Chapter 2:

Wednesday 09-6-
2023
 2.1 CONCRETE
Parameters Affecting the Quality of Concrete
 2.1 CONCRETE
Properties of Hardened Concrete

Compressive Strength:
• Depending on the type of mix, the properties of aggregate, and the
time and quality of the curing, compressive strengths of concrete can
be obtained up to 20,000 psi or more.

• Commercial production of concrete with ordinary aggregate is

usually in the range 4,000 to 12,000 psi, with the most common
concrete strengths being in the 6,000 psi level.

• The compressive strength f is based on standard 6 in. by 12 in.

cylinders cured under standard laboratory conditions and tested at a
specified rate of loading at 28 days of age.

• The standard specifications used in the United States are usually

taken from ASTM C-39. Photo 2.1 Concrete cylinders tested to failure in compression.
 2.1 CONCRETE
Properties of Hardened Concrete

Tensile Strength:
• The tensile strength of concrete is relatively low. A good
approximation for the tensile strength fct is 0.1f’c <fct< 0.20f’c.

• It is more difficult to measure tensile strength than compressive

strength because of the gripping problems with testing machines.

• A number of methods are available for tension testing, the most

commonly used method being the cylinder splitting, or Brazilian, test.

• For members subjected to bending, the value of the modulus of

rupture fr rather than the tensile splitting strength f’t is used in
design.

Tuchscherer, R. G., & Bayrak, O. (2009). Tensile Stress Limit for Prestressed Concrete at
• The modulus of rupture is measured by testing to failure plain
Release: ACI 318-08. ACI Structural Journal-American Concrete Institute, 106(3), 279.
concrete beams 6 in. square in cross section, and loaded at their
third points (ASTM C-78).

• The modulus of rupture has a higher value than tensile splitting 𝑓𝑟 = 1.09 𝑓𝑐𝑡 ≤ 7.5 𝑓′𝑐
strength. The ACI specifies a value of 7.5 𝑓′𝑐 for the modulus of
rupture of normal-weight concrete.
 2.1 CONCRETE
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE OF CONCRETE:
• Figure 2.2 shows a typical stress-strain curve obtained from tests using
cylindrical concrete specimens loaded in uniaxial compression over several
minutes.

• The first portion of the curve, to about 40 percent of the ultimate strength f’c
can essentially be considered linear for all practical purposes.

• After approximately 70 percent of the failure stress, the material loses a large
portion of its stiffness, thereby increasing the curvilinearity of the diagram.

• At ultimate load, cracks parallel to the direction of loading become distinctly

visible, and most concrete cylinders (except those with very low strengths)
suddenly fail shortly thereafter.

• Figure 2.3 shows the stress-strain curves of concrete of various strengths

reported by the Portland Cement Association. It can be observed that (1) the
lower the strength of concrete, the higher the failure strain; (2) the length of
the initial relatively linear portion increases with the increase in the
compressive strength of concrete; and (3) there is an apparent reduction in
ductility with increased strength.
 2.1 CONCRETE
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
• Since the stress-strain curve shown in Figure 2.4 is curvilinear at a very early
stage of its loading history, Young's modulus of elasticity can be applied only to
the tangent of the curve at the origin.

• The initial slope of the tangent to the curve is defined as the initial tangent
modulus, and it is also possible to construct a tangent modulus at any point of
the curve.

• The slope of the straight line that connects the origin to a given stress (about
0.4 f’c) determines the secant modulus of elasticity of concrete. This value,
termed in design calculation the modulus of elasticity, satisfies the practical
assumption that strains occurring during loading can be considered basically
elastic (completely recoverable on unloading), and that any subsequent strain
due to the load is regarded as creep.
• where wc is the density of concrete in pounds per cubic foot (1 lb/ft3 = 16.02
• The ACI building code gives the following expressions for calculating the secant kg/m3) and/ is the compressive cylinder strength in psi. For normal-weight
modulus of elasticity of concrete, Ec concrete,

𝐸𝑐 = 33𝑤𝑐 1.5 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟 90 < 𝑤𝑐 < 155 𝑙𝑏/𝑓 3 𝐸𝑐 = 57000 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑝𝑠𝑖

 2.1 CONCRETE
Initial Compressive Strength and Modulus
• Since prestressing is performed in most cases prior to concrete's achieving its
28 days' strength, it is important to determine the concrete compressive
strength f’ci at the pre stressing stage as well as the concrete modulus Ec at
the various stages in the loading history of the element.

