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MBBS Syllabus KU
MBBS Syllabus KU
1
CURRICULUM
FOR
BACHELOR OF MEDICINE & BACHELOR OF SURGERY
(MBBS)
KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
DHULIKHEL, KAVREPLANCHOWK
NEPAL
2011
2
FOREWORD
Kathmandu University was established in November 1991 by an act of Parliament. Kathmandu University
started functioning from December 11, 1991. The University operates through the School of Sciences,
Engineering, Management, Arts, Education and Medical Sciences.
The University first granted affiliation to a private medical college, Manipal Colleges of Medical Sciences,
at Pokhara to start MBBS program since December 1994. Since then six other medical colleges have been
granted affiliation college of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Chitwan, in August 1996; Nepalgunj Medical
College, Chisapani, Banke, in December 1997; Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu, in December
1997; Nepal Medical College, Kathmandu, in December 1997; Nobel Medical College, Biratnagar, in
February 2007 and Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, in February 2009.
Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences started its own Medical College in collaboration
between Kathmandu University and Dhulikhel Hospital. KUSMS launched its own constituent MBBS
program in August 2001.
The first MBBS curriculum in now called Pre-Clinical Science was developed in association with the
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India. In Keeping with developments in modern medical
education, the first review of the Pre-Clinical Science curriculum was carried out in 1996 along with the
participation of the Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University and Manipal Academy of Education,
Manipal, India. The outcome was the second version of Pre-Clinical Science curricumum in December
1996.
The University is in touch with the changing scenario in Medical education. The emphasis is now on
problem-based learning. With this concept in mind, another review of the Pre-Clinical Sciences curriculum
was carried out in March 2001. The new version emphasizes teaching Pre-Clinical Science subjects
system-wise and in an integrated way. Appropriate common clinical problems related to each organ system
was revised in consonance with the existing health situation; and practical activities were identified in each
subject. A chapter on medical ethics was added. Also during that phase the student were introduced to
clinical knowledge and skills utilizing a problem solving approach. Medical informatics was added in
newly to enhance computer literacy relevant to medical education. These changes fostered in students the
ability to learn through self-directed and independent study.The Third Version was introduced in august
2001 academic session; there was rearrangement of the Community Medicine curriculum.
The present edition of the Fourth version which begins from August 2011 academic session contains
rearrangement of semesters (instead of Unit) and evaluation scheme. Extensile information gathering from
all concerned was done. Workshops were conducted inviting all representatives from all affiliated colleges
of KU; TU-IOM and Nepal Medical Council necessary changes in the curriculum were done. Common
curriculum and evaluation scheme for both constituent and affiliated colleges is adapted. PBL (Problem
Based Learning) teaching methodology and Introduction to Clinical Medicine (ICM) are introduced in
both constituent as well as affiliated colleges. The University is aware of the fact that there is “no best
way” but always “a better way” and is always commited to improve the curriculum, as necessity demands.
3
Table of Contents
Pre-Clinical Sciences
Contents Page
First Year
Semesters I & II Objectives & Contents……………………………………………………..11
Semester - I ........................................................................................................................ 12-40
Basic Concepts .............................................................................................................. 12
Genetics ........................................................................................................................ 22
Immune system and immunology .................................................................................. 25
Autonomic Nervous system ........................................................................................... 32
Integumentary System ................................................................................................... 35
Musculo-Skeletal System………………………………………………………………...36
Community Medicine…………………………………………………………………….40
Introduction to Clinical Medicine (ICM) ....................................................................... 39
Medical Informatics....................................................................................................... 40
4
Second Year
Semesters III & IV Objectives & Contents……………………………………………………..11
Semester - III ................................................................................................................... (60-98)
Gastrointestinal System ................................................................................................. 61
Hepatobiliary System .................................................................................................... 69
Renal-Electrolyte System .............................................................................................. 73
Metabolism and Endocrine System ................................................................................ 79
Community Medicine .................................................................................................... 95
Introduction to Clinical Medicine (ICM) ....................................................................... 98
ANNEXES:
Annex – I Subject wise break down of Semester hours: Semesters I- IV ..................... 217-218
Annex – II Calendar of Operation for an Academic Year……………………………...219
Annex – III Scheme for Semester Examinations ...................................................... ….220
Annex – IV Flow Chart of Modules in Community Medicine..…………………………….221
Annex – VIII List of Reference Books ....................................................................... ...234
Annex – IX List of Participants .................................................................................... 238
5
KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MISSION
b) develop an awareness of the role of sciences and its application in the understanding of problems of
contemporary society.
d) develop a community of scholars, students and staff in which understanding and wisdom can grow
and flourish.
6
OVERALL GOALS OF THE SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
The School of Medical Sciences of Kathmandu University is headed by the Dean and has the following
overall goals:
1. conduct and give permission to conduct academic programs of certificate, bachelor, masters and
doctoral levels in medical sciences including other branches of health sciences.
2. collaborate and coordinate with medical schools of other universities for the growth and
development of academic programs, research undertakings and health care services.
3. promote and conduct research for the growth of new scientific knowledge.
7
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CURRICULUM
This curriculum, which has been designed embracing modern Educational Science Technology – as
applied to Medical Education, provides for acquisition of
8
FEATURES OF THE CURRICULUM
The curriculum is
9
THE CURRICULUM OUTLINE
The aim of this curriculum for the MBBS degree is to produce a well-rounded medical graduate, who as a
result of the five and half years of undergraduate education program in medical sciences will be competent
to carry out preventive, promotive and curative functions expected of a basic doctor. The accent of the
curricular approach is community orientation, integrated teaching-learning and problem-based learning.
The curriculum synthesized initially (in 1994) consulting the curricula of medical institutions in Nepal is
aptly revised and presented here.
The four-and-half year span of the MBBS course of study is divided into nine semesters, each of six
months duration. The first four semesters are devoted to the Pre-Clinical Sciences. The next five semesters
are devoted to Clinical Sciences. After successful completion of the course of study of four-and-half years,
and having passed the final MBBS examination, the student will have to complete one year of compulsory
Rotating Residential Internship to become eligible for being conferred with the degree of MBBS of the
Kathmandu University.
The MBBS curriculum is divided into two Parts. Pre-Clinical sciences include the curriculum of the first
and the second year. Whilst, the Clinical Sciences include the curriculum of the remaining two and a half
years.
The First year and the Second year instruction cover Integrated Pre-Clinical Sciences, Community
Medicine and Introduction to Clinical Medicine.
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OBJECTIVES OF THE MBBS PROGRAM
On completion of the five and a half year of MBBS program, the Medical Graduate should be able
to:
a) Demonstrate the understanding of principles and practice of modern medicine with an in-depth
knowledge of structure and functions of human body.
b) Develop a holistic approach to the practice of modern medicine.
c) Advance ones own knowledge and skills through higher education via continuing medical education
programs and research.
d) Demonstrate an understanding of contemporary knowledge and skills.
e) Possess qualities of a compassionate and socially accountable human being.
f) Discharge job responsibilities with concern and care.
g) Provide immediate management care to life threatening situations by self.
h) Identify common health problems, manage them initially, ask opinion from seniors or refer to
appropriate health institutions when required.
i) Provide education to people on health and health related matters.
j) Participate in immunization programs and in health camps.
k) Communicate well with patient and patient’s relatives by explaining matters known and refer them to
appropriate persons when matters are not clear to self.
l) Provide all information on matters of management of patients to the patient and the relatives.
m) Identify medico legal cases and function as required.
n) Develop a health care team-approach and give respect to all the other members of the team.
o) Give due care to children, elder citizens and women.
p) Provide health care by becoming aware of the ethos of medical ethics.
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CURRICULUM FLOWCHART
PRE - CLINICAL SCIENCES
11st year SEMESTER – I
Basic concepts
Genetics
Immune System and Immunology
Autonomic Nervous System
Integumentary System
Musculo-skeletal System
Community Medicine
Introduction to Clinical Medicine (ICM)
Medical Informatics
SEMESTER – II
Haemopoietic System
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Community Medicine
Introduction to Clinical Medicine (ICM)
SEMESTER – IV
Reproductive System (including breast)
Central Nervous System and Special Senses
Community Medicine
Introduction to Clinical Medicine (ICM)
12
COURSE REGULATIONS
(Eligibility; Attendance; Examinations)
1. The candidate must complete Intermediate Science or 10+2 years of education or equivalent with
English, Biology, Physics and Chemistry as main subjects and having secured not less than 50% of
marks in the subjects mentioned above put together and an aggregate of 50% overall. The candidate
should have completed 17 years of age on or before the date of admission, or
completed B.Sc. Degree recognized by the university with one of the following subjects viz. Physics,
Chemistry or Biology and at least one other prescribed science subject of study up to the ancillary level
and should have scored not less than aggregate of 50% marks and provided that such candidate shall
have passed the earlier qualifying examination (I. Sc. or equivalent) with the subjects English, Biology,
Physics and Chemistry.
2. In order to derive maximum benefit from integrated teaching the student is expected to have 100%
attendance in all the subjects; however to meet unavoidable contingencies the student should have not
less than 80% of the attendance separately in theory and practical / clinical to be eligible for the
university examination.
5. A student should clear all the subjects of Pre-Clinical Sciences, before he/she is allowed into Semester
V.
6. A student must complete the different subjects of the Pre-Clinical Sciences - I MBBS Examination
within three years from the date of admission. Similarly, a student must complete the different subjects
of the Pre-Clinical Sciences - II MBBS Examination within four and half years from the date of
admission.
7. Internal assessment: At the end of every system, formative evaluation may be conducted to enable the
students to learn and to get a feed back of the progress in all subjects. Average of these marks should
constitute 50% of an individual’s internal assessment for theory component. The average of marks
obtained in the semester examinations (two in a year) in that subject should account for the remaining
50%. The average of the sessional marks in practical shall constitute the internal assessment for
practical. To qualify for the University examination a student is required to obtain a minimum of 50%
internal assessment in both theory and practical separately in each subject.
9. The mandatory minimum mark for passing the theory examination in any subject is 50% of the marks
in the theory segment (i.e. written, viva-voce and internal assessment components put together),
including not less than 50% of the maximum marks in the written component. Both written and viva-
voce are compulsory components of university theory examination.
The mandatory minimum mark for passing the practical examination in any subject likewise is 50% of
the maximum marks in the practical segment (i.e. practical plus internal assessment).
10. The evaluation scheme for Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences will be according to
the KUSMS Evaluation Scheme.
General Recommendations
• Each semester consists of 20 weeks of 6 working days per week, 7 hours/ day. The time frame may not
be relevant for hospital postings.
• Curriculum should be approached in a manner so that not more than one third of the time allotted for
each subject is spent as didactic teaching.
13
• The examinations in theory and practical will be as objective and structured as possible.
• The University will maintain Question Bank for every system subject wise, consisting of different
types of questions.
• The University will conduct workshops for faculty development (teaching-learning and student
evaluation) as necessary.
14
GUIDELINES TO MEDICAL COLLEGE AND THE FACULTY
• The Medical College should follow the curriculum guidelines in imparting knowledge to the
undergraduate student.
• Emphasis should be laid to ensure that the undergraduate student grasps the basic concepts
throughout the course.
• When time-tabling the semester schedules, the concerned academic departments should get
together and identify in an integrated manner, the instructional objectives to be covered.
• As a rule, the departments concerned should ensure integration of related subject matter of a
particular System / Topic by carrying out teaching synchronously.
• In instruction, common clinical problems should form the prologue to establish relevance of basic
sciences to clinical medicine.
• In correlation seminars, the student should be guided to address common problems / common
clinical problems serving as themes, around which discipline-wise subject is threaded coherently.
• Pre-Clinical sciences should be revisited as a rule whilst implementing Clinical Sciences of the
curriculum of clinical disciplines.
• Clinical symptoms and clinical signs must be emphasised upon and should be explained, referring
to Pre-Clinical sciences, wherever possible.
15
PRE - CLINICAL SCIENCES
16
PRE - CLINICAL SCIENCES
11st year SEMESTER – I
Basic concepts
Genetics
Immune System and Immunology
Autonomic Nervous System
Integumentary System
Musculo-skeletal System
Community Medicine
Introduction to Clinical Medicine (ICM)
Medical Informatics
SEMESTER – II
Haemopoietic System
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Community Medicine
Introduction to Clinical Medicine (ICM)
SEMESTER – IV
Reproductive System (including breast)
Central Nervous System and Special Senses
Community Medicine
Introduction to Clinical Medicine (ICM)
17
FIRST YEAR
SEMESTERS – I & II
OBJECTIVES:
SEMESTER – I
Facilitates acquisition of fundamental knowledge in pre-clinical sciences, required to understand
the human body systems to follow.
Provides learning inputs in structural-functional aspects on the immune system and immunology,
integumentary and musculo-skeletal to understand diseases process affecting these systems.
SEMESTER – II
Provides learning inputs in respiratory, cardiovascular, function-dysfunction with a basis for
understanding, common clinical disorders, affecting respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
CONTENTS:
Basic Concepts
Genetics
Integumentary System
Musculo-skeletal System
Haemopoietic System
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Community Medicine
Introduction to Clinical Medicine (ICM)
Medical Informatics
18
SEMESTER - I
BASIC CONCEPTS
ANATOMY
General Anatomy
General Histology
General Embryology
BIOCHEMISTRY
Importance of Biochemistry in Medicine
Introduction to cells
Carbohydrates
Amino acids
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids-Gene Expression
Enzymes
Metabolism
Vitamins
MICROBIOLOGY
Historical perspectives and contributions of Microbiology to medical sciences.
Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells, Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses and Parasites.
Introduction, classification and nomenclature of microbes.
Bacteria - Introduction
Anaerobiosis
Sterilization, Disinfections, Decontamination:
Normal Flora
Infection
Bacteria - Introduction
Fungi - Introduction
Viruses - Introduction
Parasites - Introduction
Antimicrobial Agents
Microbial genectics
Laboratory diagnosis of Viral, Bacterail, fungal and parasitic infections.
Biomedical waste management.
Hospitalacquired infection and HICC.
PATHOLOGY
Cellular adaptations, cell injury and cell death
Inflammation and Repair
Hemodynamic disorders
Neoplasia
PHARMACOLOGY
Introduction
19
Sources and Routes of Drug Administration
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Adverse Drug Reactions
Essential Drugs Concept and Rational Drug Therapy
P-drug concept
PHYSIOLOGY
Introduction
Homeostasis
Bioelectricity
COMMUNITY MEDICINE
Human and Medicine
Concepts of Health
Nutrition
Environmental Sciences
Biostatistics
MEDICAL INFORMATICS
Fundamentals of Computer
Windows 98/2000 Applications
Word Processing (Microsoft Word)
Working With Worksheets (Microsoft Excel)
Graphic Presentation (MS-Power Point and Multimedia)
Statistical Treatment of Data (Using Epi Info WHO
Epidemiological Software)
Retrieving Information (Internet WEB)
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
General Anatomy:
Cell divisions
Locomotor system.
20
Joints - classification, examples of each variety.
