = 60 − x
∴ Height of 1st building = 50 m ⇒ x = 60 − 20 ⇒ x = 40
3. From the top of the tower 60 m high the ∴ Height of the lamp post = 40m
angles of depression of the top and bot-
tom of a vertical lamp post are observed 4. An aeroplane at an altitude of 1800 m
to be 38° and 60° respectively. Find the finds that two boats are sailing towards
height of the lamp post. (tan 38° = 0.7813, it in the same direction. The angles of
depression of the boats as observed from
3 = 1.732)
the aeroplane are 60° and 30° respec-
{
Solution: tively. Find the distance between the two
T
30
boats. ( 3 = 1.732)
60 0
60–x Solution:
60m A
W 300
L
y
x x
600 1800 m
R P
y
In DAPB2, h
tan 300 =
1800 x
tan 300 = 1 h
y+x ⇒ =
1 1800 3 x
⇒ =
3 y+x ⇒ x = 3h ......... (1)
In DLS2H,
⇒ y + x = 1800 3
h
⇒ 600 3 + x = 1800 3 tan 600 =
y
(From (1)) h
⇒ 3=
⇒ x = 1200 3 y
x = 1200 (1.732) h
⇒ y= ......... (2)
= 2078.4 m 3
∴ Adding (1) & (2)
5. From the top of a lighthouse, the angle of h
depression of two ships on the opposite x + y = 3h +
3
sides of it are observed to be 30° and 60°.
If the height of the lighthouse is h me- 3h + h 4h
= =
3 3
through the foot of the lighthouse, show ∴ Distance between 2 ships
4h
4h = m
that the distance between the ships is 3
3
m. 6. A lift in a building of height 90 feet with
transparent glass walls is descending
Solution: from the top of the building. At the top
L of the building, the angle of depression to
30 0 600
a fountain in the garden is 60°. Two min-
utes later, the angle of depression reduces
h to 30°. If the fountain is 30 3 feet from
300 600 the entrance of the lift, find the speed of
S1 x H y S2 the lift which is descending.
{
LH = h m = height of the light house Solution:
L
S1, S2 = Positions of 2 ships 600
x
S1H = x m, S2H = y m
To find : x + y 90 ft
P
300
In DLS1H, 90–x
600 300
T F
30 3 ft
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Example 6.32
A pole 5 m high is fixed on the top of a tower.
The angle of elevation of the top of the pole ob-
served from a point ‘A’ on the ground is 60° and
the angle of depression to the point ‘A’ from the
top of the tower is 45°. Find the height of the
tower. ( 3 = 1.732)
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From a window (h metres high above the ground) From (1) and (2) we get, x cot θ1 = h cot θ 2
of a house in a street, the angles of elevation and cot θ 2
gives, x=h
depression of the top and the foot of another cot θ1
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In DBCD.
300
CD S y L
tan 300 =
BD D → Deck of a ship
1 13
⇒ = DS = 40m = Deck of ship from water level
3 y
HL = Height of the hill = x + 40
⇒ y = 13 3 m
SL = DB = Dist. between ship & hill
In DACE,
In DDLS,
0 AE
tan 45 = DS
EC tan 300 =
SL
x
⇒ 1= 1 40
y ⇒ =
3 y
⇒ y=x
⇒ y = 40 3 .......... (1)
⇒ x = 13 3 m
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⇒ y=
x
.......... (2) h (tan θ1 + tan θ2 )
EA =
3 tan θ2 − tan θ1
∴ From (1) & (2) In DAPC,
x
= 40 3 x
3 tan θ1 =
y
⇒ x = 40 3 × 3
x
= 120m ⇒ y= ........... (1)
tan θ1
∴ Height of the hill = x + 40 In DPA'C,
= 120 + 40 CA '
tan θ 2 =
= 160 m and PC
x + 2h
2
y
y = 40 3
⇒ y=
(x + 2h) ........... (2)
= 40 (1.732)
tan θ 2
= 69.28 m
∴ From (1) & (2)
3. If the angle of elevation of a cloud from x x + 2h
=
a point ‘h’ metres above a lake is q1 and tan θ1 tan θ 2
the angle of depression of its reflection in
the lake is q2 . Prove that the height that ⇒ x tan θ2 = x tan θ1 + 2h tan θ1
the cloud is located from the ground is ⇒ x (tan θ2 − tan θ1 ) = 2h tan θ1
h(tan θ1 + tan θ 2 ) 2h tan θ1
⇒ x =
tan θ 2 + tan θ1 tan θ2 − tan θ1
Solution : ∴ AE = h + x
A
2h tan θ1
=h+
x tan θ2 − tan θ1
P
q1 y
C 2 tan θ1
q2
h
= h 1 +
h
E
tan θ2 − tan θ1
L lake
tan θ2 + tan θ1
x+h =h
tan θ2 − tan θ1
A'
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AB
tan 600 =
BD
Surya - 10 Maths 322 Trigonometry
x + 50
3=
y
Hence proved. x + 50
⇒ y=
4. The angle of elevation of the top of a cell 3
phone tower from the foot of a high apart- x + 50
ment is 60° and the angle of depression ⇒ 50 3 = (from (1))
3
of the foot of the tower from the top of ⇒ 150 = x+50
the apartment is 30° . If the height of the
∴ x = 100m
apartment is 50 m, find the height of the
cell phone tower. According to radiations ∴ Height of cell phone tower
control norms, the minimum height of a
cell phone tower should be 120 m. State = x + 50
if the height of the above mentioned cell = 150m > 120 m
phone tower meets the radiation norms. ∴ The tower does not meet the radiation
Solution : norms.
A
5. The angles of elevation and depression of
x
the top and bottom of a lamp post from
y
E C the top of a 66 m high apartment are 60°
300
and 30° respectively. Find
50
(i) The height of the lamp post.
B 300 y 600 D (ii) The difference between height of the
CD = 50m = height of the apartment = EB lamp post and the apartment.
(iii) The distance between the lamp post
AB = (x + 50) m = height of the cellphone
tower and the apartment. ( 3 = 1.732)
Solution :
BD = EC = ym = dist. between tower & L
apartment
x
In DCDB,
600
CD
0
E
y 300
A
tan 30 =
BD 66 66m
1 50
= 300 y
3 y P T
x
= 66 3 20o 30o
3 D E
B
⇒ x = 66 × 3
= 198 A, B, C → Positions of 3 villagers
i) Height of the lamp post = x + 66 To find i) AD ii) CE
In DABD,
= 198 + 64 x
tan 200 =
= 264 mrs 8
ii) Difference between height of lamp post ⇒ x = 8 . tan 200
& apartment = 264 66 = 198 m = 8 (0.3640)
−
iii) Dist. between lamp post & the apartment = 2.912
∴ AD = 2.912 km
⇒ y = 66 3 m
In DCBE,
= 66 (1.732)
y
= 114.312 m tan 300 =
12
1 y 12
6. Three villagers A, B and C can see each ⇒ = ⇒ y=
other across a valley. The horizontal dis- 3 12 3
tance between A and B is 8 km and the =4 3
horizontal distance between B and C is = 4 (1.732)
12 km. The angle of depression of B from = 6.928
A is 20° and the angle of elevation of C
6.93
from B is 30°. Calculate :
∴ CE = 6.93 km
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= k + tan2a + cot2a
EXERCI E 6.5
S
⇒ 1 + 2 + 2 + cosec2a + sec2a
Multiple choice questions
= k + tan2a + cot2a
1
2
1. The value of sin θ + is equal to ⇒ 5 + 1 + cot2a + 1 + tan2a
1 + tan 2 θ
(1) tan2 q (2) 1 (3) cot2 q = k + tan2a + cot2a
(4) 0 ⇒ 7 + cot2a + tan2a = k + tan2a + cot2a
Hint : Ans : (2) ∴k=7
1 4. If sin q + cos q = a and sec q + cosec q = b,
= sin 2 θ +
1 + tan 2 θ then the value of b (a2 – 1) is equal to
1
= sin 2 θ + (1) 2a (2) 3a (3) 0
sec 2 θ
= sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ (4) 2ab
=1 Hint :
Ans : (1)
b (a2 1) = (secq + cosecq) [(sinq + cosq)2 1]
2. tan q cosec2 q – tan q is equal to
−
−
1 1
2 = + [2sin θ cos θ]
cos θ sin θ
(3) sin q (4) cot q = 2sin q + 2 cos q
Hint : Ans : (4) = 2 (sinq + cosq)
= tan q . cosec2 q tan q = 2a
−
= tan q (cosec2 q 1) 5 1
5. If 5x = sec q and = tan q, then x2 – 2 is
−
= tan q . cot2 q x x
equal to
1
= × cot 2 θ 1
cot θ (1) 25 (2) (3) 5 (4) 1
25
= cot q
Hint : Ans : (2)
3. If (sin a + cosec a)2 +(cos a + sec a)2 = k + 5
5 x = sec θ , = tan θ
tan2 a + cot2 a, then the value of k is equal x
to 2 2
⇒ sec θ − tan θ = 1
(1) 9 (2) 7 (3) 5 (4) 3 25
⇒ 25 x 2 − 2 = 1
Hint : Ans : (2) x
= (sina + coseca) + (cosa + seca)22 1
⇒ 25 x 2 − 2 = 1
x
= k + tan2a + cot2a
1 1
⇒ sin2a + cosec2a + 2 sina . coseca ⇒ x2 − =
2
x 25
+ cos2a + sec2a + 2cosa seca
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2 (3) a + b
2 2
(4) b – a
3 Hint : Ans : (2)
=
2 p2 q2 = (a cot q + b cosec q)2
−
−
(b cot q + a cosec q)2
7. If x = a tan q and y =b sec q then
2 2 2 2
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11. The electric pole subtends an angle of 30° Hint : Ans : (3)
at a point on the same level as its foot. At a A
second point ‘b’ metres above the first, the
depression of the foot of the tower is 60°. 60m
The height of the tower (in metres) is equal
to 450 300
B y C x D
b b b
(1) 3b (2) (3) (4)
a 2 3 In DABC,
Hint : Ans : (4) AB 60
tan 450 ==
A BC y
x 60
⇒ 1=
E y
y 600 C
⇒ y = 600
b b
60
0 y 30 0 In DABD,
B D
AB
tan 300 =
BD
tan 30 = tan 60 = 1 60
y y =
3 x+ y
1 x+b b
= 3= ⇒ x + y = 60 3
3 y y
b ⇒ x + 60 = 60 3
⇒ y = 3 ( x + b) ⇒ y=
3 ⇒ x = 60 3 − 60
∴ 3 ( x + b) =
b = 60 ( 3 − 1)
3 = 60 × 0.732
⇒ 3( x + b) = b = 43.92 m
b
⇒ b+ x= 13. The angle of depression of the top and bot-
3
tom of 20 m tall building from the top of
b
⇒ height of tower = mts a multistoried building are 30° and 60°
3
respectively. The height of the multisto-
12. A tower is 60 m height. Its shadow is x me- ried building and the distance between two
tres shorter when the sun’s altitude is 45° buildings (in metres) is
than when it has been 30° , then x is equal (1) 20,10 3 (2) 30, 5 3
to
(3) 20,10 (4) 30,10 3
(1) 41.92 m (2) 43.92 m
(3) 43 m (4) 45.6 m Hint : Ans : (4)
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A 300 x + 20 30
60 0
y= = = 10 3
x 3 3
= 10 (1.732)
E 300 = 17.32 m
y C
20 20m 14. Two persons are standing ‘x’ metres apart
600 y 60 0 from each other and the height of the first
B D
person is double that of the other. If from
In DACE, the middle point of the line joining their
feet an observer finds the angular elevations
AE
tan 300 = of their tops to be complementary, then the
EC height of the shorter person (in metres) is
1 x
= x x
3 y (1) 2 x (2) (3) (4) 2 x
2 2 2
⇒ y = 3x ......... (1)
Hint : Ans : ( )
In DADB, A
AB h
BD C
x + 20
⇒ 3= h h
y
q 900 q
x + 20 B D
−
⇒ y= ......... (2) x O x
3 2 2
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= 40 × 1.732
In DPA' G',
= 29.28 m/sec.
A'G'
tan 530 =
6. An aeroplane is flying parallel to the Earth’s PG'
surface at a speed of 175 m/sec and at a 600
height of 600 m. The angle of elevation of ⇒ tan 530 =
y
the aeroplane from a point on the Earth’s
600
surface is 37° at a given point. After what ⇒ y= .......... (2)
period of time does the angle of elevation tan 530
increase to 53° ? (tan 53° = 1.3270, tan 37° ∴ From (1) & (2)
600 600
Solution : = −x
A' x tan 530 tan 370
A
1 1
⇒ x = 600 −
tan 370 tan 530
tan 530 − tan 370
600m ⇒ x = 600
tan 530 tan 370
530 600m
tan 530 − tan 370 (∴ tan 530
= 600
51
tan 530 tan 370
0
= cot 530 = 1)
P y G' x G
tan 530 − tan 370
= 600
P → Point of observation. 1
A, A' → Initial & final positions of the = 600 (1.3270 − 0.7536)
= 600 × 0.5734
plane. = 344.04 m
Speed of the plane = 175 m/sec. Distance
Time =
AG = A'G' = 600 m Speed
= height at which the plane is flying. 344.04
=
175
In DPAG,
= 1.9659
1.97 sec.
