Name-hbh1she \L, V olG S 21 3eCoo39

Ex. No: 1
Date: 3 December 2 o22

LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES

MOTOR
OBJECTIVE

To perform the load test the

on
given D.C. series motor and draw the
following
performance characteristics.
1. Output Vs % Efficiency
2. Output Vs Torque
3. Output Vs Load current
4. Output Vs Speed

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. NAME TYPE RANGE QTY

Two point starter 2 Poin ISA

Voltmeter mc o-30) V
MC
Ammeter (o-10) A
4 Tachometer mee -2000 Pm

THEORY:
A dc series motor has the field
winding in series with the armature. Hence field
current is equal to the armature or load current. Speed is inversely proportional to flux and
therefore to field current. At no load the current is very low. This results in a weak field
which leads to very high speed, which may damage the motor. Hence the series motor is
alwaysstarted with load. As load increases speed decreases and torque increases. The latter
is due to the fact that the torque is proportional to the product of flux and armature current

which in this case is the square of the load current. Thus series machines
produce high
starting torque.
O
S1

S2 DC
Ai SUPPLY
(M)
A2 [
Fig-2

1
 Working:
d.c. motor is
The characteristic equation of a

V= E +la Ra
Where
Eb Back e.m.f.
la Current flowing in the armature circuit

Ra = Resistance of the armature circuit

la Ra represents the potential drop in the armature circuit.

FlL= la = Ise

Ise = current through series winding

The back emf E, is given by the equation

E - V- la (Ra + Rse)

Where
Rse the resistance of the series field

Ra=armature resistance
Also

NaEs/
Na (V la (Ra +Rse)) / ¢ to V and hence the back emf E, can be assumed to
the almost constant. Thus the speed
As Ra and Rse are normally small the drop la (Ra +
Rse) is quite small compared
Na1/¢a 1/la
At small loads armature current is small so the field is weak and results in
higher
speeds.
The
drop in speed with increased load is much more prominent in series motor than in
a shunt motor.
Hence, a series motor is not suitable for substantially constant
speed.
For a given input, the
starting torque developed by a series motor is greater than that
developed by a shunt motor. Hence series motors are used where
huge starting torque are
necessary i.e. for street cars, cranes, hoists and for electric
railway operation. In addition to
the huge starting
torque, there is another unique characteristics of series motors which makes
them especially desirable for traction work i.e. when a load comes on a series motors it
responds by decreasing its speed ( and hence E,) and supplies the increased torque with a
Small increase in current. On the
other hand a shunt motor under the same conditions would

2
EX. No:
Date:

hold its speed nearly constant and would

supply the required increased torque with a
increase of input current. large
Suppose that instead of shunt motor, a series motor is used to drive
a street car, When the car ascends a
grade, the shunt motor maintains the speed of the car at
approximately the same value it had on the level
excessive current. A series
ground, but the motor tends to take an
motor, however, automatically slows down
because of increased current on such a
grade
demand, and so it develops more torque at reduced
drop in speed permits the motor to develop a speed. The
large torque with but a moderate increase of
power. Hence, under the same load conditions the
than for
rating of the series motor would be less
a shunt motor.

Applications of dc series motor

1 For traction work

2. Electric Locomotives
3. Rapid transit system
4. Trolley cars etc
5. Cranes and hoists
6 Conveyors

3
 Ex. No: Date:

Speed Control of DC SERIES MOTORR

2-POINT STATER MECHANICAL LOAD SET UP BY
---~---*--***

EDDY CURRENT
(+) FUSE

S1
600 90o
1200
DC r.p.m 1500
Breaker Torque (Kg-m)

220 V DC sUPPLY
A1
Isolator NULL SETTING
M
ON/OFF
SWITCH
A2

FUSE
(-) TORQUE SETTING

FUSE RATING NAME PLATE DETAILS:

CALCULATION: DC Motor
No Load: 50°/. of Rated Current Rated Voltage
Full Load: 125 °/. of Rated Current
:220N
Rated Current
s s e coltulaion * 2 5 Y 68A Rated Power : Sk
Rated Speed
ISoo Pm
SA
 Ex. No:
Date:

TABULAR COLUMN:

LOAD LOAD
OUTPUT
VOLTAGGE CURRENT INPUT
S. No. Speed Torque Torque POWER
POWER
%T
V. (Volts) 1(Amps) N (rpm)
(Kg-m) N-m 2NT/60
VLIL(W)
1.

