Title: The Challenges of Crafting a Doherty Power Amplifier Ph.D.

Thesis

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Measured performance summary of similar topology DPAs. But rather, you’re focusing on another
essay that no-you will appreciate (pessimistic but true). K201816 and the Natural Science Foundation
of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China under Grants nos. 15KJB510007 and
16KJB510006. At that point (break point), the auxiliary amplifier turns on and modulates the load of
the main amplifier by injecting current at the common node. You’ll be able to write a manuscript
because time or do all helpful things. Harmonic tuning strategies are also being considered to further
enhance the efficiency-bandwidth trade-off. You can download the paper by clicking the button
above. At the back-off region, the main amplifier will see 100. Design of a Wideband Doherty Power
Amplifier with High Efficiency for 5G Application. By considering the parasitic elements of the
transistors and the variations of the transformed impedance at the back-off point, appropriate
matching networks were designed to achieve wideband operation from 2.8 GHz to 3.6 GHz. The
experimental results showed that an output power above 43 dB was reached together with a drain
efficiency in excess of 62% and 44% at saturation and at 6 dB back-off, respectively. It is only too
vital that you economize about this. Ideally, the power amplifier should be designed to handle multi-
band and multi-mode systems concurrently. As discussed, in the proposed DPA, a high drain
efficiency together with a high gain were achieved over a fairly wide bandwidth. The most important
materials of the dual-band Doherty amplifier are highlighted and surveyed. When choosing an
adapter for measurements, users are presented with options or grades of performance. As a result, the
output voltage of the main amplifier remains roughly constant, and the total current is increasing
which increases the total output power. For this reason, load-pull analysis at the extrinsic device
reference plane over the whole bandwidth was used to find the actual optimum impedance. It has
given the designers a better ability to design an efficient PA. Download Free PDF View PDF See
Full PDF Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Wideband 3 way
Doherty RFIC with 12 dB back-off power range. Each solution demonstrates the unique high
efficiency characteristic of HVHBT GaAs technology where average power efficiencies approaching
60% have been achieved in both configurations. Hence, the 5G mobile generation will include
several technologies that can help to achieve its promised goals. Previous Article in Journal A
Compact Crossed Inverted-V Antenna with a Common Reflector for Polarization Diversity in the
IoT. After the OMN was designed, the input matching network (IMN) can also be designed to cover
the required bandwidth. Figure 7 a displays the schematic of a Digital Doherty PA while using the
Class-E topology. However, after further analysis, it is found that a reactance near the short-circuit
point can also be used to enhance the back-off efficiency and thus extend the BOP range. Moreover,
the effective load impedances of the Doherty amplifier can be expressed as a. Click to explore.
About the Author Pieter L. He holds D. Eng and M. Eng degrees in electronics from the University
of Pretoria. To evaluate performance over wide operation band, the simulated impedances between
2.2 and 2.5?GHz are also given. The proper design of the IMN is crucial to maintain high efficiency
and equalize gain over wide bandwidths.
The harmonic termination of both amplifiers was carefully designed to avoid Smith chart sensitive
regions. Table 1 summarizes the differences at the two operating frequencies. Where the DPA
operation can be divided into three regions: The low RF input power region, where the signal level is
not sufficient to turn the auxiliary amplifier on, in this case, the auxiliary amplifier can (theoretically)
be represented as an open circuit as shown in Figure 3 a. It also analyses reviews to verify
trustworthiness. The linearized DPA commonly uses high sampling rates and fast digital to analog
converters result in a spectral regrowth. If the output capacitance of the PA device can be
compensated in a more wide-band manner, the overall bandwidth of the DPA will be significantly
improved. It was concluded that the offset line length mainly depends on the parasitic effect of the
amplifier, in addition to the matching network characteristics. The Doherty amplifier, however,
incorporates the peaking amplifier as an add-on device such that linearity is maintained at the output.
This signal can adjust the power-supply voltage (or other bias control) of the peaking amp, based on
the instantaneous power in the signal. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed). The
branch-line coupler that is composed of four dual-band quarter wavelength transmission-line
impedance-inverter can be based on. Measured performance summary of similar topology DPAs.
Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen
Institute for AI. Moreover, advance design architectures for enhancing the Doherty power
amplifier’s performance in terms of higher efficiency and wider bandwidth characteristics, as well as
the compact design techniques of Doherty amplifier that meets the requirements of legacy 5G
handset applications, will be discussed. However, the invention relates equally to producing amplifier
circuits with redundant amplifier stages in which the amplifiers are not necessarily power amplifiers.