Nervous tissue- introduction to nervous system, subdivisions and their functions, neurons- types,
structure, nerve fibres, synapses
General Histology:
Bone- TS & LS
Nervous tissue- nerve, spinal ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, neurons & neuroglia.
General Embryology:
Menstrual cycle
Gametogenesis
Neurulation
21
Folding of embryo
Embryonic period
Foetal membranes: chorion, decidua, umbilical cord amnion, yolk sac and allantois – brief account
Foetal period
BIOCHEMISTRY
Introduction to cells:
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells, cell structure, biochemical functions of organelles
Carbohydrates:
Biomedical importance, functions, classification, isomerism
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose - structure and properties,
glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins
Amino acids:
Classification, special structural features, functions, optical activity, iso-electric pH, acid-base
properties and characteristics of peptide bond
Proteins:
Classification and structural organisation, functions
Lipids:
Classifications, Fatty acids and its classifications, poly unsatuarated fatty acids, triacylglycerols,
phospholipids, prostaglandins, steroids and lipoproteins
Enzymes:
Definition, International Union of Biochemistry (IUB), classification, enzyme kinetics, factors
affecting activity, regulation of activity, inhibition of activity, measurement of enzyme activity
isoenzymes, enzymology in medicine.
Metabolism:
Essentials of metabolism, metabolic pathways, regulation, integration
Vitamins:
Definition, classification, vitamin cofactors - biochemical functions, deficiency symptoms
MICROBIOLOGY`
22
Historical perspectives and contributions of Microbiology to medical sciences
Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells, Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses and Parasites
Introduction, classification and nomenclature of microbes
Bacteria - Introduction:
a. Morphology of bacteria and Bacterial spore
b. Bacterial growth requirements, bacterial growth curve and its relationship with infection and disease,
growth media and types of culture.
c. Anaerobiosis: Definition, classification and method of anaerobiosis and anaerobic culture.
Normal flora:
Preliminary concepts, anatomical distributions, factors influencing normal flora, bacteriocin, role of
normal flora in nosocomial infections and opportunistic infections
Fungi:
Introduction, general characteristics and classification of fungal infections
Viruses – Introduction:
a. Introduction, general characteristics and classification of viruses and bacteriophage
b. Replication, pathogenesis of viral diseases
Parasites – Introduction:
Classifications of parasites (by morphology, infection sites/disease)
Host parasite relationship
Infections:
Types of infections (local and systemic), source of infections (including Zoonotic diseases), Mode of
transmission of microorganisms, Virulence factors and Mechanism of pathogenesis
Host parasite relationship of medically important bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites
Complement system:
Role of complement, different pathways
Antimicrobial agents:
Antibiotic susceptibility test, reliability of tests, factors influencing susceptibility tests.
PATHOLOGY
Cellular Adaptations:
Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia - definitions, examples and mechanism
Cell Injury:
23
Reversible and irreversible - mechanism and changes produced in different types of degeneration
including fatty change in liver and heart.
Necrosis - definition, types, examples and morphology.
Differences between necrosis and apoptosis
Mechanism of apoptosis
Pathologic Calcification:
Definition, types, mechanism, examples
Neoplasia:
Definitions of neoplasia - tumour - dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and allied definitions
Benign - malignant neoplasia - differences
Mode of spread of malignant tumours with suitable examples
Histogenetic classification - epithelial, mesenchymal, totipotent
Aetiopathogenesis, oncogenesis and clinical presentation of tumors - benign-malignant
Paraneoplastic syndromes - brief discussion
Laboratory diagnosis
PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption and bioavailability of a drug
Methods of absorption, factors affecting drug absorption and bioavailability
Bioavailability, Bioequivalence: definition - significance
Distribution of drugs: concept of apparent volume of distribution,protein-binding of drugs and its
clinical importance
Blood brain barrier, placental barrier
24
Biotransformation: definition, types of reactions, consequences, factors affecting biotransformation,
clinical significance.
Excretion: routes, factors affecting.
Kinetics: first order, zero order, biological half-life.
Optimization of dosage regimen: loading dose, maintenance dose and steady state plasma
concentration.
Therapeutic drug monitoring: importance.
Methods of prolonging the duration of action of a drug
Pharmacodynamics:
Principles of drug action, drug - receptor interactions.
Dose response relationships, types of DRC different components like ED50, LD50.
Therapeutic index.
Factors affecting drug response: Drug factor , Factors related to patient: age, body weight, sex,
Pharmacogenetics, Drug Tolerance, Drug Dependence.Drug antagonism, synergism, cumulation.
PHYSIOLOGY
Introduction
General functional organization of human body.
Body fluid compartments- Functions of electrolytes: Dehydration and over hydration.
Define and explain terminology: Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic fluids
Osmotic pressure – crystalloid and oncotic. Osmosis
Cell membrane transport.
Cell to cell and local commutation.
Intracellular mechanism of signal transduction
Homeostasis:
Definition, maintenance, control of internal environment, different regulatory systems in homeostasis.
Principles of control systems – general characteristics and components of biological control systems,
concept of negative and positive feedback correction, error, gain.
Hormonal control mechanisms – definition of hormones, receptors and target cell, role of hormones in
homeostasis.
Neural control mechanism – role in homeostasis.
Bioelectricity: Terminology – Excitable cells, neurons and muscles and their excitable properties.
Functional anatomy of neurons.
Resting membrane potential, Nernst equation.
Action potential - ionic basis of its genesis and propagation Its refractory period
Receptor – Classification and functions.
Cutaneous receptors - classification and function, generator potential, properties and transduction.
25
26
SEMESTER - I
GENETICS
ANATOMY
Genetic Terms, Symbols Used in Pedigree Chart
Mendelian Inheritance
Structure of Chromosomes, Chromosomal Aberrations
Sex Determination and Hermaphrodites
BIOCHEMISTRY
Nucleic acids and Genetics
Biochemistry of Tumor Metabolism
Trace Element Metabolism
MICROBILOGY
Microbial genectics
PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmacogenetics
PHYSIOLOGY
Growth and Development
Disorders of Normal Growth
Physiology of Aging
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Karyotyping
27
BIOCHEMISTRY
Genes:
Definition, base sequence determination, types of mutation, mutagens.
Replication:
Cell cycle, semi-conservative replication, mechanism
Protein Synthesis:
Transcription, translation, fundamental differences between prokaryote-eukaryote protein synthesis.
Genetic Disorders:
Mutation and repair, biochemical disorders of carbohydrate, lipid, amino, purine and pyrimidine, seen
in the local hospital.
Enzyme Deficiency Disorders
Cytogenetic Disorders
MICROBIOLOGY
Microbial genetics:
Introduction, genetic materials, mutation and repair mechanism, gene transfer, genetic basis of
pathogenicity, antibiotic resistant and toxogenic gene, molecular diagnostic techniques
PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmacogenetics: general concept
PHYSIOLOGY
28
Growth and Development:
Definition
Physical growth: prenatal period, birth to puberty, pubertal growth.
Skeletal age and physical maturity
Organ growth: differential growth of specific organs and tissues i.e. brain, head, lymphoid tissue,
visceral, reproductive organs at various ages.
Growth spurts in human life: infancy, late puberty.
Growth rates in boys and girls, mental growth and IQ.
Factors influencing growth: genetic, nutritional, hormonal
Physiology of Aging:
Changes in various systems and mechanisms involved.
Factors affecting aging
29
SEMESTER - I
MICROBIOLOGY
Immunity
Antigens
Antibody
Immune response
Complement system
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune diseases
Primary and secondary immune deficiency diseases
AIDS
Immuno-prophylaxis
PATHOLOGY
Amyloidosis
Organ transplant rejection
PHARMACOLOGY
Immunosuppresant and Immunostimulants
PHYSIOLOGY
Spleen and Lymph Nodes
Lymph and Tissue Fluids
Immunology- Plasma Cells and Immune Scenario
Immunoglobulins
Innate and acquired immunity
Plasma Cells and Immune Scenario
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
MICROBIOLOGY
Immunity:
Introduction, basic concepts role of immunity in health and diseases
Mechanism of innate, acquired, active, passive immunity
Antigens:
Hapten, carrier, epitope, heterophilic antigens
Antibody:
Classes, structure and functions of immunoglobulins
Immune response:
30
Humoral and cellular immunity
Complement system:
Role of complement, different pathways
Common immunological and serological tests used for diagnosis
Hypersensitivity:
Types and mechanisms
Immunological disorders:
Primary, Secondary immune deficiency diseases
A.I.D.S.
Auto immune disorders
Immuno-prophylaxis:
Introduction, basic concepts; active and passive, vaccines monovalent, polyvalent, live, killed, subunit,
synthetic and KBMA vaccines (killed but metabolically active)
Common immunological and serological tests used for diagnosis
PATHOLOGY
Amyloidosis - definition, classification, morphology, special stains.
Organ transplant rejection
Types, mechanism, and morphology
PHARMACOLOGY
Immunosuppresant and Immunostimulants
List the drugs and therapeutic uses
PHYSIOLOGY
Spleen and Lymph Nodes:
Functions of reticuloendothelial system
Immunology: Introduction.
Role of B & T lymphocytes and macrophages in immunity
Concepts of function of interleukins and complement system
Immunoglobulins:
Types, plasma concentration, functions, special features
31
SEMESTER - I
ANATOMY
Autonomic Nervous System
Adrenal Medulla
BIOCHEMISTRY
Neurotransmitters
PHARMACOLOGY
Introduction
Cholinergic Receptor Agonists
Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists
Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
Antimicrobials
PHYSIOLOGY
Organisation of Nervous System
Physiological Role of Autonomic Nervous System
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Adrenal Medulla
Gross anatomy, microanatomy
BIOCHEMISTRY
Neurotransmitters:
Definition
Synaptic transmission, Nuromuscular transmission, Neuro transmitter receptors
Acetylcholine, dopamine, nor-epinephrine, epinephrine, GABA, Serotonin, Nitric oxide
Biosynthesis and metabolism of Polyamines and their medical importance
Biochemical basis of Myasthenia gravis Parkinsons disease, organophospherous poisoning.
Neuropsyciatric disorders
32
PHARMACOLOGY
Antimicrobials:
Introduction
General principles
Classification, Mechanism of action, adverse effects, Contraindications, Therapeutic Uses & Drug
interactions of
Cotrimoxazole, sulphonamides
Fluoroquinolons.
33
β-lactam antibiotics: penicillins, cephalosporins etc.
β-lactamase inhibitors: examples.
Rationale of combining with β-lactams.
Aminoglycosides: list of important drugs - Streptomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, netilmicin,
tobramicin, neomycin: general features, mechanisms, kinetics, adverse effects, comparison of clinically
most useful preparations.
Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol.
Macrolides:Erythromycin: prototype.
Miscellaneous groups of antibiotics: very brief discussion, e.g. bacitracin, vancomycin, clindamycin,
polymyxin-B, spectinomycin.
Antifungal Agents:
Introduction
General principles- Classification, Mechanism of action, Adverse effects, Contraindications,
Therapeutic Uses and Drug interactions
PHYSIOLOGY
Physiological role of autonomic nervous system in the control of various body functions
34
SEMESTER - I
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
ANATOMY
Skin Thick and Thin with Appendages
BIOCHEMISTRY
Melanin Synthesis
MICROBIOLOGY
Introduction to skin infections
Bacillus anthracis
Mycobacterium Leprae
Atypical Mycobacteria
Gas gangrene
Superficial mycosis
Dermatophytosis
Subcutaneous Mycoses
Viral infections
Parasite infection
PATHOLOGY
Tumours
Leprosy
PHARMACOLOGY
Antileprotic Drugs
PHYSIOLOGY
Skin – Functions
Sweat Glands
Thermoregulation
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
BIOCHEMISTRY
35
Melanin:
Synthesis - cells involved, abbreviated pathway.
Albinism: The molecular defect, implications.
MICROBIOLOGY
Introduction to skin infections: Types of infections, common etiological agents, Staph aureus, Strept
pyogenes and its complication (PSGN= post streptococcal glomerular nephritis).
Superficial mycosis: P. versicolor, T. nigra etc. clinical features and laboratory diagnosis.
Viral infection: Varicella zoster – clinical features, laboratory diagnosis; viral exanthematic diseases.
PATHOLOGY
Leprosy:
Classification.
Tuberculoid and Lepromatous leprosy: Pathogenesis, immunology, complications, microscopic
features and diagnosis.
Tumours:
Squamous papilloma.
Aetiology, morphology, mode of spread of squamous cell carcinoma.
Nevus: definition, types (intradermal Junctional and compound), morphology.
Malignant melanoma.
PHARMACOLOGY
Antileprosy Drugs:
Introduction, aetiopathogenesis
Classification of antileprosy drugs, multiple drug therapy.
Discussion of individual drugs.
PHYSIOLOGY
Skin:
36
Functions.
Sweat Glands:
Types, control of secretion, functions.
Thermoregulation:
Mechanism, receptors, hypothalamic thermostat.
Physiological responses on acute exposure to hot and cold environment.
Acclimatisation, disorders of thermoregulation - hypothermia, hyperthermia, fever.
37
SEMESTER - I
MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
ANATOMY
Upper Limb – Gross Anatomy
Bones- clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna and carpals bones
Joints
Axillary Lymph nodes
Flexor – extensor compartments
Muscles
Nerves
Brachial plexus
Arteries
Veins
Surface anatomy
Radiological anatomy
BIOCHEMISTRY
Muscle Metabolism
Creatine – Creatine Phosphate
Markers of Muscle Damage
Calcium homeostasis
MICROBIOLOGY
Infectious Arthritis
Osteomyelitis
PATHOLOGY
Congenital disorders
Fracture
Osteomyelitis
Osteoporosis
38
Osteomalacia and rickets
Paget disease of bone
Bone Tumors
Rheumatoid Arthritis, Gout, Osteoarthritis
Soft Tissue Tumors
Muscular Dystrophies
PHARMACOLOGY
NSAIDS
Drugs for RA and Gout
Skeletal muscle relaxant
PHYSIOLOGY
Functional organization of striated muscles
Neuromuscular transmission
Excitation contraction coupling (ECC)
Mechanical events during muscle contraction
Denervated muscle
Types of muscle fibers
Physiology of smooth muscle
CONTENTS
Upper Limb:
(cross section at the level of insertion of deltoid and middle of forearm)
Boundaries, contents, applied aspects of: axilla, cubital fossa, anatomical snuff box, carpal tunnel.
Joints:
Types, subtypes, ligaments, movements of sterno-clavicular, acromio-clavicular joints.
Type and subtypes: capsular attachments, ligaments, movements, muscles involved, blood supply,
nerve supply and applied aspects of : shoulder joint, elbow joint, radio-ulnar joints, first carpo-
metacarpal joint, wrist joint, carpo-metacarpal joint.
Palm: fascial spaces in the palm and Palmer aponeroses and their applied aspects. Actions and nerve
supply of interossei and lumbricals.
Muscles:
Origin, insertion, nerve supply and actions of Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, pectoralis
minor, deltoid, biceps brachii, pronator teres, supinator, adductor pollicis.
Nerves:
Origin, root value, course, branches, distribution and applied anatomy of – axillary, radial, median,
ulnar nerves.
