1.

Laboratory 1: Jan 29

Abstract: Every day, we tend to measure things. For example, how long will it take to get to
school if the vehicle moves slowly? Even if we cut a piece of meat from our food, we measure
the appropriate length to fit our mouth. We also weigh ourselves, measure our height, and
evaluate our success. To quantify and understand our surroundings, we use a variety of
measurement units such as time, distance, and weight. We rely on these measurements to
make decisions and compare outcomes. We track our progress in school or at work using
grades or performance evaluations.

Analysis and Interpretation: The outcomes of the completed data trials are assessed using a
variety of metrics, each of which has a specific function in identifying the best possible result.
Finding the average value is a popular method for understanding overall performance and
determining the optimal course of action.
Materials Used:
- Meterstick
- Vernier Caliper
- Micrometer
- Stopwatch
- Cylindrical Hollow Metal Block
- Sphere Metal Block
- Dynamical Cart
- Dynamic Track

Questions and application:

1. Accurate measurement is essential in any industry, particularly the professional world.
Inaccurate measurements can result in costly mistakes, delays, and even risk individuals' safety.
This applies to a variety of fields, including construction, engineering, and manufacturing, where
precise measurements are required for project completion. As a result, professionals must have
a thorough understanding of measurement techniques and tools.

2. Previously, I believed that measurement accuracy was not an important aspect of my

projects. I used to think that as long as I had the right materials, I could complete any task
successfully. However, my perspective on the matter has shifted dramatically. I now understand
the importance of accurately measuring materials and how it affects the outcome of a project.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, measuring physical quantities may appear to be a simple task, but it can be
difficult and requires precision, accuracy, and a thorough understanding of the instruments used.
A single error can have serious consequences, so it is critical to understand how to read rulers
and other measuring instruments. As technology advances, we have more advanced tools and
instruments to help us obtain precise measurements. However, in order to ensure our own and
others' safety and well-being, we must first establish a solid foundation in measurement
fundamentals.
Lab2: Feb 05

Abstract: Because of variations in velocity and time of flight, the angles at which projectiles are
launched can have a significant impact on their range. Projectiles will travel different paths and
cover different distances when fired at different angles. This is so that we can calculate how far
the projectile will travel before hitting the ground based on its initial velocity and time of flight. As
a result, it's critical to take these things into account when estimating a projectile's range.

This experiment's primary goal is to calculate the acceleration caused by gravity. To do this, we
examine the idea of free fall, which is what happens when something is dropped and falls
naturally due to gravity. Unintentional object drops provide a useful environment for examining
how falling objects behave. We can better comprehend the fundamental force of gravity and
how it affects falling objects thanks to this experiment.

Materials Used:
- Xplorer GLX
- Digital Adapter
- Picket Fence
- Photogate Head
- Universal table clamp

Analysis and interpretation:

Finding the acceleration due to gravity is the goal. We study free fall, the motion of objects
falling due to gravity. We can study the behavior of falling objects by looking into accidental
drops. Through motion analysis, the acceleration due to gravity can be computed to be around
9.8 m/s^2. We can learn more about how gravity affects free-falling objects by conducting this
experiment. As part of our examination of the variables affecting the outcomes, we measured
velocity through trials. A 11.79% error was observed in the first 10 trials because some
measurements were higher than 2.60 - 2.69 m/s. A high error rate resulted from this. We
corrected measurements in the following 10 trials to stay below 2.60 m/s in order to address
this, yielding an error of 5.217%. This 6.573% error reduction demonstrates how our
modifications have improved the accuracy of the data.

Questions and applications:

1.
 The slope, also known as the gradient, measures the steepness of a line on a graph. A
free falling object's slope represents its velocity. This means that the object's velocity
increases as the slope becomes steeper. The slope of a free falling object is negative
because it is moving downward toward the ground. This negative slope represents the
object's acceleration due to gravity.
2. Several factors can cause the experimental value to differ from the accepted value in
scientific experiments. One significant factor is human error. Scientists are human, and
thus prone to making mistakes, whether in measuring or recording data, or in carrying
out the experiment itself. These errors can range from minor miscalculations to major
mistakes that have a significant impact on the experiment's outcome.
3. Yes, an object can have increasing velocity while maintaining constant acceleration. An
object falls with a constant acceleration of 9.8 m/s². This means that its velocity will increase
by 9.8 m/s per second while its acceleration stays constant. This is why, as objects fall from
a height, their speed increases while their acceleration due to gravity remains constant.
4. Yes, an object can have zero velocity and non-zero acceleration at the same time. One
example is when an object is thrown straight up into the air. At the very top of its trajectory,
the object's velocity is zero because it has reached its maximum height and is now at rest.
Acceleration is a vector quantity, so it has both magnitude and direction. In this case, the
object's acceleration is directed downwards towards the ground, pulled by gravity, having a
constant acceleration.
Conclusion: Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that the earth's gravity is the most
significant factor when considering free fall. By pulling on objects in free fall and forcing them to
move towards the ground, gravity becomes the dominant force. The detailed analysis of the
data shows a direct correlation between the acceleration due to gravity and the path taken by
falling objects.

Factors affecting results: We measured the velocity through a series of trials in order to examine
the factors that affected our outcomes. We found that the percentage error in the first ten trials
was 11.79%. The main cause of this high error rate was that a few of our velocity measurements
were higher than 2.60 - 2.69 m/s. A substantial percentage error was produced as a result of the
significant departure from the expected values. We realized that more trials were necessary
because our predefined threshold for allowable error was 10%.

