SEIlASCE 8-ill.

p. ~ nominal slmlgth of fillet weld; TABLE 4. Nominal Shear Strength of PulsaUon

L ~ length of fillet weld; Welding
t ~ lhiclmess of thinnest coonectcd shoot; and
t" ~ effectivetbtoat ~ 0.707wlorO.707wz, Thick:ocss of Shear Strength po< Spot
whlcbevot is smallt:r. thinnest outside
F~ ~ sImIgth level designation in AWS electrode sheet U4 Hard kips 1/2 Hard kips
classification (Table AlS) inch (mm.) (kN) (kN)

F_ is defined in Section S.2.1, and WI and Wz are 0.156 (3.962) 7.60(33.8) 10.00 (44.48)
the legs on weld. 0.187 (4.75) 9.75 (43.37) 12.30 (54.71)
0.203 (5.156) 10.60 (47.15) 13.00 (57.82)
0.250 (6.35) 13.50 (57.82) 17.00 (75.62)
TABLE 3. Nominal Shear Strength of Arc Spot
Welding
(These values are based on ''Recommended Practice
Shear Strength po< Spot for Resistance Welding," C1.1-66, American Welding
Thickness of
thinnest outside Annealed, Society, 1966. Values for intennedinte lhiclmesses
sheet UI6HaId U4Hard I/2HaId may be obtained by sllaight line intelpo1ation. These
inch (mm) kips (kN) kips(kN) kips (kN) values may also be applied conservatively for Type
201. In all cases, welding shall be potfonned in accor·
0.006 (0.152) 0.06 (0.27) 0.07 (0.31) 0.09 (0.4) dance with the American Welding Society's ''Recom·
0.008 (0.203) 0.10 (0.44) 0.13 (0.58) 0.15 (0.67)
meoded Practice fot Resistance Welding.'1
0.010 (0.254) 0.15 (0.67) 0.17 (0.76) 0.21 (0.93)
0.012 (0.305) 0.19 (0.85) 0.21 (0.93) 0.25 (1.11)
0.014 (0.356) 0.24 (1.07) 0.25 (1.11) 0.32 (1.42) 5.3 Bolted Con_ODS
0.016 (0.406) 0.28 (1.25) 0.30 (1.33) 0.38 (1.69) The following LRFD design criteria gOVotO bolted
0.018 (0.457) 0.32 (1.42) 0.36 (1.60) 0.47 (2.09) conoections used for cold·fonned stainless steel s1r1Jc.
0.021 (0.533) 0.37 (1.64) 0.47 (2.09) 0.50 (2.22) !ural membots.
0.025 (0.635) 0.50 (2.22) 0.60(2.67) 0.68 (3.02) Bolts, nuts, and washers shall be installed and
0.031 (0.787) 0.68 (3.02) 0.80 (3.56) 0.93 (4.13) tightened to achieve satisfactory potformance of the
0.034 (0.864) 0.80 (3.56) 0.92 (4.09) 1.10 (4.89) connections involved llJldet usual smvice conditions.
0.040 (1.016) 1.00 (4.45) 1.27 (5.65) 1.40 (6.23) The holes for bolts shall not exceed the sizes spec-
0.044 (1.118) 1.20 (5.34) 1.45 (6.45) 1.70 (7.56) ified in Table 5, except that largot holes may be used
0.050 (0.222) 1.45 (6.45) 1.70 (7.56) 2.00 (8.89)
0.056 (1.422)
in column base detBils and structural systems 000-
1.70 (7.56) 2.00(8.9) 2.45 (10.9)
0.062 (1.575) L95 (8.67) 2.40 (10.68) uected to oooctete walls.
2.90 (12.9)
0.070 (1.778) 2.40 (10.68) 2.80 (12.45) 3.55 (15.79) StandaJ:d holes shall be used in bolted conoections,
0.078 (1.981) 2.70 (12.01) 3.40 (15.12) 4.00 (17.79) except that ovemzed and slotted holes may be used as
0.094 (2.388) 3.55 (15.79) 4.20 (18.68) 5.30 (23.57) approved by the designe<. The length of slotted holes
0.109 (2.769) 4.20 (18.68) 5.00 (22.24) 6.40 (28.47) shall be normal to the ditection of the shear load.
0.125 (3.175) 5.00 (22.24) 6.00 (26.69) 7.60 (33.80) Washers or backup plates shall be installed ov... OV...•
sized or short-slotted holes in an outer ply unless suit-
• Nominal teIlsile strength pel' spot may conservatively be taken all
25% of shear strength. able potfotmance is dotOonstnl!ed by load tests in ac-
cordance with Section 6.

