Advanced Proofreading Fourth edition Philip Leetch over design by Adeline Ko FREE PRESSInstructions Proofread each line in the following passages. The line may be correct or there may be an error involving only one word. Identify and correct the errors. Do not make any unnecessary changes. Units 1 to 6 have only one error type per line. Mark the text as follows: 1. Wrong word: Underline the wrong word and write the correction above it. is e.g. There are only one mistake in each line. 2. Extra word: Cross out the extra word. e.g. There is only one mistake in each ¥tine. ing word: Mark the position and insert the missing word above it. is e.g. There a only one mistake in each line. | 4. No error: Make a tick (v) at the end of the line. e.g. There is only one mistake in each line. ¥1. For and against Extra word: Delete the extra word with a* * At present, most of our energy comes from of fossil fuels. We know that the oil and gas will be run out not too the far in the future and steep price rises for them lie ahead, Coal is more plentiful too, but is a very polluting source of energy. The hydro-electric power has many disadvantages, but in any of case, the main river systems are already being and exploited. Solar power may ‘or may be not be practical on a vast seale one day. In the of meantime, we have only one obvious energy source: nuclear power. It too does not produce green house gases. Itis still a young technology and the more we use up it and invest in it, the safer and more efficient it will to become. Large accidents have so been rare and involved the first types of the reactors. Actually in, we do not know how long the oil ‘and gas will be last. Big new finds are a real possibility. Nuclear energy plants of may not be too costly to run out, but they are very expensive to build and finally decommission off ‘when their working lives are over. The waste to nuclear power generation creates lasts for a ‘thousands of years, is extremely dangerous to and. is very difficult to store of, Reactor accidents may be rare, but they are very so severe when they do to happen. Nuclear power stations need uranium, which is a non-renewable of resource just like fossil fuels. The more our nuclear power stations wwe have, the more weapons-grade and material there will be available for to nucleat-bomb building, and the more we move such of materials around as part, of a world-wide nuclear industry the greater all the chance of its falling so into the hands of terrorists. PPS AUPE RE Notes He 12, 13, 14. 15, 16. 17, 18, 19, 20. 2 2. 2. 24. 25 26. 2. 28, 29. 30. 31 32.2.Keep Away or Else.... “Missing word: Mark the position ofthe missing word with a ‘A’ and write the missing word above it Notes A curse is opposite of a blessing. It di brings evil upon the person it directed at. 2 — ‘The Curse of the Pharaohs is supposedly 3. curse which affects anyone disturbs the 4, ‘mummy of an Egyptian king. There great 5. _ excitement when some the team who first 6. centered the tomb Tutankhamen died not s0 7. long afterwards. Lord Carnarvon died an 8 infected mosquito bite four months after opening | 9. of the tomb, and a month another man who had 10. visited the grave died of a fever. This enough I to fill newspapers stories of an ancient curse. 12. The deaths were probably simply coincidences, | 13. some people suggested the priests of old had 14 deadly substances in the tombs punish grave 15. —_ robbers. Certainly, the pharaohs were eager 16. protect their graves magic spells were written 17. con the walls, but no traps have found in tombs, 18, certainly nothing like the hidden dangers Qin 19, = emperor's tomb is supposed to contain, An 20. idea is that could be ancient bacteria lurking 21. in the graves, which might be to attack 2. someone with weak immune system, However, a oS such explanations really unnecessary. Many 24. tombs been opened and many mummies 25. removed from without any bad effects. In 26. the case of Tutankhamen’s grave, of the 58 20. ee who were present its opening, 50 were still alive 28. twelve years later, and Howard Carter, leading archaeologist, for sixteen years after that great event, finally dying in his mid-sixties, respectable | 31 age for that time, Still, a curse makes a story! 32,3. Great tourist spots | Mis above it. 1g word: Mark the position of the missing word with a A’ and write the missing word From the tenth century, the Khmers, based what is now ‘Cambodia, had large empire. Its kings have left behind many great temples, among the most famous is Angkor Wat. This huge temple built by Suryavarman Il, a soldier king, whose armies battles across what now Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. You ccan see pictures him and his victories carved on the endless stone walls of this 12" masterpiece, with its great towers arising amid rice fields and forest. All Angkor Wat there many more temples (most of the other buildings were made of wood they have long since disappeared). Among most popular sights is the temple of Banteay Srei, built by 10" century royal counsellor. Perhaps because he was a king, he built a much smaller temple. It has been said to like a temple for children, and pink sandstone walls are covered in beautiful carvings of Indian stories heavenly beings. It makes a change the other (giant) buildings. Another