Distance Relay Editor Users Manual

ASPEN
Distance Relay Editor

Version 2013
User's Manual
Advanced Systems for Power Engineering, Inc.
Contents • i
NOTICE
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor™ is a proprietary computer program of Advanced Systems for Power Engineering, Inc.
(ASPEN).
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. ASPEN assumes no responsibility for any
errors that may appear in this document.
Copyright © 1988-2013 Advanced Systems for Power Engineering, Inc. All right reserved.
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are trademarks of Advanced Systems for Power Engineering, Inc.
ii • Contents
Contents
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................5
1.1 OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................................................5
1.2 DISTANCE RELAY LIBRARY ........................................................................................................................5
1.3 ABOUT THIS MANUAL...................................................................................................................................6
1.4 INSTALLING THE PROGRAM........................................................................................................................6
1.5 STARTING THE PROGRAM............................................................................................................................6
SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ................................................................................................7
2.1 WHAT’S IN A RELAY TYPE ...........................................................................................................................7
2.2 METHODS .........................................................................................................................................................8
2.3 DISTANCE RELAY SIMULATION IN ONELINER AND DISTRIVIEW ........................................................9
2.4 VOLTAGE MEMORY AND POLARIZATION ...............................................................................................9
2.5 MHO AND MHO4 METHOD..........................................................................................................................11
2.6 GCX METHOD ................................................................................................................................................13
2.7 KD METHOD...................................................................................................................................................14
2.8 QUAD AND QUAD4 METHOD .....................................................................................................................15
2.9 HZ METHOD ...................................................................................................................................................17
2.10 HZM METHOD..............................................................................................................................................18
2.11 HCZ METHOD...............................................................................................................................................19
2.12 RAZOA METHOD.........................................................................................................................................20
2.13 REL316 METHOD .........................................................................................................................................21
2.14 REL316_4 METHOD .....................................................................................................................................23
2.15 REL 521 METHOD ........................................................................................................................................26
2.16 7SA513 METHOD .........................................................................................................................................28
2.17 7SA511 METHOD .........................................................................................................................................30
2.18 7SA611 METHOD .........................................................................................................................................33
2.19 SEL-XXXP__ AND SEL-XXXG__ METHODS ...........................................................................................35
2.20 D60P__, D60G__, D90P__, D90G__, L60P__, L60G__, L90P__, L90G__ METHODS .............................38
2.21 REL521P__, REL521G__, REL531P__, REL531G__ METHODS ..............................................................41
2.22 P437__ METHOD ..........................................................................................................................................44
2.23 P441__ METHOD ..........................................................................................................................................46
2.24 P443P__ AND P443G__ METHODS.............................................................................................................48
2.25 ZR20 METHOD..............................................................................................................................................50
2.26 REL670P__ AND REL670G__ METHODS ..................................................................................................52
2.27 7SA522__ METHOD .....................................................................................................................................56
2.28 GRL100G__ AND GRL100P__ METHOD...................................................................................................59
SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE .........................................................................................................62
3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................62
3.2 MAIN WINDOW COMMANDS .....................................................................................................................63
FILE MENU ........................................................................................................................................................64
NEW COMMAND............................................................................................................................................................. 64
OPEN COMMAND............................................................................................................................................................ 65
SAVE COMMAND............................................................................................................................................................ 66
SAVE AS COMMAND...................................................................................................................................................... 67
EXIT COMMAND............................................................................................................................................................. 68
TYPE MENU .......................................................................................................................................................69
EDIT COMMAND............................................................................................................................................................. 69
COPY FROM ANOTHER LIBRARY COMMAND ......................................................................................................... 72
Contents • iii
VIEW MENU .......................................................................................................................................................73
TOOLBAR COMMAND ................................................................................................................................................... 73
STATUS BAR COMMAND.............................................................................................................................................. 74
INDEX ........................................................................................................................................................................75
iv • Contents
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
The distance relay characteristics used by ASPEN OneLiner/DistriView are stored in a binary file called the
distance relay library. The ASPEN Distance Relay Editor is an auxiliary program for maintaining the distance
relay library.
1.2 DISTANCE RELAY LIBRARY

The distance relay library stores the characteristics of different relay types in a form that can be used by
OneLiner/DistriView to simulate the relay operation.
Each relay type in the library is named after a specific commercial make and model of distance relay, such as
“GEC Optimho” and “SEL 321”. An exception to this is the collection of six relay types, “GEC-Type”, “GCX-
Type”, “KD-Type”, “HX-Type”, “HCZ-Type” and “HZM-Type”, which is required for backward compatibility.
You can use the Distance Relay Editor to add any number of relay types to the library and to edit their
characteristics.
OneLiner/DistriView reads the distance relay library when it begins execution. When you create a new distance
relay in OneLiner/DistriView by executing the New | Relay | DS Ground Relay or New | Relay | DS Phase Relay
command, the program will display a list of all the available types in the distance relay library and ask you to
select one. The relay parameter names and default values within the distance-relay info dialog box will come
directly from the distance relay library.
OneLiner/DistriView uses the information in the library to determine which zones are tripped and how long is
the time delay when it is asked to display the relay operating time in the main one-line window.
All of these attributes of a relay type can be edited within the Distance Relay Editor. The users’ ability to
modify the relay characteristics in the distance relay library is key to OneLiner/DistriView’s flexibility in
modeling distance relays.
Section 2 of this manual also documents a new class of distance relay methods (Section 2.19 through 2.24), each
of which is designed to simulate in detail the internal workings of a specific make and model of distance relay.
We call these “vendor-specific relay methods”. For example, the methods “SEL-311P__” and “SEL-311G__”,
are designed to simulate the phase and ground elements of the SEL-311 distance relay from Schweitzer
Engineering Laboratory. You can easily tell a vendor-specific method by its name, which always ends with the
two underscore characters. The setting parameters of vendor-specific methods follow exact those of the physical
relay.
The characteristics of vendor-specific methods are not stored in the distance relay library. For each vendor-
specific method available, OneLiner/DistriView automatically creates a relay type internally with the exact same
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION • 5

name when the program starts. You will not be able to customize vendor-specific methods with this Relay
Editor.
1.3 ABOUT THIS MANUAL

This User’s Manual will show you how to use the ASPEN Distance Relay Editor to create new distance relay
types and to edit the characteristics of existing relay types. It will also describe how distance relays are modeled
in OneLiner/DistriView.
The description of the distance relay model is in Section 2. The program commands are explained in Section 3.
1.4 INSTALLING THE PROGRAM

The Distance Relay Editor is installed during the installation of OneLiner/DistriView. See Section 2 in the Help
file located in the ASPEN OneLiner or ASPEN DistriView program group for details.
1.5 STARTING THE PROGRAM

Please follow these instructions to start up the Distance Relay Editor:
1. Execute the command Tools | Run Distance Relay Editor within OneLiner or
DistriView.
The Distance Relay Editor will start up. The program will automatically
open the distance relay library that is referenced by OneLiner or
DistriView.
The Main Window of the Distance Relay Editor looks like this.
2. Restart OneLiner or DistriView.

If you have modified or created any relay types within the distance relay
library, you must re-start OneLiner or DistriView before the updated
distance-relay characteristics will take effect.
6 • SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING
2.1 WHAT’S IN A RELAY TYPE

The following shows the info dialog box for a distance relay type called “CEY”. You can call up this
dialog box with the Type | Edit command in the Distance Relay Editor.
The attributes of a distance relay type include the following:

• Type name: An 18-character name that identifies a specific commercial make and model of a distance relay.
• Phase Relay: This check box is marked if the type can be used to create a “phase” distance relay in
OneLiner and DistriView.
• Ground Relay: This check box is marked if the type can be used to create a “ground” distance relay in
OneLiner and DistriView. Some “ground” relay types models both phase and ground functions. Examples
of these are RAZOA and REL316.
• Zone 2 Supervision on OC Relay: This check box is marked if zone 2 of this relay type can supervise a
nondirectional, torque-controlled overcurrent relay.
• Memory duration: Duration of the voltage memory. Zero means there is no memory.
• Method of polarization: Available options include “Self Polarized”, “Cross Polarized” and “Positive-
Sequence Polarized”.
• Method: The method name is shown immediately above the data grid. (The method is “Quad” in the above
illustration.) The method is the basic technology employed by the relay type. Examples of basic relay
technologies are balanced-beam, mho and quadrilateral designs. Some of the methods available are
designed to model one-of-a-kind designs, such as the RAZOA relay. The Distance Relay Editor asks you to
choose a method whenever a relay type is created. Methods will be covered in more detail in Section 2.2.
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 7

• Parameter names and default values: The method you choose for the relay type determines the variables that
are needed to model it. The data grid in the above dialog box lists the parameter names and default values.
Each parameter is also assigned an index that appears in the first column of the data grid. You can change
the parameter names and default values. These will appear in the distance-relay info dialog box in
OneLiner and DistriView. However, you cannot change the indices because OneLiner and DistriView use
them as parameter identifiers.
Note: In the Distance Relay Editor, you will not find relay types associated with vendor-specific methods. The
reason is that for each vendor-specific method, OneLiner/DistriView will automatically create a relay type with
the exact same name when the program starts.
2.2 METHODS
Each relay type in the distance relay library is an instance of a method, which encapsulates the basic relay
technology. The following is a list of methods currently available:
• GCX: This method simulates the GCX relay, which has a mho circle with 2 reactance lines.
• HZ: This method simulates the HZ balanced-beam relay with circular characteristics.
• HZM: This method simulates the HZM balanced-beam relay with circular characteristics. Offsets are
possible.
• HCZ: This method simulates the 2-zone balanced-beam relay with variable time delay in zone 2.
• KD: This method simulates the KD phase relay from Westinghouse (now ABB).
• Mho: This method simulates the mho characteristics created by the classic phase-comparator method.
• Mho4: This is identical to the “Mho” method, except “Mho4” can have up to four zones (instead of 3).
• Quad: This method simulates the quadrilateral relay. Phase comparators are used to model the straight-line
characteristics.
• Quad4: This is identical to the “Quad” method, except “Quad4” has 4 zones (instead of 3) and the resistive
blinders for each zone can be specified independently.
• RAZOA: This method simulates the ABB RAZOA relay.
• REL316 and REL316_4: This method simulates the ABB REL316 relay.
• REL521 : This method simulates the ABB REL521 relay.
• 7SA513: This method simulates the Siemens 7SA513 relay.
• 7SA511: This method simulates the Siemens 7SA511 relay.
• ZR20: This “relay model” simulates distance relay models available in the ZR20 software program.
The following methods, with names that end with two underscore characters, are vendor-specific methods. They
are designed to model in detail a specific make and model of a distance relay. You will not be able to create
types based on these methods.
• SEL-311P__, SEL-311G__, SEL321P__, SEL321G__, SEL-421P__, and SEL-421G_: These methods
simulate Schweitzer Engineering Lab.’s SEL-311, SEL321 and SEL-421 relays.
• D60P__, D60G__, D90P__, D90G__, L60P__, L60G__, L60P__, L60G__: These methods simulate GE
D60, D90Plus, L60 and L90 line protection distance relays.
• REL521P__, REL521G__, REL531P__, REL531G__, REL670P__, REL670G: These methods simulate
Siemens REL521, REL531 and REL670 distance relays.
• P437__, P441__, P443P__ and P443G__: These methods simulate Areva P437, P441 and P433G distance
relays.
More details on each of the methods listed above will be given later in this section.
8 • SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

2.3 DISTANCE RELAY SIMULATION IN ONELINER
AND DISTRIVIEW
When you ask to see the relay operating time in the main window of OneLiner or DistriView, the program takes
the following steps for each distance relay:
1. The program gets the relay’s type name (e.g., “SEL 321”), which is an attribute of the relay itself.
2. The program then searches the distance relay library for this type name. Once found, the program gets the
method name (e.g. “Quad”), memory duration, polarization method, and other attributes from the type
record. Note: The distance relay library is not used for a vendor-specific method. The method name of a
vendor-specific method is always the same as the type name.
3. The program then branches, based on the method name, to the appropriate function to determine the relay
tripping and time delay. The operating time is then shown on the one-line diagram.
When you display the distance relay characteristics on the Distance Relays Window, the logic flow is as follows:
1. The program gets the relay’s type name (e.g., “SEL 321”), which is an attribute of the relay itself.
2. The program then searches the distance relay library for this type name. Once found, the program gets the
method name (e.g. “Quad”), memory duration, polarization method, and other attributes from the type
record. Note: The distance relay library is not used for a vendor-specific method. The method name of a
vendor-specific method is always the same as the type name.
3. The program then branches, based on the method name, to the appropriate functions to perform the
following chores:
• Draw the relay characteristics.
• Draw the relay caption that summarizes the relay parameters.
• Compute the relay tripping and time delay.
• Plot and display in text the apparent impedances and trip/restrain states.
From a programming standpoint, each distance relay method (such as “Quad”) is implemented in OneLiner and
DistriView as a collection of four C++ functions that perform the functions listed under item 3 above. The
necessary voltage and current phasors and relay parameters are passed to these functions through formal
parameters. Starting with Version 6 of DistriView and Version 9 of OneLiner, users have the ability to create
custom distance-relay methods through a DLL (dynamic link library) written in C++. Please contact ASPEN’s
tech support if you are interested in creating your own relay method.
2.4 VOLTAGE MEMORY AND POLARIZATION

With the exception of the vendor-specific types, you can specify for each relay type the duration of the voltage
memory and the method of polarization. Within OneLiner/DistriView, the logic that simulates the distance relay
will use different voltage phasors for polarization depending on the option you select. The polarizing quantity
and the duration of the memory, in turn, affect the behavior of the relay immediately after the onset of a fault.
(This last point is the subject of numerous technical papers and textbooks and will not be discussed in this
User’s Manual.)
The options available for voltage polarization are:
• Self polarized
• Cross polarized
• Positive-sequence polarized.
These methods are described below.