3 180d l6.5a8 630 11o.836|17:59

6
2210
5.
555 0 21 2-053340 336 123 33 8
1398 O30 12 94 34S 430 410e A5.5
21D S 3 h_o
210
0:3 3.72h loso S12428%s 30
6.
S8 123 0hT kto (218 s95.206 LR-8
7.
210 6: L s 58 6.8h l34 68:535 |So.70
21D 68
8. o88 068 666 28
76.23 63./6

10.

5
CALCULATIONS:

Torque in N-m
=
Torque in Kg-m *9 .81
= VL x ILWatts
Input power
Output power =
27t NT/ 60 Watts

Where
N Speed in rpm.
T Torque in Nm

%n (Eficiency)= (Output Power/ Input Power)X 100

MODEL GRAPHS

R
U
R
E
Current (Amps)
E Q R %Efficiency
D
E
T
E
N
Torque (Nm)

Speed (rpm

OUTPUT POWER
Fig-3

6
Ex. No: Date:

PRECAUTIONS

Before starting and after completion

1 The two point starter should be in off position.

2. D.C. series motor should be started with some load only.
3. Adjust the null knob so that the LED display shows zero initial calibration and
set the torque knob to a small load in the eddy current dynamometer.
4. Do not disturb the null knob during the experiment.

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as shown in (Fig-1) circuit diagram.

2. Observing the precautions, supply is switched on and the motor is started with
the help of two point starter.
The load is adjusted for various motor load current in steps from low load
current to full load current, and the corresponding meter readings are noted in
the tabular column.

RESULTT
decneaies
ineeoes, sPeed
As Load CUYTent

itn n cxeas
i'neases o
and o He tieo
n outfu

- /

7
Name A»hishe n olae 218E¬ oo 39

Scale
OnTos
oitS
unit
Tuntt N m

oYS
o n i NOO o a t

oR Ttroa t
Ou pu
 Ex. No:
2 Date: 0pi23

0.C.C. & LOAD TEST ON SEPARATELY EXCITED

D.C.GENERATOK

OBJECTIVE
To perform the open circuit & load test on separately excited D.C generator and
draw the open circuit, internal and external characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO. NAME TYPE RANGE QTY.

Ammeter
o-a alo-s)
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Loading rheostat TO AP oo_

Tachometer
O-15oY

THEORY
A d.c. generator whose field winding is supplied current from an external d.c
sources are called separately excited d.c generator. The flux
produced by the poles depends
upon the field current within the unsaturated
region of magnetic material of the
poles
(i.e.,D« IF. But in the saturated region the flux becomes nonlinear. Its
conventional diagram
is shown in Fig - 1

F
Voltage
DC G
A
F
O
Fig-1
Ex. No:
Date:

Open Circuit Characteristies of a DC generator

It shows the relation between the no load generator emf in the armature (Eo) and the

field current Ir at a specified speed. Open the field winding of the generator and connect it to

a separate D.C. source through a rheostat shown in Fig-4

the
Open circuit magmetization characteristics of a dc machine is tested by driving
or

zerO to
machine at its normal speed and varying the excitation current in steps from
The field is
maximum by adjusting field regulating resistance or potentiometer type regulator.
for test is show in Fig-2
Supplied through a separate source supply. The connection diagram

Eo

Voltage
DC G V
SUPPLY
Residual
Magnetism

Fig-3 Fig-4
Since the machine is not carrying any armature current, the terminal voltage is the induced
of the induced emf against the excitation
emf in the amature of the machine. The curve

characteristics or open-circuit characteristics of the machine.

current is the magnetization
current by increasing the
After taking the reading of the voltage induced Vs the excitation
current from zero to maximum, readings are taken by reducing the excitation from

maximum to zero. The curve plotted in Fig-4 shows that while reducing the excitation, the
emf does not follow the same curve and at zero value of excitation, does not return to zero

value but ratains some values of the emf. This emf is due to residual magnetism. This due to

magnetic hysteresis effect. Modern dc machines using steel frames and laminated pole
structure normally have residual magnetism of two to three percent.