favourite attraction is Ta Prohm, enormous temple built by Jayavarman VI, who seems never have stopped building. The special about this temple is that it was decided to it as it was found trees growing through roofs, great stones lying where they fell long and giant strangler figs squeezing the temple from all sides. You can hours wandering, through the ruins Jayavarman’s capital, Angkor Thom, AL its heart are tall towers with fac ooking from them on all sides. Are buddhas or the king? Probably both, as Khmer kings were regarded divine beings. Ifyou the chance to visit Cambodia, you will be filled with amazement these famous buildings. Notes4. Great tourist spots II Extra word: Delete the extra word with a‘X In the late nineteenth century a hollow cave in the limestone areas of the northern Spain was noticed to contain a number of paintings. It was because only rather slowly that it was realised out these paintings were very too old and some of the earliest known art works made by we humans, Altamira Cave has only one entrance and is 270 m long ago. It has now been studied in a great detail, The cave was first ‘occupied around in 18,500 years ago by groups of hunters who used stone tools and arrows. They have produced some of red paintings of hands and of animals, Horses, a goat and perhaps an also elk can be seen, We can then to detect a second type of ‘occupant from about 14,000 years ago. These are people were also hunters, but they were used bone rather than a stone to make their tools and weapons. They produced a lot more of pictures, mostly of bison, though we can also see the deer and a wild pig. The paintings, which have been yet proved genuine by carbon-14 dating, are so very detailed and of a high quality, even to using the texture of the walls as part of their effect in, What we would love to be know is why the paintings were done, ‘but possibly there is no one for answer. We think their purpose was more than to decoration because to see many you have to lie down in an as uncomfortable position. The breath of visitors was harming to the pictures so now only a few of people are allowed in and only after a few years more on a waiting list. Visitors can, however, have of the full experience in a perfect copy of the caves just 200 metres from out the real thing, Notes5. Great tourist spots Ill Wrong word form: Underline the wrong word and write the correct word above it. Paris is one of the world’s top tourist destination, and all visitors to Paris must seeing the Biffel Tower, the Louvre, and, a few kilometre out of the city, the Palace of Versailles. Royal residences lie scattering, cross France, but the grandest of all is Louis XIV's at Versailles. Building started in 1664 and continues for many years. Louis moving his court there in 1682 and his successors continued to ruler France from it. ‘The palace was away from Paris so the commoner people could not disturb the king, and all the nobles have to spent a lot of time at court. This prevented them from plotting against the king in the countryside, The costly of live at court also meant they were always short of money. ‘The palace rules were very strictness and there were ceremonies all the time. Everyone were kept very busy basically doing nothing. This let the king in absolutely control. After the French Revolution of 1789, the palace has neglected. In 1833 she became @ museum and some money was spent on it, After defeat France in war, the Germans used it to declare there new empire, and then the French in returns used it for the signing of the treaty to end the First World War, but it was not until afterwards the Second World War that it was really restored to its old glory and became a great place to visitor. You can enjoy the royal apartments with paintings off the Roman gods and ‘golden everywhere. The 73 metre long Hall of Mirrors is one of the world’s famousest rooms. The King’s Chapel is wonderful and there is even a privately opera house for his enjoyments. The gardens are enormous and worth 4 {our on their owns, with countless statues, fountains and cleverly lain out displays and views. Notes6. ZZZZZZZZZ7ZZ Wrong word form: Underline the wrong word and write the correct word above it Notes About half of us snores occasionally, and about a 1 quarter frequently, Snoring, a noise cause by poor 2 breathing when asleep, is causing when the flow of air 3. 2 through the back of the mouth and noses is blocked in 4 some way. As the muscles of the mouth relaxed in sleep, | 5. the airways become narrower and cause snored. 