• The general expression for the compressive strength as a function of time is

𝑡
𝑓𝑐𝑖′ = 𝑓𝑐′ … … … … .2.4𝑎
𝛼 + 𝛽𝑡
where
• f’c = 28 days' compressive strength
• t = time in days
• 𝑎= factor depending on type of cement and curing conditions
• = 4.00 for moist-cured type-I cement and 2.30 for moist-cured type-III cement
• = 1.00 for steam-cured type-I cement and 0.70 for steam-cured type-III cement
• 𝛽= factor depending on the same parameters for a giving corresponding values of 0.85, 0.92,
0.95, and 0.98, respectively
Hence, for a typical moist-cured type-I cement concrete,
Figure 2.5 Compressive strength
′ 𝑡 versus age of high-strength concrete.
𝑓𝑐𝑖 = 𝑓𝑐′ … … … … .2.4𝑏
4.0 + 0.85𝑡
 2.1 CONCRETE
Creep and Shrinkage, HW: Reading assignment
 2.6 NONPRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT
Steel reinforcement for concrete consists of bars, wires, and welded wire
fabric, all of which are manufactured in accordance with ASTM standards.
The most important properties of reinforcing steel are:

1. Young's modulus, Es
2. Yield strength, fY
3. Ultimate strength, fu
4. Steel grade designation
5. Size or diameter of the bar or wire

• To increase the bond between concrete and steel, projections called deformations are
rolled onto the bar surface as shown in Figure 2.15, in accordance with ASTM specifications.

• The deformations shown must satisfy ASTM Specification A616-76 for the bars to be
accepted as deformed.
• Deformed wire has indentations pressed into the wire or bar to serve as deformations.
Figure 2.15 Various forms of
ASTM-approved deformed bars.
• Except for wire used in spiral reinforcement in columns, only deformed bars, deformed
wires, or wire fabric made from smooth or deformed wire may be used in reinforced
concrete under approved practice.
 2.6 NONPRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT
Table 2.5 Weight, Area, and Perimeter of Individual Bars
• Figure 2.16 shows typical stress-strain
curves for grades 40, 60, and 75 steels. Standard nominal dimensions
Bar Weight
These have corresponding yield designation per toot Diameter, Cross-sectional Perimeter
strengths of 40,000, 60,000, and 75,000 number (lb) db [in. (mm)] area, Ab (in.2) (in.)
psi (276, 345, and 517 N/mm2,
3 0.376 0.375 (10) 0.11 1.178
respectively) and generally have well-
4 0.668 0.500 (13) 0.20 1.571
defined yield points.
5 1.043 0.625 (16) 0.31 1.963
6 1.502 0.750 (19) 0.44 2.356
• For steels that lack a well-defined yield 7 2.044 0.875 (22) 0.60 2.749
point, the yield-strength value is taken 8 2.670 1.000 (25) 0.79 3.142
as the strength corresponding to a unit 9 3.400 1.128 (29) 1.00 3.544
strain of 0.005 for grades 40 and 60 10 4.303 1.270 (32) 1.27 3.990
steels, and 0.0035 for grade 80 steel. 11 5.313 1.410 (36) 1.56 4.430
14 7.65 1.693 (43) 2.25 5.32
Figure 2.16 Typical stress-strain diagrams 18 13.60 2.257 (57) 4.00 7.09
• The ultimate tensile strengths for various nonprestressing steels.
corresponding to the 40, 60, and 80
grade steels are 70,000, 90,000, and
100,000 psi (483,621, and 690 N/mm2),
respectively

• The percent elongation at fracture,

which varies with the grade, bar
diameter, and manufacturing source,
ranges from 4.5 to 12 percent over an 8-
in. (203.2-mm) gage length.
 2.7 PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT
• Prestressing reinforcement can be in the form of single
2.7.1 Types of Reinforcement wires, strands composed of several wires twisted to
• Because of the high creep and shrinkage losses in form a single element, and high-strength bars.
concrete, effective prestressing can be achieved by using
very high-strength steels in the range of 270,000 psi or
more (1,862 MPa or higher).

• Such high-stressed steels are able to counterbalance

these losses in the surrounding concrete and have
adequate leftover stress levels to sustain the required pre
stressing force. (a) (b)
Figure 2.17 Standard and compacted 7-wire prestressing strands.
• The magnitude of normal prestress losses can be (a) Standard strand section. (b) Compacted strand section.
expected to be in the range of 35,000 to 60,000 psi (241
to 414 MPa). The initial prestress would thus have to be
very high, on the order of 180,000 to 220,000 psi (1,241
to 1,517 MPa).