Brachial plexus:
39
Formation, parts, branches and applied aspects.
Arteries:
Origin, course, termination and branches of – axillary, brachial, radial,
ulnar arteries, palmar arches.
Veins:
Formation, tributaries, termination, position, applied anatomy of - basilic, cephalic, median cubital
veins.
Radiological Anatomy
X-rays of shoulder, elbow, and wrist
Surface Anatomy
Acromion process of scapula, medial and lateral humeral epicondyles, olecranon process of ulna, head
of radius bone, and styloid processes of radius and ulna bones.
Brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries, and superficial and deep palmar arches
Cephalic, basilic, and median cubital vein
Bones:
Hip bone, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals and metatarsals
Side determination, parts, immediate relations, capsular attachments, blood supply.
Identification of bones in an articulated foot.
Boundaries, Contents, applied aspects of: femoral triangle, adductor canal, popliteal fossa.
Arches of foot:
Formation, supports, applied anatomy.
Inversion – Eversion
Lymph nodes:
Inguinal group, popliteal groups – subgroups, afferents, efferents and applied aspects.
Muscles:
Origin, insertion, nerve supply, actions of: gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, triceps surae, biceps
femoris, semimembranosus, rectus femoris, adductor magnus, popliteus, tibialis anterior and tibialis
posterior, and peroneus longus.
Nerves:
40
Origin, root value, course, branches, applied aspects of : sciatic, common peroneal, tibial, femoral and
obturator.
Arteries:
Origin, course, branches of: femoral, popliteal, arteria dorsalis pedis, peroneal, anterior and posterior
tibial, plantar arch.
Veins:
Origin, termination, tributaries, applied aspects: long and short saphenous veins, popliteal, femoral.
Radiological Anatomy
X-rays of hip, knee, and ankle
Surface Anatomy
Anterior superior iliac spine, pubic tubercle, greater trochanter of femur, adductor tubercle, patella,
medial and lateral malleoli, femoral, popliteal, anterial and posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis arteries,
long and short saphenous, and femoral veins,
BIOCHEMISTRY
Muscle Metabolism:
Glycogen metabolism.
Energy metabolism switch over in conditions: from resting to contracting, adequate O2 to hypoxic, fed
to fasting, Cori Cycle, powre stroke of contraction, role of calcium, tetany and rigor mortis.
Calcium homeostasis:
Role of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol, calcitonin in regulation of Plasma calcium level.
MICROBIOLOGY
Infectious Arthritis:
Causative organisms.
Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis.
Osteomyelitis:
Acute and chronic, agents, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis.
PATHOLOGY
Congenital Disorders:
Achondroplasia, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Osteopetrosis
Fracture:
Types, morphology of healing, factors delaying the healing.
41
Osteomyelitis:
Aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and complications.
Osteoporosis:
Classification, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical features
Osteomalacia, rikets:
Classification, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical features
Paget disease of bone
Bone Tumours:
Classification, gross and microscopic features, clinical features and X-ray findings of: Ewing’s
Sarcoma, Giant cell tumor (Osteoclastoma), Osteosarcoma, chondrio sarcoma.
Muscular Dystrophies:
Definition.
Mode of inheritance, clinical features, morphology, investigations of Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy,
Becker’s muscular dystrophy.
Polymyositis.
Myasthenia gravis: Investigations.
PHARMACOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY
Neuromuscular transmission:
42
Structure, mechanism of transmission, mechanism of generation of end plate potential (EPP) and
muscle action potential; myasthenia gravis
Denervated muscle:
Neurotropic factor/s and their role in maintenance of structure and function of the striated muscle
(fibrillation and paralysis), reinnervation, cross innervations, EMG and streangth duration curve,
chronaxie and rheobase
Effect of exercise and training on skeletal muscle structure and function. Physiological basis of
fatigue.
43
SEMESTER – I
COMMUNITY MEDICINE
Objectives:
Appreciate that knowledge of past prevents repetition.
Describe medical and health in various time, place and person.
Acquaintance of past health and medical practice in Nepal.
Objectives:
• Orientation to the basic concepts of health and its determinants.
• Orientation to the concept of epidemiological triad and theories of disease occurrence.
• Describe the levels of prevention and modes of intervention.
• Describe the principles of Primary Health Care and other related concepts.
44
• List the goals / targets set to achieve “Health for All”.
• Describe the socio-cultural structure of the community.
• Identify the environmental problems.
• Describe the existing health facilities.
• Make a simple presentation regarding the above.
• Suggest and conduct a simple intervention for an identified problem
• State the National Health Policy and planning.
NUTRITION -I
Common problems:
Protein-energy malnutrition
Iron deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency
Objectives:
• Describe the determinates of nutritional status of individual / community.
• Describe the nutritional sources and requirements at different ages and for males and females.
• Describe the nutritional deficiency disorders especially protein energy malnutrition (PEM), iron
deficiency anaemia, vitamin A deficiency.
• Assess the nutritional status of a community.
• Describe and prioritise the nutritional problems in Nepal.
• Prescribe a balanced diet within the socio-economic-cultural milieu for normal adult male / female,
pregnant / lactating / postpartum woman, under-five child.
NUTRITION -II
Objectives:
• State the magnitude of the problems on IDD in Nepal.
• Describe the steps in the community assessment of IDD.
• Describe the importance of salt fortification (iodisation).
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
(In all of the above topics the general principles are to be taught avoiding engineering details)
Objectives:
• Describe the physical environment: both inside and outside the home.
• Describe the family environment and principles of good housing.
• Define and analyze the importance of water and sanitation in human health.
• Define safe water obtained from tap, hand-pump, well.
• Describe appropriate methods for making water safe at the household level.
• Understand the methods of waste and excreta disposal.
• Suggest feasible methods of environmental control.
BIOSTATISTICS
Objectives:
• Define, calculate and interpret commonly used statistical treatment.
• Select and use appropriate diagrammatic representation of statistical data.
Lecture discussion
Small group discussion
Simulated practical exercises in the classroom: calculate various statistical values using data from
hospital or community
47
SEMESTER - I
Medical Ethics
Art of History Taking
Clinical Examination
Musculo-skeletal System
Instructional Method:
Lectures in class-room, practical demonstrations, practice on peers and on patients, supplementary
video.
48
SEMESTER - I
MEDICAL INFORMATICS
Fundamentals of Computer
Windows 98/2000 Applications
Word Processing (Microsoft Word)
Working with Worksheets (Microsoft Excel)
Graphic presentation (MS-PowerPoint and Multimedia)
Statistical Treatment of Data (Epi Info WHO Epidemiological software)
Retrieving Information (Internet Web)
Aim :
To provide hand-on-practice in order to increase and improve student’s ability to use computers to an
extent that he / she will utilise computers effectively to improve learning.
Objectives:
On completion of the course in Medical Informatics, the student will be able to
1. write reports using word and excel software.
2. use MS-Powerpoint with multimedia facility when presenting to audiences, presenting correlation
seminars and project findings.
3. obtain subject matter from CD ROMs, computerised tutorials, computerised patient-records and
from patient simulations.
4. download subject matter from the Internet and Websites of other medical schools and journal
publications.
5. carry out statistical analysis using Epi Info package.
Instructional Method:
Demonstration, practice under supervision, independent practice to achieve mastery.
49
SEMESTER - II
HAEMOPOIETIC SYSTEM
BIOCHEMISTRY
Haemoglobin
Iron Metabolism
Vitamin B12 Metabolism
Folic Acid Metabolism
Blood pH Regulation
Glycolysis
HMP Shunt
Glutathione (Redox) System
Plasma Proteins
MICROBIOLOGY
Introduction to blood borne infections
Blood borne parasites
PATHOLOGY
Anaemias
Haemorrhagic Diathesis
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Blood Groups
Blood Banking – Blood Transfusion
Lymphadenitis
Leukaemia
Lymphomas
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Splenomegaly
PHARMACOLOGY
Haemostatics
Therapy of Thromboembolic Disorders
Therapy of Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Therapy of Megaloblastic Anaemia, Pernicious Anaemia
Therapy of Parasitic Infections
Anti cancer agents
PHYSIOLOGY
Blood as a Body Fluid
Plasma
Blood Cells
Blood Groups
Haemostasis
50
CONTENTS
BIOCHEMISTRY
Haemoglobin:
Structure, functions, structure-function relation, comparison with myoglobin. role of 2,3-BPG
Biosynthesis: Chromosomes globin genes, chronology of gene expression.
Haem Biosynthesis: Building materials, reaction at commencement/ termination, general overview of
pathway, key intermediates, significance of fetal Hb
Haemoglobinopathy: Definition, genetic basis.
Abnormal haemoglobin: HbS as an example - genetic basis, molecular disease concept, laboratory
identification of HbS.
Thalassaemias: Molecular basis of α-thalassaemia, β-thalassaemia.
Porphyrias: Definition, acquired - one example, congenital - one example.
Iron Metabolism:
Functions, absorption, transport, storage, release, utilisation,
requirement for haemopoiesis, elimination, menstrual losses, Fe-cost per pregnancy.
Iron deficiency anaemia: Biochemical indicators, laboratory diagnosis.
Blood pH Regulation:
Blood hydrogen ion concentration, buffers - [H+] buffering, clinical relevance of [H+] measurement,
respiratory acidosis/ alkalosis, clinical intervention in respiratory acidosis / alkalosis, arterial blood gas
analysis.
Glycolysis:
Importance, definition, overview of pathway, committed step, regulated steps, irreversible steps,
mechanisms of regulation, hormonal regulation in fed / fasted conditions, net energy yield,
intermediates at metabolic junctions, glycolysis in RBC, hepatocyte, in adipocyte, entry of fructose /
galactose into glycolysis.
HMP Shunt:
Importance, NADPH generating steps, ribose generating step, transketolase, interconnection with
glycolytic pathway, G6PD deficiency - haemolysis.
Plasma Proteins:
Introduction, classification, diagnostic importance.
MICROBIOLOGY
51
Bacteraemia, septicemia, pyaemia, viremia, fungemia, parasitemia: Definitions, differentiations, list of
common organisms and diseases caused by them. Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, Borreliosis
PATHOLOGY
Anaemias:
Definition, classification based on aetiology and morphology.
Iron deficiency anaemia: Aetiology, laboratory diagnosis.
Megaloblastic anaemia: Aetiology, laboratory diagnosis.
Aplastic anaemia: Aetiology, laboratory diagnosis.
Hereditary spherocytosis: Aetiopathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis.
Thalassaemia: Aetiopathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, complications.
Sickle cell anaemia: Aetiopathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis.
Haemorrhagic Diathesis:
Basic screening tests, significance of the tests.
Coagulation disorders: Haemophilia, Christmas disease.
Blood Groups:
ABO blood group and Rh blood group.
Lymphadenitis:
Definition and causes, reactive and tuberculous – gross and microscopic features.
Sarcoidosis.
Leukaemias:
FAB classification of acute leukaemias, differences between myeloblast and lymphoblast, peripheral
blood smear, bone marrow findings, clinical presentations in AML, ALL, CML and CLL.
Multiple Myeloma: Clinical manifestations, aetiopathogenesis, morphology, laboratory diagnosis.
Lymphomas:
Classification with special reference to ‘Working International Formulation for Non Hodgkin’s
lymphoma’.
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Splenomegaly:
Causes, Morphology; Hyperspleenism.
PHARMACOLOGY
Haemostatics Agents:
Classification, their actions and uses.
Anticoagulants :
Introduction
General principles- Classification, Mechanism of action, Adverse effects, Contraindications,
Therapeutic Uses and Drug interactions.
Thrombolytics:
preparations, pharmacological basis for their actions and related usefulness.
Antiplatelet agents:
Classification, Mechanism of action, Adverse effects, Contraindications, Therapeutic Uses.
Anticancer Drugs:
Introduction
General principles- Classification, Mechanism of action, Adverse effects, Contraindications,
Therapeutic Uses and Drug interactions
General adverse effects of anti-cancer drugs.
PHYSIOLOGY
53
Blood as a Body Fluid:
Composition, physical characteristics and functions of blood.
Plasma:
Normal constituents. Plasma proteins: types, concentrations, properties, functions.
White Blood Cells: classification, morphology, development, normal counts and functions,.
Blood Groups:
Agglutinogens, agglutinins, Landsteiner’s law, ABO group, Rh group.
Blood transfusion: relation to blood groups, indications, hazards.
Inheritance, erythroblastosis foetalis, hemolytic disease of the new-born.
Hemostasis:
Physiology of coagulation – intrinsic and extrinsic mechanism, clot retraction, fibrinolysis, tests for
clotting. Natural and other anticoagulants.
54
SEMESTER - II
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
ANATOMY
Nasal Cavity
Paranasal Air Sinuses
Larynx, Trachea
Bronchial Tree, Pleura and Lung
Applied anatomy
Surface anatomy
Radiological anatomy
BIOCHEMISTRY
Cellular Respiration
Biological Oxidation
Oxidative Stress – Antioxidant Systems
Vitamin E
MICROBIOLOGY
Introduction to respiratory system infections
Approach to diagnosis of respiratory pathogens
Bacteria as respiratory pathogens
Fungi as respiratory pathogens
Viruses as respiratory pathogens
Parasites as respiratory pathogens
PATHOLOGY
Lesions of Upper Respiratory Tract
Bronchial Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Atelectasis
Hyaline Membrane Disease and Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Cor-Pulmonale
Pneumonia
Lung Abscess
Tuberculosis
Pneumoconiosis
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Pleural Lesions
PHARMACOLOGY
Therapy of Bronchial Asthma - Bronchodilators
Therapy of Allergic Rhinitis - Antihistaminics
Therapy of Cough - Antitussives and Mucolytics
Therapy of Tuberculosis - Antitubercular Drugs
55
PHYSIOLOGY
Functional Anatomy
Mechanics of Breathing
Spirometry
Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary Gas Exchange
Gas Transport
Regulation of Respiration
Respiration in Unusual Environments
Abnormal Breathing
Respiratory Failure and Principles of Artificial Respiration
Lung Function Tests
Cyanosis and Asphyxia
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Nasal Cavity:
Lateral wall of nasal cavity: boundaries, gross features, blood supply, nerve supply lymphatic drainage,
applied anatomy.
Nasal septum : formation, blood supply, nerve supply, applied anatomy.
Larynx, Trachea:
Names of cartilages.
Names of intrinsic muscles, innervations, actions.
Parts and features of cavity of larynx with blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage, applied
anatomy.
Rima glottidis.
Trachea: gross features, relations, blood supply, nerve supply, applied anatomy.
Pleura and lung: parts, relation, blood supply, nerve supply, applied anatomy. Pleural recesses.
Microanatomy of epiglottis, trachea, lungs. Relations and lymphatic drainage of lungs.
Development of pleura, lung and bronchial tree.
Thoracic Cage
Skeletal framework – Components (thoracic vertebrae, ribs or costae, and sternum), and congenital and
acquired anomalies
Intercostals space: boundaries, contents and applied aspects
Intercostal muscles – Nerve-supply and actions
Intercostal nerves
Superior thoracic aperture ( thoracic inlet)
56
Inferior thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet)
Respiratory movements
Surface Anatomy
Sternal angle, xiphoid process, counting of ribs
Pleura and lungs
Radiological Anatomy
Chest X-rays A.P, P.A & lateral views, X-rays of skull showing paranasal air sinuses
BIOCHEMISTRY
Vitamin E:
Dietary sources, metabolism and antioxidant function.