6 7 Often itis of little important, though obviously it 1. is very annoying to anyone you shares a bedroom, 8. with; occasionally itis a sign of serious healthy 9 _ problems and a warning of high bloody pressure 10. and possible heart disease. Snoring may being caused ut by the shape of the mouth. Some of us have large 12, soft palates or tonsils than others, If these is the reason 13 for snoring, simply surgery can help. Being very 14, overweight are also a factor and snorers need to think 15. carefully about dieting. Heavy drinks may be another 16. : cause which is easy to controlling. Beyond this, there are | 17. some other possibly solutions. Sleeping on the side 18, stops your tongue from block the airways and 19, should help in most cases. Ifa snorer keep on rolling 20. = over onto his back (snoring are more likely to be male 2 than females and older rather than younger), a tennis 2. ball can be sewn on the back of his pyjamas. Mask 23. for wearing over the nose and strips which holds open 24, nasal passages are also available. Some peoples have se found that regular song practice helps too, This 26. ‘makes sense, as they would strengthen the muscles, which | 27. : ‘would then not relax so much. Aromatherapy is say 28. to working for some people, but, of course, filling the 29. bedroom with smells may be as annoyance as making 30. a lot of noise. Anyway, itis worthy finding a solution 31 as you sometime read of wives killing their husbands 32. i because they cannot stood their snoring. 33,7. The mass media and the Internet Notes No one greeted the Internet more warm. 1 than did the media business. For most of 2 products all you can is order them by 3. ‘means the Internet, but the goods stil 4 have to be deliver; but media products 5 can be send directly down wires, greatly 6 reducing costs and eliminating out the need 7 for distribution networks. Well, that was 8. the theory, but it hasnt tumed to be 9. so simple all. Digital entertainment hasn't 10. as yet caught in, You need really good ne broadband connections for video, and lots 12 people just don't have access such a a service, and, anyway, computer screens much 14, smaller than most peoples’ television screens, Is. so they are prefer the latter. Electronic 16. publishing also is not making up much of 17. - ‘a impact, People don't like reading a computer 18, sereen, and it is tedious and expensive to printing | 19. hundreds of pages. There are portable 20._ electronic books, but no one seem to have 21 bought them. Music is extremely popular 2. the Internet, but record company haven't 23. found a way to make people pay in 24. for the product, so they actually regards 25, it as more of a threat than a help. 26. [Newspapers have also discovered there 21. sites only get visits if ther free, so 28. income depends in advertising, which itis 29. ‘a constant struggle to attract it 30.8. Man’s worst enemy? Notes ‘Human value dogs for two rather 1 contradictory reasons: their friendness 2 and ability to protest us. Some breeds 3. are particularly sweet-temper, while 4 _ other are mainly for guard duties. 5. ‘The rottweiler belongs the second 6 ‘group. It was use by the Roman army 7 -_ and later became a farm dog, driving 8 the cattle onto market, and then returning 9. with the purchase money in a purse 10. ‘wearing around its powerful neck. nn : A fully grown male rottweiler weigh 12. 50 to 60 kg, and has out very strong, 1B. jaws. They are quite capable killing 14. : children, and sadly their are a number 15, os of such cases every years. This has 16. 7 ‘meant that some of governments have 1 bband the breed, along with some other 18, fierve ones, such are as the pitbull terrier. 19, Dog lovers, on a whole, say that itis 20. the owners, the dogs, that are to blame. 21 — ‘They claim that rottweilers are clam, 22. = inteltigent and trainable, and that they a are sociali cd and well-treated when they're young, they become good-natured and saved. If, however, they are kept up as guard dogs and not given out lots of opportunity 20 ss for play and exercises, they will be fierce 28. _ ‘and potentially dangerous, It might be a 29, ‘good general rule not keep a rottweiler 30, if you have young children. Better is 31 safe than sorry. 32,9. You can't beat mothers ‘Throughout the developed world wornan have become a essential part of the work-force. This has led to changes on child-rearing. practices. More and more childrens are spending 4 Jot of time at childcare centres such pre-school groups and kindergardens. Some very eminent psychologist warn, however, that this may have quite serious consequences. More twenty hours a week into childcare can make children more aggression, less obedient and less able to sustaining relationships. Admittedly, there are some good affects as well, notably in improved languages skills and general intelligence, but do we want them bright but unpleasant children? It seems that the important factor has the quantity of childcare, and the quality. A child needs primary care-giver with whom it spend most of it's time. This provides a stable environment in which the child can developing an ability to control out its emotions, If this doesn't happen and the child has compete with other children on attention, ‘a more disobedient, determined and selfish personality can be result, Of course, some people might say these are useless characteristics for surviving in high competitive ‘modern societies, but decline in standards of kindness and civility is a pl sant prospect. 11 Notes 12, 13, 14, Is, 16. 17. 18, 19, 20. 21 2. 23 24, 25. 26. 27. 