The memory duration you specify will affect the quantities listed under the column “Quantity Actually Used” in
the tables that follow. For a given zone, the program will use the prefault voltages if the memory duration is
longer than that zone’s time delay. Otherwise, it will use the post-fault voltages.
The program will always use the post-fault voltages for polarization if the memory duration is zero.
Self Polarized Relays
A self polarized relay makes no attempt to substitute a voltage phasor by phasors of the other possibly healthy
phases. This is the simplest method possible.
Phase Relay
Quantity Needed Quantities Actually Used
Vb-Vc Vb-Vc
Vc-Va Vc-Va
Va-Vb Va-Vb
Ground Relay
Va Va
Vb Vb
Vc Vc
Cross Polarized Relays
A cross polarized relay derives the polarizing voltage phasors indirectly from the other phases. See table below.
(The symbol “j” denotes the imaginary number equal to the square root of -1.)
Phase Relay
Vb-Vc -jVa
Vc-Va -jVb
Va-Vb -jVc
Ground Relay
Va j(Vb-Vc)
Vb j(Vc-Va)
Vc j(Va-Vb)
Positive-Sequence Polarized Relays

A positive-sequence polarized relay derives its polarizing voltages by decomposing a positive-sequence phasor,
V1, into its symmetrical phase components.
Phase Relay
Vb-Vc -j1.732 V1
Vc-Va (-1.5+j0.866) V1
Va-Vb ( 1.5+j0.866) V1
Ground Relay
Va V1
Vb (-0.5-j0.866) V1
Vc (-0.5+j0.866) V1

2.5 MHO AND MHO4 METHOD
The Mho method models electromechanical and microprocessor relays with the well-known mho element. This
method has provisions for reversed zones and offsets. These features, in addition to the choice for voltage
polarization and memory duration, should make this method suitable for a large number of commercial relay
types. The Mho4 method is identical to the Mho method, except Mho4 has 4 zones, instead of 3.
There are three units in each zone. The Mho method determines whether a unit trips by comparing the phase
angle between (V-ZI) and Vp, where Z is the zone reach (sometimes called the replica line impedance), I is the
current, V is the voltage, and Vp is the polarizing voltage. The polarizing voltage must lead the quantity (V-ZI)
by 90 degrees or more in order for the unit to trip. A zone is considered tripped if any one of the three units
trips. The voltage V and current I of the three units are listed in the tables below.
Phase Relay
V I
BC Unit Vb-Vc Ib-Ic
CA Unit Vc-Va Ic-Ia
AB Unit Va-Vb Ia-Ib
Ground Relay
V I
A Unit Va Ia + 3 K Io
B Unit Vb Ib + 3 K Io
C Unit Vc Ic + 3 K Io
The polarizing voltage Vp for each unit depends on the option chosen for the relay type. (See section 2.4 for
details.) The program logic computes the polarizing voltages separately for each zone. If the time delay of that
zone is shorter than the voltage memory, then Vp is computed from the prefault voltages. Otherwise, it is
computed from post-fault voltages. If a zone has an offset, Vp is replaced by Vp+Z’I, where Z’ is the offset
impedance.
The Mho method gives rise to static relay characteristics that are circular. See relay characteristics on the next
page.

The parameters for the Mho method are as follows:
Parameter Meaning
Z_1 Imp Zone 1 reach in secondary ohms.
Z_1 Ang Zone 1 characteristic angle in degrees
Z_2 Offset Imp. Zone 2 offset impedance in secondary ohms
Z_2 Offset Ang. Zone 2 offset angle in degrees
Z_2 Delay Zone 2 time delay in seconds
Z_3 Delay Zone 3 time delay in seconds.
Z_3 Frdwrd/Rev Zone 3 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed.
The Mho4 method has these additional parameters:

2.6 GCX METHOD
The GCX method is for relay types that have a mho element for zone 3 and reactance lines for zone 1 and 2.
The GCX method can be used for both phase and ground relays.
There are three units in each zone. The voltage V and current I processed by the three units are listed in the
tables below.
Phase Relay
V I
BC Unit Vb-Vc Ib-Ic
CA Unit Vc-Va Ic-Ia
AB Unit Va-Vb Ia-Ib
Ground Relay
V I
The logic for zone 3 is identical to that for the Mho method.
The reactance-line characteristics are simulated by comparing the phase between (V-XI) and XI. The quantities
V and I are identical to those used by the Mho method, and X is the zone reactance. This checking is done
separately for the three units in each zone.
The GCX characteristics are shown below.
The parameters for the GCX method are as follows:

Parameter Meaning
Z_1 X Zone 1 reactance in secondary ohms.
Z_2 Delay Zone 2 delay in seconds.
Z_3 Imp. Zone 3 reach in secondary ohms.
Z_3 Ang. Zone 3 characteristic angle in degrees.
Z_3 Delay Zone 3 delay in seconds.

2.7 KD METHOD
The KD Method models the original KD relay as well as a number of electromechanical and microprocessor
relay types that utilize the same basic technology. The KD Method can be applied to phase relays only.
Each zone has two units: the 3-phase unit and the phase-to-phase unit. The zone reach and the characteristic
angle for the two units are specified separately by the user, and they do not have to be the same. For each unit,
three voltages, x, y and z are computed based on the voltages, currents and zone reach. The unit is considered
tripped if the voltage phasor x-y leads the phasor z-y.
The program logic employs a very short-term self-polarized voltage memory when a phase voltage is below 0.01
secondary volts. The memory-voltage option and duration you selected for the relay type have no effect on this
logic.
3-Phase Unit
Variable Definition
x Va + 1.5 (Ib+Ic) Z
y Vb
z Vc
Phase-To-Phase Unit
Variable Definition
x Va - (Ia-Ib) Z
y Vb
z Vc - (Ic-Ib) Z
(Note: The variable Z in the first table is the reach of the 3-phase unit. The variable Z in the second table is the
reach of the phase-to-phase unit. The reach of the 3-phase unit and the reach of the phase-to-phase unit need not
be identical.)
The KD Method does not allow offsets, but you can have the relay characteristics shifted slightly to include the
origin.
The graphical characteristics of the KD Method are the same as those of the Mho Method.
The parameters for the KD method are as follows:
Parameter Meaning
Z_1 Imp 3P Zone 1 reach in secondary ohms for the 3-phase unit.
Z_1 Imp PP Zone 1 reach in secondary ohms for the phase-phase unit.
Z_1 Ang 3P Zone 1 characteristic angle in degrees for the 3-phase unit.
Z_1 Ang PP Zone 1 characteristic angle in degrees for the phase-phase unit.
Z_2 Inc. Origin Zone 2 is shifted slightly to include the origin if this value is 1.
Z_3 Inc. Origin Zone 3 is shifted slightly to include the origin if this value is 1.

2.8 QUAD AND QUAD4 METHOD
The Quad method is for relay types with quadrilateral characteristics. The Quad method can have up to three
zones. All but the first zone can be reversed. This method can be used for both phase and ground relays.
The Quad4 method is identical to the Quad method, except Quad4 can have up to 4 zones, and the resistive
blinders for each zone can be specified independently.
There are three units in each zone. The voltage V and current I processed by the three units are these.
Phase Relay
V I
BC Unit Vb-Vc Ib-Ic
CA Unit Vc-Va Ic-Ia
AB Unit Va-Vb Ia-Ib
Ground Relay
V I
The quadrilateral characteristics consist of a number of straight-line characteristics, each of which is simulated
by a phase comparator. To see whether a unit trips requires testing the output of several phase comparators. For
example, in order for a unit in zone 1 to trip, all of the following must be true:
1. The directional phase comparator indicates that the fault is in the tripping direction.
2. The right resistive blinder indicates that the fault is to the left of the blinder.
3. The left resistive blinder indicates that the fault is to the right of the blinder.
4. The reactance phase comparator indicates that the fault is below the zone-1 line.
The input quantities A and B for each of these comparators are listed below:
A B
Reactance Line V-XI XI
Right “Resistive” Blinder V - R1 I -ZI
Left “Resistive” Blinder -Z I V - R2 I
Directional Line -Z I Vp
In this table, R1 and R2 are the x-axis intercept of the right and left resistive blinders, X is the zone reactance, Z
is a unity vector at the characteristic angle, and Vp is the polarizing quantity.
This implementation gives rise to a quadrilateral characteristic shown below. Note the characteristic angle
determines the angle of the resistive blinders. The angle of the directional line can be controlled independently.

The parameters of the Quad method are these:
Parameter Meaning
Charact. Ang. Characteristic angle in degrees
Dir. Blinder Angle Directional blinder angle in degrees
Right Blinder R+ x-axis intercept of the right resistive blinder in secondary ohms
Left Blinder R- x-axis intercept of the left resistive blinder in secondary ohms
The parameters of the Quad4 method are these:
Parameter Meaning
Charact. Ang. Characteristic angle in degrees
Dir. Blinder Angle Directional blinder angle in degrees
Z_1 Blinder R+ x-axis intercept of the right resistive blinder in secondary ohms
Z_1 Blinder R- x-axis intercept of the left resistive blinder in secondary ohms

2.9 HZ METHOD
The HZ Method is for phase relays of the balanced-beam design. This method cannot be used for ground relays.
The relay type modeled with the HZ method is assumed to have a built-in directional unit that is identical in
design as those in directional overcurrent phase relays. Specifically, the inputs to the three directional units are:
Directional Unit Vp Current
Phase A Vb-Vc Ia
Phase B Vc-Va Ib
Phase C Va-Vb Ic
The characteristic angle of the phase comparator is such that the maximum torque occurs when the current is 30
degrees ahead of the polarizing voltage. The memory voltage and duration specify for the relay type determines
which voltages used to compute the quantity Vp for the directional unit. The memory voltage is not used for
other purposes.
The balanced beam relay is modeled as a magnitude comparator. The voltage and current inputs are these:
Zone 1 and Zone 2 V I
BC Unit Vb - Vc Ib - Ic
CA Unit Vc - Va Ic - Ia
AB Unit Va - Vb Ia - Ib
Zone 3 V I
BC Unit Vb - Vc Ib
AB Unit Va - Vb Ia
CA Unit Vc - Va Ic
Each zone has three units. Each unit is considered tripped if the magnitude of V is at least 5 volts and the
magnitude of (Z I) is greater than the magnitude of V. A zone is considered tripped if the directional unit
indicates that the fault is in the tripping direction and one or more units of that zone are tripped.
The characteristics of the HZ method are circles centered at the origin.

The parameters of the HZ method are listed below:
Parameter Meaning
Z_1 Imp. Zone 1 impedance in secondary ohms.
2.10 HZM METHOD

The HZM Method is for phase relays of the balanced-beam design. This method cannot be used for ground
relays.
The relay type modeled with the HZM method is assumed to have a built-in directional unit that is identical in
design as those in directional overcurrent phase relays. Specifically, the inputs to the three directional units are:
Directional Unit Vp Current
Phase A Vb-Vc Ia
Phase B Vc-Va Ib
Phase C Va-Vb Ic
The characteristic angle of the phase comparator is such that the maximum torque occurs when the current is 30
degrees ahead of the polarizing voltage. The memory voltage and duration specify for the relay type determines
which voltages used to compute the quantity Vp for the directional unit. The memory voltage is not used for
other purposes.
The balanced beam relay is modeled as a magnitude comparator. The voltage and current inputs are these:
V I
BC Unit Vb - Vc Ib - Ic
CA Unit Vc - Va Ic - Ia
AB Unit Va - Vb Ia - Ib

Each zone has three units. Each unit is considered tripped if the magnitude of V is at least 10 volts and the
magnitude of (Z I) is greater than the magnitude of V. Offset is achieved by substituting V+Z’I for V, where Z’
is the offset impedance. A zone is considered tripped if the directional unit indicates that the fault is in the
tripping direction and one or more units of that zone are tripped.
The characteristics of the HZM method are circles centered at the origin, unless the zones are offset.
The parameters of the HZM method are listed below:

Parameter Meaning
Z_1 Offset Imp. Zone 1 offset impedance in secondary ohms.
2.11 HCZ METHOD

The HCZ Method is for phase relays with the balanced-beam design. This method cannot be used for ground
relays.
The HCZ Method has a directional unit that is exactly the same as HZM method. In fact, it is identical to the
HZM method with only these exceptions:
1. The zones cannot be offset.
2. There are only two zones.
3. The delay of zone 2 is a linear function of the fault’s apparent impedance.