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(iii) How far is C to the North of B? 8. Two ships are sailing in the sea on either
(iv) How far is C to the East of B? side of the lighthouse. The angles of depres-
sion of two ships as observed from the top
(sin 55° = 0.8192, cos 55° = 0.5736, of the lighthouse are 60° and 45° respec-
sin 42° = 0.6691, cos 42° = 0.7431) tively. If the distance between the ships is
Solution : 3 + 1
200 metres, find the height of the
3
C
lighthouse.
Solution :
B 400 E L
600 450
30
km
350
600 450
D A A x H y B
h In DACE,
x+ y = h+
3 AE
tan 240 =
3 + 1 EC
1
⇒ 200 = h 1 + y
3 3 ⇒ tan 240 =
35
200 ( 3 + 1) 3 + 1
y = 35 tan 240 ........... (2)
⇒ =h
3 3
Height of the statue = x + y
∴ h = 200
0 0
∴ Height of the light house = 200 m. = 35 (0.6745 + 0.4452)
9. A building and a statue are in opposite side = 35 (1.1197)
of a street from each other 35 m apart. From = 39.1895
a point on the roof of building the angle of ≃ 39.19 m
elevation of the top of statue is 24° and the
angle of depression of base of the statue is PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE
S
34° . Find the height of the statue. 1. If 7 sin2q + 3 cos2q = 4, show that
(tan24° = 0.4452, tan 34° = 0.6745) tan q = 1 .
Solution : 3
A
2. Prove that 2(sin6 q + cos6 q) – 3 (sin4 q +
cos4 q = 0
y cot A + cos ecA − 1 1 + cos A
3. Prove that =
Statue cot A − cos ecA + 1 sin A
35 m 240
B C 4. If tan q + sin q = p, tan q – sin q = q, prove
340
2 2
that p − q = 4 pq
2 cos 2 θ − 1
x 5. Prove that cot q – tan q =
x Building sin θ . cos θ
6. If x = secA + sinA, y = secA – sinA,
340
B D 2 2
2 x − y
35 m prove that + =1
x + y 2
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8. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower 11. If 5 cos q = 7sin q, then the value of
from a point situated at a distance of 100m 7sin θ + 5cos θ
is
from the base of a tower is 300. The height 5sin θ + 7 cos θ
of the tower is
100 37 5 35
a) m b) 100 3m a) b) 1 c) d)
3 35 7 37
50 (Ans : (d))
c) m d) 50 3m
3 1
12. If sin A = , then sec A is
(Ans : (a)) 5
9. The angle of depression of a point on the 1 2 5
horizontal from the top of a hill is 600. If a) b) c) d) 5
5 5 2
one has towalk 300m to reach the top from
this point, then the distance of this point (Ans : (c))
from the base of the hill is 13. The acute angle 'q' when sec q + tan2 q = 3 2
a) 300 3m b) 150 m is
150 a) 300 b) 450 c) 600 d) 900
c) 150 3m d) m (Ans : (b))
3
0 0
(Ans : (b))
a) 450 b) 300 c) 900
10. The value of sinq . cosecq + cosq secq is
d) none of these (Ans: (a))
1
a) 1 b) 2 c) 0 d) 1
2 15. If tan a = 3 , tan b = , then cot (a + b)
is 3
(Ans : (b))
1
a) 3 b) 0 c) d)1
3
(Ans : (b))
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CHAPTER
I.
7
RFACE AREA
MENSURATION
SU
Key Points
Right Circular and Hollow Cylinder
9 A right circular cylinder is a solid generated by the revolution of a rectangle about one of its
9
sides as axis.
9 If the axis is perpendicular to the radius then the cylinder is called a right
9
circular cylinder.
9 A solid cylinder is an object bounded by two circular plane surfaces and a
9
curved surface.
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Solution : C.S.A. of the hollow cylinder
Given that, diameter d = 2.8 m and height = 3 m = 2p (R + r) h sq. units
radius r = 1.4 m 22
=2× (8 + 6) × 25
7
Hence, C.S.A. of the cylindrical tunnel
= 2200 m2
Area covered by one litre of paint = 10 m2
Number of litres required to paint the tunnel
2200
= = 220
10
area of the cylinder Therefore, 220 litres of paint is needed to paint
the tunnel.
= 2prh sq. units
Example 7.5
22
=2× × 1.4 × 3 = 26.4 The radius of a conical tent is 7 m and the height
7
is 24 m. Calculate the length of the canvas used
Area covered in 1 revolution = 26.4 m2 to make the tent if the width of the rectangular
canvas is 4 m?
Area covered in 8 revolutions
Solution :
= 8 × 26.4 = 211.2
Let r and h be the radius and height of the cone
Therefore, area covered is 211.2 m2 respectively.
Example 7.4 Given that, radius r =7 m and height h = 24 m
If one litre of paint covers 10 m2, how many litres
of paint is required to paint the internal and ex- Hence, l = r 2 + h 2
ternal surface areas of a cylindrical tunnel whose = 49 + 576
thickness is 2 m, internal radius is 6 m and height
l= 625 = 25m
is 25 m.
Solution : C.S.A. of the conical tent = prl sq. units
22
Given that, height h = 25 m; thickness = 2 m. Area of the canvas = × 7 × 25 = 550 m 2
7
Now, length of the canvas =
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Therefore, the length of the canvas is137.5 m C.S.A. of the cylinder + C.S.A. of the cone
=
+ area of the bottom
Example 7.6
If the total surface area of a cone of radius 7cm is = 2prh +prl + pr 2 sq. units
704 cm2, then find its slant height. Now,
Solution :
l = r 2 + h 2 = 0.49 + 5.76 = 6.25 = 2.5cm
Given that, radius r = 7 cm
Now, total surface area of the cone l = 2.5 cm
= pr (l + r ) sq. units Area of the remaining solid
T.S.A. = 704 cm2 = 2prh +prl + pr2 sq. units
22 = π r (2h + l + r )
704 = × 7 (l + 7)
7 22
= × 0.7 × [(2 × 2.4) + 2.5 + 0.7 ]
7
32 = l + 7 implies l = 25 cm
Therefore, slant height of the cone is 25 cm.
Therefore, total surface area of the remaining
Example 7.7 solid is 17.6 m2
From a solid cylinder whose height is 2.4 cm and
Example 7.8
diameter 1.4 cm, a conical cavity of the same
height and base is hollowed out (Fig.7.13). Find Find the diameter of a sphere whose surface area
the total surface area of the remaining solid. is 154 m2.
Solution : Solution :
Let h and r be the height and radius of the cone Let r be the radius of the sphere.
and cylinder. Given that, surface area of sphere = 154 m2
Let l be the slant height of the cone. 4pr2 = 154
Given that, h = 2.4 cm and d = 1.4 cm ; 22
4× × r 2 = 154
r = 0.7 cm 7
1 7
gives r 2 = 154 × ×
4 22
49 7
hence, r2 = we get r =
4 2
Therefore, diameter is 7 m
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Example 7.9
The radius of a spherical balloon increases from
12 cm to 16 cm as air being pumped into it. Find
the ratio of the surface area of the balloons in the
two cases.
Given that, R = 5 m, r = 3 m
Solution :
C.S.A. of the shell = 2p(R2 +r2) sq. units
Let r1 and r2 be the radii of the balloons.
22
Given that, =2× × (25 + 9) = 213.71
7
r1 12 3
= = T.S.A. of the shell = p(3R2 +r2) sq. units
r2 16 4
22
= (75 + 9) = 264
Now, ratio of C.S.A. of balloons =
7
2 2
4π r12 r12 r1 3 9 Therefore, C.S.A. = 213.71 m2 and
= 2 = = =
2
4π r2 r2 r2 4 16 T.S.A. = 264 m2.
Example 7.12
Example 7.10 A sphere, a cylinder and a cone (Fig.7.20) are
of the same radius, where as cone and cylinder
If the base area of a hemispherical solid is 1386
are of same height. Find the ratio of their curved
sq. metres, then find its total surface area?
surface areas.
Solution :
Solution :
Let r be the radius of the hemisphere.
Given that, base area = pr2 = 1386 sq. m
T.S.A. = 3pr2 sq.m
= 3 × 1386 = 4158
Therefore, T.S.A. of the hemispherical solid is
4158 m2. Required Ratio = C.S.A. of the sphere: C.S.A. of
the cylinder : C.S.A. of the cone
Example 7.11
The internal and external radii of a hollow hemi- = 4π r 2 : 2π rh : π rl ,
spherical shell are 3 m and 5 m respectively. Find (l = r 2 + h 2 = 2r 2 = 2r units)
the T.S.A. and C.S.A. of the shell.
= 4 : 2 : 2 = 2 2 : 2 :1
Solution :
Let the internal and external radii of the hemi-
spherical shell be r and R respectively.
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S
An industrial metallic bucket is in the shape of
the frustum of a right circular cone whose top and 1. The radius and height of a cylinder are
bottom diameters are 10 m and 4 m and whose in the ratio 5 : 7 and its curved surface
height is 4 m. Find the curved and total surface area is 5500 sq.cm. Find its radius and
area of the bucket. height.
Solution:
Solution :
Given r : h = 5 : 7
Let h, l, R and r be the height, slant height, outer
radius and inner radius of the frustum. r 5
⇒ =
h 7
⇒ 7 r = 5h
7r
⇒ h=
5
CSA of Cylinder = 5500
2π rh = 5500
⇒
22 7r
⇒ 2× ×r× = 5500
7 5
44 2
⇒ r = 5500
5
5500 × 5
⇒ r2 =
44
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500 × 5
14
⇒
www.kalvikavi.com 2π rh = 5500 308 × 7 www.padavelai.com
2
⇒ r =
22 7r 2 × 22
⇒ 2× ×r× = 5500
Surya - 10 Maths 7 5 1
342 2
Mensuration
44 2 ⇒ r = 49
⇒ r = 5500
5 r =7m
5500 × 5 Sub r = 7 in (1)
⇒ r2 =
44 22
500 × 5 2× × 7 × h = 1540
⇒ r= 7
4 1540
= 125 × 5 ⇒ h=
2 × 22
= 625 h = 35
∴ r = 25
∴ Radius = 7 m, Height = 35 m.
∴ h = 7 5 × 25 = 35
3. The external radius and the length of a
∴ Radius = 25 cm, Height = 35 cm hollow wooden log are 16 cm and 13 cm
respectively. If its thickness is 4 cm then
2. A solid iron cylinder has total surface
find its T.S.A.
area of 1848 sq.m. Its curved surface
area is five – sixth of its total surface Solution :
area. Find the radius and height of the Given, external radius of
iron cylinder. hollow cylinder = 16 cm = R
Solution :
length of log = 13 cm = R
= 1848 m2 & thickness = 4 cm = t
5
CSA = (TSA) ∴ t =R–r
6
5 ∴ r =R–t
⇒ 2π rh = ×1848
6 = 16 – 4
= 5 × 308
r = 12
2π rh = 1540 ........... (1)
∴ TSA of hollow cylinder
2π r (h + r ) = 1848
= 2p (R + r) (R – r + h)
⇒ 2π rh + 2π r 2 = 1848
22
⇒ 1540 + 2π r 2 = 1848 =2× (28) (4 + 13)
7
⇒ 2π r 2 = 308
= 44 × 4 × 17
22 2
⇒ 2× × r = 308 = 2992 cm 2
7
7
14 4. A right angled triangle PQR where ∠Q
308 × 7 = 900 is rotated about QR and PQ. If QR
⇒ r2 =
2 × 22 = 16 cm and PR = 20 cm, compare the
1
curved surface areas of the right circular
2
⇒ r = 49 cones so formed by the triangle.
r =7m
Sub r = 7 in (1)
22
2× × 7 × h = 1540
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Solution :
∴h = l2 − r2
P
= 192 − 28
20
= 361 − 28
12 cm
= 333
Q 16 R height of cone ≃ 18.25 cm.
Solution : 25π r 2
∴ Increment in SA = − 4π r 2
Given r1 : r2 = 1 : 3 h1 = 3r1, h2 = 3r1 4
Let r1 = x = 3x , = 3x 9π r 2
=
r2 = 3x 4
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l = ( R − r )2 + h2
10. The frustum shaped outer portion of the = 36 + 64
table lamp has to be painted including the
= 100 = 10 cm
top part. Find the total cost of painting
the lamp if the cost of painting 1 sq.cm is ∴ Required portion to be painted =
` 2.
