2 1BEEo039

Abhishek N Kolase
2023
Ex. No: Date: 3 o ot
SHUNT MOTOOR
SPEED CONTROL OF DC

OBJECTIVES
d.c. shunt motor by
To perform the speed control of a
armature resistance control and to plot the Speed
) Below the normal range by
characteristics.
Vs armature voltage (N/ Va)
Above the normal range by field control and to plot Speed Vs field current
(ii)
(N/Idcharacteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE No.Qty

Ammeter diait lo-2).A
Voltmeteer dii 6-30 V
29 o 2-8 A
3 Rheostat Ieath
4
Tachometer D.qital6-15om
THEORY
The speed of a de motor is given by the relation, N KE^/¢ Where
=
Eb V-laRa
Therefore N=K (V-la Ra)/
Where Ra is the armature resistance
is the armature current

is the flux and

Eb is the back emf.

V is the supply voltag
From the above equations it is clear that the speed of de motors can be controlled by
the following methods.

1. By varying the flux per pole ( d ). This is known as flux or field control method.
2. By varying the armature drops i.e. by varying the resistance of the armature
circuit.
This is known as armature control method.
3. By varying the applied
voltage. This is known as voltage control method.
Field Control Method
Ex. No:
Date:

The flux
produced by the shunt winding depends on the current through it [i.e. ¢a Ish
and Ish =V/ Rsh]. When a
variable resistance R is connected in series with the shunt field
winding as shown in the Fig-2, the shunt field current [ Ish = V/(Rsh+R) ]is reduced and
hence the flux is also reduced. So the motor runs at a speed higher than normal speed (since
Na1/¢). The amount of increase in speed depends upon the value of the variable
resistance
R. This is valid only in the linear portion of If Vs flux ¢ curve and not in the saturation
region.

A1
F1 Voltage
M DC SUPPLY
A2 Ra
F
Fig-2
This method is most commercial as very little power is wasted in the shunt field
variable resistance due to small field current. The main disadvantage is that only speeds
above the normal speed can be obtained.

Armature Control Method

In this method speed control is done for constant field currents. This method is used
when speed below the no load speed are required. As the supply voltage is normally
constant, the voltage across the armature is varied by inserting a variable rheostat or
resistance in series with the armature circuit. As the variable resistance is increased,
potential drop across the armature is decreased thereby decreasing the armature speed. The
maximum speed that can be obtained for a given field current occurs when there is no series

resistance in the armature circuit, thus giving the armature the maximum voltage without

any series drop. Lower speeds may be obtained by introducing armature resistance in series.

I
F
R
Voltage
DC
A1 Rsh SUPPLY
M)
A2

Fig-3
3
 SHUNT MOTOR
Speed Control of DC

R Min / Ma
(+) FUSE

R Mia
VS1-1
DC
Breaker

220 V DC SUPPLY And

R Ma M
VS1-2
Isolator Az
F
CS1-1

FUSE
CS1-2
(-)

FUSERATING CALCULATION: NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC Motor
No Load:50 /. of Rated Current Rated Voltage 220 V
Full Load: 125/. of Rated Current
Rated Current
65 Amps
Rated Power
Full Led 65 x 2 Rated Speed
1Soorf m
8125 A
 TABULAR COLUMN:

Armature control Field Control

SI.No
In V. 210 Va2
InOh8
Field Speed
Armature Speed Armature Speed Field Speed
(Rpm) Current (Rpm)
Voltage (Rpm) Voltage (Rpm) Current

1.

222

21 33 |1503
3.
0h1S68
20 136
4.
26 0 3 620
18S
5.
o-37 647
70 1160
6.
o 37 166
56 D66
7.
036 1673
3 369 2
8.
13S g196 o 335 74o
29 879.2

PRECAUTIONS

Before starting the experiment

while
isolator should be in offposition
The DC power supply, DC breaker and DC
1.
making connections.

at minimum resistance position and armature

2. The field rheostat

should be kept
resistance position.
rheostat should be kept at maximum
load on the motor throughout the experiment.
3. There should not be any
5
 PROCEDURE

Armature Control and Field control Method

. Connections are made as shown in (Fig-1) the circuit diagram.

