PAL BRUTAL MARK MAZOWER Continente sombrio A Europa 1943-4]dae de ssegra pas unl aumeniand pode eo tenant pararomar medi cont indoor e Badox A Conrengio do Genocdo ferescetou um rie importat ce reconhecds plo creo tension e Ins sos Exadoquearaifiearam obrigtode ale no eri de preeireu pura pesperalo. No entsnn, = comandade teas! pote ster ent opotenil da Comstoepoueos ats ssterarama confantexirmava dae Nope Unis de queen ex mais oie manele ue, pote endo on gropos acon, rch, clos micoe de tad ugar do lant, ‘emosprotegendo née mesmor” Docente quate décaas, ma ste de {enocdo comer fra rope fern mp em 192, cxedleenca ‘etendeneed propia Bupa” 7. Uma paz brutal, 1943-9 ta ease once ie al aes rowan coset depres espana Dre acon" a1 ‘Segunda Guerra Mundial — catia de quis um tele de il “Stereseae enue as poten euepéses dentro efor docasnente—funaee ade vir geecra eur, Ans de mais nad fo am canto mit, estado porfrgtardu roecad pels tmbigdemperusde ies Fovtmblen ‘uma guestene eas elpaese grapostnicos—um sangeeno ace deco tas por prs de nacinainas acai qoe quest modifcar fora o condo de ‘eras rs teri haga fi em ts dead Eusopa cident cent urs gue de dase no sed mas excnso, com bran sem tera cota ropretinas pr frit nonored l, som canponesespobes const ‘Gz, orf guando ce mevimentor de esti expand em 1434¢ rovciram recep dr re celaboeasenns ternowse uma ie ‘inl de exon ere, asada pelosalemies com arm der,sua razesremontando 12198 mesmo—na rang — 41799 Bese aoe: ‘apolaiads zeae quando o Exe Vermette marchou part o Cute doconinnt © sladoreapcoximaram do Lene (O aid de sprocimadamente a mules de moto lspesou af 8 os snares que romaram oa gueria fsnco pansion, dos Béers 03 do aes, comodo mules que mozreramba Pinal Goer Mupdalemagueraci ris. 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Nem mesmo eas, ports comparam coms & Uno ‘Soma, lem ce aise 10 mate deca pees? mulher prone rosde gueraquemecreamdefomees5mihoeseselizéosquetombar 2 PreateOdenal! ‘Algeensladedo soimentae de estas queseabteram sobre oss30 longo dees noe noo profndamente a socedades europe, pale ‘adecrermine do acsasaearra grupos danico acces cos ga epare date mcreilecrs da Polos pereceu mas mioséealemiesers ‘os, © geno ota forma mais extrema de iam gota oa soci & propriesrarra da soca do pré-querrs, A seconsroodepit de 94 oh ‘is, portant mama mao ferns aque se rarouns ous 20: sgorankose pd pener an orate Ae pends impostarpela guerra atsns _sgesimensosno tei sociale Bcodesaram ebrangasamatgsinsparam _mogSe olny, ms cambm scram nove desi ecporines" ‘Como conf deamanka magurase pueram encerrarsede repent mt 1947 endo de Alsbn contn um mac consent paao ori lore eet va mito al iso. Raver, posranene eno steamediuen quesugeso fide ua ea eocomesode outta Nachourece ‘x umano eo, nem uns eazy completa ene armada ¢ Gaeta Ce oepimet qu rugiram nope mers har aizeens expences de 0c do conf Poders cee que a tani para exe do gees ei ou em 155, quand saad arian sen eo reemus de ocipaghoe -eonsraocomerartm,Seisanos depois, adn G Bop esta quate om He (0 «dust ea Breanangvia reiting trent) eas nimiades paca ‘aloe eve on Panga com cute ples, pera dor ceeorcivs sacl de “dlgriation atonale” ox decree contin par sirbolcamente di landardelembraneds colborasonimmocs regimes pos auesaereafmara theta demoed io, ‘Alnds mais ambiguos foram ov expats eferndos no ancl pb ov nagolicae no Exes Porumlade, arate poe ereavam go ne segundo prinpios pt fst por outro, press Instr © mas Sobre prsioneiros de guerra aemies. ver G Bisel SS. Ambrose ‘orgs ). scnhowerand theGerman POWs Fasteagarn| res. 1092); E, Skrjabna, The Mlcsom the Rhine 8. Vernast op © hl op it pp 60 4 Proaadtont, op itp. Sos A Komigseder & J Wetzel, Lehenomut im Warreutal: Dae padsshew DP am NavikregicutschlundFrankturt am Stam, 19948) 1 Skriabina,ops cit 108, W Benz (ong) De Vestrchung der Deutschen ausslem Osten: Franhlurt lucha Baton Rouge, LL 1 198m, p29 am Main, 1998) 11. Relatinw de Dantayg ctaso em C Tighe, Guansk Nattonat Identity n the Polish German lrlandsLowndtes, 1990), 197. T Scheer cong). The Expulsion of the German Population from the Terrtrics Eas of the ler - Nese Line Bons). 268, 12, A.M de Zayas, Nemesis at Potsdum: The Expulsion of the Germans from the East | ancolt Nebr Londres.ed 1988), pp 104: Schechtman, Postwar Popwation Transfivsan Europe, 1088 1955 Filadeltia. Pa, 192), pp. Se 47: Gomulkasitado em N.Naimark, The Russtans in Germany: A History of the Sovet Zone of Ocupatuon, 1945-1949 (Cambridge, Mass. 1995), p47 1s. Schevhtman, op «itp. 505 1 Kirk, op cot. 69. n.24 pata vitimas militares e civis; Proudfoot, op ei..p. 4, para desloca mentos forgados de cis durante 4 guerra, Estimativas sobre populace total extraidas de BR Mitchell. European Mistoncal Statistics, 1780 1075 Nowa Yorke. 