5.2.3 Rulsttuu:. w.14.r 5.3.1 Sptzdnll tmtI Edg. DIsttmee

For Types 301, 304, and 316 stainless steel sheets, The design shear strength, 4>p., of the conuected
the design shear strength, 4>Pm of spot welding shall be part along two parallel \iues in the ditection of applied
detemrined as follows: force shall be detemrined as follows:
4> ~ 0.60; and 4> ~ 0.70
(5.3.1·1)
p. ~ tabulated value given in Table 3.
where:
Wben Types 301, 304, or 316 stainless steel sheets
are joined by pulsation welding, the nominal shear cp = resistance factor;
slmlgth pot spot shall be detemrined as follows: p. ~ nominal resistance pot bolt;

23
COlD-FORMED STAINLESS STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

TABLE 5. Mulmum Size of Bolt Holes

Nominal SWldard Oversized Short-slottod Long-slottod

bolt bole hole hole hole
diameter,d diam_ diameter dimensions dimensions
inch (mm) inch (mm) inch(mm) inch (mm) inch(mm)

< 112 d + l/32 d + 1I16 (d + 1/32) by (d + 1I4) (d + l/32) by (21'> d)

(127) (d + .794) (d + 1.588) (d + .794) (d + 6.35) (d + .793)
2: 112 d + 1I16 d + lIB (d + 1I16) by (d + 1I4) (d + 1I16) by (21'> d)
(127) (d + 1.588) (d + 3.175) (d + 1.588) (d + 6.35) (d + 1.588)

e ~ distance IIlC88UIed in line of force from center of F, = nominal tension stress for connections with wash-
standard hole to ~ edge of adjacent hole or ers under both bolt bead and nu~ determined as
to end of COIIIIOCted part; follows:
t ~ thickness of tbinnest connected part;
1. For single shear connection:
d ~ nominal holt diameter; and
F, ~ (1.0 - r + 2.Srdls)F~ oS F~ (S.3.2-2)
F. ~ specified tensile strength of connected sheet in
2. For doable shear connection:
longitudinal direction as given in Table A16.
F, ~ (1.0 - 0.9r + 3r dls)F. oS F. (S.3.2-3)
In addition, the minimum distance between cen-
ters of bolt boles sba1I provide sufficient clearance for r~ force transmitted by holt or bolts at section COD-
bolt heeds. nuts, washers, and the wm>eb. but sba1I not sid..-ed, divided by _on force in member at
be less than 3 times the nomina1 bolt diameter. d. Also, that section. If r is less than 0.2, it may be taken
the distance from the center of any standard hole to the equal to zero.
end or otbe< houndary of the connecting membe< sba1I s ~ spacing of bolts petpendicular to line of stxess. In
not be less than It
d. case of a single bol~ s ~ width of sheet
For oversized and slotted holes, the distance be- F. d, and t ... defined in Section S.3.1.
tween edges of two adjacent boles and the distance In addition, the design tensile strength sba1I not
IIlC88UIed from the edge of the hole to the end or esteed the following value of <jop.:
other boundary of the connecting membe< in the line
of stxess sba1I not be less than the value of e - (d,/2), <I> ~ 0.8S
in which e is the required distance computed from the (S.3.2-4)
applicable equation given above, and d. is the _
ter of a standard bole defined in Table S. In no case
in which Fy is the specified yield s1Icngtb in _on of
sba1I the clear distance between edges of two adjacent
the COIIIIOCted part as given in Table AI.
boles be less than 2d and the distance between the
edge of the bole and the end of the membe< be less
than d. 5.3.3BetJriItr
The design bearing strength, <jop., sba1I be deter-
mined as follows:
5.3.2 Tension ill Conneded Pm
The design tensile strength, q,Pm on the net sec- <I> ~0.6S
tion of the connected part sba1I be detennined as fol- (S.3.3-1)
P~ ~ F~
lows:
where:
<jo ~ 0.70
(S.3.2-I) Fp ~ nominal bearing stxess for bolts with washers un-
P,,=A,J',
der both bolt bead and nu~ determined as fol-
lows:
where:
1. For single shear connection:
AII = net area of COIIIIOCted part; Fp = 2.00F.,. (S.3.3-2)