2. After
observing the precautions, the motor is started by switching on the DC
power supply, DC breaker and DC isolator. The motor will start
running at a low
speed.
3. The field current is
kept constant to the
any specified value (within the minimum
tomaximum value of field
current). Vary the voltage applied to the armature by
varying external resistance in the armature
the
circuit. Record the applied voltage
andspeed up to the rated voltge.
4. Repeat step 4 for various values of
given field current. Till the rated
motor. voltage of the
5. Keep the applied voltagethe armature constant at
to
its rated value
minimum to maximum value of (within the
armature voltage).
6. Vary the
speed of the motor by inserting
extemal resistance in the field
Record the field current and the circuit.
7. Repeat corresponding
speed of the motor.
step 6 for various values of field
about 1.2 times the rated
current, till the speed of the motor
is
speed of the motor.
8. Switch off the DC
power supply, DC breaker and DC isolator to
stop the motor.

RESULT:

Omat evoltoqe decreayey S preo

CoT Ten ConStah
deuTeases
keepinged
As HeTeld e S1stanfe (eOsts ictd CuYTen
deeasts and speed inecse ee P
GTmatvre
ottut ConslanE
Ex. No: Date: 3 o) o1)202 3

SWINBURNE'S TEST

OBJECTIVE
To perform Swinburne's test on the dc machine, running as shunt motor at
i)
no load.

(ii) To measure the resistance of the armature winding

(ii) Determine the efficiency of the machine used as motor at 1/4, 1/2th,
3/4t, full load and 1.25 times the full load and plot the efficiency Vs I
Curve.

Determine the efficiency of the machine used as generator at the above

iv)
loads and plot the efficiency curve on the same graph.

APPARATus REQUIRED

S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE NO.QTY

Starter 2pon
D-30o V
2. Voltmeter diathl (o- A
3. Ammeter 2g0 SL

ealh
4. Rheostat

5 Tachometer

THEORY
Swinbune,s test is an indirect method ( without loading) for finding out the efficiency of dc
machine. Various losses occuring in a de machine can be classified as (i) constant losses and
(i) variable losses. Variable losses are directly proportional to the square of armature current
or approximately the load current, where as constant losses are independent of load
conditions.
In this method, constant losses are determined experimentally by operating the dc
machine as motor running at no load. Variable losses occurring on load are calculated from
the known specifications of the machine.
Let the voltage applied to the shunt motor are V volts and the current flowing in the
armature and shunt field circuit under no load running be lao and Ish respectively. Then,
 Input power to the amuture olroult-V
VIoWalt
Input power to the alhunt ield oreuitV I Watl
Total input power thenotor t no lomd, Wu-V (lan )
to

Amature copper lowaes nt

load-(',)
no

Thus, the vonatant lowuex of the mahlne, We- WurI R,Wnlt

Hence, tlhe constant losaes of de machine can bo døtormined experimentally by recording a,

sh, V and measuring tho armaturo ronintanoe R

The Swinburne's test should be pertomod at rated voltugo and at rated speed.

PRECAUTIONS

Before starting and atler completion of the oxporiment

. The DC power supply, DC breuker and DC isolator should be in off position.
2. The motor field rheostat should be kopt at minimum resistance position & motor

armature rheostat should bo kopt at maxinmum resistunce position.

3. There should not bo uny load on the machines.( In motor OR In generator

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are nmade us shown in circuit diugrum.

switch on the DC power supply, DC breaker and DC
2. After observing the precautions
isolator switch.

3. Now the motor-generator set will sturt

to rotate in minimun speed.
its ruted valuo by varying the motor ticld rheostat
of the motor to
4. By adjust the specd
and motor armature rheostut.
tabular column and
5. Note down the voltmeter and
ammeter readings (lf and h) in the
switch off the motor.
TABULAR COLUMN

Speed . ISo

S.No. VLVolts) IL (Amps) I (Amps)

222 70

MODEL GRAPH

%n Ger

%n Mtr

LOAD CURRENT/ OUTPUT POWER

 TABULAR COLUMN

When running as a motor

S.No
fclion
VL(Volts) IL((Amps) I. -IL -1 Copper Constant Input Output Efficiency
loss loss %n-(O/P
Lood power power
I, R. (I/P)

