03 - Semiconductor Diode Circuits - Semiconductor

Electro Technology
EE1202
Semiconductor Diodes
(contd..)
CURRENT VOLTAGE ( I-V ) CHARACTERISTIC
ID • VD = Bias Voltage
• ID = Current through
Diode. ID is Negative for
Reverse Bias and
IS
Positive for Forward Bias
VBR
• IS = Saturation Current
~Vф VD
• VBR = Breakdown Voltage
• Vф = Barrier Potential
Voltage
( 𝐼𝑠 )
𝐼𝑠 𝑛𝐴
𝑚𝐴
𝐼𝐷 = 𝐼𝑠 (𝑒 𝑉𝐷 /𝑛𝑉𝑇 − 1)
𝐼𝑠 = 
𝐼𝐷 = 
𝑒 = 
𝑉𝐷 = 
𝑛 = 
𝑉𝑇 = 
𝐼𝑠 = 
𝐼𝐷 = 
𝑒 = 
𝑉𝐷 = 
𝑛 =  00:09:42
𝑉𝑇 = 
•
•
𝑘𝑇
𝑉𝑇 =
𝑞
• 𝜂
The graph of I vs. V for a diode
depend upon the location where it
is computed
At region A
At region B
r in region B > r in region A

AC AND DC RESISTANCE
Diode is non linear device and its dc and ac resistance change over a wide range.
AC resistance (dynamic resistance),rD

The varying input will move the instantaneous operating point up and down. A
region of the characteristic and thus defines specific change in current and voltage,
that can used to determine the AC or dynamic resistance for this region of the
diode characteristic
The ac resistance is approximated by
ηVT Where VT is the thermal voltage

rD = (For T = 300K,VT is about 0.026V
ID I is dc current through the diode.
0.026
( at room temperature ) rD = Ω
ID
AC AND DC RESISTANCE
DC resistance (static resistance) RD
The application of a dc voltage to a circuit containing a semiconductor diode will
result in an operating point on the characteristic curve. That will not change with
time. the resistance of the diode at the operating point DC or static resistance.
where
V – dc voltage across the diode
I – dc current through the diode
Like ac resistance the dc resistance of a diode depends on the point on
Bulk Resistance (rB)

The resistance of the semiconductor material and the contact resistance Where the
external leads are attached to the pn junction can be lumped together and called the
bulk resistance rB of the diode.
m total ac resistance of the diode = rD + rB

A NALYSIS OF D IODE C IRCUITS
Simplified Diode
Model
D γ Diode Reversed Biased
D γ Diode Forward Biased
D A K
A K
A K γ
D
γ
Diode Switching Circuits

In these applications, the circuit voltages are pulse – type waveforms or square
waves that alternate between a “low” voltage, often 0 volts, and a “high” voltage
such as +5V.
D1 D1
R1 R1
5V 0V
0.7V
R1
R1 5V
5V
L OGIC C IRCUITS U SING D IODES
In a diode logic system, the logic gates are implemented by using diodes.
OR Gate
Input Voltage Output

A (V) B (V) Voltage (VO)
0 0 0
0 5 5
5 0 5
5 5 5
A B VO = Y
0 0 0
0 1 1 Y =A+ B
1 0 1
1 1 1
L OGIC C IRCUITS U SING D IODES
AND Gate
Input Voltage Output

A (V) B (V) Voltage (VO)
0 0 0
0 5 0
5 0 0
5 5 5
A B VO = Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0 Y =A. B
1 1 1
D IODE L I MI T I N G C IRCUITS (C LIPPER )
Diode circuits, called limiters or clippers, are sometimes used to clip off portions of
signal voltages, above or below certain level.
Positive clipping
VA
At Initial
R1
VIN A IN
D1
VK
K
Condition for Forward Biasing
D γ
A K γ
IN γ
IN γ
Therefore diode will conduct when IN γ
diode in reverse bias when IN γ

When diode Forward bias
When diode Reverse bias
Positive clipping

VIN
VP
Vg
-VP
VOUT
Vg
-VP
Negative clipping
RS
Vin V Vout
Vout
R1 At Initial
VK
VIN A
D1
VA
K IN
D γ
A K γ
IN γ
IN γ

RS
Vin V Vout
Vout
When diode Reverse bias
RS
Vin V Vout
Vout
RS
Negative clipping
Vin V Vout
Vout

VIN
VP
Vg
-VP
VOUT
VP
Vg
Vin
Vp
0
t
-Vp
VA VK
At Initial
D1
V
VIN
R1 K
K IN
D γ
A K γ
IN γ
IN γ


VIN
VP
Vg-V
-VP
VOUT
VP+V-Vg
t
C LAMPING C IRCUITS
Clamping circuits are used to shift an ac waveform up or down by adding a dc level
equal to the positive or negative peak value of the ac signal. Clamping circuits are
also called dc level resistors, because they are used in systems (eg: television) where
the original dc level is lost in capacitor – coupled amplifier stages. Therefore
clamping circuits are used to add a fixed dc level to the ac signal.
Positive
Clamping
Circuit
Original dc
dc level shifted to +
level
Vp
Negative
Clamping
Circuit
dc level shifted to -
Vp
C LAMPING C IRCUITS
C LAMPING C IRCUITS
C LAMPING C IRCUITS
From 0 -- T/2 diode is “on” state.
VC
C1
V R1
The resulting time constant is so small that the capacitor will charge to V
volts very quickly.
VC =V
C LAMPING C IRCUITS
From T/2 -- T
VC
C1
V VR
R1
by KVL
R C
R
C LAMPING C IRCUITS
Second Positive half cycle