24
 SBUASCll s.m

2. For double shear connection:
Fp ~ 2.75F.
d ~ nominal bolt diameter; and
t and F. "'" as defined in Section 5.3.1.
5.3.4 S""'" tI1I4 Tolllio" lit StGinIo" Stool_
The required bolt s1rength in shear or tension shall
not exceed the design stIeogth, <PPm determined as fol-
lows:
q, ~ I<Sistance factor given in Table 6
p. ~ A"F
where:
A. ~ gross cross-sectional area of bolt; and
Fis givco by F_ or FMin Table 6.
The pullover shearItcosioo fon:es in the stain1_
(5.3.3-3) steel sheet around the bead of the f _ sbooId be
considered as wcllas the puII-out force ~ting from
factored axial loads and bcoding moments tIansmittcd
onto the _ from various adjacent sttuclul1l1 com-
ponents in the assembly.
The nominal teDsiIe s1rength of the fas_ and
the nominal im/wImeol s1rength of the adjacent struc-
tora1 component shall be determined by applicable
product code approvals. or product specificarioos
and/or product I i - .
When bolts "'" subjected to a combinarion of abesr
(5.3.4-1) and u..sian, the required u..sion s1rength shall not ex-
ceed the design stlalgth,q,P_ based on q, ~ 0.75 andP~
~ A"F'.. in which F Mis determined as follows:
1. Tb!oads in shear plane:
PM ~ 1.25 FM - 2.4 f. " FM (53.4-2)

TABLE 6. NOIIIIa.! Shear and T _ S _ for SIaID1eM Steel Bolts

Nominal shear sttess

F_
~ ~ 0.65
Nominal tensile
No_ 11Hoads stress-
Typcof Diameter in shear in shear FM
stainless d plane plane' ~ ~ 0.75
....ls inch (mm) ksi (MPa) ksi (MFa) ksi (MPa)

201" all 45.0 (310.8) 33.7 (232.4) 56.0 (386.1)

304.316' all 45.0 33.7 56.0
304.316' " 112 (12.7) 54.0 (372.3) 40.5 (279.2) 67.5 (465.4)
> 112 (12.7) 4S (310.3) 33.7 (232.4) 56.0 (386.1)
304,316' " 3/4 (19.1) 75.0 (517.1) 56.2 (387.5) 93.7 (646.1)
430" all 36.0 (248.2) 27.0 (186.2) 45.0 (310.3)
430" 1/4 :s: d 'S. 1·1/2 42.0 (289.6) 31.5 (217.2) 52.5 (361.9)
(6.4 " d " 38.1)
304,316- 1/4 s d s 1·1/2 42.0 (289.6) 31.5 (217.2) 52.5 (362.0)
(6.4 " d s 38.1)
304,316' 1/4sd s S/8 57.0 (393.0) 42.8 (295.1) 71.2 (490.9)
(6.4 " d " 15.9)
3/4:s: d s 1·1/2 48.0 (331.0) 36.0 (248.2) 60.0 (413.7)
(19.1 " d s 38.1)
• Condition A in AS'IM A276--8Sa, bot- ex' cold-finiabcd.
"Condition A iD AS'IM A276-85a, bot-6nisbed IDd OUi 1 (lOlution-treated) in ASTM Al93/A193M-86.
o CoDd.iI:i.o!lA in AS'IM A276-8~.. oold-.fini.abcd.
d Condition B (oold-WOIbd) in ASTM A276-85a, oold-finlsbed and Qus 2 (solution-treated and strain-batdeIlcd) in ASTM A193/Al93M-86.
• Condition A in ASTM FS93-86a, mdiDcd from aancalcd or lOiution-anDCalcd stock, or bot-formed aDd solutioD-annetied.. The minimum tr:osilc
1tmJ&tb it hued on testI on the tuehiDed specimeu.
r CooditiOli CW in ASTM FS93-86a. hNded IDd roned from. annealed Itock thus acquiring degree of cold work. Si%.eII 3/4 in. (19.05 mm) diameter
and largm' may be bot-wmbd. The minimum 1ezIaikI1treZlgth ill hued OIl teItI on the IDIIChiDaI i!pOcimco.
• No reduction of DOminal stress givea in fible 6 ill requjIed for d ~ 112 in. (12.7 mm). Par d < 112 in. (12.7 mm) aiVeD value IhIll be reduced to
0.9F... foroomin.ll sbear stresa, and 0.9F. for DOtDinal tensile streae:.