We made modifications for the next set of ten trials to make sure our velocity measurements
stayed below 2.60 m/s. The percentage error decreased as a result of this adjustment, and it
was 5.217%. We found a significant difference in the error rate between the first and second
trials, with the percentage error decreasing by 6.573%. We were able to achieve more accurate
and dependable results by making adjustments in the second set of trials, which is why we saw
this improvement.

References:
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson-5/Representing-Free-Fall-by-Graphs
Lab3: Feb 12

Abstract: In the domains of engineering and physics, projectile motion is widely used. Its
adaptability can be seen in a number of situations, including meteors entering Earth's
atmosphere, spectacular fireworks displays, and the dynamic movement of balls in sports. This
laboratory report provides detailed analysis and experimental data to determine the angle that
yields the farthest distance traveled by the projectile, as well as the angle that results in the
shortest range.
Materials Used:
- Xplorer GLX
- Projectile Launcher
- Plastic Balls
- Photogate Port
- Photogate Head
- Photogate Mounting Bracket
- Time of flight accessory
- Universal Table Clamp

Analysis and Interpretation: A projectile's range is determined by a number of factors, one of

which is the angle at which it is launched. Remarkably, when compared to other angles, a
75-degree launch angle yields the shortest range despite its wide angle. The best angle to
launch objects at, though, is 45 degrees if one wants to go farther. Objects can travel farther
and cover a wider area with this particular measurement.
Questions and Application:
1. Because of variations in velocity and time of flight, the angles at which projectiles are
launched can have a significant impact on their range. Projectiles will travel different
paths and cover different distances when fired at different angles. This is so that we can
calculate how far the projectile will travel before hitting the ground based on its initial
velocity and time of flight. As a result, it's critical to take these things into account when
estimating a projectile's range.

2. 45 degrees has the longest range that has been launched

Conclusion:
A projectile's trajectory is directly related to the angle at which it is propelled. A close look at the
data shows that the launch angle of 45 degrees consistently produced the longest range out of
all the angles tested. This finding emphasizes how crucial it is to take the launch angle into
account when calculating the projectile's total distance traveled. A projectile's effectiveness in a
variety of applications can be improved and its range can be maximized by choosing the optimal
angle.

Factors affecting results: Finding the launcher's ideal distance several times has produced a
range of results. Many tests have been conducted on the launcher's range, yielding a variety of
results. Because of the wide range of results, it is difficult to determine the precise range
required for best performance.
For our group, the time of flight accessory malfunction has resulted in significant effects. We
have delayed our experiments and run behind schedule in finishing our lab report because of
this malfunction. The time of flight accessory's malfunction has made it more difficult for us to
gather precise data because it is essential for precisely measuring how long it takes a projectile
to travel a given distance.
Due to these difficulties, we had to review our experimental procedures and make changes to
explain the differences in our findings. In order to make sure that our upcoming experiments run
smoothly and that we can meet our deadlines, we will need to troubleshoot the launcher and
time of flight accessory going forward.

References:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Range-versus-angle-of-projection-for-various-resistive-const
ants_fig4_233034424

Lab4: Feb 19: Forces in equilibrium

Abstract: A key idea in physics is the relationship between forces and angles on a slanted track,
like a slide. Important information about the dynamics of objects moving on inclined surfaces
can be gleaned from the relationship between the system's tension and angle of inclination. The
lab report that is being presented offers a thorough examination of the relationship between
forces and angles on a sloping track.

Materials Used:
- Xplorer GLX
- Force Sensor
- Dynamics Track
- Dynamics Cart
- Largebase and support rod
- Universal Table Clamp
- Rod
- Angle indicator
- Springbalance
- string

Analysis and Interpretation:

The angle of the incline directly affects this tension; the cart will experience more force from
gravity at a steeper angle. The string's tension rises with increasing angle and falls with
decreasing angle in counteracting each other.

Moreover, the information points to a nonlinear relationship between the tension in the string
and the angle of the incline. Rather, there seems to be a tipping point where the tension
becomes too great and the cart can no longer resist gravity's pull to the bottom.
Overall, these results demonstrate the intricate relationship between tension, angle of
inclination, and gravity in a system that involves a cart on an inclined track that is connected by
a string. To properly comprehend the dynamics at work and possibly optimize the design of such
systems for diverse applications, more investigation and testing may be required.

Conclusion: Comprehending the principles of force action on an incline track is essential for
numerous uses, like creating ramps or slides. The angle of inclination greatly influences the
forces operating when an object, such as a cart, moves along a slanted surface. In this
instance, the cart is pulling itself along the slope with more tension on the string the higher the
track angle.

Factors affecting results:

The part of the gravitational force acting parallel to the track can explain the relationship
between the angle of inclination and the tension in the string. This component also increases
with angle, so the cart applies more force to the string as a result. This phenomenon directly
affects the amount of force that needs to be accounted for in the system, so it is important to
take into account when designing structures that involve objects moving along inclined surfaces.

References:
https://homework.study.com/explanation/a-box-is-pushed-along-a-rough-surface-with-constant-v
elocity-what-is-the-relationship-between-the-applied-force-and-the-friction-what-kind-of-friction-is
-this-draw-a-free-body-diagram.html#:~:text=When%20an%20object%20is%20moving,Both%20
forces%20have%20opposite%20directions.
Lab5: Feb 26

Questions and Application:

1.