22 b 1s 1:13S 1ShS 372-8) 363-12S

222) 3:2S 2 76 -i 377-8 718-2 336 2 8
322 89s 38S 23.073 372 8 o77-376912 G3.25
221 6S
h3-34 372 3)|1h34- S
lo20-346 703
522
81757-63S|C335) 372-
796-62 13$2.96|7S 3
 When running as a generator

% Efficiency
Outfu
acto s.No Constant loss apat power| Butputpower %n-(O/P)
LoadN
VL(Volts) L(Amps)|L,-htl Copper loss
1,R, UP)

61S 2 11S .36 372 81 3S3 12 737.3o 8 7o

6 7 8hS 682
221 3-2S
3-7 |6 785 372-9 D8 2S

72-5 6
3
&965 3639 372 81 o77-35 72%72%
3

6.9 S 632 |372-8B h36S 867 342 76 o

4 221

8.125 17 9S.625 2257 496 73.S4

S 22)
8.61S 8 0 |312-8)

Shun moos O enolvtFeel 6

on
Avn d fer 11
Sain bu n
e Aes ee pre cle ATTminrd
Kesvl+ and he
C X p e < 1 m e n h

Cuetec C
Suite uAul
l ((oA ohen he m ath
eneahor
CAnd
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM- SWINBURNE'S TEST

4-POINTr
STARTER
(+) 7 DC SHUNT
FUSE A MOTOR

220V A
D.C.
SUPPLY S M
Az
F

A
FUSE
(-)

NAME PLATE DETAILS

FUSE RATING CAILCULATION
Voltce = 220V

-2-5
Posey )
6peed 1Soo7P -15
 Class No.: Reg.No.:
Abhishe olc Se 23Eéoo39

Seale
-aiis

OnXGKiS
Unit=10 V

AamatUTe Vol taqa (V)

Scale
On y-CAYS
funt = S o l e m

1759 On K-as
Unit= 0. A
165
60o

155 Va 21o

45

Fictd Curen} th
Abhishe NCoase 212 E o 0 9
 N1olasc
Vome- Abhishtv
TVo 21BCEoo3 3

EX.NO:

DATE:1 3 2 2 3

OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Aim & OBJECTIVESs

(a) To perfom open circuit test and short circuit test on a single phase transformer

(b) To calculate the parameters of the equivalent cireuit of this transformer.

(c) Calculate the efficiency at 1/5 ,2/5, 3/5, 4/5th, full load and 1.20 times full load and plot the efficiency

curve Vs output power at a power factor of49 lagging.

(d) Calculate the regulation at full load current and Plot the graph % regulation Vs power factor from 0.2

lagging to 0.2 leading

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE No.Qty

C-1)
Ammeier
digital Cach
Co-5) Y
volhne+e Cach
dta 2
3 LOaem ertm igita Singe Phase

THEORY
Open Circuit Test

In this test low voltage side (primary) is connected to a supply of nomal voltage and
frequency (as per rating of transformer) and the high voltage winding (secondary) is left open as

shown in figure. The primary winding draws very low current hardly 3 to 5% of full load current
under this condition. Copper losses in the primary winding will be negligible. Thus mainly iron losses
occur in the transformer under no load on open circuit condition, which are indicated by the wattmeter
connected in the circuit.
Hence total iron losses =W, (Reading of wattmeter)
From the observations of this test, the parameters Ro and Xo of the parallel branches of this equivalent
circuit can also be calculated from the steps given below.
-!moII) uado- pno1o joYS
OOOOOD--
 SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
S.NO.

Wo Vsc Isc Wsc

Vo

20 5 4-28 7 9
200 O.18
19

TwIoCosÙo and,
of no load current 2
Core loss component Page
no-load current InloSindo
Magnetizing component of

representing core loss

R-VI
Equivalent resistance
current Xo=Vo/lm
representing magnetizing
,
reactance
Magnetizing

Short Circuit Test to10% of the rated

and a low voltage of 5
is short circuited
In this test, low voltage winding at rated current
test is performed
to this winding. This
voltage of the high voltage winding is applied under this condition is
negligible,
transformer
Iron losses occurring in the the
flowing in both the windings. under short circuit
are mainly