CSA of frustum + pr2
= π (R + r) l + π r 2
= π [18(10) + 36]
22
= × 216
7
4752
=
7
Solution : = 678.86 m 2
Given in a frustum shaped lamp
Given cost of painting = Rs.2/m2
R = 12m, r = 6m, h = 8m
∴ Total cost = 678.86 × 2
2 2
l = (R − r) + h
= Rs.1357.72/-
= 36 + 64
II. V u
= 100 = 10 cm
ol
me
Key Points
Right Circular and Hollow Cylinder
9 Volume of a cylinder = pr2h cu. units.
9
9 Volume of a hollow cylinder = p(R2 − r2)h cu. units.
9
1
9 Volume of a cone = pr2h cu. units.
3
9
Sphere and Hemi-sphere
4
9 Volume of a sphere = pr3 cu. units.
3
9
4
9 Volume of a hollow sphere = p(R3 – r3) cu. units.
3
9
2
9 Volume of a solid hemisphere = pr3 cu. units.
3
9
2
9 Volume of a hollow hemisphere = p(R3 – r3)
3
9
Frustum of a Cone
πh 2
9 Volume of a frustum = (R + Rr + r2) cu. units.
3
9
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= 1.078 ×106 = 1078000 litre (ii) verify whether the cylinder with greater
volume has greater total surface area.
1
= 1078 m3 since 1 l = m3 (iii) find the ratios of the volumes of the cylinders
1000
A and B.
7
diameter = 7m gives radius = m Solution :
2
volume of the tank = pr2h cu. units
22 7 7
1078 = × × ×h
7 2 2
Therefore, height of the tank is 28 m.
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Outer radius = 5 + 5 (Given width = 5m) 3. If the circumference of a conical wooden
piece is 484 cm then find its volume when
= 10 m
its height is 105 cm.
∴ π h1 ( R 2 − r 2 ) = 1100 Solution :
22 Given circumference of a cone = 484 cm
⇒ × h1 (102 − 52 ) = 1100
7
ie 2π r = 484
22
⇒ × h1 (75) = 1100 22
7 ⇒ 2× × r = 484
1100 × 7 7
⇒ h1 = 484 × 7
22 × 75 ⇒ r=
2 × 22
h1 = 4.67 m
r = 77 cm
∴ height of embankment = 4.67 m
Also given h = 105 cm
2. A cylindrical glass with diameter 20 cm
1 2
has water to a height of 9 cm. A small cy- ∴ Volume of cone = πr h
lindrical metal of radius 5 cm and height 3
5
4 cm is immersed it completely. Calculate = × × 77 × 77 × 105
the raise of the water in the glass? 3 7
Solution : = 652190 cm3
Cylindrical Glass Cylindrical Metal
4. A conical container is fully filled with pet-
R = 10 cm r = 5 cm rol. The radius is 10m and the height is 15
H = 9 cm h = 4 cm m. If the container can release the petrol
through its bottom at the rate of 25 cu.
When cylindrical metal is immersed com- meter per minute, in how many minutes
pletely in glass, the container will be emptied. Round off
Total volume = Vol. of glass your answer to the nearest minute.
+ Vol. of metal Solution :
Given r = 10m, h = 15m in a cone
= p[100 × 9 + 25 × 4] = 1000p cm3
1 2
Let h1 be the height of water level ∴ Volume of the cone = πr h
3
∴ pR2h1 = 1000p 1 22 5
= × × 100 × 15
⇒ 100 h1 = 1000 3 7
∴ h1 = 10 cm 11000
= cm3
7
∴ Rise in water level = h1 – H
Rate of releasing the petrol = 25 cm3/min
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∴ Difference in volumes
cm, 8 cm and 10 cm is revolved about the
sides containing the right angle in two 2816 2112
= −
ways. Find the difference in volumes of 7 7
the two solids so formed. 704
=
Solution : 7
A = 100.58 cm3
10 cm
6m 6. The volumes of two cones of same base
3 3
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4 π R3
∴ Ratio of their volumes = 3 3
2 πr
Surya - 10 Maths 3 Mensuration
351
2 R3
= 3
r
7. If the ratio of radii of two spheres is 4 : 7, 3
find the ratio of their volumes. R
= 2
r
Solution :
3
Given ratio of radii of 2 spheres = 4 : 7 3
= 2
2
r1 4
ie = 3 3
r2 7 =2×
V1 8
∴ Ratio of their volumes = 3 3
V2 =
4
4 πr 3
= 3 3
1
4 πr ∴ Ratio of the volumes = 3 3 : 4
3 2
r
3 9. The outer and the inner surface areas of
= 1 a spherical copper shell are 576p cm2 and
r2
324p cm2 respectively. Find the volume of
3
4 the material required to make the shell.
=
7 Solution :
64
Given 4pR2 = 576p 4pr2 = 324p
343
R2 = 144 r2 = 81
∴ Ratio of the volumes = 64 : 343 R = 12 cm r = 9 cm
8. A solid sphere and a solid hemisphere ∴ Volume of the material
have equal total surface area. Prove that 4
the ratio of their volume is 3 3 ∴ Volume of the material = π (R 3 − r 3 )
: 4.
3
Solution : 4 22
= × (1728 − 729)
Given TSA of a solid sphere 3 7
= TSA of a solid hemisphere 4 22
= × × 999
2 2 3 7
⇒ 4π R = 3π r
88 × 333
= = 4186.29 cm3
R2 3 7
⇒ ∴ 2 =
r 4
10. A container open at the top is in the form
R 3
∴ = of a frustum of a cone of height 16 cm
r 2 with radii of its lower and upper ends
4 π R3 are 8 cm and 20 cm respectively. Find the
∴ Ratio of their volumes = 3 3 cost of milk which can completely fill a
2 πr
3 container at the rate of ` 40 per litre.
2 R3
=
r3
3
R
= 2
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= × (400 + 160 + 64)
7 3 + Base Area of the cylinder
208
22 16 = 2πrh + 2πr 2 + πr 2
= × × 624
7 3 = πr (2h + 3r ) sq.units
73216 22
= = × 6 × (38 + 18)
7 7
= 10, 459.42 cm3 22
= × 6 × 56 = 1056
10459.42 7
= litres
1000
Therefore, T.S.A. of the toy is 1056 cm2,.
∴ Cost of milk at ` 40 / lr, Example 7.25
1 22 15 15
= (30 ×15 ×10) + × × × 30 7 2100
2 7 2 2 r 2 = 600 × = ........ (1)
22 11
= 4500 + 2651.79 = 7151.79
Volume of air required for 1 person = 40 m3
Therefore, Volume of the box = 7151.79 cm3
Total Volume of air required for 150 persons
Now, T.S.A. of the box = C.S.A. of the cuboid +
= 150 × 40 = 6000 m3
1
(C.S.A. of the cylinder) 1
2 π r 2 h1 + π r2 h2 = 6000
3
1 1
= 2(l + b) h1 + (2π rh2 ) π r 2 h1 + h2 = 6000
2 3
22 15 22 2100 1
= 2 (45 × 10) + × × 30
7 2 × 8 + h2 = 6000 [using (1)]
7 11 3
= 900 + 707.14 = 1607.14 1 6000 × 7 × 11
8 + h2 =
2 3 22 × 2100
1
Example 7.26 h2 = 10 − 8 = 2
3
Arul has to make arrangements for the accom-
modation of 150 persons for his family function. Therefore, the height of the conical tent h2 is 6
For this purpose, he plans to build a tent which m
is in the shape of cylinder surmounted by a cone.
Example 7.27
Each person occupies 4 sq. m of the space on
ground and 40 cu. meter of air to breathe. What A funnel consists of a frustum of a cone attached
should be the height of the conical part of the tent to a cylindrical portion 12 cm long attached at
if the height of cylindrical part is 8 m?. the bottom. If the total height be 20 cm, diameter
of the cylindrical portion be 12 cm and the diam-
Solution : eter of the top of the funnel be 24 cm. Find the
Let h1 and h2 be the height of cylinder and cone outer surface area of the funnel.
respectively.
Solution :
Let R, r be the top and bottom radii of the frus-
tum.
Let h1, h2 be the heights of the frustum and cylin-
der respectively.
Area for one person = 4 sq. m
Total number of persons = 150
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Solution :
Let r be the radius of the hemisphere.
Given that, diameter of the hemisphere = side of
Given that, R = 12 cm, r = 6 cm, h2 = 12 cm the cube = l
Now, h1 = 20 – 12 = 8 cm l
Radius of the hemisphere =
2
Here, Slant height of the frustum TSA of the remaining solid =
l = ( R − r ) 2 + h12 units Surface area of the cubical part +
C.S.A. of the hemispherical part −
= 36 + 64 Area of the base of the hemispherical part
l = 10 cm = 6 × (Edge)2 + 2pr2 − pr2
2 2
2
Outer surface area l 1
= 6 × (l ) + π = (24 + π ) l 2
2
22 EXERCI E 7.3
= × 324 = 1018.28
S
7
1. A vessel is in the form of a hemispherical
Therefore, outer surface area of the funnel is bowl mounted by a hollow cylinder. The
1018.28 cm2 diameter is 14 cm and the height of the
Example 7.28 vessel is 13 cm. Find the capacity of the
A hemispherical section is cut out from one face vessel.
of a cubical block (Fig.7.42) such that the diam- Solution:
eter l of the hemisphere is equal to side length
7
A D
B 7 E
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1 1.5 9 mm 1.5
= πr 2 [h + 2r ]
3
1 22
= × × 36(12 + 12)
3 7 12 cm
22
= × 12 × 24 Cylinder Hemisphere
7
= 905.14cm3 H = 9 mm r = 1.5 mm = 3 2
r = 1.5 mm = 3 2
Note : When the conical hemisphere is com-
∴ Volume of the Capsule =
pletely submerged in water inside the cylinder,
Vol. of Cylinder + 2 (Vol. of hemisphere)
Volume of water left in the cylinder.
2
= π r2H + 2 π r3
= Volume of cylinder – [Volume of cone + 3
Vol. of Hemi sphere)
22 9 4 27
= ×9+ ×
1 2 7 4 3 8
= π r 2 H − π r 2h + π r3
3 3 22 81 9
= +
1 2 7 4 2
= π 36 × 18 − × 36 × 12 − × 216
3 3 22 81 + 18
=
=
22
[648 − 144 − 144] 7 4
7 22 × 99
=
22 28
= × 360
7 11 × 99
=
7920 14
=
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7 Students Please Send Your Answer Keys to= our Email Id: kalvikavi.blog@gmail.com
77.78 mm3
= ×9+ ×
7 4
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22 81 9
= 4 + 2
7
Surya - 10 Maths Mensuration
357
22 81 + 18
=
7 4
22 × 99
=
28 r
11 × 99 r
= O
14
r
= 77.78 mm3
ii) CSA of the cylinder = 2prh
= 2pr (2r)
= 4pr2 sq. units
iii) Ratio of areas obtained in (i) & (ii)
Solution:
= 4pr2 : 4pr2
Given side of cube = 7 cm
=1:1
7
2 8. A shuttle cock used for playing badmin-
Surface area of the solid = CSA of cube + ton has the shape of a frustum of a cone
CSA of hemisphere – Base area of HS is mounted on a hemisphere. The diam-
eters of the frustum are 5 cm and 2 cm.
= 6a2 + 2pr2 – pr2
The height of the entire shuttle cock is 7
11
cm. Find its external surface area.
22 7 7
= 6(49) + × × Solution:
7 2 2 A
77
= 294 + 1
2 1 cm D
= 294 + 38.5
B
7 cm
= 332.5 cm 2
l
6
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Example 7.30
∴ l = h 2 + ( R − r ) 2 = 26 + (1.5) 2 = 6.18
A cone of height 24 cm is made up of modeling
∴ External Surface Area = clay. A child reshapes it in the form of a cylinder
CSA of Frustum + CSA of HS of same radius as cone. Find the height of the
cylinder.
= π ( R + r )l + 2πr 2
= π [(2.5 + 1) 6.18 + 2 × 1] Solution :
Let h1 and h2 be the heights of a cone and cylin-
22 7
= (6.1) + 2 der respectively.
7 2
Also, let r be the radius of the cone.
22
= [21.35 + 2] Given that, height of the cone h1 = 24 cm; radius
7
of the cone and cylinder r = 6 cm
22 × 23.35
= Since, Volume of cylinder = Volume of cone
7
1
513.7 π 2 h2 = π r 2 h1
= 3
7
1 1
= 73.39 cm 2 h2 = × h1 gives h2 = × 24 = 8
3 3
IV. Conversion of olids
S
Example 7.29
Example 7.31
A metallic sphere of radius 16 cm is melted and
A right circular cylindrical container of base ra-
recast into small spheres each of radius 2 cm.
dius 6 cm and height 15 cm is full of ice cream.
How many small spheres can be obtained?
The ice cream is to be filled in cones of height 9
Solution : cm and base radius 3 cm, having a hemispherical
Let the number of small spheres obtained be n. cap. Find the number of cones needed to empty
Let r be the radius of each small sphere and R be the container.
the radius of metallic sphere. Solution :
Here, R = 16 cm, r = 2 cm Let h and r be the height and radius of the cylin-
Now, n´(Volume of a small sphere) der respectively.
= Volume of big metallic sphere
Given that, h = 15 cm, r = 6 cm
4 4
n π r 3 = π R3 Volume of the container V = pr2h cubic units.
3 3
22
4 4 = × 6 × 6 × 15
n π × 23 = π × 163 7
3 3
8n = 4096 gives n = 512 Let, r1 = 3 cm, h1 = 9 cm be the radius and height
Therefore, there will be 512 small spheres. of the cone.