The parameters of the HCZ method are listed here:
Parameter Meaning
HZ Impedance Zone 1 impedance in secondary ohms.
CZ Delay (s/ohm) Zone 2 delay in seconds per secondary ohm.
The program considers zone 2 to be restrained if the time delay is 60 seconds or longer.
2.12 RAZOA METHOD

The RAZOA method simulates the ABB RAZOA relay. The RAZOA relay has both phase and ground units
that respond to phase and ground faults. Within OneLiner and DistriView, RAZOA relay must be modeled as a
“ground” distance relay.
The RAZOA method uses an overcurrent starting logic when the current threshold is set to 0.01A or higher. An
under-impedance starting method is used otherwise.
When using the overcurrent starter logic, OneLiner/DistriView uses the following table to determine which of
the units are used for a given fault:
Starting PS Switch Position
Element 0 1 2 3 4 5
R A CA A CA A CA
S B AB B AB B AB
R&S AB AB AB AB AB AB
T C BC C BC C BC
T&R CA CA CA CA CA CA
S&T BC BC BC BC BC BC
R&S&T AB AB AB AB AB AB
R&N A A A A A A
S&N B B B B B B
R&S&N B B A A AB AB
T&N C C C C C C
T&R&N A A A A CA CA
S&T&N C C C C BC BC
R&S&T&N AB AB AB AB AB AB
In this table, R, S, T and N are overcurrent starting units:
• R is TRUE if the phase ‘a’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
• S is TRUE if the phase ‘b’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
• T is TRUE if the phase ‘c’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
• N is TRUE if the residual current 3Io exceeds the ground-current start threshold.
PS position is an option that can be selected by the user (through a knob on the panel). Depending on the PS
position and which of the starting units are enabled, the relay checks one or more of the following units:
• Ground units A, B and C.
• Phase unit AB, BC and CA
As an example, for a phase-to-phase fault in front of the relay (between phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’), the fault
currents on phases ‘b’ and ‘c’ enable the starting units S and T. Unit R is not enabled because there is no phase
‘a’ current. Unit N is not enabled because there is no ground current. If the PS position is set at 1, the above
table tells us that this fault will be checked by the phase units AB and BC. If the PS position is set at 2, the table
tells us that the fault will be check by phase unit BC and ground units B and C. In both cases, the relay will be
tripped by the phase unit BC.

OneLiner/DistriView will display on the distance relay window all the units that are used and the corresponding
apparent impedances.
2.13 REL316 METHOD

The REL316 Method simulates the ABB REL316 relay. (Please also see the documentation in section 2.14 for
revision 4 of the REL316 relay.) The REL316 relay has both phase and ground units that respond to phase and
ground faults. Within OneLiner and DistriView, a REL316 relay must be modeled as a “ground” distance relay.
The REL316 logic simulates both overcurrent and under impedance starter logic. Set parameter I_start to zero to
invoke impedance start. The following table is used to determine which of the measuring loop are used for a
given fault during the processing period I:
Starting Element Loop measured
R,E RE
S,E SE
T,E TE
R,S RS
S,T ST
T,R TR
R,S,E RS
S,T,E ST
T,R,E TR
R,S,T TR(RS)(ST)

In this table, R, S, T and E are overcurrent starting units:
• R is TRUE if phase ‘a’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
• S is TRUE if phase ‘b’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
• T is TRUE if phase ‘c’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
• E is TRUE if residual current 3Io exceeds the ground-current start threshold.
As an example, for a phase-to-phase fault in front of the relay between phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’, the fault currents
on phases ‘b’ and ‘c’ enable the starting units S and T. Unit R is not enabled because there is no phase ‘a’
current. Unit E is not enabled because there is no ground current.
Processing period I lasts until a trip signal is generated but not longer than 1 cycle. In the processing period II
that follows, REL316 relay measures all the loops sequentially. If the measured impedance falls within the
under-impedance region the relay generates trip or other signal accordingly. Present version of OneLiner and
DistriView simulates the relay trip signal only. It will display on the distance relay window the trip/restrain state
of all the phase and ground units that are used and the corresponding apparent impedances.
The parameters of the REL316 method are listed below:

Parameter Meaning
I_start Overcurrent start trigger. Set to 0 for under-impedance start.
I_phase_min Current enable value.
3U0 Ground fault detector:
= 0: use 3Io only;
= 1: use 3Io AND 3Vo;
= 2: use 3Io OR 3Vo;
UminFault Neutral voltage enable.
R_load Left blinder line of load area in secondary ohm
Angle_load Angle of load-area upper blinder line in degree

Char.Angle Characteristic angle in degree
Z1_X Zone 1 reactive reach.
RR1 Zone 1 resistive reach.
Z2_X Zone 2 reactive reach
Z2_delay Zone 2 time delay.
Z3_X Zone 3 reactive reach
Z3_delay Zone 3 time delay.
Zoverreach_X Overreach zone reactance.
Zrevs_X Reverse zone reactance.
2.14 REL316_4 METHOD

The REL316_4 Method simulates the ABB REL316 relay revision 4 The REL316 method models earlier
versions of the relay (see section 2.13). The revision modeled by this method can have different settings for the
phase and ground units. It also has many user-enterable parameters that were fixed in earlier versions.
The REL316_4 relay has both phase and ground units that respond to phase and ground faults. Within OneLiner
and DistriView, a REL316_4 relay must be modeled as a “ground” distance relay.
The REL316_4 logic simulates both overcurrent and under-impedance starter logic. Set parameter "StartMode"
to 1 for under-impedance start or to 0 for overcurrent start. The following table is used to determine which of the
measuring loop are used for a given fault during the processing period I:
Starting Element Loop measured
R,E RE
S,E SE
T,E TE
R,S RS
S,T ST
T,R TR
R,S,E RS
S,T,E ST
T,R,E TR
R,S,T TR(RS)(ST)
In this table, R, S, T and E are overcurrent starting units:
• R is TRUE if phase ‘a’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
• S is TRUE if phase ‘b’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
• T is TRUE if phase ‘c’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
• E is TRUE if residual current 3Io exceeds the ground-current start threshold.
As an example, for a phase ‘b’-to-phase ‘c’ fault in front of the relay, the fault currents on phases ‘b’ and ‘c’
enable the starting units S and T. Unit R is not enabled because there is no phase ‘a’ current. Unit E is not
enabled because there is no ground current.
Processing period I lasts until a trip signal is generated but not longer than one cycle. In the processing period II
that follows, the REL316_4 relay measures all the loops sequentially. If the measured impedance falls within the
under-impedance region, the relay will generate a trip (or other) signal. Present version of OneLiner and
DistriView simulate the relay trip signal only. It will display on the distance relay window the trip/restrain state
of all the phase and ground units and the corresponding apparent impedances.
The characteristics of a REL316_4 relay are shown below. The ground-unit characteristics are shown in blue,
and the phase-unit characteristics are shown in red.

The parameters of the REL316_4 method are listed below (Note: All zone reaches are in secondary ohms, all
zone delays are in seconds, all currents are in secondary amps, and all voltages are in secondary volts):
Parameter Meaning
I_start Overcurrent start trigger in amperes. Set to 0 for under-impedance start.
GFMode Method for detecting ground faults:
= 0: use 3Io only (The 3Io threshold is entered as MinI in the dialog box)
= 1: use 3Io AND 3Vo thresholds
= 2: use 3Io OR 3Vo threshold.
3U0min Neutral voltage (3Vo) threshold for the ground fault detector.
UminFault Minimum voltage at which the fault voltage is used for determining fault
direction.
R_load Resistive blinder for avoiding load encroachment. R_load must be greater than 0
and less than 999 ohms.
Angle_load Limit phase-angle for avoiding load encroachment. Angle_load must be
between 15 and 65 degree.
X_1 Pickup line reactance for zone 1.
X=0 disable zone. (Zone 1 cannot be disabled) X< 0 for restraint direction.
R_1 Pickup line resistance for zone 1. (The sign must be the same as for X). R_1 is
nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300.
RR_1 Resistive reach of zone 1 for phase faults. The sign must be the same as for X.
RR_1 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300
RRE_1 Resistive reach of zone 1 for ground faults. The sign must be the same as for X.
RRE_1 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300
X_2 Pickup line reactance for zone 2. X=0 disable zone. X< 0 for restraint direction.

Delay_2 Zone 2 time delay. Delay_2 must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 10.
Delay_3 Zone 3 time delay. Delay_3 must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 10.
Delay_4 Zone 4 or overreach time delay. Delay_4 must be greater than or equal to 0 and
less than 10. If Delay_4 < Delay_2, Delay_4 is for the overeaching zone,
otherwise it is for zone 4.
X_Rev Pickup line reactance for the reverse zone. X=0 disable zone. X_Rev must be
greater than -300 and less than or equal to 0.
R_Rev Pickup line resistance for the reverse zone. R_Rev must be greater than -300
and less than 0.
RR_Rev Resistive reach for reverse zone for phase faults. R_Rev must be greater than -
300 and less than 0
RRE_Rev Resistive reach for reverse zone for ground faults. R_Rev must be greater than -
300 and less than 0
Delay_Def Time delay for the reverse zone. Delay_Def must be greater than or equal to 0
and less than 10.
The operating time of every active distance zone (when the parameter X is not zero) is determined by parameter
'Delay', which has a setting range from 0 to 10s in step of 0.01. The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay"
in the dialog box. The set time must satisfy the following relationship:
• If Delay_4 is zone 4 delay: Delay_1 < Delay_2 < Delay_3 < Delay_4 < Delay_Def
• If Delay_4 is overreach zone delay: Delay_1 < Delay_4 < Delay_2 < Delay_3 < Delay_Def

2.15 REL 521 METHOD
The REL 521 method models the distance protection function within the ABB REL-521 relay. In OneLiner and
DistriView, the REL-521 relay can be added as either a phase or a ground distance relay.
Note: We suggest you consider the alternative methods REL521P__ and REL521G__ described in Section 2.21.
The REL-521 method has five protection zones. The user can set each zone as forward directional, reverse
directional, or non-directional. The polygon tripping characteristics consist of a number of straight-line
characteristics, which are commonly referred to as reactance-reach lines, resistance-reach lines, and directional
lines. The relay model permits separate setting of the reactance X and the resistance R for each zone.
If the relay is modeled as a phase relay, each zone is made up of three measuring units: L1-L2, L2-L3 and L3-
L1. If the relay is modeled a ground relay, each zone is made up of three measuring units: L1-G, L2-G and L3-
G. For the distance measurement, actual measured voltages are used. For the directional determination, the
sound phase and stored reference voltages are used. The measured quantities for the phase and ground units as
summarized below.
REL-521 Phase Distance Relay
Measured Measured current Measured voltage Measured current Measured voltage
Loop (distance) (distance) (direction) (direction)
L1-L2 Ia – Ib Vab Ia - Ib Vbc - Vca
L2-L3 Ib – Ic Vbc Ib - Ic Vca - Vab
L3-L1 Ic – Ia Vca Ic - Ia Vab - Vbc
Note: Vbc is shorthand for Vb-Vc, Vca is Vc-Va, and Vab is Va-Vb.
REL-521 Ground Distance Relay

L1-G Ia + 3 K Io Va Ia Vbc
L2-G Ib + 3 K Io Vb Ib Vca
L3-G Ic + 3 K Io Vc Ic Vab
For directional determination, the relay uses prefault voltages when (1) the zone delay is below the memory time
or (2) when the directional quadrature voltages are too low in magnitude. The memory time of a REL-521 relay
starts at two cycles, and can automatically extend until the positive sequence voltage exceeds 10% of its rated
value.
Various distance and directional quantities are evaluated to determine whether the relay trips in a fault. For
example, in order for a unit in zone 1 of a ground relay to trip, all of the following must be true for one of the
three units of zone 1:
1. The resistance-line phase comparator indicates that the fault is within the resistive zone-1 reach.
2. The reactance-line phase comparator indicates that the fault is within the reactance zone-1 reach.
3. The relay’s directional logic indicates that the fault is within the operational direction of zone 1.
The polygonal characteristic of a REL-521 relay is shown below.

The parameters of the REL 521 method are these (Note: All zone reaches are in secondary ohms, all delays are
in seconds, and all angles are in degrees):
Parameter Meaning
ArgDir Lower angle of forward direction charactoristics (5 ≤ ArgDir ≤ 45). Angle is
defined with reference to R-axis in clockwise direction.
ArgNegRes Upper angle of forward direction charactoristics (90 ≤ ArgNegRes ≤ 175).
Angle is defined with reference to R-axis in couter clockwise direction.
ZMx Operation mode and directionality of zone x. 0 = Off, 1 = Non-directional, 2 =
Forward, and 3 = Reverse. Set ZMx to 0 to disable zone x. Where x = 1 … 5
ZMx_Xline Zone x positive sequence reactive reach. Set ZMx_Xline to ZMx_X1PP for a
phase relay, or ZM1_Xline = (2*ZMx_X1PE + ZMx_X0PE)/3 for a ground
relay. (ZMx_X1PP, ZMx_X1PE and ZMx_X0PE are setting parameters of the
relay in zone x. Where x = 1 … 5).
ZMx_Rline Zone x positive sequence line resistance. Set ZMx_Rline to ZMx_R1PP for a
phase relay, or ZMx_Rline=(2*ZMx_R1PE + ZMx_R0PE)/3 for a ground relay.
(ZMx_R1PP, ZMx_R1PE and ZMx_R0PE are setting parameters of the relay in
zone x. Where x = 1 … 5).
ZMx-RF Resistive reach of zone x. Set ZMx_RF to ZMx_RFPP/2 for a phase relay, or set
ZMx_RF to ZMx_RFPE for a ground relay. (ZMx_RFPP and ZMx_RFPE are
setting parameters of the relay in zone x. Where x = 1 … 5).
ZM2-Tx Time delay of zone x. where x = 2…5.
Note: The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay" in the dialog box.