• From the aforementioned magnitude of prestress losses,

it can be inferred that normal steels with yield strengths
fy = 60,000 psi (414 MPa) would have little prestressing
stress left after losses, obviating the need for using very
high-strength steels for prestressing concrete members.

7.1MM High Tensile Steel Bars

Prestressed Concrete Steel Rebar
 2.7 PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT
2.7.1 Types of Reinforcement
• Three types commonly used in the United States are: • Strand is stress relieved by continuous heat treatment

1. Uncoated stress-relieved or low-relaxation wires.

2. Uncoated stress-relieved strands and low-relaxation strands.
3. Uncoated high-strength steel bars.
• The two types of strand are low-relaxation and stress-relieved (normal
relaxation).
• The low relaxation property is achieved by a hot
stretching process, in which prestressing strand is
subjected to a pre-determined tension during stress-
relieving heat treatment.

• Wires or strands that are not stress-relieved, such as the straightened

wires or oil tempered wires often used in other countries, exhibit
higher relaxation losses than stress relieved wires or strands.
Consequently, it is important to account for the appropriate
magnitude of losses once a determination is made on the type of
prestressing steel required.
 2.7 PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT
2.7.2 Stress-Relieved and Low-Relaxation Wires and Strands
• Stress-relieved wires are cold-drawn single wires conforming to
ASTM standard A421;
• Stress-relieved strands conform to ASTM standard A 886;
• Low-relaxation strands conform to ASTM standard A 416
• The strands are made from seven wires by twisting six of them
on a pitch of 12- to 16-wire diameter around a slightly larger,
straight control wire.
• Stress-relieving is done after the wires are woven into the
strand.
ASTM A416/A416M-18
Standard Specification for Low-Relaxation, Seven-Wire Steel
Strand for Prestressed Concrete
1. This specification deals with the standard types and grade requirements
of seven-wire, uncoated steel strands for use in the construction of pre-
tensioned and post-tensioned pre-stressed concrete.
2. The base metal shall be made of carbon steel and shall undergo
stranding and continuous thermal and mechanical treatment.
3. This specification covers two grades of low-relaxation, seven-wire steel
strand for use in prestressed concrete construction. Grade 250 and
Grade 270
(a) (b)
Figure 2.17 Standard and compacted 7-wire prestressing strands.
(a) Standard strand section. (b) Compacted strand section.
 2.7 PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT
2.7.2 Stress-Relieved and Low-Relaxation Wires and Strands

• The geometrical properties of the wires and strands as

required by ASTM are given in Tables 2.6 and 2.7,
respectively.

(a) (b)
Figure 2.17 Standard and compacted 7-wire prestressing strands.
(a) Standard strand section. (b) Compacted strand section.
 2.7 PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT
2.7.2 Stress-Relieved and Low-Relaxation Wires and Strands
• To maximize the steel area of the 7-wire strand for any nominal
diameter, the standard wire can be drawn through a die to form a
compacted strand as shown in Figure 2.17(b); this is opposed to the
standard 7 wire strand in Figure 2.17(a).

(a) (b)
• ASTM standard A 779 requires the minimum strengths and geometrical Figure 2.17 Standard and compacted 7-wire prestressing strands.
properties given in Table 2.8. (a) Standard strand section. (b) Compacted strand section.

• Figure 2.18(a) shows a typical stress-strain diagram for wire and strand
prestressing steels, while Figure 2.18(b) shows values relative to those
of mild steel.

Figure 2.18a Stress-strain Figure 2.18(b) Stress-Strain Diagram for Prestressing Steel
diagram for prestressing steel. Strands in Comparison with Mild Steel Bar Reinforcement.
 2.7 PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT
2.7.3 High-Tensile-Strength Prestressing Bars
• High-tensile-strength alloy steel bars for prestressing are either smooth
or deformed, and are available in nominal diameters from 0.75 in. (19
mm) to 1.25 in. (35 mm).

• They must conform to ASTM standard A 722. Cold drawn in order to

raise their yield strength, these bars are stress relieved as well to
increase their ductility.

• Stress relieving is achieved by heating the bar to an appropriate

temperature, generally below 500°C.

• Though essentially the same stress-relieving process is employed for

bars as for strands, the tensile strength of prestressing bars has to be a
minimum of 150,000 psi (1,034 MPa), with a minimum yield strength of
85 percent of the ultimate strength for smooth bars and 80 percent for
deformed bars.