Also, r1 = 3 cm is the radius of the hemispherical
cap.
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Volume of one ice cream cone = (Volume of the 2. Water is flowing at the rate of 15 km
cone + Volume of the hemispherical cap) per hour through a pipe of diameter 14
cm into a rectangular tank which is 50
1 2
= πr12 h1 + πr13 m long and 44 m wide. Find the time in
3 3 which the level of water in the tanks will
1 22 2 22 rise by 21 cm.
= × ×3×3×9+ × ×3×3×3
3 7 3 7 Solution:
22 22
= × 9(3 + 2) = × 45 Cylindrical Pipe
7 7
Given, Speed of water in the pipe
Number of cones =
= 15 Km/hr
Volume of the cylinder
Number of cones = H = 15000 m
Volume of one ice cream cone
Number of ice cream cones needed = 7
Radius of pipe r = 7 cm = m
22 100
× 6 × 6 × 15
7 = 12 Rectangular Tank
22
× 45 l = 50 m b = 44 m
7
21
Thus 12 ice cream cones are required to empty 100
the cylindrical container.
Volume of tank
EXERCI E 7.4 ∴ Required time =
Volume of pipe
S
lbh
1. An aluminium sphere of radius 12 cm is = 2
melted to make a cylinder of radius 8 cm. πr H
Find the height of the cylinder. 50 × 44 × 21100
=
Solution: 22 7 7
× × × 15000
Given radius of sphere = 12 cm = R & 7 100 100
= 2 hrs
radius of cylinder = 8 cm = r
By the data given, 3. A conical flask is full of water. The flask
has base radius r units and height h units,
Volume of sphere = Volume of Cylinder the water poured into a cylindrical flask
4 of base radius xr units. Find the height of
⇒ π R3 = π r 2 h water in the cylindrical flask.
3
4 Solution:
⇒ × 12 × 12 × 12 = 8 × 8 × h
3 By the data given,
⇒ h = 36 cm Volume of Cylindrical Flask =
Volume of Conical Flask
∴ Height of the cylinder = 36 cm
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1 2 Solution:
⇒ π( xr ) 2 H = πr h
3 Over head tank Sump
1 (Cylinder) (Cuboid)
⇒ x2r 2 H = r 2h
3 R = 60 cm l = 2 m = 200 cm
h H = 105 cm b = 1.5 m = 150 cm
⇒ H= 2
3x
h = 1 m = 100 cm
h
∴ Height of the Cylindrical Flask = cm Volume of water left
3x 2
= Volume of Sump – Volume of tank
4. A solid right circular cone of diameter 14
cm and height 8 cm is melted to form a = lbh – pR2H
hollow sphere. If the external diameter 22 15
of the sphere is 10 cm, find the internal = 200 × 150 × 100 − × 60 × 60 × 105
7
diameter.
= 3000000 − 1188000
Solution:
Right Circular Cone Hollow Sphere = 2812000 cm3
r = 7 cm R = 5 cm
6. The internal and external diameter of a
h = 8 cm r=?
hollow hemispherical shell are 6 cm and
By the problem,
Volume of Hollow Sphere =
cast into a solid cylinder of diameter 14
Vol. of Right Circular Cone
cm, then find the height of the cylinder.
4 ( 3 1
⇒ π R − r3 ) = π r 2h Solution:
3 3
Hollow Hemisphere Solid Cylinder
⇒ 4 (125 − r 3 ) = 49 × 8
R = 5 cm r = 7 cm
⇒ 125 − r 3 = 49 × 2
r = 3 cm h=?
⇒ r 3 = 125 − 98
∴ By the problem given,
r 3 = 27
∴ r=3 Volume of Solid Cylinder =
∴ Internal diameter of hollow sphere = 6 cm Volume of Hollow Hemisphere
5. Seenu’s house has an overhead tank in 2
the shape of a cylinder. This is filled by ⇒ π r 2h = π ( R3 − r 3 )
3
pumping water from a sump (under- 2
ground tank) which is in the shape of a ⇒ 49 × h = (125 − 27)
3
cuboid. The sump has dimensions 2 m ×
2 98
1.5 m × 1 m. The overhead tank has its ⇒ h= ×
radius of 60 cm and height 105 cm. Find 3 49
the volume of the water left in the sump 4
∴ h = = 1.33 cm
after the overhead tank has been com- 3
pletely filled with water from the sump
which has been full, initially. ∴ Height of Solid Cylinder = 1.33 cm
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Radius = r Radius = r
the cylinder is 5 cm and its height is 32
cm, then find the thickness of the cylin- 1
= h+ h
der. 2
Solution: 3
r= h
Solid Sphere Hollow Cylinder 2
r = 6 cm R = 5 cm 2 3
∴ Volume of hemisphere = πr
H = 32 cm 3
3
t=? 2 3
= π × h
2
3
By the problem given,
2 27 3
Volume of Hollow Cylinder = = π× h
3 8
Volume of Solid Sphere 9
= πh3
4 4
⇒ π( R 2 − r 2 ) H = πr 3 Volume of Cylinder = πr 2 h
2
4 2 3
⇒ (25 − r 2 )32 = × 6 ×6×6 = π × h h
3 2
3 3 9 2
4 × 2 × 6× 6 =π× h h
⇒ 25 − r 2
= 4
32 9 3
4 = πh
2
4
⇒ 25 − r 2 = 9 ∴ Vol. of Hemisphere = Vol. of Cylinder
2
r = 16 ∴ % of juice that can be trasnferred to the
r =4 2 cylindrical vessel = 100 %
∴ Thickness = R – r EXERCI E 7.5
S
=5–4
Multiple choice questions
= 1 cm 1. The curved surface area of a right circular
8. A hemispherical bowl is filled to the brim cone of height 15 cm and base diameter 16
with juice. The juice is poured into a cm is
cylindrical vessel whose radius is 50% (1) 60p cm2 (2) 68p cm2
more than its height. If the diameter is
(3) 120p cm2 (4) 136p cm2
same for both the bowl and the cylinder
then find the percentage of juice that can Hint : Ans : (4)
be transferred from the bowl into the cy- h = 15 cm, r = 8 cm
lindrical vessel.
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(1) 1 : 2 (2) 1 : 4
⇒ l = h2 + r 2
(3) 1 : 6 (4) 1 : 8
= 225 + 64
= 289 Hint : Ans : (2)
= 17 Volume of New Cylinder π R2h
=
Volume of Original Cylinder π r 2 h
∴ CSA of Cone = prl r
where R =
= p × 8 × 17 2
= 136 pcm2 R2
= 2
2. If two solid hemispheres of same base r
radius r units are joined together along their r2
bases, then curved surface area of this new
solid is = 42
r
(1) 4pr2 sq. units (2) 6pr2 sq. units 1
=
4
(3) 3pr2 sq. units (4) 8pr2 sq. units
∴ V1 : V2 = 1 : 4
Hint : Ans : (1)
The CSA of the new solid is nothing but the
CSA of a sphere = 4pr2 sq.units 1
radius is of its height is
3. The height of a right circular cone whose 3
radius is 5 cm and slant height is 13 cm will 9π h 2
be (1) sq.units (2) 24π h 2 sq.units
8
(1) 12 cm (2) 10 cm 8π h 2 56π h 2
(3) sq.units (4) sq.units
(3) 13 cm (4) 5 cm 9 9
Hint : Ans : (1) Hint : Ans : (3)
r = 5cm, l = 13cm TSA of Cylinder = 2pr (h + r)
1
∴ h = l2 − r2 where r = h
3
= 169 − 25 h h
= 2π × h +
= 144 3 3
= 12 cm h 4h
= 2π ×
3 3
4. If the radius of the base of a right circular 8π h 2
cylinder is halved keeping the same height, = Sq. units
9
then the ratio of the volume of the cylinder
thus obtained to the volume of original
cylinder is
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the material in it is = 3π times r2
(1) 5600 p cm3 (2) 11200 p cm3 9. A solid sphere of radius x cm is melted and
cast into a shape of a solid cone of same
(3) 56p cm3 (4) 3600 p cm3
radius. The height of the cone is
Hint : Ans : (2) (1) 3x cm (2) x cm
R + r = 14 cm, h= 20 cm, W = 4 cm (3) 4x cm (4) 2x cm
R – r = 4 cm Hint : Ans : (3)
Volume of hollow cylinder Volume of sphere = Volume of Cone
= ph (R – r )
2 2
⇒ 4 πr 3 = 1 πr 2 h
3 3
= ph (R + r) (R – r) 4 π x = 1 π x2 × h
3
⇒
3 3
= p × 20 × 14 × 4
4 π x3
= 1120p cm3 ⇒ h = 3 2 = 4x
1 πx
7. If the radius of the base of a cone is tripled 3
and the height is doubled then the volume 10. A frustum of a right circular cone is of
is height 16cm with radii of its ends as 8cm
(1) made 6 times (2) made 18 times and 20cm. Then, the volume of the frustum
(3) made 12 times (4) unchanged is
Hint : Ans : (2) (1) 3328p cm3 (2) 3228p cm3
Volume of cone = 1 π r 2 h (3) 3240p cm3 (4) 3340p cm3
3
Hint : Ans : (1)
When r → 3r, h → 2h
Volume of Frustum of a Cone
Volume of new cone
πh 2
= ( R + Rr + r 2 )
= 1 3 π × 9r 2 × 2h 3
(
= 18 1 3 π r 2 h ) π
= × 16 [400 + 160 + 64]
3
= 18 times 16π
= × 624
3
8. The total surface area of a hemi-sphere is
= 16π × 208
how much times the square of its radius.
= 3328π cm3
(1) π (2) 4π (3) 3π
(4) 2π
Hint : Ans : (3)
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11. A shuttle cock used for playing badminton 14. The height and radius of the cone of which
has the shape of the combination of the frustum is a part are h1 units and r1 units
(1) a cylinder and a sphere respectively. Height of the frustum is h2
units and radius of the smaller base is r2
(2) a hemisphere and a cone
units. If h2 : h1 = 1 : 2 then r2 : r1 is
(3) a sphere and a cone
(1) 1 : 3 (2) 1 : 2
(4) frustum of a cone and a hemisphere
(3) 2 : 1 (4) 3 : 1
Hint : Ans : (4)
Hint : Ans : (2)
Frustum of a cone & a hemisphere r2
r2 units. Then r1 : r2 is
r1
(1) 2:1 (2) 1:2
(3) 4:1 (4) 1:4
Hint : Ans : (1) h1
Volume of a sphere = 8 (Volume of new identical
Given h2 : h1 = 1 : 2
4 3 4
π r1 = 8 π r23 1 r2 1
3 3 ⇒ h2 = h1 ∴ =
2 r1 2
r13 8
⇒ =
r23 1 15. The ratio of the volumes of a cylinder, a
cone and a sphere, if each has the same di-
∴ r1 : r2 = 2 : 1 ameter and same height is
13. The volume (in cm3) of the greatest sphere (1) 1:2:3 (2) 2:1:3
that can be cut off from a cylindrical log of (3) 1:3:2 (4) 3:1:2
wood of base radius 1 cm and height 5 cm
Hint : Ans : (4)
is
Ratio of volumes of Cylinder, Cone, Sphere
4 10
(1) π (2) π 1 4
3 3 = πr 2 h : πr 2 h : πr 3 h
20 3 3
(3) 5π (4) π
3 with same height & same radius.
Hint : Ans : (1)
Since each of them has same diameter and
4
Volume of sphere = π r 3 where r = 1 same height, h = 2r
3
4
= π
3
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= p (R + r) l + 2prH
2 3 1 3 = p [13 × 13 + 2 × 4 × 10]
∴ R equired volume = πr − πr
3 3 22
1 = [169 + 80]
= π r3 7
3 22
= × 249
4. An oil funnel of tin sheet consists of a cy- 7
lindrical portion 10 cm long attached to a 5478
=
frustum of a cone. If the total height is 22 7
cm, the diameter of the cylindrical portion = 782.57 cm3
be 8cm and the diameter of the top of the
5. Find the number of coins, 1.5 cm in diam-
tin sheet required to make the funnel. eter and 2 mm thick, to be melted to form a
Solution : right circular cylinder of height 10 cm and
diameter 4.5 cm.