2.16 7SA513 METHOD
The 7SA513 method simulates Siemans relay 7SA513. This relay can have up to three zones. All zones can be
set as forward directional, reverse directional, or non-directional. This relay has both phase and ground units that
respond to phase to phase and phase to ground fault. In OneLiner and DistriView, a 7SA513 relay must be added
as a “ground” distance relay.
The polygon tripping characteristics consist of a number of straight-line characteristics, which are reactance
reach lines, resistance reach lines, and directional lines. Separate setting of the reactance X and the resistance R
is permitted for each zone. Resistance R can be set separately for faults with and without ground involvement.
Each zone can be set forward, reverse or non-directionally. To see whether a unit trips requires testing the output
of apparent impedance and relay directional determination. For example, in order for a unit in zone 1 to trip a
single-line-to-ground fault, all of the following must be true:
For the distance measurement, actual measured voltages are used; for the directional determination, sound phase
and stored reference voltages are used:

L1-L2 Ia - Ib Vab Ia - Ib Vbc - Vca
L2-L3 Ib - Ic Vbc Ib - Ic Vca - Vab
L3-L1 Ic - Ia Vca Ic - Ia Vab - Vbc
For directional determination, when the directional quadrature voltages are not sufficient because of multiple
faults, especially three-phase faults, prefault stored voltages are used when the trip time is below memory time.
The memory time starts with two cycles, and can automatically extend up to 20 cycles. If the relay does not trip
within 20 cycles, the directional voltages will take current quadrature voltages afterwards. This implementation
gives rise to a 7SA513 polygonal characteristic shown below. Note that the angles of the two directional lines
can be controlled independently.
The polygonal characteristic of 7SA513 relay is shown below. The ground-unit characteristics are shown in
blue, and the phase-unit characteristics are shown in red

The parameters of the 7SA513 method are these:
Parameter Meaning
Alpha 1 Directional angle 1 (must be between -90 and 90 degrees)
Alpha 2 Directional angle 2 (must be between 0 and 180 degrees)
X1 Zone 1 reactance in secondary ohms.
Z1_Fwd(1)/Rev(0)/Non(2) Zone 1 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed; 2 for non-directional.
R1E Zone 1 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for ground fault.
R1 Zone 1 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for phase fault.
T2P Zone 2 delay for single-phase faults.
T2PP Zone 2 delay for multi-phase faults.
R2E Zone 2 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for ground fault
T3 Zone 3 delay for all faults.
R3E Zone 3 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for ground fault.
The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay" in the dialog box.

2.17 7SA511 METHOD
The 7SA511 method simulates the Siemens 7SA511 relay. This relay can have up to five zones: Zone 1 Z1,
zone 2 Z2, zone 3 Z3, overreach zone 1B and overreach zone 1L Z1L. All zones can be set as forward
directional, reverse directional, or non-directional.
The tripping zones of the 7SA511 relay have a polygonal shape, which is characterized by a directional line, a
reactance limit and a resistance limit. Reactance intersection X and resistance intersection R can be set
separately and independently. In addition, the R-intersections can be set separately for phase-phase faults and
phase-earth faults (RE) so that a higher resistance margin is used for earth faults, if required. This
implementation gives rise to a 7SA511 polygonal characteristic shown below. The ground-unit characteristics
are shown in blue, and the phase-unit characteristics are shown in red.
To see whether a unit trips requires testing the output of apparent-impedance and relay-directional
determination. For example, in order for a unit in zone 1 to trip a 1LG fault, all of the following must be true:
For distance measurement, actual measured voltages are used; for the directional determination, sound phase and
stored reference voltages are used:

L1-L2 Ia - Ib Vab Ia - Ib Vbc - Vca
L2-L3 Ib - Ic Vbc Ib - Ic Vca - Vab
L3-L1 Ic - Ia Vca Ic - Ia Vab - Vbc
When the relay detects a fault, the delay timer are started. The impedance of the selected fault loop is compared
with the threshold of the set zones. Tripping occurs when the impedance is within a zone whose corresponding
time stage has expired and the fault direction agrees with the direction set for that zone. For zone Z1 (and Z1B
overreach) the delay time can equal zero, meaning that tripping occurs as soon as it has been confirmed that the
fault lies within the zone.
For directional determination, when the directional quadrature voltages are not sufficient, prefault stored
voltages are used when the trip time is below the memory time. The memory time starts with two cycles, and can
automatically extend up to cycles. If the relay does not trip within 20 cycles, the directional voltages will take
current quadrature voltages afterwards.
The parameters of the 7SA511 method are these (Note: All zone reaches are in secondary ohms, and all delays
are in seconds):
Parameter Meaning
Z1 Zone 1 enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3 for
reverse.
Z1-X Zone 1 reactance reach. Z1-X must be greater than 0.05 and less than 130.
Z1-R Zone 1 resistance phase-phase. Z1-R must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65.
Z1-RE Zone 1 resistance phase-earth. Z1-RE must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65
reverse.
Z2-RE Zone 2 resistance phase-earth. Z2-RE must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65.
Z2-T Zone 2 delay. Z2-T must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 32.
reverse.
Z3-RE Zone 3 resistance phase-earth. Z3-RE must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65.
Z3-T Zone 3 delay. Z3-T must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 32.
Z1B Overreach zone 1B enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and
3 for reverse.
Z1B-X Overreach zone 1B reactance = reach. Z1B-X must be greater than 0.05 and less
than 130.
Z1B-R Overreach zone 1B resistance phase-phase. Z1B-R must be greater than 0.05 and
less than 65.
Z1B-RE Overreach zone 1B resistance phase-earth phase. Z1B-RE must be greater than
0.05 and less than 65.
Z1B-T Overreach zone 1B delay. Z1B-T must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than
32.

Z1L Overreach zone 1L enable. 0 for disabled; 1 for non-directional; 2 for forward, and
3 for reverse.
Z1L-X Overreach zone 1L reactance = reach. Z1L-X must be greater than 0.05 and less
than 130.
Z1L-R Overreach zone 1L resistance phase-phase Z1L-R must be greater than 0.05 and
less than 65.
Z1L-RE Overreach zone 1L resistance phase-earth. Z1L-RE must be greater than 0.05 and
less than 65.
Z1L-T Overreach zone 1L delay. Z1L-T must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than
32.
The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay" in the dialog box.

2.18 7SA611 METHOD
The 7SA611 method simulates the distance protection function with quadrilateral characteristic of Siemens’
7SA611 relay. Other relays in the 7SA6xx series that utilizes the same principle can also be model using this
method. 7SA611can have up to five independent zones and one separate overreach zone 1B. All zones can be
set as forward directional, reverse directional, or non-directional. The relay is equipped with a selectable load
encroachment characteristic. 7SA611 has separate setting for resistance reach and zone delay for phase and for
ground faults. In OneLiner, 7SA611 must be always entered as ground relay.
The tripping zones of 7SA611 relay have a polygonal characteristic. They consist of two directional lines, which
are at –22 degree and 120 degree, plus a reactance limit and a resistance limit. Reactance intersection X and
resistance intersection R can be set separately and independently. For the first zone Z1, an additional settable tilt
may be used to prevent overreach resulting from angle variance and/or two ended infeed to short circuits with
fault resistance. This implementation gives rise to a 7SA611 polygonal characteristic shown in picture below.
OneLiner displays the ground resistance reach lines in blue.
To see whether a unit trips requires testing the output of apparent impedance and relay directional determination.
For example, in order for a unit in zone 1 to trip in a 1LG fault, all of the following must be true:
1. The ground fault detection logic signal a ground fault.
3. The reactance-line phase comparator indicates that the fault is within the reactance zone-1 reach, taken into
account any tilt setting that may exist.
5. The load encroachment logic indicates that the fault is not within the defined load region.
For distance measurement, actual measured voltages are used. For the directional determination, sound phase
and stored reference voltages are used.

L1-L2 Ia – Ib Vab Ia - Ib Vbc - Vca
L2-L3 Ib – Ic Vbc Ib - Ic Vca - Vab
L3-L1 Ic – Ia Vca Ic - Ia Vab - Vbc
When the relay detects a fault, the delay timer is started. The impedance of the selected fault loop is compared
with the threshold of the set zones. Tripping occurs when the impedance is within a zone whose corresponding
time stage has expired and the fault direction agrees with the direction set for that zone. For zone Z1 (and Z1B
overreach) the delay time can equal zero, meaning that tripping occurs as soon as it has been confirmed that the
fault lies within the zone.
For directional determination, when the directional quadrature voltages are not sufficient, prefault stored
voltages are used when the trip time is below the memory time. The memory time starts with two cycles, and can
automatically extend up to 20 cycles. If the relay does not trip within 20 cycles, the directional voltages will take
current quadrature voltages afterwards.
The parameters of the 7SA611 method are as follow:
Parameter Meaning
DistAngle Angle of inclination, distance characteristic.
3I0_Threshold Ground fault detection threshold.
3V0_Threshold Ground fault detection threshold.
EF_Recognition Ground fault detection method. Enter 1 for 3I0> OR 3V0> threshold; for 3I0>
AND 3V0> threshold
R_Load Minimum load impedance.
PHI_Load Maximum load angle.
MZn Operating mode zone n: 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3
for reverse. n= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 1B.
RZn Zone n resistance reach. n= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 1B.
REZn Zone n resistance reach in earth fault. n= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 1B.
XZn Zone n resistance reach. n= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 1B.
TZn Zone n delay. n= 2, 3, 4, 5 and 1B
T1Zn_1PH Zone n delay in single phase fault. n= 1,2 and 1B
Reduction_Angle Zone 1 reduction angle.
Note: All zone reaches are in secondary ohms, and all delays are in seconds.
The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay" in the distance relay dialog box.

2.19 SEL-XXXP__ AND SEL-XXXG__ METHODS
SEL-311P__, SEL-311G__, SEL-321P__, SEL-321G__, SEL-421P__, SEL-421G__ are vendor-specific
methods designed to simulate the phase and ground distance protection functions of Schweitzer SEL-311,
SEL321 and SEL-421 relays. These methods simulate in details the relays’ positive-sequence polarized mho
characteristic, compensator-distance mho characteristic, quadrilateral characteristic, negative- and zero-sequence
voltage directional logic and load encroachment settings. Sample SEL phase and ground distance characteristics
are shown in the following pictures.

We implemented the tripping and directional logic based on the description of relay operating principle, logic
and settings found in instruction manuals for SEL-311, SEL-321 and SEL-421 relays and other technical
documents published by SEL.
The parameters of SEL-311P__, SEL-311G__, SEL-321P__, SEL-321G__, SEL-421P__, SEL-421G__
methods have exactly the same name as the actual relay settings. Brief description of the parameters is provided
below. For more details, please consult the manufacturer’s documentation.
Parameter Meaning
Line terminal settings
Z1MAG Line positive-sequence impedance magnitude, in secondary ohm.
Z1ANG Line positive-sequence impedance angle, in degree.
Z0MAG Line zero-sequence impedance magnitude, in secondary ohm.
Z0ANG Line zero-sequence impedance angle, in degree.
Relay and zone of distance settings
INORM Relay nominal input current (5A or 1A).
EADVS Enable advanced setting. Enter 1 to enable; 0 to disable. When EADVS is 0, a
number of relay settings will be computed automatically.
PMHOZ or E21P Number of mho phase distance zones. For SEL-311P relay, append a zero to the
number to activate compensator-distance element simulation.
GMHOZ or E21MG Number of mho ground distance zones.
QUADZ or E21XG Number of quad ground distance zones.
DIRn Zone number n direction. Enter 1 for forward; 0 for reverse direction.
Distance zone settings
ZnP Phase distance reach setting of zone number n, in secondary ohm. Zero setting will
disable zone in simulation.
ZnMG Mho ground distance reach of zone number n, in secondary ohm. Zero setting will
disable zone in simulation.
XGn Quad ground distance reactive reach of zone number n, in secondary ohm. Zero
setting will disable zone in simulation.
RGn Quad ground distance resistive reach of zone number n, in secondary ohm.
ZnPD, ZnGD Zone n delay in cycles.
Quad ground distance settings
XGPOL Quad ground polarizing quantity. Enter 0 for I2; 1 for IG.
TANG Quad ground non-homogenous correction angle, in degrees.
50PPn, 50Ln Zone n phase current supervision setting (fault detector), in secondary amps.
50GZn Zone n residual current supervision setting (fault detector), in secondary amps.
Load encroachment settings
ELE Enable load-encroachment. Enter 1 for enable; 0 for disable.
ZLF Load impedance. Forward.
ZLR Load impedance. Reverse.
PLAF Load angle. Positive, forward.
NLAF Load angle. Negative, forward.
PLAR Load angle. Positive, reverse.
NLAR Load angle. Negative, reverse.
Directional control settings
E32 Automatic enable directional elements. Enter 0 for manual; 1 for auto.
ORDER Ground directional element priority. Enter combination of numerals 1, 2 and 3
where 1 for Q, 2 for V and 3 for I.
50FP, 50RP Forward and reverse directional current threshold.
Z2F, Z2R Forward and reverse directional Z2 thresholds.
50QFP, 50QRP Forward and reverse directional 3I2 pickups.
a2 Positive-sequence current restraint factor I2/I1.
k2 Zero sequence restraint factor I2/I0.

50GFP, 50GRP Forward and reverse directional 3I0 pickups.
a0 Positive-sequence current restraint factor I0/I1
Z0F, Z0R Forward and reverse Z0 directional thresholds.

2.20 D60P__, D60G__, D90P__, D90G__, L60P__,
L60G__, L90P__, L90G__ METHODS
D60P__, D90P__ and D60G__, D90G__ are vendor-specific methods designed to simulate the phase and
ground distance protection functions of GE D60 and D90Plus line distance protection relays. The L60P__,
L90P__ and L60G__, L90G__ methods simulate phase and ground distance backup protection functions of GE
L60 and L90 line distance protection relays. D60 and D90 relays feature 5-zones distance function with 100%
memory-polarized mho, lens or quadrilateral characteristic with additional reactance, directional, right and left
blinders and overcurrent supervising characteristics. L60 and L90 relays have 3 zones. Sample relay
characteristics are shown in the pictures below.
GE directional MHO characteristics

GE directional QUAD characteristics
GE non-directional QUAD and MHO characteristics
The mho distance function uses a dynamic 100% memory-polarized mho characteristic with additional
reactance, directional, current, and phase selection supervising characteristics. When set to non-directional, the
mho function becomes an offset mho with the reverse reach controlled independently from the forward reach,
and all the directional characteristics removed.
The ground quadrilateral distance function is com-posed of reactance characteristic, right and left blinders, and
100% memory-polarized directional, overcurrent, and phase selection supervising characteristics. When set to
non-directional, the quadrilateral function applies a reactance line in the reverse direction instead of the
directional comparators.