This quarter-wave line introduces a 90-degree phase shift, so an additional quarter-wave line is added
ahead of the peaking amplifier to align the two paths. This section will present some of them. 5.1.
Asymmetrical Doherty Power Amplifier (ADPA) If the DPA implements by the same size of carrier
and peaking amplifiers, the maximum output current of the peaking amplifier is smaller than that of
the carrier amplifier due to the small conduction angle, which results in a reduction of the maximum
output power. It explained alternative components that can work as dual-band input power splitter,
impedance inverter network, and phase compensation network. You also get new material on power
amplifiers class A, B, AB, F, and E amplifiers, as well as Doherty amplifiers are covered, amplifier
stability, and designing conditionally stable amplifiers. Sajedin M, Elfergani ITE, Rodriguez J, Abd-
Alhameed R, Barciela MF. I suspect they'll run quite warm but it doesn't look too hard to strip off
the heatshrink cover and attach a heatsink. The main limitation of each technique has been also
addressed. Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals. Find
support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. The Wilkinson power divider in
Figure 18 a is utilized in most of the Doherty designs to achieve power division and isolation. It is
assumed that all of the carrier and peaking amplifiers reach their maximum current levels at the
maximum output power, even though their biases are different. The phase offset lines and the quarter
wave transformer are designed and realized using ?-type. On the other hand, the concurrent dual-
band implies that the amplifier can work on both frequency bands without any modification or
changing of the design; intermodulation distortion should be considered especially if the two bands
are close to each other because the effect of device nonlinearity will be significant, in this case, some
interference will be introduced to the neighboring channels. Simulate 5G physical uplink shared
channel designs What is a private 5G network. Then, the elaborated compact DPA circuit for handset
applications will be discussed in Section 8.
The second and third harmonic voltage components have the main contribution on Class-F design
and higher order imply impractical suggest, because of circuit complexity. The efficiency
enhancement confirms that expected BOP range extension can be achieved using the proposed IER,
while the output power performance is similar to conventional design. Table 2 shows a comparison of
performance achieved in dual-band DPA in addition to the signal test type that was used in each
work; it can be noticed that most of the works were done using GaN HEMT. 4. Conclusions The
techniques for designing dual-band Doherty amplifier have been reviewed and presented. Note that
from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. However,
these approaches might suffer from complicated design methodology. However, the invention relates
equally to producing amplifier circuits with redundant amplifier stages in which the amplifiers are
not necessarily power amplifiers. The load modulation occurs in the last two regions, where the
benefit of Doherty structure is clear. Performance summary of broadband Doherty Amplifiers. The
measured power spectral density (PSD) before and after DPD at 9?dB BOP is shown in Figure 18.
Measured performance summary of similar topology DPAs. These models can be used to design
MMIC amplifiers at microwave and millimeter frequencies. Design of a Wideband Doherty Power
Amplifier with High Efficiency for 5G Application. The quiescent current of Class B is fixed to
minimize the crossover distortion at low output power, which enables linear and efficient
amplification. You also get new material on power amplifiers class A, B, AB, F, and E amplifiers, as
well as Doherty amplifiers are covered, amplifier stability, and designing conditionally stable
amplifiers. Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI
journals from around the world. A two-tone analysis was first performed to evaluate the third and
fifth Intermodulation Distortions (IMD3 and IMD5), which are plotted in Figure 12 a as a function
of input power. International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM). As shown in the figure, the
peaking amplifier typically turns on at 6 dB below the peak output power. Subscribe to receive issue
release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals. Journal of Low Power Electronics and
Applications (JLPEA). The performance obtained was well in line with the state-of-the-art in this
frequency range, demonstrating that the proposed simple, but effective wideband approach was
suitable for 5G applications in the S-band. 5. Conclusions A wideband class AB-C Doherty power
amplifier using a 10W GaN HEMT device was presented. To obtain desired IER, a two-impedance
matching method was employed to design the OMN of the peaking amplifier, as introduced in the
following section. 2.2. Generation of IER for BOP Range Extension As mentioned above, the IER
used to extend the BOP range of the DPA was generated by the peaking amplifier before it turns on.