9
Solution :
Given diameter of coin = 1.5 cm
12 l (smaller cylinder)
1.5
∴ r= = 0.75 cm
4 22cm 2
h = 2 mm = 0.2 cm
Also, diameter of bigger cylinder = 4.5 cm
10
R = 2.25 cm
H = 10 cm
∴ Number of Coins =
Area of tin sheet required to make the fun- Volume of largest cylinder
nel Volume of smallest cylinder
where R = 9 cm r = 4 cm, H = 10 cm
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4. A solid is in the form of a cylinder with 10. Find the length of arc of the sector formed
hemispherical ends. The total height of the by opening out a cone of base radius 8cm.
solid is 19cm and the diameter of the cyl- What is the central angle if the height of the
inder is 7 cm. Find the surface area of the cone is 6cm.
solid. (Ans 418 m2) o 2
Ans : 280 , 50 cm
5. A farmer connects a pipe of internal diam- 7
eter 20 cm from a Canal into a cylindrical
tank which is 10m in diameter and 2m deep. 11. Find the capacity of a bucket having the ra-
If the water flows through the pipe at the dius of the top as 36cm and that of the bot-
rate of 4 Km/hr, in how much time will the tom as 12cm, depth is 35cm.
tank be completely filled ? (Ans 68640 cm3)
(Ans : 1 hr, 15min) 12. Water flows through a cylindrical pipe of
6. A toy is in the form of a cone of base radius internal radius 3.5 cm at 5m per sec. Find
3.5 cm mounted on a hemisphere of base the volume of water in litres discharged by
diameter 7 cm. If the total height of the toy the pipe in 1 min. (Ans : 1155 litres)
is 15.5 cm, find the total surface area of the 13. A rectangular sheet of metal foil with di-
toy. (Ans : 214.5cm2) mension 66 cm × 12 cm is rolled to form a
cylinder of height 12cm. Find the volume
has water upto a height of 9 cm. A metal of the cylinder. (Ans : 4158 cm3)
cube of 8 cm edge is immersed completely. 14. Using clay, a student made a right circular
By how much, the water level rise in the cone of height 48cm and base radius 12cm.
tube ? (Ans : 1.63 cm) Another student reshapes it in the form of a
8. A vessel is in the form of a cone. Its height sphere. Find the radius of sphere.
is 8 cm and radius of its top which is open (Ans : 12 cm)
is 5 cm. It is filled with water up to the rim. 15. A solid sphere of diameter 28 cm is melted
When lead shots, each of which is a sphere
and recast into smaller solid cones each of
of diameter 1cm are droppd into vessel, one
fourth of the water flows out. Find the num- diameter 4 2 3 cm and height 3cm. Find the
ber of lead shots dropped into the vessel.
number of cones so formed.
(Ans : (100))
(Ans : 672)
9. A hollow spherical shell has an inner radius
OBJECTIVE TYPE Q E TIO
1952π
U
S
NS
of 8cm. If the volume of material is
3 1. The radii of 2 cylinders are in the ratio 2 : 3
C.C, Find the thickness of the shell. and their heights are in the ratio 5 : 3. Then
the ratio of their volumes is
(Ans : 2cm)
a) 10 : 9 b) 20 : 27 c) 7 : 6
d) 5 : 2 (Ans : (b))
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3 4 d) 6cm (Ans : (b))
c) 3 2 cm d ) 2 3 cm 8. If a rectangle ABCD is folded by bringing
AB and CD together to form a cylinder,
(Ans : (b)) then the height of the cylinder is
3. The height of a cone whose slant height a) BC b) AD c) AB
26cm and the diameter of the base is 10cm, d) none (Ans : (c))
is
9. The CSA of a solid hemisphere if the TSA
a) 24.5 cm b) 26.5 cm c) 25.5 cm of the solid hemisphere is 12p cm2, is
d) 27.5 cm (Ans : (c)) a) 8p b) 36pd) 24p c) 6p
4. The total surface area of a cylinder whose (Ans : (a))
height is half the radius is
10. Ths CSA of a cone whose radius x cm,
a) 6pr2 b) 8pr2 c) 2pr2 height y cm is
d) 3pr2 (Ans : (d))
a ) π rl b) π r x2 + y 2
5. The base area of a cone is 80cm2. If its
height is 9cm, then its volume is c) π y x + y d) πx x + y
a) 720cm 3
b) 720p cm 3
(Ans : (d))
c) 240 cm 3
d) none (Ans : (c))
6. A well of diameter 2.1m is dug to a depth of
4m. The volume of the earth removed is
a) 4.4p m3 b) 44.1 m3
c) 0.441 m3 d) 4.41 pm3
(Ans : (d))
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CHAPTER
I. MEA
8 RE OF I PER IO
STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
SU
S
D
S
S
N
Key Points
9 Measures of Variation (or) Dispersion of a data provide an idea of how observations spread out
9
(or) scattered throughout the data.
9 Different Measures of Dispersion are
9
1. Range 2. Mean deviation 3. Quartile deviation 4. Standard deviation 5. Variance
6. Coefficient of Variation
9 Range R = L– S
9
L−S
9 Coefficient of range = where L - Largest value; S - Smallest value.
9
9 The mean of the squares of the deviations from the mean is called Variance. It is denoted by
9
s 2. n
∑ ( xi − x)2
Variance σ 2 = i =1
n
9 The positive square root of Variance is called Standard deviation.
9
n
∑ ( xi − x)2
i =1
Standard deviation σ =
n
Grouped Data –
∑ fd 2 ∑ fd 2 ∑ fd
2
∑ fd 2 ∑ fd
2
− − ×C
N N N N N
N=∑f N=∑f N=∑f
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9 The value of SD will not be changed if we add (or) subtract some fixed constant to all the
9
values.
9 When we multiply each value of a data by a constant, the value of SD is also multiplied by the
9
same constant.
Example 8.1 Example 8.3
Find the range and coefficient of range of the fol- The range of a set of data is 13.67 and the largest
lowing data: 25, 67, 48, 53, 18, 39, 44. value is 70.08. Find the smallest value.
Solution : Solution :
Largest value L = 67; Smallest value S =18 Range R = 13.67
Range R= L − S = 67 −18 = 49 Largest value L = 70.08
L−S Range R = L −S
Coefficient of range = 13.67 = 70.08 −S
67 − 18 49 S = 70.08 −13.67 = 56.41
Coefficient of range = = = 0.576
67 + 18 85 Therefore, the smallest value is 56.41.
8 64 σ = −
Here Largest value L = 28 n n
4 16
Smallest value S = 18 9 81
2
623 63
= −
Range R = L −S 7 49 7 7
12 144
R = 28 −18 = 10Years. = 89 − 81 = 8
10 100
Hence, σ 2.83
∑xi = 63 ∑xi2 = 623
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Example 8.5
di = xi – A
The amount of rainfall in a particular season for xi di2
6 days are given as 17.8 cm, 19.2 cm, 16.3 cm, di = xi – 35
12.5 cm, 12.8 cm and 11.4 cm. Find its standard 25 –10 100
deviation. 29 –6 36
30 –5 25
Solution :
33 –2 4
Arranging the numbers in ascending order 35 0 0
we get, 11.4, 12.5, 12.8, 16.3, 17.8, 19.2. |Num- 37 2 4
ber of observations n = 6 38 3 9
11.4 + 12.5 + 12.8 + 16.3 + 17.8 + 19.2 40 5 25
Mean =
6 44 9 81
90 48 13 169
= = 15
6 ∑di = 9 ∑di2 = 453
di = xi – x
xi di2 Example 8.7
= x – 15 The amount that the children have spent for pur-
11.4 –3.6 12.96
12.5 –2.5 6.25 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40. Using step de-
12.8 –2.2 4.84 viation method, find the standard deviation of the
16.3 1.3 1.69 amount they have spent.
17.8 2.8 7.84
19.2 4.2 17.64 Solution :
∑di2 = 51.22 We note that all the observations are divis-
ible by 5. Hence we can use the step deviation
∑ di 2 method. Let the Assumed mean A = 20, n = 8.
Standard deviation σ =
n
51.22 di = xi – A di = xi − A
= = 8.53 xi c di2
6 di = xi – 20
c=5
Hence, σ 2.9
5 –15 –3 9
Example 8.6 10 –10 –2 4
The marks scored by 10 students in a class test 15 –5 –1 1
are 25, 29, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 44, 48. Find the 20 0 0 0
standard deviation. 25 5 1 1
30 10 2 4
Solution : 35 15 3 9
The mean of marks is 35.9 which is not an 40 20 4 16
integer. Hence we take assumed mean, A = 35, ∑di = 4 ∑di2 = 44
n = 10.
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Example 8.8 2 49 ∑ xi 2 ∑ xi
2
σ= −
Find the standard deviation of the following data
3 9 n n
5 25
7, 4, 8, 10, 11. Add 3 to all the values then find 151 25
2
7 49
the standard deviation for the new values. σ= −
8 64 5 5
Solution : ∑xi = 25 ∑xi = 151
2
= 30.2 − 25
Arranging the values in ascending order we
= 5.2 2.28
get, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11 and n = 5
When we multiply each data by 4, we get the
2 Standard deviation new values as 8, 12, 20, 28, 32.
i i
4 16 ∑ xi 2 ∑ xi
2
Standard deviation
σ= − xi xi2
7 49 n
n 2
8 64 8 64 ∑ xi 2 ∑ xi
σ= −
10 100 350 40
2 12 144 n n
= − 20 400
11 121 5 5 2
28 784 2416 100
∑xi = 40 ∑xi = 350
2 = −
σ = 6 2.45 32 1024 5 5
When we add 3 to all the values, we get the new ∑xi = 100 ∑xi2 = 2416 = 483.2 − 400
values as 7,10,11,13,14. = 83.2
Standard deviation σ = 16 × 5.2
xi xi2
7 9 2 = 4 5.2 9.12
∑ xi 2 ∑ xi
10 100 σ = − From the above, we see that when we mul-
n n
11 121 tiply each data by 4 the standard deviation also
2
13 169 635 55 get multiplied by 4.
= −
14 196 5 5
∑xi = 55 ∑xi2 = 635
σ = 6 2.45
From the above, we see that the standard
deviation will not change when we add some
fixed constant to all the values.
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Standard deviation 2
∑ fi di 2 ∑ fi di
Standard deviation σ = c × −
N
2
∑ fi di 2 ∑ fi di N
σ= −
N N 2
210 30 210 900
2 σ = 10 × − − = 10 × −
240 4 240 × 29 − 16 71 71 71 5041
= − =
29 29 29 × 29 = 10 × 2.779 ; σ 16.67
6944
σ= ; σ 2.87 Example 8.14
29 × 29
The mean and standard deviation of 15 observa-
Example 8.13 tions are found to be 10 and 5 respectively. On
Marks of the students in a particular subject of a rechecking it was found that one of the obser-
class are given below. vation with value 8 was incorrect. Calculate the
correct mean and standard deviation if the cor-
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 rect observation value was 23?
Number of
8 12 17 14 Solution :
students
Marks 40-50 50-60 60-70 - n = 15 , x = 10 , s = 5 ;
Number of
9 7 4 - x=; ∑ x = 15 × 10 = 150
students n
Find its standard deviation. Wrong observation value = 8,
Solution : Correct observation value = 23.
Correct total = 150 − 8 + 23 = 165
Let the assumed mean, A = 35, c = 10
165 mean x = 165 = 11
Mid Correct mean x =Correct
= 11 15
di = x −A 15
Marks value fi d = i fidi fidi
2
xi – A i c 2
(xi)
∑x ∑ x
2 2 ∑ x2 ∑ x
0-10 5 8 –30 –3 Standard
–24 72 Standard
deviation − σ =
σ = deviation n
−
n
n n
10-20 15 12 –20 –2 –24 48
2
20-30 25 17 –10 –1 –17 17
Incorrect ∑ x 2 of σ = 25= ∑ x − (10) 2
value
Incorrect value of σ = 5= − (10) 15
30-40 35 14 0 0 0 0 15
2 2
40-50 45 9 10 1 9 9
∑x 2 ∑∑x x ∑ x2
50-60 55 7 20 2 14 28 25 = − 100 25 =
gives − 100
= gives
125 = 125
15 1515 15
60-70 65 4 30 3 12 36
N=71 ∑fi di ∑fi di2 Incorrect value of ∑x2 = 1875
= −30 = 210 Correct value of ∑x2 = 1875 – 82 + 232 = 2340
2340
Correct standard deviation σ = − (11) 2
15
σ = 156 − 121 = 35 σ 5.9
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S
Income 400-450 450-500 500-550
1. Find the range and coefficient of range of Number of
the following data. 8 12 30
workers
(i) 63, 89, 98, 125, 79, 108, 117, 68 Income 550-600 600-650 -
(ii) 43.5, 13.6, 18.9, 38.4, 61.4, 29.8 Number of
Solution: 21 6 -
workers
i) Range =L–S
Solution :
= 125 – 63
Here, Largest value = L = 650
= 62
Smallest value = S = 450
L−S
Coefficient of range = ∴ Range =L –S
L+S
125 − 63 = 650 – 450
=
125 + 63 = 200
62 4. A teacher asked the students to complete
=
185 60 pages of a record note book. Eight
= 0.33 students have completed only 32, 35,
ii) Range =L–S 37, 30, 33, 36, 35 and 37 pages. Find the
standard deviation of the pages yet to be
= 61.4 – 13.6
completed by them.