The reactance supervision for the mho function uses the zero-sequence current for polarization. The reactance
line of the quadrilateral function uses either zero-sequence or negative-sequence current as a polarizing quantity.
The selection is controlled by a user setting and depends on the degree of non-homogeneity of the zero-sequence
and negative-sequence equivalent networks.
The directional supervision uses memory voltage as polarizing quantity and both zero- and negative-sequence
currents as operating quantities. Zone 1 is sealed-in with the current supervision. Ground distance zones 2
through 5 apply additional zero-sequence directional supervision.
Each distance zone is configured individually.
The distance elements use phase angle comparators to shape their characteristics as described in reference
[2.20.1]
Parameter list: GE D60P__, D90P__, L60P__, L90P__, D60G__, D90G__, L60G__, L90G__
Name Default Range Description
DS Zn Function D D,E Enable/Disable DS zone n.
DIR Zn F R,F,N Zone n direction: Reverse, Forward or Non-directional
Zn Shape Mho Mho, Quad Zone n shape type: Mho or Quads.
Zn Reach 2.0 0.02..500 Zone n reach settings (Forward only).
Zn RCA 85 30..90 Characteristic angle (Only for Forward or Reverse applications)
Zn Rev Reach 2.0 0.02..500 Reverse reach of the non-directional zone n.
Zn Rev RCA 85 30..90 Angle of the reverse reach only.
Zn Comp Limit 90 30..90 Zone n comparator angle setting.
Zn Dir RCA 85 30..90 Zone n characteristic angle of the directional supervising function
Zn Dir Comp Limit 90 30..90 Zone n comparator limit angle for the directional supervising function.
Zn Quad R-BLD 10.0 0.02..500 Zone n right blinder position of the quadrilateral characteristic
Zn Quad R-BLD RCA 85 60..90 Angular position of the right blinder. Zone n.
Zn Quad L-BLD 10.0 0.02..500 Left blinder position of the quadrilateral characteristic. Zone n.
Zn Quad L-BLD RCA 85 60..90 Angular position of the left blinder. Zone n
Zn Delay (s) 0.0 0..65.535 Zone delay
Zn BLK D D,E Load Encroachment blocking. Zone n
Zn VOLT LEVEL (pu) 0 0..5.0 Dynamic reach for series compensated lines. Zone n
Zn I-Supervision (pu) 0.2 0.05..30 Zone n supervisory current in per unit
Zn Z0/Z1 MAG 2.7 0..10.0 Ratio between the zero-sequence and positive-sequence impedance. Zone n
Zn Z0/Z1 ANG 0.0 -90..90
Zn Z0M/Z1 MAG 0 0..7.0 Ratio between the mutual zero-sequence impedance and the positive-sequence
impedance of the protected line. Zone n
Zn Z0M/Z1 ANG 0 -90..90
Zn I-POL 0 0,1 polarizing current used by the reactance comparator of the quadrilateral
characteristic 0: Zero-seq, 1: Neg-seq
Zn NON-HOMOGEN ANG 0 -40..40 Correction for non-homogeneity of the zero-sequence or negative- sequence
networks.
Load Encroachment D D,E Load Encroachment function Enable/Disable.
Load Encr. MIN VOLT (pu) 0.25 0..3
Load Encr. REACH 1 0.02..250
Load Encr. ANGLE 30 5..50
PT nom.sec.voltage (V) 64.4 25..240 Nominal secondary voltage of PT.
CT nom.sec.Amps (A) 1 1,5 Nominal secondary current of CT.
Memory Duration (Cycles) 10 5..25
Reference
[2.20.1] GE D60 Line Distance Protection System, Instruction manual, Revision 5.6x
[2.20.2] GE D90Plus Line Distance Protection System, Instruction manual, Revision 1.6x
[2.20.3] GE L60 Line Phase Comparison System, Instruction manual, Revision 5.6x
[2.20.3] GE L90 Line Current Differential System, Instruction manual, Revision 5.6x

2.21 REL521P__, REL521G__, REL531P__,
REL531G__ METHODS
REL521P__, REL521G__, REL531P__ and REL531G__ are vendor-specific methods designed to simulate the
phase and ground distance protection functions of ABB REL 521 and REL 531 line distance protection relay.
This relay features 5-zones distance function with quadrilateral characteristic. Sample relay characteristics are
shown in pictures below.
Forward Non-directional
Forward Non-directional
REL 521 and REL 531 Quad characteristic
For description of relay operating and other logic, please refer to ABB technical manual in references [2.20.1-4]
Parameter list: REL521G__
CT nom.sec.Amps (A) 1 1,5 Nominal secondary amps of CT.
ZM I-min (%) 20 10..30 Minimum operate current
DIR ArgDir 15 5..45 Lower angle of forward direction characteristic
DIR ArgNegRes 115 90..175 Upper angle of forward direction characteristic
ZMn Fuction (D/E) D E,D Enable/Disable DS zone n.
DIR ZMn (R/F/N) F R,F,N Zone n direction: Reverse, Forward or non-directional.
ZMn X1PE Reach 10. 0.10..400 Zone n positive sequence reactive reach
ZMn R1PE 10. 0.10..400 Zone positive sequence line resistance settings
ZMn RFPE Reach 10. 0.10..400 Zone resistive reach
ZMn X0PE 10. 0.10..1200 Zone n zero sequence line reactance
ZMn R0PE 10. 0.10..1200 Zone n zero sequence line resistance
Delay tnPE (s) 0. 0..60 Zone n delay
Phase Selection (Y/N) Y Y,N Phase selection logic enable/disable.

INReleasePE (%) 20 10..100 3I0 limit for releasing measuring loops (% of Iphmax).
PhS X1PE 40 0.1..400 Positive sequence reactive reach (ohm/phase).
PhS X0PE 40 0.1..1200 Zero sequence reactive reach (ohm/phase).
PhS RFPE 40 0.1..400. Resistive reach (ohm/loop).
Parameter list: REL521P__
ZMn X1PP Reach 10. 0.10..400 Zone n reactive reach settings
ZMn R1PP 10. 0.10..400 Zone n positive sequence line resistance settings
ZM1 RFPP Reach 10. 0.10..400 Zone n resistive reach (ohms/loop).
Delay tnPP (s) 0. 0..60 Zone n delay
PhS IBlockPP (%) 40 10..100 3I0 limit for blocking measuring loops (% of Iphmax).
PhS X1PP 40 10..100 Positive sequence reactive reach (ohm/phase).
PhS RFPP 540 40 0.1..400. Resistive reach (ohm/loop).
ZMn X1PE Reach 10. 0.10..400 Zone n positive sequence reactive reach
ZMn R1PE 10. 0.10..400 Zone positive sequence line resistance settings
ZMn RFPE Reach 10. 0.10..400 Zone resistive reach
ZMn X0PE 10. 0.10..1200 Zone n zero sequence line reactance
ZMn R0PE 10. 0.10..1200 Zone n zero sequence line resistance
Delay tnPE (s) 0. 0..60 Zone n delay
INReleasePE (%) 20 10..100 3I0 limit for releasing measuring loops (% of Iphmax).
PhS X1PE 40 0.1..400 Positive sequence reactive reach (ohm/phase).
PhS X0PE 40 0.1..1200 Zero sequence reactive reach (ohm/phase).
PhS RFPE 40 0.1..400. Resistive reach (ohm/loop).
Series Comp. (Y/N) N Y,N Series compensation enable
SC X1PE 40. 0...400 Positive sequence reactance (ohms/phase).
SC X0PE 40. 0...1200 Zero sequence reactance (ohms/phase).
SC RFPE 40. 0...400 Fault resistance (ohms/phase).

ZMn X1PP Reach 10. 0.10..400 Zone n reactive reach settings
ZMn R1PP 10. 0.10..400 Zone n positive sequence line resistance settings
ZM1 RFPP Reach 10. 0.10..400 Zone n resistive reach (ohms/loop).
Delay tnPP (s) 0. 0..60 Zone n delay
PhS IBlockPP (%) 40 10..100 3I0 limit for blocking measuring loops (% of Iphmax).
PhS X1PP 40 10..100 Positive sequence reactive reach (ohm/phase).
PhS RFPP 540 40 0.1..400. Resistive reach (ohm/loop).
Series Comp. (Y/N) N Y,N Series compensation enable
SC X1PP 40. 0...400 Positive sequence reactance (ohms/phase).
SC X0PP 40. 0...1200 Zero sequence reactance (ohms/phase).
Reference
[2.21.1] Application manual, Line distance protection terminal REL521*2.5, No: 1MRK 506 173-UEN, Issued:
December 2006, Revision: B.
[2.21.2] Technical reference manual, Line distance protection terminal REL 521*2.5, No: 1MRK 506 171-UEN,
Issued: December 2006, Revision: B.
[2.21.3] Application manual, Line high speed distance protection terminal REL531*2.5, No: 1MRK 506 178-UEN,
Issued: February 2006, Revision: A.
[2.21.4] Technical reference manual, Line high speed distance protection terminal REL 531*2.5, No: 1MRK 506
176-UEN, Issued: February 2006, Revision: A.

2.22 P437__ METHOD
P437__ is a vendor-specific method designed to simulate the phase and ground distance protection functions of
the Areva P437 line distance protection relay. P437__ has to be entered in OneLiner and DistriView as ground
distance relay.
Areva P437 relay features six circle or polygon distance zones. P437 optionally equipped with additional
residual current of parallel line to provide mutual coupling compensation. Sample relay characteristics are
shown in pictures below.
P437 Circle Characteristic P437 Polygon Characteristic
For description of relay operating and other logic, please refer to Areva technical manual in references [2.21.1-
2]
Parameter list: P437__

Display (G/P/GP) G G,P,GP Display characteristic: Ground, Phase, Ground and Phase
PT nom.sec.voltage (V) 100 50..130 Nominal secondary phase-to-phase PT voltage.
CT nom.sec.Amps (A) 1 1 or 5 Nominal secondary amps of CT.
Neutral-Point Treat. L L, I, S Neutral point treatment: Low impedance, Isolated
ground, Short duration ground
Transfer for 1pGround 1 1,2 1:Ground; 2:P or G = f(Imed,Imax)
I>> 1.0 0.10 …20.0Inom Overcurrent starting setting.
Dynamic range of phase CT H H,S Dynamic range of current measurement: Highest or
Sensitive
I> (lbl) HR 0.2 0.10…1.00Inom Starting current for undervoltage and underimpedance
fault detection for HR setting.
I> (lbl) SR 0.2 0.05…1.00Inom Starting current for undervoltage and underimpedance
fault detection for SR setting.
IN> HR 0.2 0.10…2.00Inom Starting ground current for HR setting.
IN> Sensitive Range 0.2 0.05…2.00Inom Starting ground current for SR setting.
VNG> 0.1 0.02…1.00Vnom Starting voltage for fault detection (FD).

TIN> 0.1s 0.000…0.500s Time delay of IN>
V< Operation Mode 2 0,1,2 V< Operation mode. 0: Disable;1:wPG;2:wPG,PP
V< 0.7 0.10…0.90Vnom Undervoltage starting for FD.
Z< Operation Mode 2 0,1,2 Z< Operation mode. 0: Disable; 1:PG only; 2:PG,PP.
Xfw 10Ω 0.1…300.0Ω Reactance limit for underimpedance FD.

Rfw,PG 10Ω 0.1…300.0Ω Resistance limit for underimpedance FD for phase-to-
ground loops
Rfw,PP 10Ω 0.1…300.0Ω Resistance limit for underimpedance FD for phase-to-
phase loops.
Zfw,PG 10Ω 0.1…300.0Ω Setting for load-angle-independent limit of
underimpedance FD for phase-to-ground loops
Zfw,PP 10 0.1…300.0Ω Setting for load-angle-independent limit of
underimpedance FD for phase-to-phase loops
Zbw/Zfw 0.5 0.1…4.00 Setting for limit of underimpedance FD in
reverse direction.
Beta 0 150…650 Angle setting for load blinding during underimpedance
fault detection
Z Evaluation 1 1,2 Impedance calculation method for FD. 1:
ZPG=VPG/(IP+kG*IN); 2: ZPG=VPG/2*IP
Meas. Start. 1pG 1 1,2 Measuring loop for phase-to-ground fault . 1:PG loop; 2:
None
Meas. Start. 2pG 1 PG loop Measuring loop for 2-phase-to-ground fault. 1:PG loops;
2: PP loop
Meas. Start. 3pG 1 PG loop Measuring loop for 3-phase-to-ground fault. 1: PG loops;
2: PP loops
Char. Type P C/P Distance Characteristic: Circle or Poligon
Oper.Vmemory 0.15 0.01…1.00Vnom Voltage threshold for memory synchronization.
Zone Extens. for 1pG No Yes / No
kze,PG 1.2 1.00…450.00 Extension factor for phase-to-ground loops.
kze,PP 1.2 1.00…450.00 Extension factor for phase-to-phase loops.
kG, Mag 1. 0.00…8.00 Magnitude of complex ground factor.
kG,Angle 0. -1800…1800 Angle of complex ground factor.
Zone n Function (D/E) D E,D Enable/Disable DS zone.
DIR Nn (R/F/N) F R,F,N Zone direction: Reverse,
tn Delay (s) 0.0s 0…10.00s Delay operation of the distance
Xn Reach 2.0Ω 0.10-200 (Inom.=1A) Zone n reactance reach settings.
0.02-40 (Inom.=5A)
Rn PG 10.0Ω 0.10..200(Inom.=1A) Zones resistance reach settings for phase-to-ground loops.
0.02..40.00 (Inom.=1A)
Rn PP 10.0Ω 0.10..200(Inom.=1A) Zones resistance reach settings for phase-to-phase loops.
0.02..40.00 (Inom.=1A)
Poligon Alpha n 750 400..900 Inclination in the R direction of the polygon
characteristics.
Sigma n 00 -200..200 Inclination in the X direction of the polygon
characteristics.
Zn Reach 10.0Ω 0.05..200. (Inom.=1A) Zone impedance reach settings for Circle Char.
0.01..40 (Inom.=5A)
Arc compensation No No/Yes Arc compensation for Circle characteristic.
Circle Alpha n 750 100..900 Effective Angle of the Arc compensation.
Reference
[2.22.1] Technical manual, P437/EN M/A54, MiCom P437, Distance protection device, version: -302, -402, -602.
[2.22.2] Technical data sheet, P437, Distance protection device, version: -306 -406/407, -609 ff.