28, 29,10. Endangered bullfighters ‘The emergence BSE, or mad cow disease human health is about claim another vietim: the traditional Spanish bullfight. Not bad thing either, animals” lovers might say, bbut tragic prospect for the game's fans, New European rules the disposal of the bodies of animals killing outside official slaughterhouses forbade their being cut up and order their immediate destroying by incineration, This would put end to the old custom of the bullfighter cutting out off the ears and tail of the bull he has just killed and carry them around the ring for spectator to give him flowers and gifts. It would also mean that bull's carcass could not sold to butchers, making the cost of staging out a bullfight far heavy than at present. The bullfighters ‘would also be effected by the ban on cutting an animal's hors, as present it is unusual to trim the bull's homs before it enter the ring. This reduces the accurate of the bull's attack and increases the bullfighter's safety. The Spanish government be prepared to do deal with the industry and pay compensation for the values of each careass incinerated. Even fighting bulls are thought to be little risk of BSE, precautions are definitely order, Notes 12, 13, Mo 15, 16, 11, 18, 19. 20. au 22, 23. 24. 25. 26. 21. 28. 29. 30.11. Sexual harassment ul Humane beings, particularly male ones, are not at their most sensible when it comes to sexuality matters, Sexual attraction is a very powerfully force and, as it is often mutual, one that causes frustration. Perhaps it is because of feeling rejected is so unpleasant that people cannot take no ‘an answer and when ignored start behaving. a sexually harassing and manner. Sexual harassment takes a number different forms. Talking about sex in front of someone, making the comments with double meanings, whistling, making obscenity gestures or giving certain types of smiles are all example of harassment, Inappropriate touch is another form. Continuing to call someone, send romantic mail ask them for a date after the other person have said ‘no’ or asked for a end to the behaviour is definitely harassment, Getting worser, there are attempts use force. This can range from trapping, someone in a corner and demanding a kiss all way to rape. Forces need not be physical. Some men will try to using their authority to gain sexual favours, ‘They make it clear that reward are available if they get what they are want. Or they make someone's life difficult as a result their not cooperating in the men’s sexual hopes and dreams. Ignoring to such people does not appear to worker. They need to told their attentions are unwanted. If that does not work, the ease shall be reported to a superior. Finally, ifthe offensive behaviours still continues, the polices or Equal Opportunities Commission should be brought into help. ee U1 12, 13. 14. Is 16. 17, 18, 19. 20. 21 22, 23 24, 25, 26. 21. 28, 29. 30, 31 Notes12. Tell all! ‘One modern buzzword to be heared all over the place is ‘transparency’. I's longer acceptable for organisations to hide up lots of datas from the public. Individuals may be protecting by the right to privacy, but businesses, schools, hospitals, government departments are under the great pressure to tell truth. This trend is particularly marked in United States, where mandatory disclosure of all sort of information is provided for by the law. Power stations, example, have to publish details of the toxic emissions they produce out to help people make informed decisions where to live. Hospitals have to make public the number deaths caused by doctor’s mistakes. The promoters of diet programmes are encouraged up to give information on the possible dangers their programmes. In Hong Kong we are slowly move in this direction too, with pressure (0 schools to publish annual profiles with lots of statistic. ‘There are, furthermore, some problems with disclosure, Gathering and publishing data can costly, and sometime the data ate, in practice, useless to people, mere raw data with any useful methods to interpret them, Lists of rare chemicals mean little most of us. The Internet can helpful in this respect, supplying people with tools for misunderstanding facts. The website www.scorecard.org a g00d example for others to follow round. Notes13. Harmed by your own weapons Depleted uranium makes artillery shells, able to penetrate armour-plate tanks. It has, as result, been widely used in the ‘manufacturation of weapons, especially those used by the armies of NATO. Recently has been a panic, however, over the practice, as some soldiers claim out that they are suffering from cancer, respiratory problems and rashes caused by exposure on the depleted uranium. Scientists are very doubted about the complaints. They say the dozen leukemia case among soldiers who used weapons in the Balkans cannot have caused by the uranium as the illness has been occurred too quickly. They also note that uranium- processing workers, who breathe in plenty uranium dust, do not seem to be an increased risk of cancer. Some US soldiers from Gulf War have fragments of depleted uranium in their bodies, that cannot be remove also seem to be in good healthy. Depleted uranium, which is made up of what is left after the most radioactive isotopes have been removed out, only omits alpha particles, which are too large to penetrate in skin, The only way that these potential damaging. particles could enter the body will be through the lungs in the form dust, and it is clear how much damage this would cause Particularly, in case of the Gulf War, where the battlefield was covered in a poisonous cloud of oily smoke, pesticides and chemically weapons, itis difficult to judging the contribution of depleted uranium soldiers” illnesses. Notes14. The future of cloning It seems inevitable