MICROBIOLOGY
Introduction to respiratory system infections: Normal flora- list the normal flora; classification of
respiratory diseases, Pathogen of RTI - List common pathogens Causative organisms of various
respiratory diseases (Rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, community acquired pneumonia,
hospital acquired pneumonia, ventilator associated pneumonia etc.
Approach to diagnosis of respiratory pathogens: procedure of sample collection, storage, transport,
processing and laboratory diagnosis of common respiratory pathogen.
Bacteria as respiratory pathogens: Streptococcus pyogenes (Streptococcal sore throat and
consequences), Streptococcus pneumoniae and other Streptococci, Staphylococcus, Haemophilus
influenzae, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Bordetella pertusis, Organisms causing Hospital Associated
Pneumonia including Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (e.g. Klebsiella, Pseudomonas etc), Atypical
57
pneumonia (Legionella, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Uearaplasma), Mycobacterium tuberculosis and
MOTT
Fungi as respiratory pathogens: Histopalsma capsulatum; Candida albicans, Aspergilus fumigatus;
Cryptococcus neoformans -morphology, pathogenesis and diagnosis.
Viruses as respiratory pathogens: Orthomyxo and paramyxo viruses, Adenovirus, Rhinovirus,
SARS.
Parasites as respiratory pathogens: Pneumocystis jerovicii, Paragonimus westermani. Morphology,
life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis.
PATHOLOGY
Bronchial Asthma:
Mechanism and pathogenesis.
Bronchiectasis:
Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic features, complications.
Atelectasis:
Definition, types, morphology pathogenesis and complications.
Pneumonia:
Types, aetiopathogenesis, stages, complications.
Lung Abscess:
Aetiopathogenesis, morphology.
Tuberculosis:
Aetiopathogenesis, primary complex - definition, Ghon’s focus – morphology.
Secondary tuberculosis - types of lesion.
Fibrocaseous, cavitary and miliary tuberculosis.
Gross and microscopic features, complications.
Pneumoconiosis:
Definition, pathogenesis.
Anthracosis, asbestosis, silicosis.
Bronchogenic Carcinoma:
Aetiology, gross and microscopic features of:
58
Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small and large cell carcinomas, bronchioloalveolar
carcinoma.
Pleural Lesions:
Mesothelioma, pleural effusion, pneumothorax.
Investigations: examination of sputum and pleural fluid.
Sex hormones: preparation and antagonists.
PHARMACOLOGY
Therapy of COPD.
Antihistaminics:
Classification, comparison of various groups, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects.
Therapy of Cough:
Antitussives and mucolytic agents - examples for each group.
Mechanism of action, usefulness and limitations.
Adverse reactions and cautions.
Therapy of Tuberculosis:
Classification according to antibacterial effect.
Comparison between primary and secondary antitubercular drugs.
Regimens and prophylaxis.
Discussion of individuals drugs under mechanism of actions, adverse effects, contraindications and drug
interaction.
List drugs for resistant tuberculosis, their limitations.
PHYSIOLOGY
Spirometry:
Lung volumes – capacities: definitions, normal values, significance.
59
Pulmonary Circulation:
Functional anatomy, distribution, special features & factors influencing.
Gas Transport:
Oxygen transport: factors influencing the combination of haemoglobin with oxygen.
Oxygen dissociation curve: plot, features, physiological advantage of its shape, factors affecting the
shift of curve, Bohr effect.
Carbon dioxide transport: tissue production, carriage in blood and release at the lungs.
Role of red blood cell, chloride shift, role in acid-base balance, Haldane effect.
Carbon monoxide transport and its effects
Regulation of Respiration:
Neural control: medulla, pons, vagus.
Chemo-receptors: peripheral, central, chemical, non-chemical.
Influences on respiration, integrated responses.
Abnormal Breathing:
Apnoea, hyperpnoea, tachypnoea, dysponea: definition, features, physiolological basis.
Principles of Lung Function Tests and non respiratory functions of the respiratory system
60
SEMESTER - II
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
ANATOMY
Mediastinum
Heart and Blood Vessels
Applied anatomy
Surface anatomy
Radiological anatomy
BIOCHEMISTRY
Cholesterol –TAG Metabolism
Fatty Acid Metabolism
Ketone Body Metabolism
Lipoprotein Metabolism
Eicosanoids
Cardiac Muscle Metabolism
MICROBIOLOGY
Acute Rheumatic Fever
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Infective Endocarditis
PATHOLOGY
Atherosclerosis
Hypertension
Inflammatory Disease of Blood Vessels
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Infective Endocarditis
Myocardial Infarction
Cardiomyopathies
Myocarditis
Congestive Cardiac Failure
Congenital Heart Disease
Diseases of the Pericardium
PHARMACOLOGY
Therapy of Myocardial Ischaemia and angina
Therapy of Hypertension
Therapy of Congestive heart failure
Therapy of Arrhythmia - Antiarrythmic Drugs
Therapy of Hyperlipoproteinaemias
PHYSIOLOGY
Heart – a Mechanical Pump
Properties of Myocardiac Cells
Cardiac Cycle
61
Electrocardiography
Cardiac Output
Haemodynamics of Circulation
Arterial Blood Pressure and Its Regulation
Microcirculation, formation & absorption of tissue fluid & lymph
Regional Circulation
Cardiovascular Changes During Exercise
Heart Sounds and murmurs
Arterial Pulse
Hypovolemic Shock
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Pericardium:
Parts, sinuses, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage, development, applied anatomy.
Heart
Surfaces, borders, positions, relations.
Internal structures: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, interatrial septum -
development and anomalies, interventricular septum - development and anomalies.
Conducting system of heart.
Surface Anatomy
Heart, arch of aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior and inferior vena cavae, innominate veins
Radiological Anatomy
X-ray chest A.P. view, coronary angiogram
BIOCHEMISTRY
Cholesterol Metabolism:
Absorption, transport, functions.
62
Synthesis, regulation of synthesis - factors - mechanism, conversion to bile acids and excretion- blood
plasma cholesterol lowering agents – biochemical basis of action, hypercholesterolaemia-implications.
Lipoprotein Metabolism:
Chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL: aspects on formation - maturation - discharge of cargo, lipoprotein
disorders
Lipid profile - Interpretation of - normal - marginally high - undesirable profiles, variations
predisposing to common clinical disorders, biochemical basis of clinical intervention to normalise the
profile.
Eicosanoids:
Formation, biochemical functions of selected eicosanoids, mechanisms inclined to pharmacological
intervention.
MICROBIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
Atherosclerosis:
Risk factors, aetiopathogenesis.
Gross and microscopic features of atheromatous plaques, complications, aneurysms.
Hypertension:
Definition, classification, aetiopathogenesis, morphological changes, complications.
Infective Endocarditis:
Aetiopathogenesis, gross and microscopic features, complications.
Myocardial Infarction:
Aetiopathogenesis, gross and microscopic features, complications.
Cardiomyopathies:
Types.
Myocarditis:
Aetiology, pathology.
Diseases of Pericardium:
Acute pericarditis – aetiology, pathology.
PHARMACOLOGY
(Mechanism of action, Indications, Adverse Effects and Contraindication of following therapeutic
agents)
64
PHYSIOLOGY
Cardiac Cycle:
Mechanical and electrical events, pressure-volume relationship.
Electrocardiography:
Definition, uses, principle, waves and their genesis, ECG recording techniques.
Cardiac Output:
Definition, normal values and variations, major determinants of cardiac output and regulation.
Regulation of heart rate and stroke volume.
Fick’s principle and its application.
Haemodynamics of Circulation:
Definition of terms – pressure, flow, resistance, velocity.
Laminar flow, turbulent flow, Reynold’s number, Poiseuille law, factors affecting blood flow and
resistance, critical closing pressure.
Local regulation of blood flow to tissues - Neural, humoral and autoregulation. (role of vasoconstrictors
and vasodilators),
Regional Circulation:
Coronary, cerebral, cutaneous, splanchnic, foetal.
Normal values, special features, regulation.
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Cardiovascular Changes During Exercise:
Cardiovascular changes during exercise, Beneficial effect of tracing an HR, SV, BP and blood flow in
muscle.
Effect of ‘G’ on cardiovascular functions.
Heart Sounds:
Normal, Murmurs - origin of systolic and diastolic murmurs in relation to cardiac cycle and their
hemodynamic effects
Arterial Pulse:
Normal, abnormal, types, characteristics.
66
SEMESTER – II
COMMUNITY MEDICINE
EPIDEMIOLOGY-I
Objectives:
• Understand and describe the basic epidemiological measures.
• Use basic epidemiological tools to make rational decisions relevant at the individual and
community level.
• List and describe sources of epidemiological data.
Objectives:
• Describe health education methods.
• Design different health education aids e.g. posters, scripts for role play etc.
• Plan and conduct health education sessions for an individual and community using different health
educational aids.
• Evaluate a health education programme.
• Communicate effectively with the individual, family and community.
67
Principal Teaching-Learning Methods To Be Used:
Lecture discussion
Demonstration
Small group discussion
Simulated practical exercises in class room: Role-play-students to be encouraged to role-play based on
different themes provided by the preceptors e.g. talking to a couple about family planning, asking a
woman about nutritional habits and beliefs etc. debriefing at the end of the session.
Students action: Each student will prepare a health education session plan, have it discussed with
preceptor, and deliver using simple A-V aids.
Use of Video films to demonstrate simple methods of health education and uses of simple A-V aids:
films covering the following topics may be used- Steps in communication:
Overcoming difficulties and resistance to communication in the individual Wrong methods of
communication / interviewing.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH II
(including Entomology)
Objectives:
• Define air pollution, cause of air pollution and describe appropriate measure Prevention.
• List the hazards of smoking.
• Describe the long-term effects of smoke inhaled by the housewife while preparing meals for the
family.
• Describe the sources of environmental pollution and its impact on health.
• Describe measures to control and mitigate effects of such pollution.
• Describe and identify the arthropods of medical importance.
• Describe and apply measures to control such arthropods.
• Principles and importance of rodent control.
DEMOGRAPHY
(Family welfare programme, population policy will be covered in the 6th semester)
Objectives:
• Describe the basic demographic pattern of the country.
• Define vital statistics, describe their methods of collection.
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SEMESTER - II
At the end of Semester II, the undergraduate medical students should be able to:
1. recall the structures of respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
2. correlate anatomical locations of organs and describe steps of clinical examinations.
3. demonstrate locations of important structures related to respiratory and cardiovascular over the
chest, neck and limbs.
4. integrate basic sciences with clinical problems related to respiratory system and cardiovascular
system.
5. take good history related to respiratory and cardiovascular system.
6. practice on peers the method of clinical examination of respiratory system and cardiovascular
system, as appropriate.
7. familiarise with X-ray chest, ECG, sputum, blood and other investigations in relation to respiratory
system and cardiovascular system.
8. identify normal structures in diagrams, angiograms, echocardiograms.
9. mention the steps followed in performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Instructional Methods:
Lectures in class room, practical demonstrations, practice on Peers, and on patients and supplementary
video.
70
SECOND YEAR
OBJECTIVES:
SEMESTER – III
provides learning inputs in digestive-absorptive, excretory, metabolic and homeostatic functions
and their functional impairments encountered in common clinical conditions.
SEMESTER – IV
provides learning inputs in structural-functional aspects on the nervous system, special senses and
reproductive system to understand diseases process affecting these systems.
CONTENTS:
Gastrointestinal System
Hepatobiliary System
Renal-Electrolyte System
Reproductive System
Community Medicine
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SEMESTER - III
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
ANATOMY
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Intestines
Appendix
Pancreas
Rectum
Anal Canal
Pancreas
Anterior Abdominal Wall
Posterior abdominal wall
Lumbar vertebrae
Surface anatomy
Radiological anatomy
Applied anatomy
BIOCHEMISTRY
Biochemical Principles to Nutrition
Digestion and absorption
Carbohydrates-Digestion & Absorption.
Proteins-Digestion & Absorption.
Lipids-Digestion & Absorption.
Starvation, Obesity
MICROBIOLOGY
Normal Flora
Gastrointestinal Infections
Pathogens: Bacteria, Virus, Parasites
Food Poisoning
PATHOLOGY
Oral pathology – Premalignant Lesions
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Pleomorphic Adenoma
Barret’s Oesophagus
Carcinoma of the Oesophagus
Peptic Ulcer (acid-peptic disease)
Carcinoma of the Stomach
Tuberculosis of Intestine
Typhoid-Intestine
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Appendicitis
Amoebic Colitis
Necrotising Enterocolitis
Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease
Polyps of Large Intestine
Carcinoma of the Colon
Acute Pancreatitis
Carcinoma of the Pancreas
PHARMACOLOGY
Drug therapy for peptic ulcer
Emetics and Anti-emetic agents
Drugs for diarrhea and constipation
Anthelminthics
Antiprotozoals
Hepatotoxic drugs
PHYSIOLOGY
Introduction
Oral cavity
Deglutition
Secretions
Motility of Gut
Functions of Colon
Gastrointestinal Hormones
Vomiting
Defecation
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Gross Anatomy:
Regions and quadrants of abdomen
Umbilicus: normal position, umbilical hernia
Lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx, XII rib, and hip bone
Oral cavity:
Teeth: dental formulae, microscopic structure of adult tooth
Palate: development and gross features
Tongue: development, gross features, blood-supply, microscopic structure
Salivary glands: development, gross features, microscopic structure
Pharynx:
Gross features, parts, relations, innervation.
Gastrointestinal tract: development and congenital anomalies
Peritoneum and Subdiaphragmatic spaces
Oesophagus:
Extent, normal constrictions, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage, microscopic structures
Stomach:
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gross features, relations, blood-supply, nerve-supply, lymphatic drainage, microscopic structure,
applied aspects
Small Intestine:
Duodenum:
gross features, relations of different parts, blood-supply, nerve-supply, lymphatic drainage,
microscopic structure, applied aspects
Large Intestine:
Parts, cardinal features
Differences between small and large intestines
Blood supply and nerve supply
Caecum and Appendix: position, gross features, applied aspect, microscopic structure of appendix
Colon: parts, gross features, nerve supply, blood supply, and lymphatic drainage
Pancreas:
Parts, position, relations, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, development, applied
anatomy,microscopic structures.
Rectus sheath:
Formation, boundaries and contents, Rectus abdominis
Inguinal canal: boundaries, contents in males and females, inguinal hernias
Abdominal aorta:
Extent and branches
Infereior vena cava: formation and tributaries
Lumbar plexus:
Formation and branches
Abdominal parts of the sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions of the autonomic nervous
system
Cisterna chyli
Surface anatomy
Anterior superior iliac spine, iliac crest, and posterior superior iliac spine
Stomach, duodenum, pancreas, ileo-caecal junction, caecum
Base of appendix, and McBurney’s point
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Radiological anatomy
Plain X-ray of abdomen
Contrast X-rays of barium swallow, barium meal and barium enema
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrate Digestion:
Dietary carbohydrates.
Enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates: salivary, pancreatic, intestinal enzymes.
Intestinal absorption of monosaccharides: glucose, galactose, fructose.
Mechanism of absorption of glucose.
Lactose intolerance.
Dietary fiber: types, requirement, advantages, disadvantages.
Proteins Digestion:
Enzymatic digestion of proteins - gastric, pancreatic , intestinal enzymes.
Intestinal absorption of amino acids - carrier systems for absorption of amino acids.
Protein intolerance.
Lipids Digestion:
Dietary lipids.
Enzymatic digestion of lipids :- pancreatic, role of bile.
Intestinal absorption of lipids.
Maldigestion, malabsorption, steatorrhoea.
MICROBIOLOGY
Pathogens:
a. Bacteria: E coli, Salmonella typhi and paratyphi, b. Shigella, Vibrio cholera, H pylori, Clostridium
difficile
b. Virus: Viral diarrhea (Rotavirus, Norwalk virus, adenovirus etc).
c. Parasite
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Protozoa - Giardia lamblia, Entameba histolytica, Balanitidium coli. Morphology, life cycle,
pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis, complication of Entameba histolytica infection
PATHOLOGY
Pleomorphic Adenoma:
Classification, gross and morphology of pleomorphic adenoma.
Barret’s Oesophagus:
Peptic Ulcer:
Definition and sites of occurrences, pathogenesis, gross and microscopic features and complications.
Tuberculosis of Intestine:
Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic features, complications.
Typhoid of Intestine:
Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic features, complications.
Appendicitis:
Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic features, complications.
Amoebic Colitis:
Aetiology, gross and microscopic features, complications.
Necrotising Enterocolitis:
Pathogenesis and morphology.
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Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic features.
Acute Pancreatitis:
Aetiopathogenesis, morphology and complications.
PHARMACOLOGY
Therapy of diarrohea
Oral rehydration solution - constituents, indications.
Non- specific antidiarrhoeals and antispasmodics - list.
Non-drug treatment.
Therapy of constipation
Commonly used drugs in constipation, clinical importance, adverse actions.
Non-drug treatment.
Hepatoxicity of drugs
Brief discussion
PHYSIOLOGY
Oral Cavity:
Salivary secretion – mechanism of formation, composition,regulation, functions, mastication, digestion in
the mouth.
Physiology of Deglutition:
Definition, stages, neural control.
Stomach:
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Overview of functions.
Physiology of gastric secretion - mechanism, composition, functions, control.
Experimental procedures to elucidate phases of gastric secretion.
Gastric motility - characteristics, control, gastric emptying, antral pump mechanism. Gastric mucosal
barrier
Digestion & absorption in stomach.
Small Intestine:
Exocrine and endocrine secretions, their regulation and functions, movements, functions and their control.
Large Intestine:
Movements, functions and control
Gastrointestinal Hormones:
Role in secretomotor functions of the gut.
Physiology of Vomiting:
Reflex mechanism involved
Defecation:
Mechanism, control.
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SEMESTER - III
HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
ANATOMY
Liver, Gall Bladder, Bile Duct, Hepato-portal System
Hepatobiliary Apparatus.
Applied anatomy
Surface anatomy
Radiological anatomy
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Bile Acids
Bilirubin Metabolism
Jaundice
Liver Functions and tests
Urea Cycle and blood urea
Vitamin K
MICROBIOLOGY
Hepatobiliary Parasitism
Hepatitis – A, B, C, D, E
PATHOLOGY
Jaundice
Cirrhosis of Liver
Viral Hepatitis
Portal Hypertension
Hepatocellular Failure
Liver Abscess – Amoebic and Pyogenic
Tumours of Liver
Chronic Cholecystitis
Cholelithiasis
Carcinoma of the Gall Bladder
PHYSIOLOGY
Liver Functions
Mechanism of Formation of Bile
Regulation of Bile Synthesis and Secretion
Gall Bladder
Liver Function Tests
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
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Liver, Gall bladder, Bile duct and Hepato-portal System:
Gross features, applied anatomy,
Hepatobiliary Apparatus
Parts, gross anatomy.
Development, congenital anomalies of hepatobiliary system.
Surface anatomy:
Inferior border of liver, fundus of gall bladder
Radiological anatomy:
cholangiogram
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrate Metabolism:
Gluconeogenesis: importance, organ / tissues, intracellular site/s, precursors, overview of pathways,
regulated enzymes, effect of hormones.
Glycogen metabolism: purpose, organ / tissues, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, hormonal influence –
hormonal mechanism of action, reciprocal regulation of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.
Uronic acid pathway: purpose, organ, properties of the end product.
Bile Acids:
Synthesis and role in digestion of lipids.
Bilirubin Metabolism:
Tissue cells involved, pathway overview, hepatocyte involvement, further metabolism of bilirubin
diglucuronide in the gut, enterohepatic circulation of urobilinogen, genetic disorder of bilirubin
metabolism.
Jaundice:
Types, biochemical differentiation.
Liver Functions:
Functions from a biochemical angle: synthetic, detoxication, excretory, secretory, metabolic.
Vitamin K:
Metabolism.
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Mechanism of activation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X.
MICROBIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
Jaundice:
Types and pathogenesis.
Viral Hepatitis:
Aetiology, gross and microscopic features, sequelae of acute viral hepatitis.
Portal Hypertension:
Definition, types, major clinical consequences.
Hepatocellular Failure:
Pathophysiology.
Tumors of Liver:
Classification, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma: gross and microscopic features.
Chronic Cholecystitis:
Aetiology, gross and microscopic features, complications.
Cholelithiasis:
Pathogenesis, morphology, complications.
PHYSIOLOGY
Liver Functions:
Carbohydrate, fat & protein metablosim, synthesis of proteins, and clotting factors, formation of urea,
storage. Detoxification of drugs, hepatic macrophage- defense mechanism, hemolysis of R.B.C.,
endocrine (release of Erythropoietin & thrombopoietin).
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Bile formation, secretion, regulation & enterohepatic circulation.
Gall Bladder:
Functions.
Regulation of gall bladder contraction - mechanism.
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SEMESTER - III
ANATOMY
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Applied anatomy
Surface anatomy
Radiological anatomy
BIOCHEMISTRY
Role of Kidney in Acid-Base Regulation
Metabolic Acidosis - Alkalosis
Water and electrolyte balance
Renal Function Tests
Amino acid Metabolism
MICROBIOLOGY
Urinary Tract Infection
Renal Tuberculosis
PATHOLOGY
Polycystic Kidney
Glomerular Diseases
Glomerulonephritis
Nephrotic Syndrome
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Renal Failure
Pyelonephritis
Nephrosclerosis
Hydronephrosis
Renal Calculi
Tumours of Kidney
Urinary Bladder – Cystitis, Calculi, Tumors
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Examination of Urine
PHARMACOLOGY
Diuretics
Antidiuretics, treatment of Diabetes insipidus
Nephrotoxic drugs
Drugs in urinary tract infection
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PHYSIOLOGY
Over view of functions of the kidney
Functional Unit of Kidney
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Functions
Micturition
Renal Function Tests
Cystometrogram
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Kidneys: development, anterior and posterior relations of right and left kidneys, vascular segments,
and microscopic structure
Ureters: development, extent, course in males and females, gross features, and microscopic structure
Urinary bladder: retropubic space (of Retzius), development, gross features, relations (in males and
females), blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage, and microscopic structure
Urethra: development, gross features and relations (in males and females), applied aspects, and
microscopic structure
Surface anatomy:
Parallelogram, kidneys and ureters
Radiological anatomy:
plain X-rays of KUB region, contrast X-rays of Intravenous urography
BIOCHEMISTRY
84
MICROBIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
Polycystic Kidney:
Adult and childhood - morphology, complications.
Glomerulonephritis:
Classification.
Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis - aetiopathogenesis, morphology.
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis: type, aetiopathogenesis, morphology.
Chronic glomerulonephritis.
Nephrotic Syndrome:
Definition, pathophysiology, causes – minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis),
Membranous glomerulonephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and focal segmental
glomerulosclerosis.
Differences between Nephritic syndrome and Nephrotic syndrome.
Diabetic nephropathy.
Renal Failure:
Concept, types, causes, stages.
Pyelonephritis:
Definition.
Acute pyelonephritis: aetiopathogenesis, morphology.
Chronic pyelonephritis: aetiopathogenesis, morphology, sequelae.
Nephrosclerosis:
Benign and malignant: definition, pathogenesis, morphology.
Hydronephrosis:
Definition, causes, morphology.
Renal Calculi:
Aetiopathogenesis, morphology.
Tumours of Kidney:
Wilm’s tumour, renal cell carcinoma.
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Urinary Bladder:
Cystitis: types, morphology.
Calculi: types, morphology, complications.
Tumour: transitional cell carcinoma; aetiopathogenesis, gross and microscopic features.
Examination of Urine:
Urine Examination in UTI.
PHARMACOLOGY
Diuretics:
Classification; Mechanism of Action, Indications, Adverse Effects and Contraindications
Antidiuretics:
Vasopressin analogues; Mechanism of Action, Indications, Adverse Effects and Contraindications
PHYSIOLOGY
Glomerular Filtration:
Structure of glomerulus and filtering membranes, , mechanism of formation and composition of
glomerular filtrate, factors influencing and regulation of GFR, methods of measurement, its
physiological importance, variations.
Tubular Functions:
Mechanisms of reabsorption, secretion of electrolytes and other substances in various segments of
nephrons.
Role of hormones in their absorption & secretion.
Countercurrent mechanism; generation of medullary osmotic gradient.
Mechanism of formation of acidic & alkaline urine.
Water excretion – mechanisms of concentration, dilution, water diuresis.
Micturition:
Definition.
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Nerve supply of urinary bladder and its control. Micturition reflex and its higher neural control
Cystometrogram:
Principle.
87
SEMESTER - III
ANATOMY
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Adrenal Gland
BIOCHEMISTRY
Hormones
Pituitary
Thyroid
Calcium Homeostasis Regulation
Endocrine Pancreas
Adrenal Cortex
PATHOLOGY
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Metabolic Bone Diseases
Adrenal Gland
Endocrine Pancreas
PHARMACOLOGY
Anterior pituitary Hormones & Analogues.
Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs
Drugs affecting calcium balance and bone turnover
Adrenocorticosteroids and Synthetic Analogues
Drug therapy for Diabetes Mellitus
PHYSIOLOGY
Introduction to Endocrinology
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
Stress
Endocrine Pancreas
Pineal Gland
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CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Pituitary gland: development, location, relations, blood supply, and microscopic structure
Thyroid gland: development, location, gross features, blood supply, venous drainage, lymphatic
drainage, surface marking, and microscopic structure
Adrenal gland: development, location, gross features, blood supply, and microscopic structure of
adrenal cortex
Applied anatomy
BIOCHEMISTRY
Classification of Hormones:
Polypeptide, steroid.
Pituitary Hormones:
Classification of anterior Pituitary, physiologic and biochemical action, pathophysiology
Classification of posterior Pituitary, physiologic and biochemical action, pathophysiology
Thyroid Hormones:
Chemistry, biosynthesis, transport, functions, metabolism.
Iodine metabolism and thyroid function tests.
Endocrine Pancreas:
Insulin: synthesis, transport, metabolism. mechanism of action, biochemical effects Glucagon:
biochemical effects.
Homeostasis of blood glucose: Normoglycaemia maintenance in fed – fasted conditions, biochemical
pathways in operation, hormonal play.
Diabetes mellitus: definition, classification, biochemical basis of clinical complications, diagnostic and
prognostic tests, metabolic syndrome, Hypoglycemia, renal glycosuria.
Adrenal Cortex:
Hormones of adrenal cortex, biosynthesis, regulation, transport, degredation and metabolic effects.
Cushing syndrome, Addisons disease, Conns disease, biochemical investigations.
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PATHOLOGY
Pituitary Gland:
Hypopituitarism: causes and brief discussion on Sheehan’s syndrome, Empty SellaTurcica’s syndrome.
Hyperpituitarism: causes and brief discussion of pituitary adenoma - somatotropic adenoma,
corticotropic adenoma.
Prolactinoma.
Diabetes insipidus.
Craniopharyngioma.
Thyroid Gland:
Hyperthyroidism – causes, thyrotoxicosis, Grave’s disease – aetiology, morphology.
Hypothyroidism – cretinism, myxoedema.
Goiter – types, pathogenesis, morphology.
Thyroiditis – Hashimoto’s, Granulomatous – aetiology, pathogenesis, morphology.
Tumours – classification, gross and microscopic features of – Thyroid adenoma, follicular carcinoma,
papillary carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma.
Parathyroid Gland:
Primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, Brown tumour of Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism.
Tumours : Parathyroid adenoma – causes, gross and microscopic features.
Adrenal Gland:
Cushing’s syndrome- Causes, aetiopathgenesis, morphology, clinical features.
Adrenogenital syndrome.
Addison’s disease.
Tumours – adrenal adenoma, cortical carcinoma - gross and microscopic features.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia.
Neuroblastoma.
Pheochromocytoma.
Diabetes Mellitus:
Aetiopathogenesis of IDDM and NIDDM.
Morphological changes, complications.
Zollinger– Ellison syndrome.
PHARMACOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY
Introduction to Endocrinology:
Definition of hormones, classification, general mechanisms of action, concept of second messenger.
Hypothalamus:
Role of hypothalamus in the regulation of secretion of hormones of anterior and posterior pituitary.
Concept of hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal sysetm.
Anterior Pituitary:
List the hormones.
Growth hormone – release, functions and regulation of secretion and disorders.
Posterior pituitary:
Hormones.
Vasopressin -, regulation of release, physiological actions, mechanism of action hyperactivity,
hypoactivity - clinical symptoms.
Oxytocin.
Thyroid Gland:
Review biosynthesis of T3 and T4.
Physiological effects, mechanism of action, regulation of release, consequences of hypothyroidism,
hyperthyroidism.
Parathyroid Gland:
Calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
Adrenal Cortex:
Glucocorticoids - names of hormones, physiological effects, mechanism of action, regulation of
secretion, consequences of hyper and hypo secretion.
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Mineralocorticoids - names of hormones, physiological effects, mechanism of action, regulation of
secretion, consequences of hyper and hypo secretion.
Sex corticoids - names of hormones, physiological effects, effects of excessive secretion.
Summary of the effects of adrenocortical hyper and hypo functions.
Adrenal Medulla:
Review the physiological actions of epinephrine.
Stress:
Definition, Physiological mechanisms (hormonal and neural) for coping up with stress. Beneficial and
harmful effects of stress.
Endocrine Pancreas:
Hormones.
Insulin: sites of synthesis, secretion, transport, metablolism, regulation of release, mechanism of action,
physiological effects, consequences of deficiency and excess.
Glucagon - review secretion, transport, metabolism, physiological effects, mechanism of action,
regulation of secretion.
Insulin-glucagon molar ratio and implications in alternation.
Glucose homeostasis
Pineal Gland:
Hormone secreted, actions, clinical importance.