2.23 P441__ METHOD
P441__ is a vendor-specific method designed to simulate the phase and ground distance protection functions of
the Areva P441 line distance protection relay. P441__ has to be entered in OneLiner and DistriView as ground
distance relay.
Areva P441 relay features five quadrilateral distance zones with 4 independent earth fault residual compensation
factors. Sample relay characteristics are shown in pictures below.
Phase-Phase characteristics Phase-Ground characteristics
4]
Parameter list: P441__

PT nom.sec.voltage (V) 100 100 100 or 120 Nominal secondary phase-to-phase PT
voltage.
CT nom.sec.Amps (A) 110 1 1 or 5 Nominal secondary amps of CT.
Line Impedance 120 12/In Ω 0.001/In Ω .. 500/In Ω
Line Angle 130 700 -900..900
Z1 Status E*
Z2 Status (D/E) D E,D Enable/Disable DS zone 2.
ZP Status (D/E) D E,D Enable/Disable DS zone P.
Z3 Status (D/E) D E,D
Z4 Status (D/E) D E,D
Z1 Dir. F* Zone 1: Fix Forward
ZP Dir. (F/R) F F/R Zone P: Forward or Reverse
Z4 Dir. R* Zone 4: Fix Reverse
tZ1 Delay (s) 0.0s 0…10.00s Delay operation of the distance
tZ2 Delay (s) 0.2s zones.
tZP Delay (s) 0.4s
tZ3 Delay (s) 0.6s
tZ4 Delay (s) 1.0s
Z1 Reach 10/In Ω 0.001/In Ω.. 500/In Ω Zone’s reach settings.
Z2 Reach 20/In Ω
ZP Reach 25/In Ω
Z3 Reach 30/In Ω
Z4 Reach 40/In Ω

R1 G 10/In Ω 0.0/In Ω.. 400/In Ω
R2 G 20/In Ω
RP G 25/In Ω
R3 G- R4 G 30/In Ω
R1 Ph 10/In Ω 0.0/In Ω.. 400/In Ω Zone’s resistive reach settings.
R2 Ph 20/In Ω
RP Ph 25/In Ω
R3 Ph - R4 Ph 30/In Ω
kZ1 Res. Comp. 1 0..7
kZ2 Res. Comp. 1 0..7
kZP Res. Comp. 1 0..7
kZ3/4 Res. Comp. 1 0..7
kZ1 Angle 0.0 -180.0..180.0
kZ2 Angle 0.0 -180.0..180.0
kZP Angle 0.0 -180.0..180.0
kZ3/4 Angle 0.0 -180.0..180.0
* - denotes fixed value
Reference
[2.23.1] Technical manual, P44x/EN T/E33, MiCom P441/P442/P444, Numerical Distance Protection, version
B1.2.
[2.23.2] Technical Guide, P44x/EN T/E55, MiCom P441/P442&P444, Numerical Distance Protection, VC4.x,
VC5.x and VD1.x.
[2.23.3] Operation Guide, MiCom P441/P442/P444, Distance Protection Relays, OG1.1671-B.
[2.23.4] Technical Guide, MiCom P441/P442/P444, Distance Protection Relays, TG1.1671-C.

2.24 P443P__ AND P443G__ METHODS
P443P__ and P443G__ are vendor-specific methods designed to simulate the phase and ground distance
protection functions of the Areva P443 line distance protection relay. Areva P443 relay features five
independent circle or quadrilateral distance zones.
• Zones 1,2,3: forward
• Zone P: forward or reverse
• Zone 4: reverse
Zone 3 can be offset if enabled.
Sample relay characteristics are shown in pictures below.
2]
Parameter list: P437G__

VT nom.sec.voltage (V) 100 80..140 Nominal secondary phase-to-phase VT voltage.
Setting Value Primary Primary/Secondary
Line Impedance 10/In Ω 0.05/In Ω .. 500/In Ω
Line Angle 700 200..900
kZN Residual Comp 1. 0.0…10.00 Absolute value of complex ground factor.
kZN Residual Angle 0. -1800…900 Angle of complex ground factor.
Setting Mode Simple Simple/Advanced
Ground Chars. Mho Mho / Quad Distance Characteristic.
Zn Gnd Status (D/E) E E/D Enable/Disable DS zone n.
Z3 Gnd Offset E E/D Enabled / Disabled Zone 3 ground offset
Zn Gnd Dir. F F/R Zone n direction: Forward. R can be set for zone 3
only
tZn Gnd Delay (s) 0.0s 0…10.00s Zone delay
Load Blinder D Disabled or Enabled
Z< Blinder Imp 15/In Ω 0.1/In Ω.. 500/In Ω
Load B/Angle 450 150..650
Load Blinder V< 15V 1V..70V
Dist. Polarizing 1 0.2..5

Dir. Delta Status E D/E
Dir Char Angle 600 00..900
Setting mode Simple Simple/Advanced
Simple setting mode
Quad Resistance Prop. Common or Proportional
Fault Resistance 10/In Ω 0.1/In Ω - 500/In Ω
Zn Ground Reach 80.0% 10%..1000% Zone n impedance reach settings for Circle
characteristic
Advanced setting mode
Zn Gnd Reach (Quad) 8/In Ω 0.05…500 Zone n impedance reach settings for Quad
characteristic
Zn Gnd Reach (Mho) 8/In Ω 0.05…500 Zone n impedance reach settings for Circle
characteristic
Zn Gnd Angle 700 200..900 Zone n reach angle
Rn Gnd Resistance 8/In Ω 0.05.. 500 Zone n ground resistance
Zn Dynamic Tilt E E/D
kZNn Res. Comp. 1 0..10
kZNn Res. Angle 00 -1800..900
Zn Tilt Top Line -30 -300..300
Zn Sensit. Ignd>1 0.075xIn 0.05xIn..2xIn
Parameter list: P437P__

VT nom.sec.voltage (V) 100 80..140 Nominal secondary phase-to-phase VT voltage.
Setting Value Primary Primary/Secondary
Line Impedance 10/In Ω 0.05/In Ω .. 500/In Ω
Line Angle 700 200..900
kZN Residual Comp 1. 0.0…10.00 Absolute value of complex ground factor.
kZN Residual Angle 0. -1800…900 Angle of complex ground factor.
Setting Mode Simple Simple/Advanced
Ground Chars. Mho Mho / Quad Distance Characteristic.
Zn Ph Status (D/E) E E/D Enable/Disable DS zone n.
Z3 Ph Offset E E/D Enabled / Disabled Zone 3 offset
Zn Ph Dir. F F/R Zone n direction
tZn Ph Delay (s) 0.0s 0…10.00s Zone delay
Load Blinder D Disabled or Enabled
Z< Blinder Imp 15/In Ω 0.1/In Ω.. 500/In Ω
Load B/Angle 450 150..650
Load Blinder V< 15V 1V..70V
Dist. Polarizing 1 0.2..5
Dir. Delta Status E D/E
Dir Char Angle 600 00..900
Setting mode Simple Simple/Advanced
Simple setting mode
Quad Resistance Prop. Common or Proportional
Fault Resistance 10/In Ω 0.1/In Ω - 500/In Ω
Zn Ground Reach 80.0% 10%..1000% Zone n impedance reach settings for Circle
characteristic
Advanced setting mode
Zn Ph Reach (Quad) 8/In Ω 0.05…500 Zone n impedance reach settings for Quad
characteristic
Zn Ph Reach (Mho) 8/In Ω 0.05…500 Zone n impedance reach settings for Circle
characteristic

Zn Ph Angle 700 200..900 Zone n reach angle
Rn Ph Resistance 8/In Ω 0.05.. 500 Zone n ground resistance
Zn Dynamic Tilt E E/D
kZNn Res. Comp. 1 0..10
kZNn Res. Angle 00 -1800..900
Zn Tilt Top Line -30 -300..300
Zn Sensit. Ignd>1 0.075xIn 0.05xIn..2xIn
Reference:
[2.24.1] Technical manual, P443/EN M/B42, MICOMho P443, Fast Multifunction Distance Protection, Software
Version: 0540, Hardware suffix K.
[2.24.2] Technical data sheet, P443/EN M/C22, MICOMho P443, Fast Multifunction Distance Protection, Software
Version: 51, Hardware suffix K.
2.25 ZR20 METHOD

Unlike other relay methods, ZR20 is not related to any physical relay per se. ZR20 is named after a computer
program written by Power Systems Management Corporation for simulating distance relays. The theory behind
ZR20 is that most distance relay, such as moh and reactance relays, can be represented by a collection of two-
input phase comparators. The inputs to the phase comparators can be a combination of voltage and current
(prefault or post-fault).
The ZR20 in OneLiner/DistriView allow the user to “build” a distance relay based on two-input phase
comparators.
The inputs S1 (or S2) of the ZR20 method comparator are formed by following expression:
S1 or S2 = k1Vab + k2Vbc + k3Vca + k4Va + k5Vb + K6Vc +
k7Va1 + k8Va2 + k9Va0 + k10Va-pre + k11Vab + K12Vbc + K13Vca +
k14Ia + k15Ib + K16Ic + k17Ia1 + k18Ia2 + k19Ia0 + k20Ia-pre +
k21I’a + k22I’b + K23I’c + k24Im0
where
- Vab,Vbc,Vca,Va,Vb,Vc – post-fault phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground voltages at the relay
location.
- Va1,Va2,Va0 – post-fault sequence voltages corresponding to phase “a” at the relay location.
- Iab,Ibc,Ica,Ia,Ib,Ic – post-fault phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground currents at the relay location.
- Ia1,Ia2,Ia0 – post-fault sequence currents corresponding to phase “a” at the relay location.
- Ia-pre – pre-fault load current in phase “a”.
- I’a,I’b,I’c – residually compensated relay phase currents:
I’a = Ia + [(ZL0/ZL1)-1]·I0 ,
ZL0, ZL1 – line’s zero and positive impedances.
- Im0 – zero sequence current in the parallel with mutual coupling line.
- k1..k24 – complex factors; input ranges: [-999;+999] and [-1800;+1800]
Operation of relay occurs when angle between the operating signal S1 and the polarizing signal S2 is less than
settable comparator’s operating angle.

No graphical characteristic is displayed in the Distance Relay Window for distance relays based on this method.
Relay operation in fault will reported in caption text box and TTY window only.
Parameter list:
kZN Residual Comp 1. 0.0…10.00 Magnitude of compensated ground factor.

kZN Residual Angle 0. -1800…900 Angle of compensated ground factor.
Comparator’s Angle 900 300..900
kn Mag OFF OFF, -999 .. 999 Magnitude of complex factor kn.
kn Angle OFF OFF, -1800 ..1800 Angle of complex factor kn.
Note::
• kn parameters with value OFF will not be displayed in OneLiner and DistriView distance relay properties
dialog box. Terms in the operating equation that correspond to the OFF parameter will be ignored in
simulation of relay operation.
• Add suffix _CONST to the parameter value to prevent it from being changed. The parameter will not be
shown in the distance relay properties dialog box. For example to specify variable Mho characteristic with
constant k4 = 1@0 deg., one could enter the following:
K4 Mag = 1_CONST and K4 Angle = 0_CONST
Reference:
[2.25.1] User’s guide, ZR20 version 2.0, Computer Program for Evaluation and Application of Distance Relays,
Power Systems Management Corporation, 1992.

2.26 REL670P__ AND REL670G__ METHODS
REL670P__ and REL670G__ are vendor-specific methods designed to simulate the phase and ground distance
protection functions of ABB REL 670 line distance protection relay. This relay features 5-zones distance
function with quadrilateral and mho characteristics. Sample relay characteristics are shown below.
Quadrilateral Mho
The REL670P__ and REL670G__ methods simulate the following aspects of REL670 operation:
• Phase selection logic with load encroachment
• Distance measuring zones of quadrilateral and mho characteristics
• Quadrilateral distance zones in series compensation line
For description of the above logics, please refer to ABB technical manual in references [2.26.1-3]
ZM IBase (A) 1..99999 Base (rated) current.