In this work, a linearized transfer function of PA is modeled by the Taylor series function, when the
gain expansion curve of the peaking device compensates the gain compression curve of the carrier
PA, as can be seen in Figure 11. Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine
(JOHBM). Thus, the bias adaptation can help the peaking amplifier to compensate for the extra
margin that it requires for synchronizing with the carrier amplifier. Figure 17 Measured average
efficiencies and ACLRs for a 20?MHz LTE signal at the frequency of 2.35?GHz. Figure 18
Measured power spectral density with the LTE signal at 9?dB BOP before and after DPD. Therefore,
the output matching networks do not need to transfer the imaginary part of impedance. Editors
select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be
particularly. A full LTSpice model including parasitic elements that nearly matches the performance
of the hardware is available for download. We don’t like giving our customers hope and putting
things off during truth it’s physically impossible to satisfy their order.
Also, new terms have entered the communications systems which are multi-band and multi-mode,
where the term “multi-band” refers to a transmitter which works on two different frequency bands
simultaneously; in this case, the number of devices, size, and cost will be reduced. It has given the
designers a better ability to design an efficient PA. The isolated port was connectorized to allow for
the insertion of an external resistor with high power handling capabilities. 2.4. Stability Analysis The
DPA stability must be evaluated for the designed DPA to ensure its unconditional stability at all
frequencies. However, increasing the device size asymmetry causes severe gain degradation due to
the stronger influence of the inherently lower gain Class-C peaking stage, which reduces the power
that is delivered to the carrier stage and it affects the overall performance. On the other hand, the
concurrent dual-band implies that the amplifier can work on both frequency bands without any
modification or changing of the design; intermodulation distortion should be considered especially if
the two bands are close to each other because the effect of device nonlinearity will be significant, in
this case, some interference will be introduced to the neighboring channels. To determine the output
impedance when the peaking amplifier is in off-state, the transistor model was simulated without
output matching network under small input signal stimulation in ADS large signal S -parameter
simulation. The designed PA was tested using wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA)
and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) signals with 7 dB PAPR, where
WCDMA signal had a bandwidth of 3.5 MHz and the WiMAX had a 5 MHz bandwidth. Figure 6 b
shows the input reflection coefficient (. In this article, we have introduced the basic concepts of how
the amplifier works. The Maximum Available Gain (MAG) of this device for different bias voltages
is shown in Figure 2. Hence, theoretically, the DPA can be divided into sub-circuits to be analyzed
and designed separately. The implementation evaluation of HCD PA drain efficiency and back-off
power range, proves that the HCD has a superiority performance in comparison with the Doherty PA
for both the CW and modulated signals. A solution for dual-band linearization is to use 2D-DPD,
which will be able to achieve the required linearity at the cost of complexity. If not, you’ll be able to
skip this paragraph and focus the main one where we describe how you vary from similar companies.
Kong Jing Xia D. Ding Lixia Yang Chao Yu Yongzhao Zhan Engineering, Physics 2017 A highly
efficient Doherty power amplifier (DPA) using shunted reactive load is designed to achieve
wideband operation. The measured drain efficiency ranged from 62% to 76.5% at saturation and
from 44% to 56% at 6 dB output power back-off. At the input side of the designed power amplifier,
a broadband divider was used to cover the selected frequency bands, on the other hand, the
impedance inverter network and the impedance transforming network were designed to fulfil the
requirements of the tri-band. Table 5 indicates the employed technology, center frequency, output
power, and efficiency of key works on DPAs employing the class F mode. Additionally, at the same
current level, the smaller fundamental current levels of the peaking devices cause the modulated load
impedances to become higher than those of the ideal operation, subsequently non-optimum load
modulation. We don’t like giving our customers hope and putting things off during truth it’s
physically impossible to satisfy their order. Figure 16 shows measured drain efficiencies and gains
versus output powers at 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, and 2.5?GHz under continuous wave measurements. Highly-
efficacy multistage Doherty architecture based on inverse class F power amplifiers for base station
applications. In fact, the digital DPAs provide better real-time configurability than the analog DPAs.
This approach can optimize both the performance and frequency response of the DPA. Nyquist plot
of the open-loop function for the proposed Doherty power amplifier (DPA) from 100 MHz to 6
GHz. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. In this case, the main
amplifier will be almost saturated because its load line has changed, as illustrated in Figure 2. The
resonator circuit provides open-circuit at the fundamental frequency and the short-circuit harmonics
by large capacitor. How? By permitting another person focus on your papers hired at our essay
services. This led to some mismatches between the simulation and measurements.