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The anti-proliferative activity of D-

mannoheptulose against breast cancer cell


line through glycolysis inhibition
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2307, 020023 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0032958
Published Online: 15 December 2020

Ahmed Ghdhban Al-Ziaydi, Mohammed I. Hamzah, Ahmed Majeed Al-Shammari, Haider Sabah Kadhim, and Majid
Sakhi Jabir

AIP Conference Proceedings 2307, 020023 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0032958 2307, 020023

© 2020 Author(s).
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Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability


AIP Conf. Proc. 2307, 020023-1–020023-11; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0032958
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