• Table 2.9 lists the geometrical properties of the prestressing bas as

required by ASTM standard A 722, and Figure 2.18 shows a typical
stress-strain diagram for such bars.
7.1MM High Tensile Steel Bars
Prestressed Concrete Steel Rebar
https://www.longtengspecialsteel.com/sale-14003655-7-1mm-high-tensile-steel-bars-prestressed-concrete-steel-rebar.html
 2.7 PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT
2.7.4 Steel Relaxation
• Stress relaxation in prestressing steel is the loss of prestress when the wires or • It is possible to decrease stress relaxation loss by subjecting strands
strands are subjected to essentially constant strain. that are initially stressed to 70 percent of their ultimate strength fpu
to temperatures of 20°C to 100°C for an extended time in order to
produce a permanent elongation-a process called stabilization.
• It is identical to creep in concrete, except that creep is a change in strain whereas
steel relaxation is a loss in steel stress. • The prestressing steel thus produced is termed low-relaxation steel
and has a relaxation stress loss that is 25 percent of that of normal
stress-relieved steel.
• Where t = time, in hours, after prestressing, the loss of stress due to relaxation in
stress-relieved wires and strands can be evaluated from the expression

log 𝑡 𝑓𝑝𝑖
∆𝑓𝑅 = 𝑓𝑝𝑖 − 0.55
10 𝑓𝑝𝑦
provided that
fp/fpy ≥ 0.55 and fpy ≈ 0.85 fpu for stress-relieved strands and 0.90 for low relaxation
strands.
Also, fpi = 0.82 fpy immediately after transfer but fpi ≤ 0.74 fpu for pre tensioned, and Figure 2.19 shows the relative relaxation loss for
stress-relieved and low relaxation steels for 7-
0.70 fpu for post-tensioned, concrete. In general, fpi ≈ 0.70 fpu wire strands held at constant length at 29.5°C.

The expression for stress relaxation in low-relaxation prestressing steels is

log 𝑡 𝑓𝑝𝑖 Figure 2.19 Relaxation loss vs. time for stress-relieved
∆𝑓𝑅 = 𝑓𝑝𝑖 − 0.55
45 𝑓𝑝𝑦 low-relaxation prestressing steels at 70 percent of the
ultimate. (Courtesy, Post-Tensioning Institute.)
 2.8 ACI MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN
CONCRETE AND REINFORCEMENT
Following are definitions of some important mathematical terms used in this
section:
• fpy = specified yield strength of prestressing tendons, in psi
• fy = specified yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement, in psi
• fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressing tendons, in psi
• f’c = specified compressive strength of concrete, in psi
• f’ci =compressive strength of concrete at time of initial prestress
2.8.1 Concrete Stresses in Flexure
• Stresses in concrete immediately after prestress transfer (before time-dependent
prestress losses) shall not exceed the following:
a) Extreme fiber stress in compression .......................................................... 𝟎. 𝟔𝒇′𝒄𝒊
b) Extreme fiber stress in tension except as permitted in (c) .........................𝟑 𝒇′𝒄𝒊
c) Extreme fiber stress in tension at ends of simply supported members .... 𝟔 𝒇′𝒄𝒊
• Where computed tensile stresses exceed these values, bonded auxiliary
reinforcement (nonprestressed or prestressed) shall be provided in the tensile
zone to resist the total tensile force in concrete computed under the assumption of
an uncracked section.
Stresses in concrete at service loads (after allowance for all prestress losses) shall
not exceed the following:
a) Extreme fiber stress in compression due to prestress plus sustained load,
where sustained dead load and live load are a large part of the total service
load ……………………𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝒇′𝒄
b) Extreme fiber stress in compression due to prestress plus total load, if the live
load is transient ..... 𝟎. 𝟔𝒇′𝒄
c) Extreme fiber stress in tension in precompressed tensile zone.... 𝟔 𝒇′𝒄
d) Extreme fiber stress in tension in precompressed tensile zone of members
(except two-way slab systems), where analysis based on transformed cracked
sections and on bilinear moment-deflection relationships shows that
immediate and long-time deflections comply with the ACI definition
requirements and minimum concrete cover requirements .......... 𝟏𝟐 𝒇′𝒄
Precompressed Tensile Zone: Any region of a prestressed component in
which prestressing causes compressive stresses and service load effects
causes tensile stresses
2.8 ACI MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN
CONCRETE AND REINFORCEMENT
 2.8 ACI MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN
CONCRETE AND REINFORCEMENT
Following are definitions of some important mathematical terms used in this
2.8.2 Prestressing Steel Stresses section:
• fpy = specified yield strength of prestressing tendons, in psi
• Tensile stress in prestressing tendons shall not exceed the following: • fy = specified yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement, in psi
• fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressing tendons, in psi
a) Due to tendon jacking force………………………………………0.94 fPy • f’c = specified compressive strength of concrete, in psi
but not greater than the lesser of 0.80 fpu and the maximum value recommended by • f’ci =compressive strength of concrete at time of initial prestress
the manufacturer of prestressing tendons or anchorages.
b) Immediately after prestress transfer………………………..0.82 fPy
but not greater than 0.74 fpu.
c) Post-tensioning tendons, at anchorages and couplers, immediately after tendon
anchorage ………………………………………………………………0.70 fpu
 2.8 ACI MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN
CONCRETE AND REINFORCEMENT
2.8.2 Prestressing Steel Stresses
 2.9 AASHTO MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
IN CONCRETE AND REINFORCEMENT
2.9.1 Concrete Stresses before Creep and Shrinkage Losses
• Compression
a) Pretensioned members .......................................................... 𝟎. 𝟔𝒇′𝒄𝒊
b) Post-tensioned members ..................................................... 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝒇′𝒄𝒊
• Tension
a) Precompressed tensile zone……….No temporary allowable stresses are specified.
b) Other Areas…….In tension areas with no bonded reinforcement 200 psi or 𝟑
c) Other Areas……. Where the calculated tensile stress exceeds this value, bonded
reinforcement shall be provided to resist the total tension force in the concrete
computed on the assumption of an uncracked section. The maximum tensile stress
shall not exceed………………………………………………………………………………………. 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒇′𝒄𝒊
2.9.2 Concrete Stresses at Service Load after Losses
• Compression ………………………………………………....................... 𝟎. 𝟒𝒇′𝒄
• Tension in the Precompressed tensile zone
a) For members with bonded reinforcement ...................................... 𝟔 𝒇′𝒄
For severe corrosive exposure conditions, such as coastal areas …. 𝟑 𝒇′𝒄
b) For members without bonded reinforcement ................. ……………..0
𝒇′𝒄𝒊
Tension in other areas is limited by the allowable temporary stresses specified in
Section 2.8.1.
 2.9 AASHTO MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
IN CONCRETE AND REINFORCEMENT
2.9.2 Concrete Stresses at Service Load after Losses