that attempts clone a hhuman are going to be made. There is too ‘many people who see it as answer to their problem. Maybe a couple has lost out a young child and want to recreate it, or perhaps some unable to have a child would prefer clone ‘themself rather than have a child with someone else’s genes. There are even some feel that cloning in some ways give them eternal life. Responsible scientists feel, however, that we should go slow, and the techniques of cloning are not of yet, good enough for the experiment to be saved About 98 per cent of animal clones destroyed before or soon after birth because they suffer from terrible deformities. There also an as yet unresolved problem of the age of cloned cell. Dolly, the famous cloned sheep, was cloned a six-years-old animal, and her cells seem to be far older than Dolly herself. This mean that if you saved the hair your dead ‘mother and cloned her, the body would of the cells of an old woman. People maybe also be disappointing by the results. Although the clone will look like of the original, the character maybe very different. Identical twins are perfect clones without similar upbrings as well, but they often have very different personalities. One rather different type of cloning is that done medical purposes. A tissue sample could be take from a patient and growed for a few days as an embryo from which ‘stem cells” could removed and use to repair or replace damaged organs without many risk of rejection by the immune system, I. 12, 13 14, 15, 16. 17, 18, 19, 20. 2 2. 2. 24, 2s, 26. 27. 28, 29. 30. 31 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. Notes15. Help the poor ‘The income-gap between the better and more ‘worse of in our society is considerable and wider than that in most of the place we like to compare ourself with, Poverty is defining by social scientists as having an income of less half the average income, In effects, this means around $2,500 per members of the family. Somewhere between. one hundred to two hundred thousand households have a monthly income of lesser than $4,000. As few of these is single-person households, that could mean up a million people below the poverty line. In truth, it is not difficult to find out stories of very low wages. One is constantly hearing out the low wages payed by the fast-food shops, as low as $13 an hour in many case. Recently, there had been stories of domestic helpers been paid only $2,000 a month for many hours of hard works, and the story of an old man sleeping in the toilet he was paid to cleaning as he could not afford anything better off, These shocking stories have led to calls of the introduction of a minimum wage. Some critics the idea worry, however, that this might cause employers lay out workers and reduce opportunities for the poor. Studies in Britain, who has @ minimum ‘wage law suggest many mean employees get up around the law by demanding their unskill workers do more work in less time. It-scems wrong, though, that in a city with a strong economic, there should be so ‘much poverty. Solution has to be found. 26. 27. 28, 29. 30. 31 32, 33 34. Notes16. Mother Lucy ‘Students of early man are divided over whether all modern human are descended from one ancestor or not. Bones of specimens of homo erectus, a species very closely related on us, have been found all over globe, with famous examples of Beijing and Java, It is not clear, however, whether these evolved separate. into modern Africans, Caucasians and East Asias, ‘or whether they were simply dead-ends with descendants, If this is case, then homo sapiens (ourselves) evolved once and then spreading out across the continents, All the earliest remains ‘modern humans have been found in the Aftica, 50 supporters of this theory we all descend a single mother, whom they have called Lucy. DNA analysis of modem populations are support this view. The greatest diversity is be found in Africa ~ which is you'd expect iff we started in there, with a small group ‘moving out to populate the rest the world. Of course, they are minor genetic differences among modem populations of humans, and itis possible that these were caused in by interbreeding with earlier species, such hhomo erectus. The two theories do have to be contradictory. Alternative, we have to assume that these slight differences arised quite recently in respond to environmental conditions. Lighter skins suit for colder climates, and the oriental eye-fold may be protect the eye in desert condition. Sena awEED 12. 1B 14, 15, 16. 17, 18, 19, 20. 21 22 23. 24, 25. 26. 21, 28, 29, 30. 