= 47.8
Solution :
L−S
Coefficient of range = The pages yet to be completed by them are
L+S
61.4 − 13.6 60-32, 60-35, 60-37, 60-30, 60-33, 60-36, 60-35,
= 60-37, 60-37
61.4 + 13.6
47.8 = 28, 25, 23, 30, 27, 24, 25, 23
=
75
To find the SD of the data 28, 25, 23, 30, 27, 24,
= 0.64
25, 23
2. If the range and the smallest value of a
Arrange them in ascending order
set of data are 36.8 and 13.4 respectively,
then find the largest value. x d=x–A d2
Solution : 23 –2 4
Given ; range = 36.8 23 –2 4
Smallest value = 13.4
R=L–S 24 –1 1
\
L=R+S 25 0 0
\
= 36.8 + 13.4
25 0 0
= 50.2
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27 2 4 290 –1 1
28 3 9 300 0 0
30 5 25 310 1 1
5 47 310 1 1
∑d = 5 ∑d = 47
2
320 2 4
2 2
∑d ∑d 320 2 4
∴σ = −
n n 0 20
2 ∑d = 0 ∑d = 20
2
47 5
= −
8 8 x−A
d=
c
47 25
= −
8 64 A - Assumed Mean C - Common divisor
376 − 25 ∑d2 ∑d
2
= σ2 = − × c2
64 n n
351 20
=
8 9
18.74 2000
= =
8 9
= 2.34 2
σ = 222.2
5. Find the variance and standard deviation ∴ Variance = 222.2
of the wages of 9 workers given below: ∴ S.D = 222.2
`310, `290, `320, `280, `300, `290, `320, = 14.906
`310, `280.
14.91
Solution :
Given wages of a workers are `310, `290, `320, 6. A wall clock strikes the bell once at 1 o’
`280, `300, `290, `320, `310, `280 clock, 2 times at 2 o’ clock, 3 times at 3 o’
clock and so on. How many times will it
To find the variance and SD, arrange them in
strike in a particular day. Find the stan-
ascending order.
dard deviation of the number of strikes
x − 300 the bell make a day.
x d= d2 Solution :
10
280 –2 4 A clock strikes bell at 1 o' clock once
twice at 2 o' clock,
280 –2 4
3 times at 3 o' clock .......
290 –1 1
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∴ Number of times it strikes in a particular day Since each value is decreased by 5, then the
= 2 (1 + 2 + 3 + ......... 12) new SD = 4.5
12 × 13 ( S.D will not be changed when we add (or)
= 2
2 subtract fixed constant to all the values of the
data).
= 156 times
9. If the standard deviation of a data is 3.6
To find the S.D of 2 (1, 2, 3, .......12)
and each value of the data is divided by 3,
n2 − 1 then find the new variance and new stan-
= 2
12 dard deviation.
Solution :
144 − 1
= 2 Given, S.D of a data = 3.6
12
Since each value is divided by 3 then the
143 3.6
=2 = 2 11.91 new S.D =
12 3
= 2(3.45) = 1.2
= 6.9 New Variance = (1.2)2
= 1.44
natural numbers. 10. The rainfall recorded in various places of
Solution : five districts in a week are given below.
SD of first 21 natural numbers Rainfall
45 50 55 60 65 70
(in mm)
n2 − 1 Number
= 5 13 4 9 5 4
12 of places
441 − 1 Find its standard deviation.
=
12 Solution :
440 x f d2 f.d f . d2
= x − 60
12 d=
5
= 36.66
45 5 –3 9 –15 45
= 6.0547
50 13 –2 4 –26 52
6.05 55 4 –1 1 –4 4
8. If the standard deviation of a data is 4.5 60 9 0 0 0 0
and if each value of the data is decreased 65 5 1 1 5 5
by 5, then find the new standard devia- 70 4 2 4 8 16
tion. –32 122
Solution : ∑f = N = 40, ∑fd = – 32 ∑f.d2 = 122
Given, S.D of a data = 4.5 c=5
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2 2
∑ fd 2 ∑ fd ∑ fd 2 ∑ fd
∴σ = − ×c ∴σ = −
∑f ∑ f ∑f ∑ f
2 2
263 −79 78 8
= − ×4 = −
84 84 50 50
263 6241 78 64
= − ×4 = −
84 842 50 502
22092 − 6241 3900 − 64
= ×4 =
842 502
15851 3836
= ×4 =
84 50
125.9 61.935
= =
21 65
= 5.995 = 1.238
6 1.24
plete a 100 meter race are given below. and standard deviation of their marks
Find its standard deviation were found to be 60 and 15 respectively.
Time taken 8.5- 9.5- 10.5- 11.5- 12.5- Later on it was found that the scores 45
(sec) 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 and 72 were wrongly entered as 40 and
Number of 27. Find the correct mean and standard
6 8 17 10 9
students deviation.
Solution : Solution :
mid Given n = 100, x = 60, s = 15
C.I value f d = x – 11 d2 f.d f . d2 ∑x
(x) ∴ = 60
n
8.5-9.5 9 6 –2 4 –12 24
∑x
9.5-10.5 10 8 –1 1 –8 8 ⇒ = 60
100
10.5-11.5 11 17 0 0 0 0
⇒ ∑ x = 6000
11.5-12.5 12 10 1 1 10 10
12.5-13.5 13 9 2 4 18 36 ∴ Corrected ∑x = 6000 – (40 + 27) + (45 + 72)
50 8 78
= 6000 – 67 + 117
∴∑f = 50, ∑fd = 8, ∑fd = 78 and c = 12
= 6050
6050
∴ Corrected mean =
100
= 60.5
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N
N
Key Points
σ
9 Coefficient of variation, CV = × 100.
x
9
9 If the C.V value is less, then the observations of x corresponding data are consistent.
9
9 If the C.V value is more, then the observations of corresponding data are inconsistent.
9
Example 8.15 Mean x 2 = 46.50kg, variance σ 2 2 = 28.09 kg 2
The mean of a data is 25.6 and its coefficient of Standard deviation σ 2 = 5.3kg
variation is 18.75. Find the standard deviation. σ2
Coefficient of variantion C.V2 = × 100%
Solution : x2
Mean x = 25.6 , 5.3
C.V2 = × 100% = 11.40% (for weights)
46.50
Coefficient of variation, C.V. = 18.75
C.V1 = 5.48% and C.V2 = 11.40%
σ
Coefficient of variation, C.V. = × 100%
x Since C.V2 > C.V1, the weight of the students is
σ
18.75 = × 100 ; σ = 4.8
25.6 Example 8.17
The consumption of number of guava and or-
Example 8.16
ange on a particular week by a family are given
The following table gives the values of mean and below.
variance of heights and weights of the 10th stan-
Number of Guavas 3 5 6 4 3 5 4
dard students of a school.
Number of Oranges 1 3 7 9 2 6 2
Height Weight Which fruit is consistenly consumed by the
Mean 155 cm 46.50 kg2 family?
Variance 72.25 cm2 28.09 kg2 Solution :
First we find the coefficient of variation for
Which is more varying than the other?
guavas and oranges separately.
Solution : xi xi2
For comparing two data, first we have to find 3 9
their coefficient of variations 5 25
Mean x1 = 155cm, variance σ12 = 72.25cm 2 6 36
4 16
Therefore standard deviation σ1 = 8.5
3 9
σ1 5 25
Coefficient of variantion C.V1 = × 100%
x1 4 16
8.5 ∑xi = 30 ∑xi2 = 136
C.V1 = × 100% = 5.48% (for heights)
155
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S
30
Mean x1 = = 4.29 1. The standard deviation and mean of a
7
2
data are 6.5 and 12.5 respectively. Find
∑ xi 2 ∑ xi the coefficient of variation.
Standard deviation σ1 = −
n n Solution :
2
136 30 Given s = 6.5, x = 12.5
σ1 = − = 19.43 − 18.40 1.01
7 7 σ
∴ C.V = × 100
Coefficient of variation for guavas x
σ 1.01 6.5
C.V1 = 1 × 100% = × 100% = 23.54% = × 100
x1 4.29 12.5
xi xi2 13
1 1 = 2 × 100
25
3 9 2
7 49 = 13 × 4
9 81 = 52%
184 30
2 120
σ2 = − = 26.29 − 18.40 = 2.81 ⇒ x=
7 7 25.6
x = 4.69
Coefficient of variation for oranges :
σ2 2.81 3. If the mean and coefficient of variation
C.V2 = × 100% = × 100% = 65.50%
x2 4.29 of a data are 15 and 48 respectively, then
find the value of standard deviation.
C.V1 = 23.54% and C.V2 = 65.50%
Solution :
Since C.V1 < C.V2, we can conclude that the Given x = 15, CV = 48, s = ?
consumption of guavas is more consistent than
oranges.
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σ σ
∴ C.V = × 100 ∴ C.V = × 100
x x
σ 24 + 26 + 33 + 37 + 29 + 31
⇒ 48 = × 100 x =
15 6
15 × 48 720 180
σ= = = 7.2 =
100 100 6
= 30
4. If n = 5 , x = 6 , ∑x2 = 765 , then calculate
the coefficient of variation. To find s1 arrange them in ascending order.
Solution :
x d = x – 31 d2
Given n = 5, x = 6, ∑x2 = 765, CV = ?
24 –7 49
∑ x2 ∑ x
2 26 –5 25
σ= −
n n 29 –2 4
31 0 0
765 33 2 4
= − (6) 2
5 37 6 36
765 − 180 –6 118
5 2
∑d2 ∑d
585 ∴σ = −
= n n
5
2
= 117 118 −6
= −
= 10.82 6 6
118
σ = −1
∴ C.V = × 100 6
x
10.82 112
= × 100 =
6 6
1082 = 18.6
=
6 σ = 4.31
= 180.33% 4.31
∴ C.V = × 100
5. Find the coefficient of variation of 24, 26, 30
33, 37, 29, 31. 43.1
=
3
Solution :
= 14.36
Given data is 24, 26, 33, 37, 29, 31.
14.4%
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6. The time taken (in minutes) to complete 7. The total marks scored by two students
a homework by 8 students in a day are Sathya and Vidhya in 5 subjects are 460
given by 38, 40, 47, 44, 46, 43, 49, 53. Find and 480 with standard deviation 4.6 and
the coefficient of variation. 2.4 respectively. Who is more consistent
Solution : in performance?
Given data is 38, 40, 47, 44, 46, 43, 49, 53. Solution :
Sathya Vidhya
38 + 40 + 47 + 44 + 46 + 43 + 49 + 53
x=
8 ∑ x1 = 460 ∑ x2 = 480
360 n=5 n=5
=
8 460 480
∴ x1 = ∴ x2 =
= 45 5 5
To find s, arrange them in ascending order. = 92 = 96
σ1 = 4.6 σ 2 = 2.4
x d = x – 46 d2
38 –8 64 σ1
∴ C.V1 = × 100
40 –6 36 x1
43 –3 9 4.6
44 –2 4 92
46 0 0 460
47 1 1 =
92
49 3 9
=5
53 7 49 σ
–8 172 ∴ C.V2 = 2 × 100
x2
∑d2 ∑d
2 2.4
∴σ = − =
× 100
n n 96
240
172 −8
2 =
= − 96
8 8 = 2.5
172 164
= −1 = = 20.5 = 4.53 ∴ C.V2 < C.V1
8 8
∴ Vidhya is more consistent than Sathya.
4.53
∴ C.V = × 100 8. The mean and standard deviation of
45 marks obtained by 40 students of a class
453 in three subjects Mathematics, Science
=
45 and Social Science are given below.
= 10.07%
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Subject Mean SD x − 22
x d= d2
Mathematics 56 12 2
Science 65 14 18 –2 4
Social Science 60 10 20 –1 1
Which of the three subjects shows highest 22 0 0
variation and which shows lowest variation in 24 1 1
marks? 26 2 4
0 10
Solution :
σ ∑d2 ∑d
2
C.V = × 100 ∴σ = − ×C
x n n
12
For Maths, C.V = × 100 = 21.428 10
56 = −0 ×2
5
14
For Science, C.V = × 100 = 21.538 =2 2
65 σ
10 ∴ CV for city A = × 100
For Social Science, C.V = × 100 = 16.67 x
60
2 2
Highest variation in Science. 22
100 × 1.414
Lowest variation in Social Science. =
22
9. The temperature of two cities A and B in
= 6.427
a winter season are given below.
Temperature of Ciy B 11, 14, 15, 17, 18
Temperature of
75
city A (in de- 18 20 22 24 26 x= = 15
gree Celsius) 5
x d = x – 15 d2
Temperature of
city B (in de- 11 14 15 17 18 11 –4 16
gree Celsius) 14 –1 1
15 0 0
Find which city is more consistent in tempera- 17 2 4
ture changes? 18 3 9
Solution : 0 30
Temperature of City 'A' : 2
∑d2 ∑d
18, 20, 22, 24, 26 ∴σ = − ×C
110 n n
x= = 22
5 30
= −0
5
= 6
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\
x City A is more consistent in temperature
\
6 changes.
= × 100
15
2.45
= × 100
15
= 16.34
III. PROBABILITY :
Key Points
9 A random experiment is an experiment in which
9
(i) The set of all possible outcomes are known (ii)Exact outcome is not known.
9 The set of all possible outcomes in a random experiment is called a sample space. It is
9
generally denoted by S.
Solution :
When we roll two dice, the sample space is
given by
S = { (1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6)
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6)
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6)
(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6)
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6)
S = {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6) (6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6) };
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6) n (S) = 36
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6) (i) Let A be the event of getting the sum of
(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6) outcome values equal to 4.
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6) Then A = {(1,3),(2,2),(3,1)}; n (A) = 3 .