2.9.2.1 Cracking Stresses, Modulus of rupture from tests or if not available

• For normal-weight concrete…………………………………………………………………. 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒇′𝒄
• For sand-lightweight concrete……………………………………………………………… 𝟔. 𝟑 𝒇′𝒄
• For all other lightweight concrete............................................................ 𝟓. 𝟓 𝒇′𝒄

2.9.2.2 Anchorage-Bearing Stresses

• Post-tensioned anchorage at service load…………..3000 psi (but not to exceed 0.9 f’ci)

2.9.3 Prestressing Steel Stresses

• Due to tendon jacking for ...........................................𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝒇𝒑𝒚 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟖𝒇𝒑𝒖
• Immediately after prestress transfer ........................ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝒇𝒑𝒚 ≤ 𝟕𝟒𝒇𝒑𝒖
• Post-tensioning tendons at anchorage, immediately after tendon anchorage………………..0.70 fpu
fpy ≈ 0.85 fpu (for low-relaxation, fPy = 0.90 fpu)

Hence for 270K tendons used in the book, fpi at transfer = 0.70 x 270,000 = 189,000 psi (1300 MPa) is applied for uniformity.
 2.10 PRESTRESSING SYSTEMS AND ANCHORAGES
2.10.1 Pretensioning
• Prestressing steel is pretensioned against independent anchorages prior
to the placement of concrete around it.

• Such anchorages are supported by large and stable bulkheads to support

the exceedingly high concentrated forces applied to the individual
tendons.

• Consequently, a pretensioned beam is a prestressed beam in which the

prestressing tendon is tensioned prior to casting the section, while a
post-tensioned beam is one in which the prestressing tendon is tensioned
after the beam has been cast and has achieved the major portion of its https://allaboutcivil.org/pre-stressed-concrete-types-of-pre-stressed-concrete-systems/
concrete strength.

• Pretensioning is normally performed at precasting plants, where a

precasting stressing bed of a long reinforced concrete slab is cast on the
ground with vertical anchor bulkheads or walls at its ends.

