CHAPTER – 6

Video
Amir Ibrahim
Nov-2021
 Topics
●
What is Video?
●
Calculating video file size
●
Codecs
●
Container formats
●
Aspect Ratio
●
Video editing softwares
 Video

➢ Video is a collection of bit-mapped still images (called frames) that are

taken one after the other.
➢ When the file is played, these pictures are shown in quick succession to
give the impression of a moving image.
➢ The number of frames is called the frame rate and this is measured in
FPS (Frames per Second). The standard rate is 25 FPS.
 Video

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6 Frame 7 Frame 8

Frame 9 Frame 10 Frame 11 Frame 12 Frame 13 Frame 14 Frame 15 Frame 16

 Video
➢ The bit-rate is the number of bits that are sent in one second when
transmitting a video file.
➢ If the data cannot be sent quickly enough then the video will not be
able to display in real-time.
➢ The resolution is the number of pixels in a given area, measured in
dpi.
➢ The size of code used to represent the colour of each pixel in a frame
will also affect the file size and picture quality. As with still images
this is called the bit-depth or colour depth.
Calculating video file size

 The physical size of the image.

 The resolution.
 The bit (colour) depth.
 The frame rate.
 The length of the video.
 Calculating video file size
 The file size of a video clip can be calculated as follows:
1. No. of pixels in a single frame =
(Height in pixels) x (width in pixels)
2. Storage for a single frame =
(No. of pixels) x (bit depth)
3. Storage for 1 sec =
(size of single frame) x (frame rate)
4. Total size =
(Size for 1 second) x (duration of clip)
 Calculating video file size

 Example

➢ What is the uncompressed file size of a 30 second video clip,

taken at 25 frames per second(fps). The resolution is 640 x
480 and the video was shot in 24-bit colour.
 Calculating video file size
 Solution
 Frame size = 640 x 480 x 24 = 921600 bytes
 1 second clip = 921600 x 25 = 23040000bytes = 22500kB
 30 second clip = 22500 x 30 =
675000 kB = 659.2MB

 This is a very large file and only just fits on a CD-RW. This is why
most video is compressed.
 Compression/Decompression(Codec)

 Compression / Decompression
 Codec is an algorithm, or specialized computer program, that reduces the
number of bytes consumed by large files and programs.
 A video codec shrinks or compresses a digital file to be more easily stored
and distributed.
 Compression － can reduce the amount of data needed to reproduce
video. It can save storage space, increase access speed.
 The contents of a compresses video file cannot be displayed without the
appropriate Codec installed
 Compression/Decompression(Codec)
Codecs have two main components, an encoder, and a decoder, that work
together to make video file size more manageable.
 Encoder: The encoder is the part of the codec that handles the
actual compression of the file.
 Decoder: The decoder component of a video codec prepares the
video file for viewing after it has gone through the compression
process. It decompresses it into the specified video container.

Compression Decompression
Original video Compressed video Decompressed
（ large ） file video file

The idea of video compression and decompression

 Compression/Decompression(Codec)

 Video codecs can be broadly split into two types:

✔ Frame-based codecs : compression takes place on each individual
frames of a video
✔ Temporal (or field-based) codecs: compression applies on a series of
frames , it takes advantages of areas of the image remain unchanged
from frame to frame.
 Container formats

 a video container format stores the video codec, audio codec, and
metadata such as subtitles or preview images.
 The container holds all the components together and determines which
programs can accept the stream.
 This basically means that they contain codec compressed video and
audio in one easy to play file.
 Example : MP4, AVI, FLV, MOV, MKV, TS, OGG, WMV
Compression/Decompression(Codec)
Compression/Decompression(Codec)
 Aspect Ratios
 The video aspect ratio indicates the orientation of a video by providing the
ratio of width to height as measured in pixels.
 The numbers that appear in the ratio are not necessarily representative of
the height and width in terms of pixels (px). It is just the ratio between
width and height.
 Video editing softwares

Adobe Premiere Pro CyberLink PowerDirector Apple Final Cut Pro X

End of chapter - 6

Nov - 2021