2S
COLD-FORMED STAlNLBSS STRUCI1JRAL MEMBERS
2. No _ in shear plane:
F;' ~ 1.25 FN - 1.9/y " FN (5.3.4-3)
in which F.. ~ the nominal tensile streIB given in
Table 6, and I y ~ the shear streIB produced by the
same factored loads. The required shear stmlgth sball
not exceed the design shear strength, <l>A.F~~ in
which <I> and F ~ are determined in a<:oordance with
Table 6.
6.TFSTS
Tests sball be made by an incJependent testing Jab.
orat<xy oc by a manufactum:'s testing laborstory wit·
oeascd by a professional enginee<.
6.lDecumlDatlonol_R"'~
For stain1ess steels produced to othec than
ASTM Designstions A666 and A240, the stress-
strain relationship and mechanical propertiea used foc
the purpose of design sball be eatablW>ed on the ba·
sis of the tests required by ASTM A666, A240, and
A370, supp1ementwl by the following test methods as
applicable:
''Tension Testing of Metallic Mataia1s," ASTM Des·
ignstioo Jl8..85;
"Compression Teating of Metallic Materiala at Room
Temp<nture," ASTM Designstion E')-81;
"Young's Modulus, Tangent Modulos, and Chord
Modulus," ASTM Designstion Bl1l·82; and
"Verification and Classification of Extensometers,"
ASTM Designstion B83-85.
Statistical studies sball be made to insure that the
mecllanical properties so dcotermjned shall be those fex
which there is a 90% probability that they will be
equalled oc exceeded in a nndom selection of the mao
_lot under consideration. ASTM Designstion
BI05·58, ''Probability Sampling ofMataia1s,.. and
B141-69, "Acceptance ofBvideoce Based on the b
suits of Probability Sampling," may be used as guides
for appropriate procedure.
6.2 Teata for IIetermbdn& s _ Perfol1lWlOO
Wh«e the composition or configuralion of 01...
mont&, assemblies, connections, or details of structura1
members formed from abeet or strip stain1ess _ I are
sncb that calculation of their load-<:all)'ing cspacity 0<
deflection cannot be made in accordance with the pr0-
visions of this Specification, their structural petfor·
26
mance sball be establW>ed from tests and evaluated in
8CCOIdance with the following proced1IIe.
I. Wh«e practicable, evaluation of the test to-
suits sball be made on the basis of the av«·
age value of test data resulting from tests of
not few« than four identical specime'18 , pro--
vided the deviation of any individual teat to-
suit from the av«age value obtained from all
tests docs not exceed :t 10%. If sncb devia·
tion from the average value exceeds 10%, at
least three more tests of the aame kind sball
be made. The av«age value of all tesI8 made
sball then be ...garded as the p<edicted capac-
ity, R" for the seriea of the tests. The mean
value and the coefficient of variation of the
tested·to-predicted load moa for all tesI8, P ~
and V" sball be _ foc atatiatical
analysis.
2. The load-<:all)'ing cspacity of the tested 01...
mont&, assemblies, collllOCtions, or memben
sball satisfy Eq. 6.2-1.
_:
(6.2-1)
1 -yth ~ required"";stance based on most aitica1load
combination _ in accordance with
Section 1.5.2. "V. and Q• .... Ioad factors and
load effects, "'"Pectively.
Rp = average value of all test resultsj
<I> ~ resistance factor,
x exp(-~.VV1 + vi + CpV} + VlV
(6.2-2);
M.". = mean value of material factor;
~ 1.10 for yield stmlgth and tensile strength of
stainless steels;
F WI = mean value of fabrication factor;
~
1.00 for S1lUctural members and coooections;
P~ ~
mean value of tested·to-predicted load mos
determined in Section 6.2(1);
~. ~ target reliability;
~ 3.0 roc structural members and 4.0 for c0n-
nections;
VAl = coefficient of variation of mata:ial factor;
~ 0.10 for yield stmlgth of stainleas steels;
~ 0.05 for tensile stmlgth of stain1eaa steels;