• The steel strands are stretched and anchored to the vertical walls, which
are designed to resist the large eccentric prestressing forces.

• Prestressing can be accomplished by prestressing individual strands, or all

the strands at one jacking operation.
 2.10 PRESTRESSING SYSTEMS AND ANCHORAGES
2.10.1 Pretensioning
• For harped tendon profiles, the prestressing
bed is provided with hold-down devices as
shown in Figure 2.21. Since the bed can be
several hundred feet long, several precast
prestressed elements can be produced in one
operation, and the exposed prestressing
strands between them can be cut after the
concrete hardens.

• Pretensioning several elements in a Figure 2.22 Schematic of pretensioning bed.

prestressing bed is represented schematically
in Figure 2.22, while harping of tendons in a
prestressing bed system is shown in Figure
2.23.

Figure 2.21 Hold-down anchor for

harping pretensioning tendons.
(Courtesy, Post-Tensioning Institute.)
Figure 2.23 Harping of tendons in a
prestressing bed system.
 2.10 PRESTRESSING SYSTEMS AND ANCHORAGES
2.10.1 Pretensioning
• For harped tendon profiles, the prestressing
bed is provided with hold-down devices as
shown in Figure 2.21. Since the bed can be
several hundred feet long, several precast
prestressed elements can be produced in one
operation, and the exposed prestressing
strands between them can be cut after the
concrete hardens.
Harped Strand Profile
• Pretensioning several elements in a
prestressing bed is represented schematically
in Figure 2.22, while harping of tendons in a
prestressing bed system is shown in Figure
2.23.

Figure 2.21 Hold-down anchor for

harping pretensioning tendons.
(Courtesy, Post-Tensioning Institute.)
Hold-Down Assembly in Stressing Bed

Chapter 5.3 Precast Pretensioned Concrete I-Girders, Bridge Design Practice 5.3, Caltrans.
 2.10 PRESTRESSING SYSTEMS AND ANCHORAGES
2.10.1 Pretensioning
• In pretensioning, strands and single wires are anchored by several patented systems.
One of these, a chuck system by Supreme Products, is used for anchoring tendons in
post-tensioning.
• The gripping mechanism of this system is illustrated in Figure 2.24(c). Other
anchorage systems and ductile connections are shown in Figure 2.24(d), (e), and (f).

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 2.24 (a) Stress Strand Anchor, (b) Monostrand anchor, (c) Supreme
Products anchorage chuck. (Courlesy, Post-Tensioning Institute.)
 2.10 PRESTRESSING SYSTEMS AND ANCHORAGES
2.10.2 Pretensioning

• The gripping mechanism of this system is illustrated in

Figure 2.24(c). Other anchorage systems and ductile
connections are shown in Figure 2.24(d), (e), and (f).

(d)

(e)

Figure 2.24 (continued) Multiple anchorages, couplers

and ductile connectors: (d) Multiple anchorage, (e)
Coupler, (f) Dywidag ductile connectors (DDC) for ductile
precast beam-column connections in seismic zones. (f)
 2.10 PRESTRESSING SYSTEMS AND ANCHORAGES
2.10.2 Post-tensioning
• In post-tensioning, the strands, wires, or bars are
tensioned after hardening of the concrete. The strands
are placed in the longitudinal ducts within the precast
concrete element.

• The prestressing force is transferred through end

anchorages such as the Supreme Products chucks shown
in Figure 2.24. The tendons of strands should not be
bonded or grouted prior to full prestressing

https://allaboutcivil.org/pre-stressed-concrete-types-of-pre-stressed-concrete-systems/

Figure 2.24 (a) Stress Strand

Anchor, (b) Monostrand
anchor, (c) Supreme Products
anchorage chuck. (Courlesy,
Post-Tensioning Institute.)
 2.10 PRESTRESSING SYSTEMS AND ANCHORAGES
2.10.3 Jacking System
• One of the fundamental components of a prestressing
operation is the jacking system applied, i.e., the manner
in which the prestressing force is transferred to the steel
tendons.
• Such a force is applied through the use of hydraulic jacks
of capacity 10 to 20 tons and a stroke from 6 to 48 in.,
depending on whether pretensioning or post-tensioning
is used and whether individual tendons are being
prestressed or all the tendons are being stressed
simultaneously.

Figure 2.28 Stresstek Multistrand 500-ton

jack. (Courtesy, Post-Tensioning In stitute.)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjwrXLWhISE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=313kGFV7E38 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAPSBz-GGoA