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)} Probability of getting the sum of outcomes
equal to 4 is
Example 8.19
n( A) 3 1
A bag contains 5 blue balls and 4 green balls. A P ( A) = = =
n( S ) 36 12
ball is drawn at random from the bag. Find the (ii) Let B be the event of getting the sum of
probability that the ball drawn is (i) blue (ii) not outcome values greater than 10.
blue.
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Then B = {(5,6),(6,5),(6,6)}; n (B) = 3 (i) Let A be the event of getting a red card.
Probability of getting the sum of outcomes n(A) = 26
greater than 10 is
n( B ) 3 1 Probability of getting a red card is
P( B) = = =
n( S ) 36 12 26 1
P ( A) = =
(iii) Let C be the event of getting the sum of 52 2
outcomes less than 13. Here all the (ii) Let B be the event of getting a heart card.
outcomes have the sum value less than 13.
Hence C = S . n (B) = 13
Therefore, n(C) = n(S) = 36 Probability of getting a heart card is
Probability of getting the total value less n( B ) 13 1
than 13 is P( B) = = =
n( S ) 52 4
n(C ) 36
P (C ) = = =1
n( S ) 36 (iii) Let C be the event of getting a red king card.
A red king card can be either a diamond
Example 8.21 king or a heart king.
Two coins are tossed together. What is the prob-
n(C) = 2
Solution : Probability of getting a red king card is
When two coins are tossed together, the sample n(C ) 2 1
space is P (C ) = = =
n( S ) 52 26
S = {HH,HT,TH,TT}; n(S) = 4 (iv) Let D be the event of getting a face card.
The face cards are Jack (J), Queen (Q), and
Let A be the event of getting different faces on
the coins. King (K).
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n( B ) 5
P( B) = =
n( S ) 12
(iii) Let C be the event that arrow will come to
rest in a composite number.
C = {4,6,8,9,10,12}; n (C)=6
n(C ) 6 1
P (C ) = = =
n( S ) 12 2
EXERCI E 8.3
S
1. Write the sample space for tossing three
coins using tree diagram.
Solution :
H
H
T
H H
T
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S = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (HTT), (THH), 6. A bag contains 12 blue balls and x red
(THT), (TTH), (TTT)} balls. If one ball is drawn at random (i)
n(S) = 8 what is the probability that it will be a
red ball? (ii) If 8 more red balls are put in
Let A bet the event of getting 2 tails
the bag, and if the probability of drawing
continuously, a red ball will be twice that of the prob-
A = {(HTT), (TTH), (TTT)} ability in (i), then find x.
n(A) = 3 Solution :
n( A) 3 Total number of balls in the bag
P ( A) = =
n( S ) 8 = x + 12. (x → red 12 → black)
5. At a fete, cards bearing numbers 1 to i) Let A be the event of getting red balls
1000, one number on one card are put n( A)n(A) =x x
P ( A) = =
in a box. Each player selects one card at n( S ) x + 12
random and that card is not replaced. ii) If 8 more red balls are added in the bag.
If the selected card has a perfect square n(S) = x + 20
number greater than 500, the player wins
x+8 x
a prize. What is the probability that (i) By the problem, = 2
x + 20 x + 12
ond player wins a prize, if the first has ⇒ ( x + 8)( x + 12) = 2 x 2 + 40 x
won? ⇒ x 2 + 20 x + 96 = 2 x 2 + 40 x
Solution : ⇒ x 2 + 20 x − 96 = 0
n(S) = 1000 ⇒ ( x + 24)( x − 4) = 0
i) Let A be the event of getting perfect ∴ x = −24, 4
squares between 500 and 1000 ∴x = 4
A = {232, 242, 252, 262 ...... 312} 4 1
∴ P ( A) = =
n(A) = 9 16 4
9 7. Two unbiased dice are rolled once.
P ( A) =
1000 Find the probability of getting
is the probablity for the 1st player to win a (i) a doublet (equal numbers on both dice)
prize. (ii) the product as a prime number
ii) When the card which was taken first is not (iii) the sum as a prime number
replaced. (iv) the sum as 1
n(S) = 999 Solution :
S ={(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6)
n(B) = 8
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6)
8
P( B) = (3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6)
999
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(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6) 4
P (G ) =
(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6) 36
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6)
viii) Let H - Sum of 9
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)}
n(H) = 2
i) Let A - Sum of 2
2
n(A) = 2 P( H ) =
36
2
∴ P ( A) = 2
36 P( H ) =
36
ii) Let B - Sum of 3
10. A bag contains 5 red balls, 6 white balls,
n(B) = 4 7 green balls, 8 black balls. One ball is
4 drawn at random from the bag. Find
P( B) = the probability that the ball drawn is
36
(i) white (ii) black or red (iii) not white
iii) Let C - Sum of 4 (iv) neither white nor black
n(C) = 6 Solution :
6
P (C ) = i) Let A - White ball
36
n(A) = 6
iv) Let D - Sum of 5 6 3
P ( A) = =
n(D) = 6 26 13
6 ii) Let B - Black (or) red
P( D) =
36 n(B) = 5 + 8 = 13
v) Let E - Sum of 6 13 1
P( B) = =
26 2
n(E) = 6
iii) Let C - not white
6
P( E ) = n(C) = 20
36
20 10
P (C ) = =
vi) Let F - Sum of 7 26 13
n(F) = 6 iv) Let D - Neither white nor black
6 n(D) = 12
P( F ) =
36 12 6
P( D) = =
26 13
vii) Let G - Sum of 8
n(G) = 4
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14. Two customers Priya and Amuthan are 15. In a game, the entry fee is ₹150. Th e
visiting a particular shop in the same game consists of tossing a coin 3 times.
week (Monday to Saturday). Each is Dhana bought a ticket for entry . If one
equally likely to visit the shop on any one or two heads show, she gets her entry fee
day as on another day. What is the prob- back. If she throws 3 heads, she receives
ability that both will visit the shop on double the entry fees. Otherwise she will
(i) the same day (ii) different days lose. Find the probability that she (i) gets
(iii) consecutive days? double entry fee (ii) just gets her entry
Solution : fee (iii) loses the entry fee.
Given n(S) = 6. (Monday - Saturday) Solution :
i) Prob. that both of them will visit the shop S = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (THH),
1 (HTT), (THT), (HTT), (TTT)}
on the same day =
6 n(S) = 8
ii) Prob. that both of them will visit the shop in
1
5 i) P (gets double entry fee) = ( 3 heads)
different days = . 8
6
( if one visits on Monday, other one visit 6 3
the shop out of remaining 5 days). ii) P (just gets for her entry fee) = =
8 4
( 1 (or) 2 heads)
consecutive days. 1
iii) P (loses the entry fee) =
A = {(Mon, Tue), (Tue, Wed), (Wed, Thu), 8
(Thu, Fri), (Fri, Sat)} ( 3 no heads (TTT) only)
n(A) = 5
5
P ( A) =
6
IV. ALGEBRA OF EVE T :
N
S
Key Points
9 A∩ A= A∪A=S
9
f
9 If A, B are mututally exclusive events, the P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B).
9
9 P (Union of mutually exclusive events) = ∑ (Probability of events)
9
Theorem 1
If A and B are two events associated with a random experiment, then prove that
(i) P(A ∩ B) = P(only A) = P(A) − P(A ∩ B)
(ii) P(A ∩ B) = P(only B) = P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
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Proof Proof
(i) Let A and B be any two events of a random
experiment with sample space S.
From the Venn diagram, we have the events only
A, A ∩ B and only B are mutually exclusive and
their union is A ∪ B
Therefore,
P(A) = P(A∩B) + P(A∩B) (ii) Let A, B, C are any three events of a ran-
dom experiment with sample space S.
Therefore, P(A∩B) = P(A) – P(A∩B)
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n (C) = 26 n( B ) 30
P( B) = =
n( S ) 50
n(C ) 26
P (C ) = = n( A ∩ B) 18
n( S ) 52 P( A ∩ B) = =
1 n( S ) 50
P(A∩B) = P (getting heart king) =
52
13 (i) Probability of the students opted for NCC
P(B∩C) = P (getting red and heart) = but not NSS
52 28 18 1
2 P(A∩B) = P(A) – P(A∩B) = − =
P(A∩C) = P (getting red king) = 50 50 5
52
(ii) Probability of the students opted for NSS
P(A∩B∩C)=P (getting heart, king which is red)
but not NCC.
1 30 18 6
= P(A∩B) = P(B) – P(A∩B) = − =
52 50 50 25
Therefore, required probability is (iii) Probability of the students opted for exactly
one of them
P(A∪B∪C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A∩B) –
P(B∩C) – P(C∩A) + P(A∩B∩C) = P [(A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ B)]
4 13 26 1 13 2 1 28 7 1 6 11
= + + − − − + = = = P(A ∩ B) + P(A ∩ B) = + =
52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 13 5 25 25
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selected is 0.3. Prove that the probability of B = 0.58
being selected is atmost 0.8. b) P (not B) = P(B) = 1 – P(B)
Solution: = 1– 0.48
P(A) = 0.5 , P(A∩B) = 0.3 = 0.52
We have P(A∪B) ≤ 1 c) P (A or B) = P(A∪B)
P(A) + P(B) − P(A∩B) ≤ 1 = P(A) + P(B) + P(A∩B)
0.5 + P(B) − 0.3 ≤ 1 = 0.42 + 0.48 – 0.16
P(B) ≤ 1 − 0.2 = 0.74
P(B) ≤ 0.8 3. If A and B are two mutually exclusive
events of a random experiment and
Therefore, probability of B getting selected is P(not A) = 0.45, P(A∪B)=0.65, then find
atmost 0.8.
EXERCI E 8.4 Solution :
S
Given A and B are mutually exclusive events
2 2 1
1. If P(A) = , P(B) = , P(A∪B) = then P (A∩B) = 0
3 5 3
find P(A∩B). Also, P (not A) = 0.45
Solution : ∴ P(A) = 0.45
P(A∩B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∪B) 1 – P(A) = 0.45
P(A) = 0.55
2 2 1
= + − P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B)
3 5 3
10 + 6 − 5 ∴ P(B) = P(A∪B) – P(A)
=
15 = 0.65 – 0.55
11 = 0.10
=
15
4. The probability that atleast one of A and
2. A and B are two events such that, P(A) = B occur is 0.6. If A and B occur simul-
0.42, P(B) = 0.48 , and P(A∩B) = 0.16 . taneously with probability 0.2, then find
Find (i) P,(not A) (ii) P,(not B) P(A) + P(B) .
Solution :
(iii) P,(A or B)
Given P (A∪B) = 0.6, P(A∩B) = 0.2
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n(B) = 2 5 11 1
2 = + −
P(B) = 18 18 18
52 15
Here A and B are mutually enclusive =
18
∴ P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) 5
=
4 6
=
52
9. Three unbiased coins are tossed once.
1
= Find the probability of getting atmost 2
13 tails or atleast 2 heads.
8. A box contains cards numbered 3, 5, 7, Solution :
9, … 35, 37. A card is drawn at random S = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (THH),
from the box. Find the probability that (HTT), (THT), (TTH), (TTT)}
the drawn card have either multiples of 7
n(S) = 8
or a prime number. Let A - at most 2 tails
Solution : A = {(HHT), (HTH), (THH), (HTT),
S = {3, 5, 7, 9, ........... 35, 37} (THT), (TTH), (HHH)}
n(A) = 7
7
Let A - multiple of 7. P(A) =
8
A = {7, 14, 21, 28, 35}
Let B - atleast 2 heads
n(A) = 5
B = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (THH)}
5
P(A) = n(B) = 4
18
4
Let B - a prime number P(B) =
8
B = {3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37}
∴ A∩B = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (THH)}
n(B) = 11
11 4
P(B) = n(A∩B) = 4, P(A∩B) =
18 8
Here A∩B = {7} ∴ P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)
n(A∩B) = 1 7 4 4
= + −
1 8 8 8
P(A∩B) = 7
18 =
∴ P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∪B) 8
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10. The probability that a person will get 3000 1300 900
3 ∴ P(A) = , P(B) = , P(A ∩ B) =
an electrification contract is and the 8000 8000 8000
5
probability that he will not get plumbing ∴ P (either a female (or) over 50 years)
5 P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
contract is . The probability of getting
8 3000 + 1300 − 900
5 =
atleast one contract is . What is the 8000
7
probability that he will get both? 3400
=
8000
Solution :
34
Let A - electrification contract =
80
B - not plumbing contract
17
Given =
3 5 5 40
P (A) = , P (B) = , P ( A ∪ B ) =
5 8 7 12. A coin is tossed thrice. Find the probabil-
5 ity of getting exactly two heads or atleast
⇒ P( B) = 1 −
8 one tail or two consecutive heads.