ZM UBase (kV) 0.05..2000 Base (rated) voltage.
Char. Type Quad Mho/Quad Distance Characteristic.
Series Comp. App.(Y/N) N N/Y Series Compensated Line App.
(For Quad Only)
Display Load Encroachment N N/Y
Load Encroachment Mode D D/E/ON/OFF load encroachment function
for Mho elements
ZMn Function (D/E) D E/D Enable/Disable DS zone n.
ZMn DIR (R/F/N) F F,R,N Zone n direction: Reverse,
Forward or Non-directional.
Quadrilateral characteristic settings:
ZMn X1 30. 0.10..3000 Zone reactive reach settings (ohms/phase).
ZMn R1 5. 0.10..1000 Zone positive sequence line
resistance settings (ohms/phase).
ZMn RFPP 100 1..9000 Zone n resistive reach (ohms/loop).
ZMn tPP (s) 0. 0..60 Zone n delay (seconds).
ZM IMinOpPP (%) 10..30 Minimum operate current for PE loops (% IBase)

Phase selection settings:

PHS IBase 3000 1..99999 Base current for current settings
PHS INBlockPP (%) 40 10..100 3I0 limit for blocking PP measuring loops
(% of Iphmax).
PHS INReleasePE 20 10..100 3I0 limit for for releasing PE measuring loops
PHS RLdFw 80 1..3000 Forward resistive reach within the load
impedance area
PHS RLdRv 80 1..3000 Reverse resistive reach within the load
impedance area
PHS ArgLd 30 5..70 Load angle determining the load
impedance area
PHS X1 40 0.5..3000 Positive sequence reactance reach (ohm/phase).
PHS RFFwPP 30 0.5..3000 Fault resistance reach, Ph-Ph, forward (ohm/loop).
PHS RFRvPP 30 0.5..3000 Fault resistance reach, Ph-Ph, reverse (ohm/loop).
PHS IMinOpPP 10 5..30 Minimum operate delta current for PP
loops (%IBase)
Series Comp. application settings:
ZMn X1FWPP 30. 0.50..3000 Zone n reactive reach settings (ohms/phase).
ZMn R1PP 5. 0.10..1000 Zone n positive sequence line
ZMn RFFWPP 100 1..9000 Zone n resistive reach (ohms/loop).
ZMn X1RVPP 10. 0.5..3000 Zone n positive sequence reac-tance reach, Ph-Ph,
reverse (ohms/phase).
ZMn RFRVPP 10. 1..9000 Fault resistance reach, Ph-Ph, reverse (ohms/loop).
MHO characteristic settings:

ZMn ZPP 30 0.005..3000 Zone n positive sequence impedance for PP elements
ZMn ZAngPP 80 10..90 Zone n angle for positive sequence line impedance
ZMn ZRevPP 30 0.005..3000 Zone n reverse reach of the phase to phase
loop (magnitude)
ZMn OffDIR (R/F/N) N F,R,N Direction mode for offset mho
ZM IBase (A) 1..99999 Base (rated) current.

ZM UBase (kV) 0.05..2000 Base (rated) voltage.
Char. Type Quad Mho/Quad Distance Characteristic.
Series Comp. App.(Y/N) N N/Y Series Compensated Line App.
(For Quad Only)
Display Load Encroachment N N/Y
Load Encroachment Mode D D/E/ON/OFF load encroachment function
for Mho elements
ZMn Function (D/E) D E/D Enable/Disable DS zone n.
ZMn DIR (R/F/N) F F,R,N Zone n direction: Reverse,
Forward or Non-directional.
Quadrilateral characteristic settings:
ZMn X1 30. 0.10..3000 Zone n reactive reach settings (ohms/phase).
ZMn R1 5. 0.10..1000 Zone n positive sequence line

ZMn X0 100. 0.10..9000 Zone n zero sequence reactance reach (ohm/phase)
ZMn R0 100. 0.10..9000 Zone n zero sequence resistance reach (ohm/phase)
ZMn RFPE 100 1..9000 Zone n resistive reach (ohms/loop).
ZMn tPE (s) 0. 0..60 Zone n delay (seconds).
ZMn IMinOpPE (%) 10..30 Minimum operate current for PE loops (% IBase)
ZMn IMinOpIN (%) 10..30 Minimum operate 3Io current for PE loops (% IBase)
Phase selection settings:

PHS IBase 3000 1..99999 Base current for current settings
PHS INBlockPP (%) 40 10..100 3I0 limit for blocking PP measuring loops
(% of Iphmax).
PHS INReleasePE 20 10..100 3I0 limit for for releasing PE measuring loops
PHS RLdFw 80 1..3000 Forward resistive reach within the load
impedance area
PHS RLdRv 80 1..3000 Reverse resistive reach within the load
impedance area
PHS ArgLd 30 5..70 Load angle determining the load
impedance area
PHS X1 40 0.5..3000 Positive sequence reactance reach (ohm/phase).
PHS X0 40 0.5..3000 Zero sequence reactance reach (ohm/phase).
PHS RFFwPE 30 0.5..3000 Fault resistance reach, Ph-Ph, forward (ohm/loop).
PHS RFRvPE 30 0.5..3000 Fault resistance reach, Ph-Ph, reverse (ohm/loop).
PHS IMinOpPE 10 5..30 Minimum operate delta current for PP
loops (%IBase)
Series Comp. application settings:
ZMn X1FWPP 30. 0.50..3000 Zone n positive sequence reactive reach
settings (ohms/phase).
ZMn R1PE 5. 0.10..1000 Zone n positive sequence line
ZMn X0FWPE 30. 0.50..3000 Zone n zero sequence reactive reach
settings (ohms/phase).
ZMn X0PE 5. 0.10..1000 Zone n zero sequence line
reactance settings (ohms/phase).
ZMn R0PE 5. 0.10..1000 Zone n zero sequence line
ZMn RFFWPE 100 1..9000 Zone n resistive reach (ohms/loop).
ZMn X1RVPE 10. 0.5..3000 Zone n positive sequence reac-tance reach, Ph-Ph,
reverse (ohms/phase).
ZMn RFRVPE 10. 1..9000 Fault resistance reach, Ph-Ph, reverse (ohms/loop).
MHO characteristic settings:

ZMn ZPE 30 0.005..3000 Zone n positive sequence impedance for PP elements
ZMn ZAngPE 80 10..90 Zone n angle for positive sequence line impedance
ZMn ZRevPE 30 0.005..3000 Zone n reverse reach of the phase to phase
loop (magnitude)
ZMn KN 0.8 0..3 Earth return compensation factor K magnitude
ZMn KNang -15 -180..180 K factor angle
ZMn OffDIR (R/F/N) N F,R,N Direction mode for offset mho
Reference
[2.26.1] Application manual, Line distance protection IED REL670, No: 1MRK 506 278-UEN, Issued: March
2007, Version: 1.1.

[2.26.2] Technical reference manual, Line distance protection IED REL670, No: 1MRK 506 275-UEN, Issued:
March 2007, Version: 1.1.
[2.26.3] Installation and Commissioning manual, Line distance protection IED REL670, No: 1MRK 506 277-UEN,
Issued: December 2007, Revision B, Version: 1.1.

2.27 7SA522__ METHOD
7SA522__ is a vendor-specific method designed to simulate the phase and ground distance protection functions
of the Siemen 7SA522 line distance protection relay. 7SA522__ has to be entered in OneLiner and DistriView as
ground distance relay.
7SA522 relay has a polygonal or an MHO circle tripping characteristic. Sample relay characteristics are shown
in pictures below.
Polygonal characteristic Basic shape of an MHO characteristic
For description of relay operating and other logic, please refer to Siemen technical manual in references [2.27.1-
2]
Parameter list: 7SA522__

InomSec (A) 1 1A or 5A
Display (P/G/PG) Phase Phase/Ground/BothPG
Phase Distance Quad Quad/Mho/Disabled
Earth Distance Quad Quad/Mho/Disabled
Line Reactance 15 0.0005..9500 Omh Sec. (1A)
3 0.0001..1900 Omh Sec. (5A)
Line Angle 850 100..890
Format Z0/Z1 RE/RL (XE/XL)
RE/RL, XE/XL or K0
RE/RL(Z1) 1.00 -0.33 .. 7.00 Zero seq. comp. factor RE/RL for Z1
XE/XL(Z1) 1.00 -0.33 .. 7.00 Zero seq. comp. factor XE/XL for Z1
RE/RL(>Z1) 1 -0.33 .. 7.00 Zero seq. comp. factor RE/RL for Z2...Z5
XE/XL(>Z1) 1 -0.33 .. 7.00 Zero seq. comp. factor XE/XL for Z2...Z5
K0 (Z1) 1 0 .. 4 Zero seq. comp. factor K0 for zone Z1
Angle K0(Z1) 00 -1350.. 1350 Zero seq. comp. angle for zone Z1
K0 (> Z1) 1 0 .. 4 Zero seq. comp. factor K0, higher zones >Z1
Angle K0(> Z1) 00 -1350.. 1350 Zero seq. comp. angle, higher zones >Z1

Distance Angle 850 300 .. 900 Angle of inclination, distance characteristic
Minimum Iph> 0.1 0.05 .. 4A (1A) Phase Current threshold for dist. measurement
0.5 0.25 .. 20A (5A)
3I0> Threshold 0.1 0.05 .. 4A 3I0 threshold for neutral current pickup (CT 1A)
0.5 0.25 .. 20A (CT 5A)
3U0> Enable E E/D 3U0 pickup checking Enabled or Disabled
3U0> Threshold 5 1 .. 100 V 3U0 threshold zero seq. voltage pickup
3I0>/Iphmax 0.1 0.05..0.3 3Io> pick-up stabilization
E/F recognition 3I0> OR 3U0> criterion of earth fault recognition
3I0> OR 3U0>
3I0> AND 3U0>
2Ph-E faults Block leading Ø Loop selection with 2Ph-E faults
Block lagging Ø
All loops
Ø-Ø loops only
Ø-E loops only
Block leading Ø
Mem. Polariz. PhE 15.0 % 0.. 100% Voltage Memory polarization (phase-e)
Mem. Polariz. P-P 15.0 % 0.. 100% Voltage Memory polarization (ph-ph)
Load Encroachment D E, EF, ER, D Enable LE (Enable/Fwd Enable/ Rev Enable/ Disable)
R load (Ø-E) 100 0.1..600Ω Rload, minimum Load Impedance (ph-e)
0.02..120Ω (5A)
ϕload (Ø-E) 450 200..600 PHI load, maximum Load Angle (ph-e)
R load (Ø-Ø) 100 0.1..600Ω R load, minimum Load Impedance (ph-ph)
0.02..120Ω
ϕload (Ø-Ø) 450 200..600 PHI load, maximum Load Angle (ph-ph)
Zone 1 Fuction (D/E) D E/D Enable/Disable DS zone.
Zone 2 Fuction (D/E)
Zone 1 QDIR (R/F/N) F F,R,N Zone direction: Reverse,
Zone 2 QDIR (R/F/N) Forward or Non-directional (Only for QUAD).
Zone 3 QDIR (R/F/N)
Zone 4 QDIR (R/F/N)
Zone 5 QDIR (R/F/N)
Zone 1 MDIR (R/F) F F,R Zone direction: Reverse, Forward.
Zone 2 MDIR (R/F)
Zone 3 MDIR (R/F)
Zone 4 MDIR (R/F)
Zone 5 MDIR (R/F)
T1 1phase Status E E/D T delay enabled or disabled
T1 Multi phase Status
T2 1phase Status
T2 Multi phase Status
T3 Status
T4 Status
T5 Status
T1 1phase DELAY 0 0..30 sec T1 delay for single phase faults
T1 Multi phase DELAY 0 0..30 sec T1 delay for multi-phase faults
T2 1phase DELAY 0.3 0..30 sec T2 delay for single phase faults
T2 Multi phase DELAY 0.3 0..30 sec T2 delay for multi-phase faults
T3 DELAY 0.6 0..30 sec T3 delay

Quad
X (Z1) 2.5 0.05..600 (1A) Zone 1 reactive reach settings

0.5 0.01..120(5A)
X (Z2) 5 (1A) Zone 2 reactive reach settings
1 (5A)
2 (5A)
2.4 (5A)
2.4 (1A)
R (Z1) 1.25 0.05..600 (1A) Zone 1 resistance for Ph-Ph Faults
0.25 0.01..120 (5A)
R (Z2) 2.5 (1A) Zone 2 resistance for Ph-Ph Faults
0.5 (5A)
R (Z3) 5 (1A) Zone 3 resistance for Ph-Ph Faults
1 (5A)
2.4 (5A)
2.4 (5A)
RE (Z1) 2.5 0.05..600 (1A) Zone 1 resistance for Ph-E Faults
0.5 0.01..120 (5A)
RE (Z2) 5 (1A) Zone 2 resistance for Ph-E Faults
1 (5A)
2 (5A)
2.4 (5A)
2.4 (5A)
Zone 1 Reduction 00 0..450 Zone 1 reduction angle (load compensation)
MHO
ZR (Z1) 2.5 0.05..200(1A) Zone 1 impedance reach

0.5 0.01..40 (5A)
ZR (Z2) 5 (1A) Zone 2 impedance reach
1 (5A)
1 (5A)
2 (5A)
2 (5A)
Reference
[2.24.1] Manual, SIPROTEC Distance protection 7SA522 V4.61 or higher, No: C53000-G1176-C155-5.
[2.24.2] Numerical Distance Protection, Principles and applications, Siemens, Gerhard Ziegler, 3rd edition