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SEMESTER - III
COMMUNITY MEDICINE
SOCIOLOGY
Medical Sociology, Psychology and Social Anthropology
Objectives
• describe the role of family / community in health maintenance and disease prevention.
• determine the socio-economic status of a family and describe its importance in health maintenance
and disease prevention.
Objectives
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• Diagnose and manage the common morbidity in an individual / family / community within the
resources available.
• Plan, conduct, analyze, interpret and present an epidemiological field exercise.
• Plan, conduct and evaluate an intervention programme with community participation.
• Describe the role of health services in the National Health Programs.
• Plan and conduct an immunization camp.
FAMILY MEDICINE
Acute respiratory
infections, Rubella.
Mumps , Diptheria,
Pertusis, Chickenpox,
Pneumonia,
Tuberculosis,
Measles
Diarrhea
Fever
HIVand AIDS
Bronchial asthma /
COPD
Objectives
• Function as a family physician.
• Learn to manage the patient / family within the available health resources, socio-cultural milieu and
economic resources of the
family / community.
Gastrointestinal System
Hepatobiliary System
Renal System
Metabolism and Endocrine System
At the end of the Semester- III, the undergraduate medical students should be able to;
1. list common problems related to Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary, Renal, Metabolism and Endocrine
Systems.
2. perform on peers clinical examination procedures related to Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary and Renal
System.
3. correlate anatomical structures of different systems while performing clinical examinations on peers.
4. familiarise with routine blood, urine, stool examination and with upper and lower endoscopic
examination and other examinations in relation to Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary, Renal and Endocrine
Systems.
5. demonstrate Heimlich maneuver.
Instructional Methods:
Lectures in class-room, practical demonstrations, practice on peers and on patients, supplementary
video.
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SEMESTER - IV
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ANATOMY
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System Including Breast
Pelvis
Pelvic Diaphragm
Radiological anatomy
Applied anatomy
BIOCHEMISTRY
Sex hormones
Synthesis and Regulation.
Biochemical test for infertility
MICROBIOLOGY
Introduction to STD& STI
Syphillis
Gonorrohoea & Non gonococcal urethritis
LGV & GI
Herpes simplex
HIV/ AIDS
Genital warts
Vaginitis and vaginosis
Vertically transmitted infections
PATHOLOGY
Male Genital Tract
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Carcinoma Prostate
Tumours of Testes
Premalignant and Malignant Lesions of Penis
Female Genital Tract Including Breast
Cervicitis
Carcinoma Cervix
Endometrium
Carcinoma Endometrium
Leiomyoma
Tumours of Ovary
Trophoblastic Tumours
Breast Abscess
Fibrocystic Disease of Breast
Tumours of Breast
Paget’s Disease of Breast
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Gynaecomastia
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
PHARMACOLOGY
Gonadal hormones and antagonists.
Anabolic Steroids
Hormonal Contraceptives
Oxytocics and Tocolytics
Medication during pregnancy and lactation
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Antiviral agents
Drugs,
PHYSIOLOGY
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
Physiology of Fertilisation and Implantation
Physiology of Pregnancy
Physiology of Parturition
Physiology of Lactation
Physiological Basis of Contraceptive Methods
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Breast - morphology, structure, lymphatic drainage, blood supply, development and age changes.
Skeletal Plevis:
Types, features, difference in sexes, various diameters.
Parts, sexual dimorphism.
Pelvic Diaphragm:
Levator ani and connection with defecation, micturition and pregnancy.
Perineum:
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Spaces, contents, applied, anatomy; Perineal Body and urogenital
diaphragm.
Applied Anatomy
Radiological anatomy
Salphingograph
BIOCHEMISTRY
FSH, LH, Estrogen, Progesterone and Androgens: Synthesis, metabolism and functions.
Biochemical test for infertility
MICROBIOLOGY
Gonorrohoea & Non gonococcal urethritis: agents, pathogenicity, clinical presentations, laboratory
diagnosis, complications
LGV & GI: agents, pathogenicity, clinical presentations, laboratory diagnosis, complications
Genital warts: papiloma virus and Molluscum contagiosum- agents, pathogenicity, clinical
presentations, laboratory diagnosis, complications.
PATHOLOGY
Tumours of Testes:
Classification, examples.
Gross and microscopic features of Seminoma, Embryonal carcinoma, Teratoma.
Carcinoma Cervix:
Aetiology, risk factors and pathogenesis.
Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia.
Squamous cell carcinoma – gross and microscopic features and staging.
Endometrium:
Simple and complex (cytoglandular and adenomatous) hyperplasia –
aetiology and morphology.
Endometriosis: Definition, sites and pathogenesis.
Adenomyosis and its complications, “Chocolate Cyst”.
Carcinoma Endometrium:
Aetiopathogenesis, gross and microscopic features.
Leiomyoma:
Aetiology, gross and microscopic features, complications.
Tumours of Ovary:
Classification with examples.
Aetiopathogenesis, gross and microscopic features – mucinous cystadenoma, serous cystadenoma,
teratoma, dysgerminoma.
Trophoblastic Tumours:
Hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma - gross and microscopic features.
Breast Abscess:
Aetiology, gross and microscopic features.
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Tumours of Breast:
Classification.
Gross and microscopic features of fibroadenoma.
Carcinoma breast – pathogenesis, gross and microscopic features of ductal (invasive) carcinoma,
medullary carcinoma.
Differential diagnosis of lump in the breast.
Gynaecomastia:
Definition and causes.
PHARMACOLOGY
Anabolic Steroids:
Preparations, basis for use, misuse.
Hormonal Contraceptives:
Types, mechanism of action, pharmacological actions, uses, choice of preparation, adverse effects,
contraindications.
Antiviral Agents:
Introduction
General principles- Classification, Mechanism of action Indications, Adverse effects,
Contraindications, Therapeutic Uses and Drug interactions
PHYSIOLOGY
Introduction:
Sexual differentiation, development of sex organs
Physiology of puberty.
Physiology of Pregnancy:
Endocrine changes, functions of placenta, changes in mother during pregnancy, tests for pregnancy.
Physiology of Lactation: Hormones involved in growth and development of breast during pregnancy
and their actions. Onset of lactation, and factors involved in its maintenance. Role of oxytocin,
prolactin. Mechanism of lactation amenorrhorea
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SEMESTER - IV
ANATOMY
BIOCHEMISTRY
Cell Membrane
Neurotransmitters
Vitamin A
MICROBIOLOGY
Meningitis
Tetanus
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Botulism
Encephalitis
Trachoma
Conjunctivitis
Acute/Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
PATHOLOGY
Meningitis
Brain Abscess
Hydrocephalus
Viral Encephalitis
Cerebrovascular Accident
Degenerative Diseases
Demyelinating Diseases
Tumours
Retinoblastoma
PHARMACOLOGY
Indroduction
Aliphatic Alcohols
General Anaesthetics
Local Anaesthetics
Therapy of Epilepsies
Therapy of Parkinsonism
Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists
Sedatives and Hypnotics
CNS Stimulants
Drug Abuse
Psychopharmacology
Antipsychotic and antianxiety drugs
Antidepressants and antimanic drugs
PHYSIOLOGY
Nervous System
Visual System
Auditory System
Vestibular System
Olfactory System
Gustatory System
CONTENTS
ANATOMY
Pharyngeal arches
Joints:
Atlanto-occipital & Atlanto-axial
type, subtype, ligaments, movements, applied aspects
Temporomandibular –type, movements and applied aspects, including the muscles involved in
producing movements
Muscles:
Names and nerve-supply of muscles of facial expressions
Attachments, nerve-supply, and actions of following muscles:
Sternocleidomastoid
Muscles of mastication
Orbicularis oculi
Buccinator
Scalenus anterior (including Scalenus anterior syndrome)
Blood vessels:
origin, course, termination, and branches/tributaries of:
Common carotid artery
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Subclavian arteries (right and left)
Maxillary artery
Internal jugular vein
Radiological anatomy:
X-rays of skull A.P & lateral views
Angiogram of external & internal carotid arteries.
Surface anatomy:
External carotid artery,Internal carotid artery,Subclavian arteries (right and left) & Internal jugular vein
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Cerebral Hemispheres- Sulci and Gyri, Functional areas, Fibres (white matter), Blood supply,
Microscopic structure of cerebral cortex,
Diencephalon:
Thalamus and Hypothalamus- Parts, Connections, Blood supply,
Epithalamus and Metathalamus- Parts and their functions
Cerebellum- Gross Features, Connections, Blood supply, Microscopic structure of cerebellar cortex
Brainstem (Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla oblongata)- External features, Blood supply,
Cross-sections at different labels of each brainstem
Red nucleus – position, connections and applied aspects
Olivary nucleus – position, connections and applied aspects
Clinical conditions associated with vascular/neurological deficits
Spinal Cord
Vertebral canal
Extent, gross features, meninges, and blood supply
Transverse sections at cervical, thoracic, lumbar & sacral regions showing positions of major tracts
Origin, course termination, modalities, and applied aspects of the following tracts:
Corticospinal
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar, and
Posterior column tracts
SPECIAL SENSES
Vision
Eye ball (Development, and associated anomalies)
Tunics of eyeball and their blood supply
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Microscopic structure of cornea and retina
Chambers of the eyeball, and circulation of aqueous humor
Hearing
Ear and its parts
External ear (gross features, blood supply, and nerve supply)
Middle ear (tympanic cavity): parts, boundaries, and contents; pharyngo-tympanic (Eustachian) tube
Internal ear: names of its parts only
Smell
External nose, parts of the nasal cavity with particular reference to olfactory epithelium
Taste
Taste buds: location and microscopic structure
Surface anatomy:
Middle meningeal aertery
Radiological anatomy:
Angiogram of cerebral arteries
BIOCHEMISTRY
Cell Membrane:
Components, transport systems, impulse propagation.
Vitamin A:
Sources, Synthesis, transport, functions, deficiency symptoms.
MICROBIOLOGY
Meningitis: Pyogenic, Aseptic, and Chronic: agents, pathogenicity, clinical presentations, laboratory
diagnosis, complications.
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Acute/ Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media: agents, pathogenicity, clinical presentations, laboratory
diagnosis, complications.
PATHOLOGY
Meningitis:
Aetiopathogenesis, gross and microscopic features of: Bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, tubercular
meningitis.
CSF examination as a tool in its differential diagnosis.
Brain Abscess:
Aetiopathogenesis, morphology, diagnosis.
Hydrocephalus:
Definition, types, morphology, clinical features, complications.
Viral encephalitis:
Aetiology, pathogenesis, morphology.
Cerebrovascular Accidents:
Intracranial haemorrhage.
Degenerative Diseases:
Classification with examples, aetiopathogenesis, gross and microscopic features of – Alzheimer's
disease, Parkinson’s disease.
Demyelinating diseases:
Classification with examples.
Gross and microscopic features of multiple sclerosis.
Tumours:
Classification.
Gross and microscopic features of: astrocytoma, meningioma, basal cell carcinoma.
Retinoblastoma:
Gross and microscopic features.
PHARMACOLOGY
Introduction
Aliphatic Alcohols:
Ethanol and methanol - effects on different organ systems, acute and chronic alcoholism, methyl
alcohol poisoning - management
General Anaesthetics:
Principles, classification.
Commonly used general anaesthetics.
Dissociative anesthesia, neuroleptanalgesia.
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Preanaesthetic medication- rationale and examples.
Local Anaesthetics:
Types of local anesthesia, classification, mechanism, uses and adverse effects.
Antiepileptic drugs:
Classification; mechanism of action, indications, adverse effects, drug interactions and
contraindication.
Types of epilepsies and drugs for each.
Therapy of Parkinsonism:
Types, causes.
Classification of antiparkinsonian drugs; mechanism of action, adverse effects and the rationale of
therapy.
Psychopharmacology:
Anti-psychotics, antidepressants and mood stabilizers.
Classification, mechanism, pharmacological actions, uses, adverse effects and drug interactions.
Antianxiety drugs: brief discussion
PHYSIOLOGY
Signal transmission :
Review.
Graded potential: definition, characteristic, physiological significance.
Resting membrane potential – ionic basis.
Action potential – definition.
Ionic basis for electrical, chemical, excitability changes.
Propagation: mechanism, factors influencing.
110
Microenvironment of the neuron:
Blood brain barrier, importance.
Synapses –
Ultra structure, properties, synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitters and mode of transmission.
Definition, types, structure and mechanism of transmission.
Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and their properties.
Sensory receptors:
Definition, classification, properties.
Reflexes:
Definition, classificationReflex arc and stretch reflex.
Properties of reflexes, their clinical significance.
Somato-sensory system:
Classification and characteristics of different sensations.
Sensory pathways and regulation at the higher level.
Physiology of pain including endogenous pain relief system and referred pain.
Reticular formation:
Definition, connections, functions.
Visual System:
Structure of eye, overview of functions.
Structure and function of cornea.
Aqueous humor: formation, circulation, drainage.
Intraocular pressure, functions.
Optics of vision-image forming mechanism.
Pupil, its functions.
111
Light reflex, accommodation.
Binocular and monocular vision.
Common errors of refraction.
Visual acuity and visual fields-clinical importance.
Ophthalmoscopy, and perimetry.
Photo receptors - distribution, visual pigments mechanism of excitation and their functions.
Light and dark adaptation, photopic and scotopic vision.
Visual pathway-transduction, transmission.
Synaptic modulation and visual cortex.
Effects of transection of visual pathway at various levels.
Eye movements.
Neurophysiological basis of fixation of gaze and conjugate movements, squint.
Physiology of colour vision- theories and electrophysiological aspects.
Colour blindness: classification, tests.
Auditory Systems:
Functional anatomy of ear and general properties of sound.
External ear: functions.
Middle ear: functions of tympanic membrane and ossicles,
mechanism of sound transmission, impedance matching, function of eustachian tube.
Internal ear: structure and function of cochlea, pitch and intensity discrimination.
Auditory pathway: receptive fields and tonotopic maps, binaural interactions, nerve pathway from the
cochlea to the auditory cortex.
Organisation of auditory cortex, functions, sound localisation.
Vestibular System:
Structure of labyrinth.
Vestibular transduction - response to rotational and linear acceleration.
Central vestibular pathway.
Vestibulo-ocular reflex, its clinical importance.
Clinical tests for vestibular integrity, disorders of labyrinth
Olfactory System:
Location of receptors, mechanism of stimulation and pathways.
Disorders of olfactory sensation.
Gustatory System:
Location of receptors, mechanism of stimulation and pathways.
,Disorders of gustatory sensation.
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SEMESTER – IV
COMMUNITY MEDICINE
EPIDEMIOLOGY II
Objectives
• Apply epidemiological methods to different health problems.
• Describe the various types of epidemiological study designs, their applications, biases involved and
relative merits and demerits.
• Describe Bradford Hill’s criteria for causation of disease.
• Describe and illustrate with suitable examples the natural history of a disease (communicable and
non-communicable).
• Collect relevant clinical, psycho-social information from a patient and family, analyse and present
the same to illustrate natural history of a common disorder.
• Advise relevant (psycho-social, cultural and economic context) promotive, preventive, curative and
rehabilitative measures.