1980), sobre a Polonia ocidertal. ve J ver Zrolkeweski, “The sociological aspects of demographic changes in Polish Western Terntontes Polish Western Afars, 11962), pp -37:eHtagdo de} Wiats, “Polishsociety”.emC.M- Hann, A Vilage without Soludarit: Polish Peasants n Yearsof Crisis( New Haven, Conn, / Londres, 1985).p. 157, 15. Selveder ong), Documentson the Expulsion of the Ger 1961) pp 16 7,182 16. Scholz, Sues: Yeterdayand Talay’ Hata, 1968), p69) 17. Hann, op eit..p. 179, Scholz, op cit. pO, 18. Ver Gross, Social consequences of wat", op. eit passim, 19D Sington,Beisen Uncovered Londres, 1940), p. 187, 20 © Macandle, Children of Europe ‘Boston, Mass., 1951), pp. $8, 107.154, 200, 231 21. tbnd pp 231-5, 2046 22. Toad po 28. udp 242, 24, A Mando Dahianis Karambatzakis, Children in Turmoil during the Greek Civil War 1940 Today's Adults (Estocolmo, 1994) ct A. Karp, The War After ‘Londres, 1996), ¢ A. Hass. Aftermat: Living wich the Holocaust (Nowa York, 1995 ans from Eastern Central Europe thon 2s35. Z. Zaluski, Final 1945 (Varsévia, 1968), p. 17, citado em P. Wandyez, The Price of Frealom:A story of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages tothe Present (Londres, 1992). 240: R. Fiseman, evolution anal Tradition in People’s Polana: Education and Socialization Princeton, Sj 1972),p.28 ? 26, F Neumann, “Re-educating the Germans: the dilemma of reconstruction’, Commentary junho de 1947), pp. 517-25; Cioran no pos guerra citado em S, Guilbaut, “Postwar painting games. the rough and the slick, em Guilbaut (ong.), Reconstructing Modernism: Art New York, Pas ard Montreal, 1945-1964 (Cambridge, Mass., 1990), p. 53; Cioran no pré-guerraem L. Volovic, Nationalist ieology anu Antisemitism: The Case of Romanian intlletualsin the 19305 Oxford, 1991), pp 783. 27.V.St. Erlich, Family in Transition: A Study of 300 Yugoslav Villages Princeton, NJ 1996) pp. 452 3:0 Pines, “Working with women survivors of the Holocaust”, Journal of Pyshasayss (1986), pp. 67,295 307. 28.G. Theotokas, Tetradia imerologiou (Atenas, .d.),p. 486 28.G, Warner, “Italy and the Powers, 1943-49", em S.J. Woolf (org), The Rebirthof lay, 143-50 Nova York, 1972), p.30. 30,D. Ellwood, Italy, 1943-1945 (Nova York, 1985), pp. 22-30. 2 31.L.Kettenacker, “The Anglo Soviet alliance and the problem of Germany, 1941-1945" Journal of Contemporary History, 17 (1982), pp. 435-58 (citado na p. 449) 32. V. Zubok e C. Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: From Stain to Khrushchev Cambridge, Mass, 1996), pp. 28-30. 33. Ver aexcelente discussio em C. Gati, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc (Durham, NC. 1986).pp.28 48; sobre a Roménia, G, lonescu, Communism in Rumania, 1944-1962 Londres, 1964) p90. 4H.K. Kersten, Ihe Establishment of Communsst Rule Poland, 1445-148 BeskeleyLos Angeles, Cali, 1991), p. 122. 435.R, Palmer Domenico, Italian Fascists on Trial, 1943-1948 (Chapel Hill, 1991), pp.924 36.Citadoem M. Don, poranca, 188 (setembro de 1992), pp. 457-77 (citagBes nas pp. 465-6) n: 37. Tbid..p. 467. 38. H.R. Kedward, In Search of the Maguis: Rural Resistance in Southern France, 19421948 Oxford, 1995),p.279, ee 39.H, Lottman, The People's Anger: Justice and Revengein Post Liberation France (Londres, 986 pp. 506, 2 40. K-D. Henke & H. Woller (orgs, Poltische Sauberung in Europa: Die Abrechnang mit Faschismus 1nd Kollaboration nach dem Zweiten Weltkricg (Munique, 1991), pp. 184.215:39,272,2929. 4 Ibid, p. 128;}-P. Rioux, The Fourth Republic, 144-1958 (Cambridge, 1987), p 3. 42, Domenico, op cit. p. 157; Rioux, op. cit. p.40. 48. M. SzillsiJanze, “Pfeilkreuzler, Landesverrater und andere Volksfeinde': Generalabre: chnungin Ungarn”, em Henke, op. cit, pp. 3178, ' 44.P Zinner, Revolution in Hungary (Nova York’ Londres, 1962).p.25 45.E, Volkl, “Abrechnungfuror in Kroatien”, em Henke & Woller,op cit, pp 36074 - 46. Sobre a interferéncia dos alemies na esfera soviética, ver P. Biddiscombe, “Prodding the a] Russian Bear: pro German resistance in Romania, 19445", European History Quarterly, 28 (abril de 1995:, pp. 193.232; J. Schechtman, “Elimination of German minorities in southeastern Europe, ci r Joumal of Central European Affairs (julho de 1940), pp. 151-66; onescu, pp. 1101. qn “i all .“Azioni di guerrac potere partigiano nel dopoliberazione”, aia conten ath