Vp = coefficient of variation of fabrication factor;
~ O.OS for structura1 memben and bol~ con-
nections;
~ 0.15 for welded connections;
Cp = correction factor,
~ (n - 1)I(n - 3) (6.2-3);
Vp ~ coefficient of variation of tes~-to-predicted
load ratios determined in Sectioo 6.2(1);
n = number of tests;
VQ ~ coefficient of variation of load effect;
~ 0.21;
These values of M".. F".. VM , and Vp do not
exclude the use of other doc;:nmented statistical
dala if they are establisbod from sufficient re>-
sults on material properties and fabrication.
For stainless stee1s not lis~ in Section 1.3.1,
the values of Mm and VAt shall be deta:mined
by the statistical analysis for the materials
used.
When distortions interf= with the _
functioning of the specimen in actu.al use, the
load effects based on the critical load combina-
tion at the occurmlCe of the acceptable distor-
tion shall also satisfy Eq. 6.2-1, except that the
resistance factor <l> is tabm as unity and that the
load factor for dead load may be tabm .. 1.0.
3. IT the yield strength of the stainless steel from
which the tes~ sections are formed is larger
than the specified value, the test results shall be
adjus~ down to the specified minimum yield
strength of the stainless steel which the manu-
factu= intends to use. The test results shall not
be adj~ upwaro if the yield s1length of the
test specimen is less than the mjnjmum speci-
fied yield strength. Similar adjustments shall be
made on the basis of tenBi\e s1!ength instead of
yield S1Iength when tensile s1!ength is the criti-
cal factor.
Consideration must also be given to any variation
or diffetenceS which may exist between the design
thiclmeas and the thickness of the specimens used in
the tests.
SEUASCB S-ID.
6.3 T.... for DetermInIDg Mechllll.....1 Properties 01
FaD SectIoDs
Tests for determination of mechanical prop<rties
of formed sections to be used in Sectioo 1.5.2.2 shall
be conducted on full formed section as follows:
1. Tensile testing procedures shall agree with
StandIUd Methods and Definitions for Mechan-
ical Testing of Steel ProducIS, ASTM A37()'77.
Compressive yield strength determinations
shall be made by means of compression tests of
short stub columo specimens of the section.
2. The compressive yield stresses shall be tabm
as either the maximum compressive strength of
the section divided by the cross-section area or
the stress determined by the 0.2% offset
method, whichever is reached first in the tesL
3. Where the principal effect of the loading to
which the member will be subjected in service
will be to produce bending stresses, the yield
strength shall be the lower of the yield strength
determined in tension and in compression. In
ddennining such yield s1lengths in flanged sec-
tions, tension and compression tests shall be
made on specimens cut from the section. Each
such specimen shall consist of one complete
flange plus a portion of the web of such flat
width ratio that the value of p for the specimen
is unity.
4. For acceptance and control purposes, two full
section tests shall be made from each lot of not
more than 50 tons (45t) nor less than 30 tons
(27t) of each section, or one test from each lot
ofl... than 30 tons (27t) of each section. For
this pwpose a lot may be defined .. that ton-
nage of ooe section that is formed in a single
production run of material from one beat.
5. At the optioo of the manufactu=, either ten-
sion or compression tests may be used for rou-
tine acceptance and control purposes, provided
the manufacturer demonstrates that such tests
relisbly indicate the yield point of the section
when subjected to the kind of stress under
which the member is to be used.
27