Load test
The load test is performed on a d.c. generator to know how it's terminal voltage changes with
the load (electrical). It is generally assumed that the speed of the generator is maintained
constant by prime mover, during fthis test. The other purpose of the test also could be to find
its regulation, efficiency and to measure its temperature rise at different loads
Ex. No: Date:

Applications of separately excited generators

1. Separately excited generators are preferred where the characteristics of dc shunt

generator are not up to the expected level.

2. They can be used to excite the field magnets of ac generators.

3. As the drop in voltage is very small, these generators can be

used for supplying loads
needing constant voltage.
4. They are used as source for battery charging purpose
5. These generators are used for electroplating and electrolysis purpose.

PRECAUTIONS
Before starting and after completion of the experiment

1. The DC power supply, DC breaker and DC isolator should be in off position.

2 The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance posítion & motor

armature rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.

3 The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position
4 .There should not be any load on the machines.( In motor OR In generator)
Ex. No:
Date:
PROCEDURE
Open Circuit Characteristics
1. Connections are made as shown in
.
(Fig-2) circuit diagram.
By observing the precautions switch on DC power supply, DC breaker and
isolator. D
3. Now the motor
will start to rotate in
minimum speed.
4. By
adjusting the motor field rheostat and armature rheostat,
brought the motor to its
rated speed and
kept constant.
5. The residual
voltage is if any, indicated by the voltmeter should be
brought to zero.
This is done as follows. The field terminal of generator is exchanged then the

potential divider is varied in either direction and voltage is made zero. After doing
this the field terminals are interchanged and the experiment is repeated.
6. The potential divider is varied in steps so as to get up to 125% of rated value of

voltage of the generator, and the readings are tabulated.

7. The potential divider is varied in the opposite direction and again the readings are

tabulated.

LOAD TEST
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.
2. The potential divider is adjusted and the generator is excited to its rated voltage and
the no load readings are noted.
3. The load is switched ON in steps from no load to full load and each reading is
tabulated.
4. Each time the speed should be maintained at rated speed of the machine.
5. After taking all the readings readjust all the setting of their initial position and then
switch off the DC supply, DC breaker and DC isolator to stop the motor.

5
 Ex. No: Date:

O.c.C. & LOAD TEST ON SEPARATELY EXCITED D.c.GENERATOR

(+) FUSE
RMAN R M
CS3-1
Min VS1-1
DC A SHAFT A VL CS3-2
Breaker R Max
220 V DC SUPPLY VS1-2 30 Loading Rehostart
MS
Az Az CS1-1
Isolator
Yo
CS1-2
FUSE
(-)

K DC
Breaker 220 V
& D.C.SUPPLY
Isolator
R

FUSE RATING CALCULATION: NAME PLATE DETAILS:

No Load: 50/. of Rated Current DC Motor Alternator
Full Load: 125 /. of Rated Current Rated Voltage : 22oV 23V
Rated Current 7.6V
Rated Power : 1e

Rated Speed 1 k
TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO Egvolts Eg volts

IAmperes
(increase) (decrease)
1.
2 0
2
O12
3

4.
S3 7
O 20 81 96
5.
O-2h 02 6
6.
20 34
O 29
7.
o32 139
8.
7 132
O'40
9.
188
10. 206
200
11.
21
S2 211
12. 220
220

MODEL GRAPH

Eo DECREASING

ANCREASING

Residual
Magnetism

Ir

1
Ex. No: Date:

TABULAR COLUMN LOAD TEST

S.NO V(Volts) Ir (Amps ) IL(Amps) Eg- V+I,R,

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

MODEL GRAPH

Eo-
II. Internal
characteristie
III. External
characteristic

Ohmic drop in armature

IL,

RESULT
cna atter1
No lo a d s CAV aAt on
ext4 ec
3epenatrly

been plote
enexhor