3 Solution :
8 S = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (THH),
∴ P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∪ B) (TTH), (THT), (HTT), (TTT)}
3 3 5 n(S) = 8
= + − Let A - exactly 2 heads
5 8 7
168 + 105 − 200 A = {(HHT), (HTH), (THH)}
= n(A) = 3
280
73 3
= P(A) =
280 8
Let B - atleast one tail
11. In a town of 8000 people, 1300 are over
B = {(HHT), (HTH), (THH), (TTH),
50 years and 3000 are females. It is
(THT), (HTT), (TTT)}
known that 30% of the females are over
n(B) = 7
50 years. What is the probability that a
chosen individual from the town is either 7
P(B) =
a female or over 50 years? 8
Solution : Let C - Consecutively 2 heads
Let A - Female C = {(HHH), (HHT), (THH)}
B - Over 50 years n(C) = 3
Given n(S) = 8000, n(A) = 3000, 3
P(C) =
30 8
n(B) = 1300 and n(A∩B) = × 3000 = 900
100
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S
n(B) = 12
Multiple choice questions :
12
∴ P(B) = 1. Which of the following is not a measure
25
of dispersion?
Let C - even roll no.
B={2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, (1) Range (2) Standard deviation
28, 30, 32, 34} (3) Arithmetic mean (4) Variance
n(C) = 17 Ans : (3)
17
∴ P(C) = Hint :
35
A∩B = { }, n(A∩B) = 0, P(A∩B) = 0 A.M is not a measure of dispersion and it is
a measure of central tendency.
B∩C = {22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34}
2. The range of the data 8, 8, 8, 8, 8. . . 8 is
7 (1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 8 (4) 3
n(B∩C) = 7 ⇒ P(B∩C) =
35
\
C∩A = {2} ⇒ n(C∩A) = 1 Ans : (1)
Hint :
1
Range =L–S
35
at P (A∩B∩C) = 0 =8–8=0
3. The sum of all deviations of the data from
∴ P(A∪B∪C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A∩B) its mean is
– P(B∩C) – P(C∩A) + P(A∩B∩C)
(1) Always positive
7 12 17 7 1 (2) always negative
= + + −0− − +0
35 35 35 35 35 (3) zero
28 (4) non-zero integer
=
35 Ans : (3)
4
= Hint :
5
Sum of all deviations of the data from the
mean = 0
ie ∑ (x – x) = 0
4. The mean of 100 observations is 40 and
their standard deviation is 3. The sum of
squares of all deviations is
(1) 40000 (2) 160900
(3) 160000 (4) 30000
Ans : (2)
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∑ x2 Hint :
9= − (40) 2
100 SD of x, y, z = p
∑ x2 ⇒ SD of 3x, 3y, 3z = 3p
= 1609
100 ⇒ SD of 3x + 5, 3y + 5, 3z + 5 = 3p.
⇒ ∑ x 2 = 160900 8. If the mean and coefficient of variation of
a data are 4 and 87.5% then the standard
5. Variance of first 20 natural numbers is
deviation is
(1) 32.25 (2) 44.25 (3) 33.25 (4) 30
(1) 3.5 (2) 3 (3) 4.5 (4) 2.5
Ans : (3)
Ans : (1)
Hint :
Variance for first 20 natural numbers Hint :
x = 4, CV = 87.5, s = ?
n2 − 1
12 σ
CV = × 100
400 − 1 x
= σ
12 87.5 = × 100
399 4
= 87.5
12 ∴σ =
= 33.25 25
= 3.5
6. The standard deviation of a data is 3. If
each value is multiplied by 5 then the new 9. Which of the following is incorrect?
variance is (1) P (A) > 1 (2) 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
(1) 3 (2) 15 (3) 5 (4) 225
(3) P( ) = 0 (4) P(A) + P(A) = 1
Ans : (4)
f
Ans : (1)
Hint :
s = 3 of a data. Hint :
P(A) > 1 is incorrect.
If each value is multiplied by 5,
since 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
then the new SD = 15
∴ Variance = (SD)2
= 152
= 225
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10. The probability a red marble selected at 13. Kamalam went to play a lucky draw con-
random from a jar containing p red, q test. 135 tickets of the lucky draw were
blue and r green marbles is sold. If the probability of Kamalam win-
q p 1
(1) (2) ning is , then the number of tickets
p+q+r p+q+r 9
p+q p+r bought by Kamalam is
(3) (4)
p+q+r p+q+r (1) 5 (2) 10 (3) 15 (4) 20
Ans : (2) Hint : Ans : (3)
Hint : n( S ) = 135 n( A) = x
n (Red) = p, n(S) = p + q + r x 1
∴ P ( A) = = (given)
p 135 9
Required probability =
p+q+r 135
⇒x= = 15
9
11. A page is selected at random from a 14. If a letter is chosen at random from the
book. The probability that the digit at English alphabets {a, b,..., z}, then the
units place of the page number chosen is probability that the letter chosen pre-
less than 7 is cedes x
3 7 3 7
12 1 23 3
10 10 9 9 (1) (2) (3) (4)
13 13 26 26
Hint : Ans : (2) Hint : Ans : (3)
P (digit at unit's place of the page is less n(S) = 26 n(A) = 23 ( 26 – 3)
7 23
than 7) = P(A) =
10 26
( n(S) = 10, A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, 15. A purse contains 10 notes of `2000, 15
n(A) = 7) notes of `500, and 25 notes of `200. One
12. The probability of getting a job for a per- note is drawn at random. What is the
x probability that the note is either a `500
son is If the probability of not getting note or `200 note?
3 2 1 3 2 4
the job is then the value of x is (1) (2) (3) (4)
3 5 10 3 5
(1) 2 (2) 1 (3) 3 (4) 1.5 Hint : Ans : (4)
Hint : Ans : (2) n(S) = 50, n(A) = 10, n(B) = 15, n(C) = 25
P ( B ∪ C ) = P ( B ) + P (C ) ( B & C are mutually exclusive)
x 2
Given P(A) = , P(A) = 15 25
3 3 = +
P(A) + P(A) = 1 50 50
x+2 40
⇒ =1 =
3 50
⇒ x+2=3 4
=
5
⇒ x =1
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S
1. The mean of the following frequency Diameters 33-36 37-40 41-44 45-48 49-52
distribution is 62.8 and the sum of all Number of
15 17 21 22 25
frequencies is 50. Compute the missing circles
frequencies f1 and f2. Calculate the standard deviation.
Class 0- 20 - 40 - 60- 80- 100-
Solution :
Interval 20 40 60 80 100 120
Frequency 5 f1 10 f2 7 8 x − 42.5
C.I. x f d= d2 f.d f.d2
4
Solution :
32.5-36.5 34.5 15 –2 4 –30 60
Given x = 62.8, ∑f = 50
36.5-40.5 38.5 17 –1 1 –17 17
⇒ f1 + f2 + 30 = 50
40.5-44.5 42.5 21 0 0 0 0
⇒ f1 + f2 = 20
44.5-48.5 46.5 22 1 1 22 22
⇒ f2 = 20 – f1
48.5-52.5 50.5 25 2 4 50 100
x − 70 100 25 199
C.I. x f d= fd
20 2
0-20 10 5 –3 – 15 2
∑ fd 2 ∑ fd
20-40 30 f1 –2 – 2f1 ∴σ = − ×4
∑f ∑ f
40-60 50 10 –1 – 10
2
60-80 70 20–f1 0 0 199 25
= − ×4
80-100 90 7 1 7 100 100
100-120 110 8 2 16 19900 − 625
= ×4
50 –2f1–2 1002
19275
∑ fd = ×4
x = A+ × c 100
∑f 138.83
=
−2 f1 − 2 25
62.8 = 70 + × 20
50 = 5.55
−4 f1 − 4 ∴ S.D = 5.55
⇒ 62.8 = 70 +
5 3. The frequency distribution is given
⇒ 314 = 350 − 4 f1 − 4 ⇒ −4 f1 = −32 below.
32 x k 2k 3k 4k 5k 6k
f1 = =8
4 f 2 1 1 1 1 1
∴ f1 = 8, f2 = 20 – f1 In the table, k is a positive integer, has a
= 20 – 8 = 12. variance of 160. Determine the value of k.
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By daa given,
n(A) = 4 P(B) = 2. P(W)
4 x 5
P(A) = ⇒ = 2.
36 5+ x 5 + x
Let B - Difference of face value is 5.
⇒ x = 10
B = {(6, 1)}
n(B) = 1 No. of black balls = 10
\
1 11. The probability that a student will pass the
P(B) =
36 final examination in both English and
Tamil is 0.5 and the probability of pass-
ing neither is 0.1. If the probability of
n(A∩B) = 1 passing the English examination is 0.75,
1 what is the probability of passing the
P(A∩B) =
36 Tamil examination?
P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B) Solution :
\
4 1 1 4 1 Given P(E∩T) = 0.5 ; P(E∩T) = 0.1
= + − = =
36 36 36 36 9 & P(E) = 0.75 ⇒ P(E∪T) = 0.1
9. In a two children family, find the ⇒ P(E∪T) = 1–01
probability that there is at least one girl
= 0.9
in a family.
Solution : P(E∪T) = P(E) + P(T) – P(E∩T)
S = {(BB), (BG), (GB), (GG)} 0.9 = 0.75 + P(T) – 0.5
n(S) = 4 P(T) = 0.9 – 0.25
Let A be the event of getting atleast one girl. = 0.65
A = {(BG), (GB), (GG)} 65
=
100
∴ n(A) = 3
13
3 =
∴ P(A) = 20
4
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12. The King, Queen and Jack of the suit 2. Find the variance of the wages :
spade are removed from a deck of 52
cards. One card is selected from the re- Rs.210, Rs.190, Rs.220, Rs.180, Rs.200,
maining cards. Find the probability of Rs. 190, Rs.200, Rs.210, Rs.180
getting (i) a diamond (ii) a queen (iii)
a spade (iv) a heart card bearing the (Ans : 172.8)
number 5. 3. Find the range of the heights of 12 girls in a
Solution : class given in cm.
n(S) = 52 – 3 = 49 120, 110, 150, 100, 130, 145, 150, 100, 140,
i) Let A - a diamond card 150, 135, 125
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9. Find the SD for the data. C.V 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Age (in years) : 18 22 21 23 19 f: 5 f1 15 f2 6
No. of students: 100 120 140 150 80 (Ans : f1 = 8, f2 = 16)
(Ans : 1.84) 15. A number is selected at random from
1 to 100. Find the probability that it is a
10. The following table gives the distribution
perfect cube.
of income of 100 families in a village. Find
the variance. (Ans : 1/25)
Income : 0-1000 1000-2000 2000-3000 16. A two digit number is formed of the digits
2, 5 and 9. Find the probability that it is
No. of families : 18 26 30
divisible by 2 (or) 5, without repetition.
3000-4000 4000-5000 5000-6000
(Ans : 2/3)
12 10 4
17. From a set of whole numbers less than 40,
(Ans : 1827600) find the probability of getting a number not
divisible by 5 or 7.
11. Find the coefficient of variation :
(Ans : 12/41)
18. Two dices are thrown together. What is the
(Ans : 20.412)
probability that only odd numbers turn upon
12. Find the coefficient of variation of the data both the dices.
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U
S
NS
1. The range of first 20 whole numbers is a) 2/9 b) 1/9 c) 3/9 d) 4/9
a) 19 b) 38 c) 20 d) 19.5 Ans : (a)
Ans : (c) 10. The probability of selecting a rotten apple
2. Variance of 1, 2, 3 is randomly from a heap of 900 apples is 0.18.
a) 2/3 b) 2 c) 0 d) 2 The number of rotten apples is
3 a) 0.872 b) 1620 c) 162 d) 172
Ans : (a
3. The sum of the squares deviations for 10 Ans : (c)
observations taken from their mean 50 is 11. In a family of 3 children, probability of
250. The coefficient of variation is having atleast one boy is
a) 10% b) 40% c) 50% d) 15% a) 1/3 b) 7/8 c) 3/8 d) 1/2
Ans : (a) Ans : (b)
4. If A and B are mutually exclusive and S is 12. If a card is drawn at random from 30 cards,
the sample space such that P(A) = 1/3, P(B)
the probability that the number on the card is
and S = A∪B, their P(A) is
not divisible by 3 is
a) 1/4 b) 1/2 c) 4/3 d) 3/2
a) 2/3 b) 1/3 c) 27/30 d) none
5. If the first 10 positive integers, in which we Ans : (a)
multiply each no. by – 1 and then add 1 to 13. 3 digit numbers are made using the digits
each, the variance of the numbers so 4, 5, 9 without repetition. If a number is
obtained is selected at random, the prob. that the
a) 8.25 b) 6.5 c) 3.87 d) 8.25 number will be ended with 9 is
Ans : (c) a) 1/3 b) 5/9 c) 1/2 d) none
6 The variance of 15 observations is 4. If each
(Ans : (a)
observation is increased by 9, the variance
of the new data is 14. A letter of english alphabet is chosen at
a) 13 b) 36 c) 4 d) 16 random. The prob. that the letter chosen is a
Ans : (c) consonant.
7. Consider the numbers from 1 to 10. If 1 is a) 5/26 b) 21/26 c) 7/13 d) 1
added to each number, the variance of the Ans : (b)
numbers so obtained is 15. To prob. of a card to be a club card when it
a) 6.5 b) 2.87 c) 3.87 d) 8.25 is taken from 52 cards where all red face
Ans : (c) cards are removed is
8. The probability of drawing neither an ace a) 3/23 b) 13/46 c) 10/23 d) 13/40
nor a king is
a) 2/13 b) 11/13 c) 4/13 d) 8/13 Ans : (b)
Ans : (b)
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