2.28 GRL100G__ AND GRL100P__ METHOD
GRL100G__ and GRL100P__ are vendor-specific methods designed to simulate the phase and ground distance
protection functions of the Toshiba GRL100 line distance protection relay.
GRL100 relay has 4 independent Quad-type or Mho-type phase-to-phase zones and 1 reverse offset zone for
command protection. Sample relay characteristics are shown in pictures below.
Quad characteristic MHO characteristic
For description of relay operating and other logic, please refer to Toshiba technical manual in references [2.28.1]

Parameter list: GRL100G __
CTNomSec 5A 5A or 1 A
ZG-C Quad Mho/Quad Distance Characteristic.
Krs (%) 340% 0-1000% Residual current comp. R0/R1
Kxs (%) 340% Residual current comp. X0/X1
UVCV 48 V 10-60V Phase selection Voltage setting
UVCZ 2.0 0-50 Phase selection Reach setting
10 0-250 (1A rating)
UVCAng 850 45-900 Characteristic angle
EFL 1.0 A 0.5-5.0 A Earth fault detection
0.2 A 0.1-1.0 A (1A rating)
Zn DIR (F) F F Zone n direction: Reverse, Forward
QUAD characteristic
Z1G 1.6 0.01..50 Quad zone 1 reach
8.0 0.1..250 (1A rating)
15.0 0.1..250 (1A rating)
30.0 0.1..250 (1A rating)
ZRG 4.0 0.01..50 Quad zone R reach
20.0 0.1..250 (1A rating)
Z4G 8.0 0.01..50 Quad zone 4 reverse reach
40.0 0.1..250 (1A rating)
ZBG Angle 50 00..450 Angle of quad directional element
MHO characteristic
Z1G 1.6 0.01..50 Mho zone 1 reach
8.0 0.1..250 (1A rating)
Z2G 3.0 Mho zone 2 reach
15.0 (1A rating)
Z3G 6.0 Mho zone 3 Reach
30.0 (1A rating)
ZRG 4.0 Mho reserve zone R reach
20.0 (1A rating)
Z4G 8.0 Mho zone 4 reverse reach
40.0 (1A rating)
Z3G Angle 850 450..900 Angle of MHO
BFR1G 5.1 0.10..20 Forward right blinder reach for Z1

25.5 0.50..100 (1A rating)
BFR2G Forward right blinder reach for Z2
BFRG Forward right blinder reach for Z3
BRRG Reverse right blinder Reach (ZR & Z4)
BFLG Angle Forward left blinder Angle
TZ1G (s) 0.0 0..10 Zone 1 timer
TZ2G (s) 0.3 Zone 2 timer
TZ3G (s) 0.4 Zone 3 timer
TZRG (s) 0.6 Zone R timer

Parameter list: GRL100P __
CTNomSec 5A 5A or 1 A
ZS-C Quad Mho/Quad Distance Characteristic.
UVCV 48 V 10-60V Phase Voltage setting for 3phase Fault detection
EFL 1.0 A 0.5-5.0 A Earth fault detection
0.2 A 0.1-1.0 A (1A rating)
Zn DIR (F) F F Zone n direction: Reverse, Forward
QUAD characteristic
Z1S 1.6 0.01..50 Quad zone 1 reach
8.0 0.1..250 (1A rating)
15.0 0.1..250 (1A rating)
30.0 0.1..250 (1A rating)
ZRS 4.0 0.01..50 Quad zone R reach
20.0 0.1..250 (1A rating)
Z4S 8.0 0.01..50 Quad zone 4 reverse reach
40.0 0.1..250 (1A rating)
ZBS Angle 50 00..450 Angle of quad directional element
MHO characteristic
Z1S 1.6 0.01..50 Mho zone 1 reach
8.0 0.1..250 (1A rating)
Z2S 3.0 Mho zone 2 reach
15.0 (1A rating)
Z3S 6.0 Mho zone 3 Reach
30.0 (1A rating)
ZRS 4.0 Mho reserve zone R reach
20.0 (1A rating)
Z4S 8.0 Mho zone 4 reverse reach
40.0 (1A rating)
Z3S Angle 850 450..900 Angle of MHO
BFR1S 5.1 0.10..20 Forward right blinder reach for Z1

25.5 0.50..100 (1A rating)
BFR2S Forward right blinder reach for Z2
BFRS Forward right blinder reach for Z3
BRRS Reverse right blinder Reach (ZR & Z4)
BFLS Angle Forward left blinder Angle
TZ1S (s) 0.0 0..10 Zone 1 timer
TZ2S (s) 0.3 Zone 2 timer
TZ3S (s) 0.4 Zone 3 timer
TZRS (s) 0.6 Zone R timer
Reference
[2.28.1] Instruction Manual. Line Differential Relay GRL100-7**B. Toshiba Corporation. 2006. Ver. 0.5

SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This section documents the commands in the Main Window.
_________________________________________________________________________
Main Window Commands
The Main Window opens libraries and distance relay types. The commands in the Main Window are described
in Section 3.2.
62 • SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

3.2 MAIN WINDOW COMMANDS
The Main Window contains commands for manipulating libraries and relay types. The Main Window is initially
gray when the program begins execution. After a library is opened, the name of the library is shown in the title
bar of the Main Window.
The commands in the Main Window are described in this section.
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 SECTION 3 COMMAND REFERENCE • 63

Main Window
FILE MENU
NEW COMMAND
The New command lets you create a new distance relay library.
This feature is not available in this version. You can create a new library now by copying an existing library to
a file of different name and editing it.

Main Window
FILE MENU
OPEN COMMAND
The Open command lets you open an existing library for editing.
TO OPEN AN EXISTING LIBRARY:
1. Select the File | Open command.
A dialog box will appear asking you for the name of the library that you
want to open.
2. Use the controls in the standard file dialog box to specify the name of the
library.
3. Click on "Open" to close the dialog box.
The program will read in the relay types from the binary file you
specified.

Main Window
FILE MENU
SAVE COMMAND
The Save command saves the current library to disk under the current library name. The contents of the old
library are overwritten by the new information. It is wise to periodically save the file you are editing to guard
against information loss in the event of a program or system failure.
TO SAVE A LIBRARY:
1. Select the File | Save command.
The cursor will turn into an hourglass while the current library is being
written to disk. You may continue working after the cursor is restored to
the original arrow shape.

Main Window
FILE MENU
SAVE AS COMMAND
The Save As command saves the current library to the disk under a different name. The original library is not
altered or saved. After you execute this command, the library is saved to this new file whenever the Save
command is used.
TO SAVE THE LIBRARY UNDER A NEW NAME:
1. Select the File | Save As command.
A dialog box will appear asking you to specify the name of the library.
library.
You should name all your library files with the .DRL extension.
3. Click on "OK".
The cursor will turn into an hourglass while the current library is being
written to disk. The new file name will appear in the caption bar of the
Main Window. You may continue working after the cursor is restored to
the original arrow shape.

Main Window
FILE MENU
EXIT COMMAND
This command lets you close the current library and shut down the Distance Relay Editor.
TO EXIT THE DISTANCE RELAY EDITOR:
1. Select the File | Exit command.
If no library has been opened or if the current library has not been
changed, the Main Window of the program will simply disappear.
If the current library has been modified, a dialog box will appear asking
you whether the changes should be saved.
2. Press Yes if you wish to save the updated library; otherwise press No.
The program will shut down and its window will disappear.

Main Window
TYPE MENU
EDIT COMMAND
This command allows you to view and edit relay types. You can also create new relay types and delete existing
relay types.
TO VIEW A LIST OF RELAY TYPES:
1. Select the Type | Edit command.
A dialog box will appear displaying all the relay types in the relay
library.
TO DELETE A RELAY TYPE:
1. Select the relay type to be deleted from the list box. Then, click on "Delete".
The selected relay type will be removed from the list box.
Note: The program does not allow you to delete any of the five generic
relay types, “CEY-Type”, “GCX-Type”, “KD-Type”, “HCZ-Type” and
“HZM-Type”, which are required for backward compatibility.
2. Click on "Close" to close the dialog box.
TO ADD A NEW RELAY TYPE:
1. Click on the "Add" button.
A dialog box will appear asking for the relay method. The methods
currently available are listed in the dialog box.
2. Select the relay method and press OK.
A dialog box will appear asking for the relay type parameters. The method
name is shown immediately above the data grid.

3. Enter the 'Type' name.
The relay type name must be unique and can have up to 18 characters.
4. Click on the 'Phase Relay' check box if this type may be a phase distance
relay.
5. Click on the 'Ground Relay' check box if this type may be a ground distance
relay.
6. Click on the 'Zone 2 Supervision on OC Relay' check box if zone 2 of this
relay type can supervise a nondirectional, torque-controlled overcurrent
relay.
7. Enter the voltage memory duration in "Memory".
Zero means there is no memory. The program will use the prefault
voltages for polarization if the time delay is less than this duration;
otherwise, it will use the post-fault voltages for polarization.
8. Click on the drop down list box and select a method of polarization.
Available options include “Self Polarized”, “Cross Polarized” and
“Positive-Sequence Polarized”.
9. Specify the name and default value for each of the parameters in the data
grid.
The method you choose for the relay type determines the parameters that
are required to model it. These parameters are listed in the data grid.
Each parameter is assigned an index which is used by
OneLiner/DistriView as a parameter identifier. You cannot change these
indices. However, you can change the parameter names and default
values, which will appear in the distance-relay info dialog box in
OneLiner/DistriView. The parameter name can have up to 24 characters.
10. Click on "OK" to close the dialog box.
The 'Distance Relay Type' dialog box will display the new relay type.

TO VIEW OR EDIT A RELAY TYPE:
1. Select the relay type to be edited or viewed from the list box. Then, click on
"Edit".
A dialog box will appear displaying the parameters of the relay type and
method.
2. View or edit the parameters of the relay type and method.
See previous page for explanation of the parameters.
Note: The program does not allow you to edit any of the five generic
relay types, “CEY-Type”, “GCX-Type”, “KD-Type”, “HCZ-Type” and
“HZM-Type”, which are required for backward compatibility. The OK
button is dimmed for these types.
3. Click on "OK" to close the dialog box.

Main Window
TYPE MENU
COPY FROM ANOTHER LIBRARY COMMAND
This command lets you copy distance relay types from another distance relay library.
TO COPY RELAY TYPES FROM ANOTHER LIBRARY:
1. Select the Type | Copy from Another Library command.
A dialog box will appear asking you for the name of the library from
which you would like to copy.
library. Then, click on "Open" to close the dialog box.
A dialog box will appear listing the distance relay types in the relay
library you specified.
3. Select the relay types you would like to copy. Click on "Select All" to copy
all relay types or click on them individually in the list box.
The relay types you have selected will become highlighted.
4. Click on "Copy".
The selected relay types will be copied into the distance relay library.
5. Click on "Done" to close the dialog box.

Main Window
VIEW MENU
TOOLBAR COMMAND
This command lets you show or hide the toolbar.
TO SHOW OR HIDE THE TOOLBAR:
1. Select the View | Toolbar command.
The program will either hide or display the toolbar.

Main Window
VIEW MENU
STATUS BAR COMMAND
This command lets you show or hide the status bar.
TO SHOW OR HIDE THE STATUS BAR:
1. Select the View | Status Bar command.
The program will either hide or display the status bar.

L
L60 Method 38
L90 Method 38
Index M
Methods 8
Mho and Mho4 Method 11
N
New Command 64
O
7
Open Command 65
7SA511 Method 30
7SA513 Method 28
7SA522__ Method 56, 59 P
7SA611 Method 33 P437 Method 44
P441 Method 46
C P443 Method 48
Polarization 9
Copy Relay Types from Another Library 72 cross polarized 10
positive-sequence 10
D self polarized 10
D60 Method 38
D90 Method 38 Q
Distance Relay Editor Quad and Quad4 Method 15
exit 68
Distance Relay Library
create new 64 R
open 65 RAZOA Method 20
save 66 REL316 Method 21
save as 67 REL316_4 Method 23
REL521 Method 26
E REL521 Method 41
REL531 Method 41
Edit Command 69 REL670 Method 52
Exit Command 68 Relay Type 5, 7, 8
delete 69
G edit 69
view 69
GCX Method 13
S
H
Save As Command 67
HCZ Method 19 Save Command 66
HZ Method 17 SEL-XXX__ Methods 35
HZM Method 18 Status Bar Command 74
K T
KD Method 14 Toolbar Command 73
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 Index • 75

V
Vendor Specific Methods 5, 8
Voltage Memory 7, 9
Z
ZR20 Method 50
76 • Index ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

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Distance Relay Editor

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1.2 DISTANCE RELAY LIBRARY

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION • 5

1.3 ABOUT THIS MANUAL

1.4 INSTALLING THE PROGRAM

1.5 STARTING THE PROGRAM

2. Restart OneLiner or DistriView.

6 • SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

2.1 WHAT’S IN A RELAY TYPE

The attributes of a distance relay type include the following:

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 7

8 • SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

2.4 VOLTAGE MEMORY AND POLARIZATION

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 9

Positive-Sequence Polarized Relays

10 • SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 11

12 • SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

The parameters for the GCX method are as follows:

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 13

14 • SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 15

16 • SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 17

2.10 HZM METHOD

18 • SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

The parameters of the HZM method are listed below:

2.11 HCZ METHOD

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 19

2.12 RAZOA METHOD

20 • SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

2.13 REL316 METHOD

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 21

The parameters of the REL316 method are listed below:

22 • SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

2.14 REL316_4 METHOD

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 23

24 • SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 25

REL-521 Ground Distance Relay

26 • SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 27

Measured Measured current Measured voltage Measured current Measured voltage

28 • SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013 SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 29

30 • SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING ASPEN Distance Relay Editor v2013

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GE directional MHO characteristics

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GE non-directional QUAD and MHO characteristics

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