• Describe the need and uses of screening tests.
• Differentiate between screening and diagnostic tests.
• Define the terms used in measurement.
• Calculate the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of tests from the given data.
BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES
(Integrated teaching with Psychology)
Objectives
• Define attitudes.
• Describe the process of attitudinal development and methods to change attitudes.
• Construct, pre-test and validate a questionnaire / interview schedule to test attitudes of individual /
community.
• Acquire basic skill in individual and group counseling.
Topics
a. Introduction to IMCI and orientation to the Global program.
b. Importance of IMCI in family medicine.
Practicals:
• Video cassette show.
• Small group discussion.
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SEMESTER - IV
Reproductive system
Central Nervous System and Special Senses
At the end of the semester IV the undergraduate medical students should be able to:
1. appraise the common problems related to Reproductive system, Central Nervous System and
Special Senses..
2. take relevant history on Reproductive system, Central Nervous System and Special Senses.
3. correlate anatomical structures and Pathophysiology involved in giving rise to different clinical
signs in relation to Reproductive system, Central Nervous System and Special Senses.
4. identify laboratory and radiological investigations required in making diagnosis.
5. list steps of testing patients clinically in relation to higher functions, motor, reflexes, cranial nerves,
sensory, gait and coordination.
Instructional Method:
Lectures in classroom, practical demonstrations, practice on peers and on patients, supplementary
video displays.
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PRACTICAL CLASSES
ANATOMY
SEMESTER - I
Lymphoid organs:
1. Gross anatomy of spleen, lymph nodes.
2. Gross anatomy of tonsil, thymus.
Integumentary System:
1. Study of different parts of skin.
2. Dissection & Demonstration of mammary gland.
Musculo-skeletal System:
Upper Limbs:
1. Dissection & Demonstration of pectoral region, breast.
2 Dissection & Demonstration of axilla, axillary artery, brachial plexus.
3. Dissection & Demonstration of shoulder region, deltoid, axillary artery.
4. Dissection & Demonstration of scapular muscles, muscles of back.
5. Dissection & Demonstration of upper arm – front and back.
6. Dissection & Demonstration of shoulder joint, sterno-clavicular joint, acromio-clavicular joint,
movements of scapula.
7. Dissection & Demonstration of cubital fossa, front of forearm.
8. Dissection & Demonstration of back of forearm.
9. Dissection & Demonstration of palm, back of hand, carpal tunnel.
10. Dissection & Demonstration of elbow joint, radio-carpal joint.
11. Radiological anatomy of upper limb.
12. Surface anatomy of upper limb
Lower Limbs:
1 Dissection & Demonstration of femoral triangle, front of thigh, femoral vessels and nerve.
2 Dissection & Demonstration of muscles of anterior and medial compartments of thigh and
obturator nerve.
3 Dissection & Demonstration of adductor canal, hip joint.
4 Dissection & Demonstration of gluteal region, gluteus maximus.
5 Dissection & Demonstration of muscles of back of thigh and sciatic nerve.
6 Dissection & Demonstration of popliteal fossa.
7 Dissection & Demonstration of knee joint.
8 Dissection & Demonstration of anterior and lateral compartments of leg.
9 Dissection & Demonstration of posterior compartment of leg and ankle joint.
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10 Dissection & Demonstration of sole and arches of foot.
11 Radiological anatomy of lower limb.
12 Surface anatomy of lower limb.
Histology Practicals
Basic Concepts:
1. Study of microscope, histological techniques, histological structure of an animal cell.
2. Histological structure of simple epithelium.
3. Histological structure of compound epithelium.
4. Histological structure of fibrous tissue, adipose tissue.
5. Histological structure of bone (T.S & L.S.).
6. Histological structure of different types of cartilages.
7. Histological structure of skeletal muscle.
8. Histological structure of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle.
9. Histological structure of nerve.
10. Histological structure of ganglion - spinal and sympathetic.
Lymphoid organs:
1 Histological structure of lymph node, spleen.
2 Histological structure of tonsil, thymus.
Integumentary System:
1. Histological structure of skin – thick and thin skin.
2. Histological structure of mammary gland – active and resting phase.
ANATOMY
SEMESTER - II
Respiratory System:
1. Dissection & Demonstration of thoracic wall – inter costal muscles.
2. Dissection & Demonstration of thoracic wall- inter costal nerves, vessels, internal thoracic vessels.
3. Dissection & Demonstration of structures of inlet of thorax.
4. Dissection & Demonstration of outlet of thorax, thoracic diaphragm.
5. Dissection & Demonstration of pleura, different parts of pleura, pleural recesses & para-nasal
sinuses.
6. Gross anatomy of right lung, relations of mediastinal surface.
7. Gross anatomy of left lung, relations of mediastinal surface.
8. Dissection & Demonstration of structures of root of lung – right and left.
9. Dissection & Demonstration of structures in superior mediastinum- arch of aorta.
10. Dissection & Demonstration of structures in superior mediastinum – trachea, oesophagus
brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava.
11. Dissection & Demonstration of structures in posterior mediastinum – descending aorta.
12. Dissection & Demonstration of structures in posterior mediastinum- oesophagus, thoracic duct
azygos and hemiazygos veins.
13. Radiological anatomy of respiratory system.
14. Surface anatomy of respiratory system
Cardio-Vascular System:
117
1 Dissection & Demonstration of pericardium – fibrous and serous pericardium, sinuses of
pericardium.
2 Study of external features of heart and its surface markings.
3 Dissection & Demonstration of arteries supplying heart.
4 Dissection & Demonstration of veins draining venous blood from heart.
5 Dissection & Demonstration of right atrium – features in the interior.
6 Dissection & Demonstration of right ventricle – features in the interior.
7 Dissection & Demonstration of left atrium – features in the interior.
8 Dissection & Demonstration of left ventricle features in the interior.
9 Dissection & Demonstration and study of interatrial and interventricular septa, neuromyocardium.
10 Dissection & Demonstration of ascending aorta, cardiac plexuses.
11 Dissection & Demonstration of pulmonary trunk and pulmonary veins.
12 Dissection & Demonstration of superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.
13 Radiological anatomy of cardiovascular system.
14 Surface anatomy of cardiovascular system.
Histology Practicals:
Respiratory System:
1. Histological structure of epiglottis.
2. Histological structure of trachea.
3. Histological structure of lung.
4. Histological structure of bronchi and bronchioles.
Cardio-Vascular System:
1 Histological structure of cardiac muscle and neuromyocardium.
2 Histological structure of aorto-elastic artery.
3 Histological structure of inferior vena cava – large vein.
4 Histological structure of medium size artery and vein.
ANATOMY
SEMESTER - III
Gastro-intestinal System:
1. Dissection & Demonstration of anterior abdominal wall – rectus sheath.
2. Dissection & Demonstration of anterior abdominal wall – inguinal canal.
3. Dissection & Demonstration of stomach.
4. Dissection & Demonstration of coelic axis artery.
5. Dissection & Demonstration of duodenum, pancreas.
6. Dissection & Demonstration of superior mesenteric artery jejenum, ileum, mesentery.
7. Dissection & Demonstration of inferior mesenteric artery, caecum, appendix.
8. Dissection & Demonstration of colon- ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, marginal artery.
9. Dissection & Demonstration of omental bursa, subdiaphragmatic space.
10. Dissection & Demonstration of portal vein
11. Radiological anatomy.
12. Surface anatomy.
Hepatobiliary System:
118
1. Gross anatomy of liver – borders, surfaces, relations.
2. Gross anatomy of lesser omentum, peritoneal ligaments of liver.
3. Gross anatomy of hepatic ducts, gall bladder, cystic duct.
4. Gross anatomy of common bile duct, termination of bile duct.
5. Surface anatomy
Endocrine System:
1. Gross anatomy of thyroid gland and parathyroid gland.
2. Gross anatomy of suprarenal gland – relations, blood supply.
Histology Practicals:
Gastro-intestinal System:
1. Histological Structure of oesophagus, stomach, fundic and pyloric parts.
2. Histological Structure of duodenum.
3. Histological Structure of pancreas.
4. Histological Structure of jejunum, ileum.
5. Histological Structure of large intestine, vermiform appendix.
Hepatobiliary System:
1. Histological Structure of liver.
2. Histological Structure of gall bladder.
Endocrine system:
1. Histological Structure of pituitary gland.
2. Histological Structure of thyroid gland and parathyroid gland.
3. Histological Structure of suprarenal gland.
ANATOMY
SEMESTER - IV
Reproductive System:
Male:
119
1. Gross anatomy of testis, scrotum and spermatic cord.
2. Gross anatomy of penis.
3. Gross anatomy of vas deferens and seminal vesicle.
4. Gross anatomy of prostate gland.
Female:
1. Gross anatomy of ovary, relations, blood supply.
2. Gross anatomy of fallopian tube.
3. Gross anatomy of uterus, broad ligament, supports of uterus.
4. Gross anatomy of vagina and levator ani.
5. Radiological anatomy
Special Senses:
1. Dissection & Demonstration of tongue and study of papillae of tongue.
2. Dissection & Demonstration of nasal cavity – septum of nose, lateral wall of nose- opening in
lateral wall of nose.
3. Dissection & Demonstration of extraocular muscles of eyeball, their nerve supply.
4. Dissection & Demonstration of arteries and veins of eyeball.
5. Dissection & Demonstration of eyeball – its internal structure.
6. Dissection & Demonstration of ear- external, middle and internal ear.
Histology Practicals:
Reproductive System:
Male:
120
1. Histological Structure of testis.
2. Histological Structure of epididymis.
3. Histological Structure of vas deferens and seminal vesicle.
4. Histological Structure of prostate gland.
Female:
1. Histological Structure of ovary.
2. Histological Structure of uterine tube.
3. Histological Structure of uterus, vagina.
4. Histological Structure of mammary gland – active phase, resting phase.
Special Senses:
1. Histological structure of papillae of tongue-taste buds.
2. Histological structure of internal ear – Organ of Corti.
3. Histological structure of cornea.
4. Histological structure of retina and interior of eyeball.
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BIOCHEMISTRY
SEMESTERS - I & II
Practicals:
1. Introduction and uses of Laboratory Instruments.
2. Estimation of: (a) serum protein and A/G ratio. (b) serum cholesterol.
3. DNA extractions
4. Estimation of blood glucose.
5. Protein and lipoprotein electrophoretic pattern in normal and abnormal condition.
Practicals:
1. Instruments: spectrophotometer, colorimeter, flame-photometer, electrophoresis apparatus, paper/
thin layer chromatography.
2. Salivary amylase action on starch.
3. Alkaline phosphatase, AST and ALT. Students should be able to interpret the liver function test
findings.
4. Interpretation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) finding.
5. Urine analysis-normal and pathological.
6. Estimation of blood glucose: glucose oxidase method/ O-Toluidine method).
7. Oral glucose tolerance test. Student should be able to interpret OGTT findings and know the
criteria for diagnosing diabetes mellitus.
8. Estimation of serum, bilirubin (conjugated and un-conjugated)
9. Estimation of serum- urea, creatinine, uric acid and calcium and phosphate.
10. Knowledge of NPN, calculation of BUN, importance of GFR-its calculation.
11. Qualitative analysis of gastric juice estimation of free and total acidity, interpretation of result.
122
MICROBIOLOGY
SEMESTER - I
Practicals:
1. Introduction to Microbiology laboratory and Biosafety
2. Microscopy
3. Application of different sterilization methods
4. Application of different disinfection methods
5. Visit to CSSD, Hosp Waste management, Visit to Clinical Microbiology Laboratory at Hospital
6. Study of colony characteristics of bacteria on NA, BA, MacConkey’s agar, Chocolate Agar, CLED,
Smear preparation and Gram staining
7. Study of morphology and classification of microorganisms by Gram’s stain, Motility by Hanging
Drop Preparation and agar inoculation
8. Approach to laboratory diagnosis (specimen collection, containers etc, transport, handling)
9. Study of biochemical tests and identification of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
10. Study of antibiotic sensitivity tests by Stokes’ method and Kirbey Baur Method.
11. Demonstration of lepra bacilli
12. Visit to Leprosy hospital
13. Clinical cases – Cellulitis: Staph and Strept
14. Medical Mycology: Lab diagnosis of fungal infection: Skin scraping: KOH mount.
15. LPCB mount, Growth of fungi on SDA
16. Candia: Germ tube tests, Growth on BA, SDA
17. Spotters
MICROBIOLOGY
SEMESTER - II
Practicals:
1. Collection and processing of clinical specimen for respiratory tract infections (throat swab, sputum)
2. Laboratory Diagnosis of Gram Positive bcteria: Staph, S. pyogens, Str. Pneumonia, Coryne
diphtheriae
3. Diagnosis of pulmonary TB: Staining for Acid-fast bacilli (Ziehl-Neelsen stain), demonstration of
LJ media, biochemical reactions (catalase, Niacinproduction etc)
4. Demonstration of capsule by India ink, serum eosin preparation, Quellung reaction.
5. Blood culture for bacterial isolation.
6. Demonstration of blood parasites: Malaria, Leishmania, Filaria and their laboratory diagnosis.
7. Spotters
123
MICROBIOLOGY
SEMESTER - III
Practicals:
1. Lab diagnosis of enteric pathogenic bacteria: IMViC, oxidase, TSI, Urea, and other tests.
2. Diagnosis of enteric fever. Specimen collection, Demonstration of Salmonella on selective media,
enrichment media, biochemical reactions, Widal test
3. Presumptive coliform count of drinking water
4. Demonstration of Ova/cyst/adult parasites of gastrointestinal system
5.Laboratory Diagnosis of UTI: Sample collection significant bacteriurea (1) (Clinical case of UTI
with E coli, Kleb, Proteus etc)
6. Spotters
MICROBIOLOGY
SEMESTER - IV
Practicals:
6. Spore staining using malachite green staining
7. Microbiological examination of vaginal swab
8. Laboratory diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Gram staining for GNC, RPR, TPHA,
HBsAg, HCV)
9. Laboratory diagnosis of HIV: Serological tests HIV1 & 2, ELISA, Western Blot Demonstration
10. Demonstration of RPR test.
11. Laboratory diagnosis of meningitis: CSF Gram staining and ZN staining
12. Spotters
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PATHOLOGY
SEMESTERS - I & II
PATHOLOGY
125
Chronic venous Squamous cell
congestion - Liver carcinoma
Infective hepatitis Basal cell
Heaptocellular carcinoma carcinoma
Chronic cholecystitis Melanoma
Adenocarcinoma of Meningitis
gallbladder Meningioma
Chronic pyelonephritis Astrocytoma
Renal cell carcinoma Glioblastoma
Wilm’s tumour multiforme
Amyloidosis of kidney Osteogenic
Benign prostatic sarcoma
hyperplasia Osteoclastoma
Carcinoma of prostate Lipoma
Carcinoma of penis Fibroma
Endometrium – Neurofibroma
proliferative phase Fibrosarcoma
Endometrium secretory Liposarcoma
phase Rhabdomyosarcoma
Adenocarcinoma of
endometrium
Leiomyoma
Mucinous cystadenoma –
ovary
Dysgerminoma
Teratoma
Fibroadenoma breast
Adenocarcinoma breast
Paget’s disease of breast
Primary hyperplasia
thyroid
126
PHARMACOLOGY
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
1. Introduction
2. Commonly used abbreviations in prescriptions
3. Study of different dosage forms
4. Study of different drug delivery devices
5. To compare Disintegration time, Dissolution time of Aspirin, soluble Aspirin and enteric coated
Aspirin.