VC
C1
V
R1 VR
by KVL
C R
R
C LAMPING C IRCUITS
Vin
V p-p = 2V
0 T/2 T 3T/2 2T t (i/p swing)
-V
Vout
0 T/2 T 3T/2 2T t
V p-p = 2V
-V
(o/p swing)
- 2V
C LAMPING C IRCUITS
Eg. Determine the output of the clamping circuit given below
Vin
10
0
t
-10
During the First Positive half cycle

VC
C1
VIN R1 VR
0.7
the capacitor will charge to
C IN
C
C
C LAMPING C IRCUITS
Vin
10
0
t
-10
Applying KVL after capacitor charges

VC
C1
VIN R1 VR
0.7
R IN C
R IN
C LAMPING C IRCUITS
Vin
10
0
t
-10
During Negative Half Cycle

Output peak value R
During positive Half Cycle
Output peak value R

C LAMPING C IRCUITS
VIN
10V
-10V
VOUT
0.7
t
-19.3
C LAMPING C IRCUITS
Vin
+V2
0
t
-V1
C LAMPING C IRCUITS
Vin
10
0
t
-10
During the First NegativeV half cycle

C
C1
VIN R1 VR
0.7
the capacitor will charge to

C IN
C
C LAMPING C IRCUITS
Vin
10
0
t
-10
Applying KVL after capacitor charges

VC
C1
VIN R1 VR
R IN C
R IN
C LAMPING C IRCUITS
Vin
10
0
t
-10
During positive Half Cycle

Output peak value R
During Negative Half Cycle
Output peak value R

C LAMPING C IRCUITS
VIN
10V
-10V
VOUT
19.3
t
-0.7
C LAMPING C IRCUITS
Zener Diode Characteristics
Zener Diode
Cathode Cathode
ZZ
V Zl
VZ VZ VZ
Anode Anode
Ideal Zener Diode Practical Zener Diode

Zener Diode
Zener Biasing
For proper working of a zener diode in any circuit, it is essential that it must
• be reverse biased
• have voltage across it greater than VZ
• be in a circuit where current is less than IZ(max)
Zener Diode
APPLICATIONS
Zener- Diode voltage Regulator
The circuit is an elementary “ Voltage Regulator” that holds the

load voltage near VZ volts as RL and/or Vin undergo changes.
ZENER DIODE
Meter Protection.
To obtain reference voltage levels.
InWave shaping circuit (Clippers or limiter)

Zener Limiting
Vout
VZ
0
-0.7 V t
VARACTOR DIODE
VARACTOR DIODE
The varicap diode can be used in a simple LC tuning circuit as shown
Calculate the equivalent series capacitance for fig. 3.2(c) if C2 is 0.005 uF and C1
varies from 400 to 100pF as the tuning voltage increases
(Ans. 370pF, 98pF)

(Note: In both cases, the series capacitance is close to the value of C1 alone)
VARACTOR DIODE
Doping is uniform on both

sides of the junction.
The tuning range: enough to tune an AM radio
through its frequency range
of 550-1650 kHz
Not enough to tune a broad-

cast receiver over its entire
frequency range of 550-1650
kHz
Optoelectronics Devices
Photo conductive cell or photo resistor
Optoelectronics Devices
Photo Diode
OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES
LIGHT – EMITTING DIODES ( LED )
If the material is translucent and if the light energy released is visible, then a PN
junction having those properties is called a light – emitting diode (LED).
hc
λ=
Eg
–6
1.24 10
λ=
Eg
Eg = Energy gap in eV
λ =Wavelength
h = Planck’s Constant = 4.135667696×10−15 eV s
c = speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s
Figure shows on LED driver circuit, designed to illuminate the LED when the
transistor is turned on (saturated) by a 5V positive input at its base. Find the values
of RB and RC that should be used if the LED is to be illuminated by 20mA of forward
current. Assume that the forward drop across the LED is 2.5V and that the silicon
transistor has
A very popular use for LEDs is in the construction of seven-segment displays. By
illumination selected segments, any numerical from 0 through 9 can be displayed

03 - Semiconductor Diode Circuits - Semiconductor

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Electro Technology

r in region B > r in region A

AC resistance (dynamic resistance),rD

The ac resistance is approximated by

ηVT Where VT is the thermal voltage

Like ac resistance the dc resistance of a diode depends on the point on

Bulk Resistance (rB)

m total ac resistance of the diode = rD + rB

D γ Diode Reversed Biased

D γ Diode Forward Biased

Diode Switching Circuits

Input Voltage Output

Input Voltage Output

Condition for Forward Biasing

Therefore diode will conduct when IN γ

diode in reverse bias when IN γ

Therefore diode will conduct when IN γ

Condition for Forward Biasing

Therefore diode will conduct when IN γ

diode in reverse bias when IN γ

Therefore diode will conduct when IN γ

Condition for Forward Biasing

Therefore diode will conduct when IN γ

diode in reverse bias when IN γ

Therefore diode will conduct when IN γ

From 0 -- T/2 diode is “on” state.

Second Positive half cycle

During the First Positive half cycle

the capacitor will charge to

Applying KVL after capacitor charges

During Negative Half Cycle

Output peak value R

During the First NegativeV half cycle

the capacitor will charge to

Applying KVL after capacitor charges

During positive Half Cycle

During Negative Half Cycle

Output peak value R

Ideal Zener Diode Practical Zener Diode

Zener- Diode voltage Regulator

The circuit is an elementary “ Voltage Regulator” that holds the

To obtain reference voltage levels.

InWave shaping circuit (Clippers or limiter)

(Ans. 370pF, 98pF)

Doping is uniform on both

Not enough to tune a broad-

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