𝑉 = 𝑑𝑀⁄𝑑𝑥

1 1
𝜎 = MY/Ι Ι =12 bh3, Qmax = 8 bh2
𝜏 = VQ/Ιt
2
𝑉 = ∫ 𝜏 𝑑𝐴 Ι =𝜋𝑟4/4 , Qmax = 3 r3
∑ 𝐴𝑌̃
𝑌̅ = ∑ 𝐴
2
Ι(N.A)= Ι + Ad2 Ι = 𝜋(𝑟4o- 𝑟4i)/4 , Qmax = 3 (ro3-ri3)
Q = (area)(arm)
1
𝜏𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝜏𝑤𝑒𝑏 − 𝜏𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 Ι = 36bh3
Radius of curvature ρ = EΙ/M
𝜎max= K (Mc/Ι) , where K==Stress concertation factor.

q= VQ/ Ι
q*= q/n
f= (q*)(s)
𝜋
𝜏= f/( 4 d2)

n= E1/E2 , ❶ & ❷ are the Transformed & Base materials, respectively.

b*= nb
𝜎1= n(MY/Ι ) // 𝜎2= MY/Ι
𝜋
n= Est/Ec // Ast=k( 4 )d2 // Ac=nAst
∑Qup = ∑Qdown → ∑(A𝑌̃)up = ∑(A𝑌̃)down , d*= H - h
Ι(N.A)= Ιup + Ιdown // Ιdown= Ac (d*)2
𝜎c= Mh/Ι // 𝜎s= n(Md*/Ι)

𝐴
Curved Beams: R= 𝑑𝐴 // r = R − y // e = 𝑟̅ − R //
∫𝑟
∑ 𝐴𝑟̃ 𝑀(𝑅−𝑟) 𝑀𝑦
𝑟̅ = ∑𝐴
// 𝜎= // 𝜎=
𝐴𝑟(𝑟̅ −𝑅) 𝐴𝑒(𝑅−𝑦)