Hence the total loss occurring

of very low applied
voltage. circuit as shown
because wattmeter
connected in the
indicated by the
which are
losses of both the winding,
copper

in fig.
loss =
Wsc also be
Thus full load copper referred to a particular winding
can

resistance Req and reactance Xeq

The equivalent
the steps, given below.
observations of this test, following
calculated from the
winding
= WAsc*= Reg
to H.V.
resistance referred
Equivalent =
Vsc/1 =Zeg
referred to H.V. winding
Also, Equivalent impedance (Zeg-R)
winding=Xesqrt
to H.V.
Thus equivalentreactance
referred

observations of
Performance Calculations
based on the above
transformer can be calculated
of the
Complete performance below
following the steps
given
circuit tests
circuit and short
open
different loads:
Efficiency at
1)
load
(a) Efficiency at full
full load
=
Wo +Wse
Total losses at
transformer in KVA be Po
capacity of the
Let the full load output
efficiency at full
load n
=
Pox1000 x Cosp x 100
Thus percentage +Ws
(Pox 1000 x Cos)) +W%
(b) Efficiency at half full load
Iron losses at half full load = Wo (constant)

Copper losses at half full load = (1/2 Wse

Output power at half full load =

(1/2) Po x 1000 x Coso watts

% Efficiency at half full load

(1/2) Po x 1000 x coso x 100

I(1/2)0 =

(1/2) Pox 1000 x coso+Wo+ (1/4) Wsc

ln a similar manner, efficiency at other loads can be found out and the efficiency Vs load curve can
be plotted.

Efficiency at various loads at 0.85 power

factor
X-Fraction of full load
x*kVA*p.f. 1/5*1000*0.85 =

S.No.
Output Iron Loss Copper Loss % Efficiency
) ) -x*FLu Output
() Output +Ironloss +Copper loss
212 S
.93
81.
2
h2 s 19
3 637-S 19 L S go 4
8bo
89C6
5 12S ot1-5 19
12 3h3
83 17,

sin-V1-coso
Regulation
% Regulation

S.NO. Cos Sin (Rocos +Xojsing )"100/V

O9S o529 443Y.
LAGGING o.6
3
3.47
979 2-7.
UPF
07.
O 95 o $29 2
LEADING 6 O8 8
Ol

O 97 9

Equivalent Circuit
All the parameters of the approximate equivalent circuit have been calculated above. Thus an

with these values of parameters marked

approximate equivalent circuit of the transfottagr cn be drawn
on

it. The equivalent circuit can be solved easily for estimating the performance like temminal voltage across

the secondary etc.

Regulation
Regulation of the transformer can now be calculated based on the parameters of the equivalent

circuit, using the approximate fomula given below.

%Regulation = I, (Roicos # Xoisine )*100/V1 [ + For lagging p.f. & - For leading p.f.]

OR
% Regulation =1, (Ro2 Cos ¢ +Xo2 Sin ¢) *100/V2

and I=rated current on primary and secondary side

Vi and V2= rated voltage on primary and secondary side.

cos-Power factor at whichregulation is to be calculated
4.34

Equivalent impedance = Zo= V le

Equivalent resistance, Ro1 =W,/1
Equivalent reactance, Xo1 VZo-Ror=
=

MODEL GRAPH

Page -5

P.F.LEADING

0 4 6 8 6
P.F.LAGGING

Fig-3
AONAIDIHIA %
 5. Switch
off the AC supply, AC breaker and AC isolator switch after bringing the transformerer to
minimum potential position.

Short Cireuit Test

1. Connections
aremade as shown in ( Fig-2) cireuit diagram.
2. Switch on the 1-0 AC power supply, AC breaker and AC isolator
switch
3. Adjust auto transformer (1-Ù) for rated current across the
primary side
4. Record the short circuit voltage and short circuit
power, for corresponding to the rated current
of the transformer winding.
5. Switch off the AC
supply, AC breaker and AC isolator switch after
minimum potential position.
bringing the transformer to

RESULT
G). The open circuit & short circuit test on
given single phase transformer have been
by suitable experiment. performed
(ii). The percentage efficiency has been 2S5o., 7S7. 1o07, 12S7. ,
predetermined at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 120% at 0.8S
power factor lagging.
ii). The percentage regulation has been
detémined ffom 0.2 lagging power factor to 0.2
leading power factor.