6. Rational drug therapy
7. To study Drug Use Indicators (Prescription audit)
8. Prescription writing
9. Effect of autonomic drugs on eye
10. Local anesthetics
11. Prescription writings and clinical problems for each system
OBJECTIVE:
To compare Disintegration time, Dissolution time of Aspirin, soluble Aspirin and enteric coated
Aspirin.
METHOD:
Take One Beaker and fill it with 50 ml of distilled water. In first beaker place Soluble Aspirin one
tablet and start the stopwatch simultaneously. Occasionally stir the contents with stirrer. Note the time
of its complete disintegration. Repeat the same procedure with Enteric coated Aspirin and Aspirin
similarly. Note the time of disintegration of each tablet.
OBSERVATIONS:
TABLE 1
REMARKS:
_____________________________________________________________
TABLE 2
CONCLUSIONS:
127
RATIONAL PRESCRIBING
The guide to Good Prescribing (WHO) should serve as source of clinical scenarios and discussions.
In all the health care delivery systems, drugs are prescribed to treat the illness of patients. “Drug Use”
involves not only the actual prescribing of drugs but also wide range of behaviors that occur during the
drug use encounter, the interaction between the prescriber (provider) and the patient. These behaviors
include the processes of making a dispensing, and use of drugs by patient. Here lies the concept of
rational use of drugs; whether or not a prescriber has prescribed the drugs keeping in mind the concept
of rational use of drugs and essential drug. Rational Use of Drugs requires that patients receive
medications appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own requirements for an
adequate period of time, and the lowest cost to them and their community. Essential Drugs are the
drugs that satisfy the health care needs of majority of the population; they should therefore be available
at all times in adequate amounts and in appropriate dosage form. The different aspects of drug use can
be assessed by some of the indicators, called drug use indicators, put forth by WHO namely,
prescribing indicators, patient care indicators and facility indicators.
Prescribing indicators assess the drug prescribing behavior of a prescriber. It entails:
(i) Average number of drugs per encounter,
(ii) Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name,
(iii)Percentage of encounters with an antibiotic prescribed,
(iv) Percentage of encounters with an injection prescribed,
(v) Percentage of drugs prescribed from essential drug list or formulary.
(v) Percentage of drugs prescribed from essential drug list: Calculated by dividing the number of
products prescribed which are listed on essential drug list, by the total number of products prescribed,
multiplied by hundred.
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129
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130
Objectives:
To make the student analyse the prescription on the basis of prescribing indicators independently.
Procedure:
Conclusion:
The Practical sessions on promotional materials has been developed with following objectives:
to critically analyze the promotional materials against “WHO Ethical Criteria for Drug Marketing and
Promotion”.
to sensitize about existence of misleading information.
to keep up to date with appropriate objective information.
to achieve the objectives, students are divided into small groups and each group is asked to review the
printed material against “WHO Ethical Criteria for Drug Marketing and Promotion”.
The groups are asked to present their findings and is followed by discussions.
COMMUNICATIONS SKILL
132
PHYSIOLOGY
SEMESTERS - I & II
Blood practicals:
1. Study of the compound microscope.
2. Blood film drawing, staining and identification of cells.
3. Differential leukocyte count.
4. Total Count (RBC, WBC).
5. Estimation of hemoglobin percentage.
6. Bleeding time, Clotting Time.
7. Blood groups.
Demonstrations:
1. ESR.
2. PCV (Haemogram).
3. Osmotic fragility test.
4. Haemin crystal.
5. Reticulocytes and platelets
Demonstrations:
1. Electrocardiogram.
2. Methods of artificial respiration.
133
PHYSIOLOGY
134
INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL MEDICINE
FORMAT
Date of admission:
Date of examination:
135
INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL MEDICINE
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
FORMAT
General assessment:
Demeanour and general conditions- physique, nutrition, state of hydration,
Posture, gait, personality and mental state:
Cardinal signs:
Anaemia Clubbing Venous engorgement
Cyanosis Oedema legs/sacrum Temperature - oral
Jaundice Peripheral pulse Respiration
Blood pressure Lymph nodes
Skin: Abnormal pigmentation/texture/swelling/rashes
Nails: Roughness/pitting/brittleness/spooning/ridging
As the Pre-clinical Sciences progress to organ systems, history taking and physical examination should
also match the same.
136
ITRODUCTION TO CLINICAL MEDICINE
Locomotor system:
Joint pain or stiffness
Muscle pain or weakness
Cardiovascular system:
Ankle swelling, palpitations, chest pain or pain in legs on exertion,
Breathlessness when lying flat (orthopnoea), waking up with breathlessness
(paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea)
Respiratory system:
Shortness of breath – exercise tolerance, wheezing, coughing
Sputum – colour, amount, presence of blood (haemoptysis)
Chest pain in relation to respiration or coughing
Gastrointestinal system:
Condition of mouth – oral and dental hygiene, ulcers, bleeding gums
Difficulty with swallowing (dysphagia), indigestion, heartburn, abdominal Pain, Change in bowel
habits, colour of stool – normal, pale, dark, black; fresh blood, Weight loss, Vomiting : Character and
Quantity.
Genito-urinary system:
Pain on passing urine (dysuria)
Frequency of passing urine during day and night
Abnormal color of urine e.g. blood
Male – If, of appropriate age, ask for prostatic symptoms such as difficulty in initiating micturition,
poor stream, terminal dribbling
If, of appropriate age, ask for mental attitude to sex (libido),
Frequency of intercourse, ability to maintain erections, ejaculations,
Urethral discharge, number of sexual partners
Female – age at menarche, duration of the menstrual cycle, dysmenorrhoea, duration and severity of
menstruation, the date of last menstruation. The relation between duration of menstrual flow and cycle
can be conveniently recorded as 5/28,6/30 etc.
Type of contraception, if relevant, presence or absence of vaginal discharge,
Post-menopausal bleeding, stress and/or urge incontinence,
Pain during intercourse (dyspareunia), and the number of sexual partners if relevant
Obstetric history:
The number of pregnancies and the outcome i.e. spontaneous, miscarriage or induced abortions,
complications during pregnancy, labor or the puerperium children born and year of each
Endocrine system :
Heat/cold intolerance
Prominence of eyes
Swelling in neck
Obesity
Tremor of fingers
137
Nervous system:
Headache, fits or faints, sleep patterns, visual symptoms e.g. double vision,
Loss of acquity or visual field. Tingling, numbness, muscle weakness
Hearing symptoms e.g. deafness, tinnitus
Excessive thirst
138
INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL MEDICINE
SYSTEMIC EXAMINATION
FORMAT
Cardiovascular system:
Skin temperature and colour
Venous – abnormal vessels, signs of inflammation
Arterial pulse and pressure, jugular venous pulse and pressure
Heart: Inspection – pulsations and deformities of anterior chest wall
Palpation – apex beat
Auscultation – first and second heart sounds
Respiratory system:
Upper respiratory tract – nose, tonsils, pharynx
Chest – inspection – shape and lesions of chest wall,
Respiration – rate and depth; chest expansion and mode of breathing
Palpation – position of trachea and range of movement
Percussion – anterior lateral and posterior chest wall; hepatic dullness
Auscultation – breath sounds; vocal resonance and added sounds
Gastrointestinal:
Mouth: lips, tongue, teeth gums and other mucosae
Genito-urinary system
Genitalia:
Male – Inspection: swellings and skin changes
Palpation: penis, testis, epididymis, vas deferens
Female – Breast examination
Inspection of external genitalia
Pelvic examination by speculum and then digitally as bimanual vagino-abdominal examination
Rectal examination in certain instances.
Nervous System:
Higher functions (place, person, time) motors, reflexes,, carnial nerves, sensory, gait and coordination.
139
ANNEXES
ANNEX – Ia
Note: Theory and Practical hours given in the table are approximate hours of instruction.
140
ANNEX – II
Medical college is required to prepare its own calendar of operations for an academic year at the beginning
of an academic year which may be in the month of August or the month of February.
Medical college may also prepare its own holiday’s list, by taking note of HMG, Kathmandu University
and the local practices. Medical college will make decisions on matters related to vacations and holidays as
per its rules and practices.
Total 133
141
ANNEX – IV
SEMESTER – I THEORY
Theory/ Practical 1. Human & Medicine 2.Concept of Health 3. Nutrition I 4. Nutrition II 5 Environmental Science
48 hours/45 hours - 8 hours - 10 hours - 10 hours - 5 hours - 10 hours
SEMESTER – II
Theory/ Practical 11.Medical Sociology, Psychology 12.Community Diagnosis 13. Family Medicine
35 hours/30 hours & Social Anthropology Orientation - 15 hours
- 10 hours - 10 hours
SEMESTER – IV
Theory/ Practical 14. Epidemiology II 15.Behivioral Science 16. Community Based Integrated
24 hours/30 hours -10 hours - 10 hours Management of Childhood illnesses
(IMCI)
- 4 hours
SEMESTER – VI
Theory/ Practical 17.Communicable Diseases 18. National plan of communicable 19.Occupational Health
40 hours/45 hours - 20 hours diseases -10 hours - 5 hours
Theory/ Practical 20.Mental health- 5 hrs 21. Non-Communicable 22. National plan for Non-
40 hours/40 hours + 3 weeks Diseases communicable
- 12 hours diseases
- 8 hours
SEMESTER – VII
Theory/ Practical 23. Reproductive 24.National 25. EPI – 26. Health 27. Health Delivery
30 hours/40 hours Health -10 hours Health Info Planning & System
Program for - 5 hours Management in Nepal
reproductive - 6 hours - 3 hours
health and
specific age
group -5
hrs
142
ANNEX – VIII
LIST OF REFERENCE BOOKS
PRE-CLINICAL SCIENCES
ANATOMY
1. Gray’s Anatomy by Drake
2. Human Anatomy Volume- I, II & III by BD chaurasia, 5th edition, Editor: Krishna Garg
3. Text book of Histology K Garg, I Bahl, M Kaul 4th edition
4. Text book of Neuroanatomy K garg M kaul I Bahl 4th edition
5. BD Chaurasia Hand book of General Anatomy Editor Krishna Garg 4th edition
6. Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy Vol. I, II & III by G. J. Romanes
7. Text book of Anatomy by AK Datta, volume- I & II
8. Langman Medical Embryology by T W Sandler
9. Human Embryology by Inderbir Singh
10. Wheaters Functional Histology by Young
11. Text Book of Histology by Inderbir Singh
12. Clinical Anatomy by Keith and Moore
13. Clinical Neuroanatomy by Snell
14. Netter’s Atlas of Anatomy by Netter
15. Mcminns Atlas of Anatomy by Abrahams
16. A Method of Anatomy by Grant
17. DiFiore’s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlation
BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Harper’s Biochemistry by Murray, Granner, Mayes & Rodwell
2. Lippincotts Biochemistry - Pamella C. Champ, Richard A. Harvey
3. Text book of Biochemistry by U. Satyanayarana
4. Text book of Biochemistry by Vasudevan M D et al, 6th edition Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P)
Ltd 2006.
5. Mark’s Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach, 2nd edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2005.
6. John W. Baynes, Marek H. Dominiczak Medical Biochemistry, Mosby; 3rd edition, 2009.
7. Burtis and Ashwood (Eds). Tietz Textbook Of Clinical Chemistry. 6th edition. Elsevier, 2009.
8. Micheal L. Bishop Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Procedures, Correlations. 6th edition. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2009.
COMMUNITY MEDICINE
1. Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine by Park
2. Control of Communicable Diseases in Man by Benson
3. Methods in Biostatistics for Medical Students by Mahajan
4. Foundation of Epidemiology by Lilienfield, David & Pauld
5. Essential Preventive Medicine Shai & Gupta
6. The Quest for Health by Dr. Hemang Dixit
7. Clinical Epidemiology “The essentials” by Robert H. Fletcher
MICROBIOLOGY
1. Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg’s Medical microbiology, Appleton & Lenge
143
2. Microbiology human prospective, Nester, Anderson, Robert & pearsall, Mc Graw Hill
3. Medical microbiology and immunology, Lenge Medical books/ McGraw- Hill by Warren Levison &
Ernest Jawetz.
4. Microbiology by Willian A. Strohl, Hariet Rouses & Bruce D. Fisher, Lippincott William & Wilkins
5. Janeway’s Immunobiology by Kenneth Murphy, Paul Trevers & Mark Walport
6. Diagnostic Microbilogy, by Koneman, Allen, Janda, Schreckenberger, Winn, Lippincort co.
PATHOLOGY
1. Robbins Basic Pathology
2. Robbins Pathologic Basis of Diseases
3. Questions and answers in Pathology - Ashraf Mohammad
4. Concise Pathology by Chandrasoma & Taylor
5. Practical Examination Manual of Pathology - Ashraf Mohammad
6. Pathology Practical Book for Undergraduates by Harsh Mohan
PHARMACOLOGY
1. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics by Satoskar, Bhandarakar & Ainapure
2. Clinical Pharmacology by Laurence & Bennett.
3. WHO Guide to good prescribing
4. WHO How to investigate drug use in health facilities
PHYSIOLOGY
1. Textbook of Medical Physiology by Guyton & Hall
2. Review of Medical Physiology by W. F. Ganong
3. Physiology by Robert M. Berne, Mathew N. Levy, BM Koeppen & BA Stanton
4. Physiology by Linda S. Costanzo
5. Human Physiology by Andrew Davies, A Blakeley & Cecil Kidd
6. Text book of Medical Physiology by Indu Khurana
7. Essential of Medical Physiology by K. Sembulingam & Prema Sembulingam
8. Practical Physiology by Pinaki Chattopadhyay
144
ANNEX – IX
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS IN CURRICULUM REVIEW
4. Dr. O. K. Malla
Professor of Opthalmology, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu –Member
Attendees
1. Prof. Dr. N. B. Rana
Dean, KUSMS
1. Prof. Dr. P. R. Adhikari
Controller of Examinations, KU
2. Prof. Dr. B. P. Nepal
Associate Dean, KUSMS
3. Prof. Dr. N. R. Tuladhar
Associate Dean, KUSMS
4. Dr. Rajendra Koju
CAO, KUSMS
5. Mr. B. Lakhey
Assistant Controller of Examinations, KU
6. Dr. Anjana Singh Dongol
Assistant Professor of OBGY, KUSMS
7. Dr. Dil Islam Mansur
145
Lecturer of Anatomy, KUSMS
8. Mr. Prakash Aryal
Office assistant, KUSMS
Logistics Members
Mr. Dipak Dahal
Mr. Pashupati Adhikari
146
Nepal Medical College, Jorpati
Prof. Dr. S.B. Rizyal
Prof. Dr. Ramesh P. Singh
Mr. Gynendra Ghimire
147