31 Notes17. Virtual pets One of the most interesting phenomenas of 1997 ‘was the appearance the virtual toy, first marketed by Bandai, a Japanese company. It was calling a tamagotchi, was oval in shape, had a sereen and ‘two buttons, and could make to squeaking noises. ‘Once it was activated, a chick appeared in the screen, and at frequent interval demanded to be fed, cleaned, played at or allowed to sleep. Owners who did not give enough attentions soon found themselves with a died virtual pet. This upset some people a great deal, and councilling hotlines were set up for those who needed to talking about their loose. Some enterprising businessmen even opened pet cemeteries for the burial ramagotchis ‘Teachers were impressed by these toys that kept ‘on demanding attention and distract students, so virtual pets were banned schools, This meant ‘mothers had to take care for their children’s toys all day, knowing their would be tears if anything went wrongly. Many cheap copies began to be sold, and for a while famagotchis seemed to being everywhere. A virtual triad who had had to be given cigarettes and assisted in his live of erime caused a lot of controversy, and newspapers were full of articles worrying the decadence of our society. Meanwhile Bandai was prepared its follow up: other monsters, a sure hit with bloodthirst little boys! virtual monster that was eagerly to fight Notes18. The power in a name According psychologists in the United Kingdom, teachers judge whether pupils are well behave or disrupting by means of theit names. Surveys reveal teachers response negatively to children call Jonathan, Neil, Mark, Hannah, Rebecca and Kylie. ‘They wellcome, on the other hand, anyone with the names Edward, James, William, Micheal, Susan Elizabeth and Fiona, It seems highly likely that name should determine one character, so why is it that teachers have these prejudices? At possibly the teachers’ bias actually create the problem. Ifa children senses he or she is not trusted, he or she may react with hostile. The teacher then feels the prediction was correct. Others belief teachers draw up assumptions about social background, Certainly, there is strong link between certain names with certain classes, but there does not seemed to be much association between class and behaviours in school. Another suggestion is that names have images, William is very traditional name that sounded conservative; Kylie is much modern. Elvis sounds like a pop- singer, Philip like a prince, and so. It would be interesting to know any of the common Hong Kong names provoke reactions teachers. ‘Are Wai Mings always naughty boys? Are ‘Chun Kit's behave well in the classroom? Does Ka Wai always get good grade? What you think? Notes19. The ghosts of Tsavo In the second half of the nineteenth century the European powers, concerning about natural resources, started divide up Aftica. Communications were an essential part this process, and there was ‘a rush to built railways across the continent. Of course, the engineers and labours, often brought over out from India, met many hardships and difficulties. One famous story tells the terrible lose of life caused by two South African lions, referred to ‘the ghosts of Tsavo’. These were pair of enormous male lions who had formed ‘killing partnership. Normal itis the female lions who do the hunting, and lions are interested in humans as prey. The ghosts of Tsavo was very unusual, then: two males killing man for pleasure. ‘They worked very clever together and almost every night managed to be kill some workers. ‘Traps built to catch them, but with a mixture of cunning and strength the lions defeated up them. Eventually, the workers fleed, believing the lions were supernatural creatures. The chief engineers and a famous hunter set out to killing the lions. ‘They tracked to their hideaway, a cave full of human bones, Eventually they successed in killing one of the lion, but this only enraged the another, who proceeded to kill more people until the engineer finally shoot the savage man-killer. Notes20 20. Are we suited? Nowaday, a great many marriages end in divorce, Many people feel that this a disturbing social trend and like to find ways to prevent it to happening, One approach is to try to make sure doomed marriages ever take place. Psychometrists reckon that they can judge suited two people are for each others. They do this by means of pre-marital questionaires. One such test, called Pre re, has used by more than one million people in United States, and its originators claim that it predict divorce with 85 per cent accuracy. ‘What happens that couples fill in their forms seperately. The questions range over religion, ‘money, sex, children, politics, hobby and friends. ‘A computer then analysises the results, and stiggests which areas might cause future problem. ‘These are then discussed about in a number of follow-up sessions. Some issue are not a big problem long as they are talked about, Others ‘are more major, and ten per cent of people decide to get married after filling the form. They have probably saved the pain of a future divorce. The idea is catching fast, and eleven American states are seriously considered making the inarriage exam compulsory. Louisiana has all ready adopted legislation for the topic, Where the US. the world oftenly follows, so it maybe that in future we won't ask someone to marry us, but to sit down and complete up a premarital questionnaire with us. WW 12, 13, 14, 16, 17. 18. 19. 20. ai 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 21, 29, 30, Notes21. Fish: gone for good? 2 Diets rich of fish are considered to be good for us, and a great many of world’s poorer people obtain the bulk of their protein from fishes. How long this can continue to be as so is, however, doubted. This is for a number of reasons, the first Of that is overfishing. Large areas of the world’s ‘oceans are almost empty of fish. Popular species are at tremendous pressure. Take, for example, the tuna, eating in sandwiches by millions every day. The global tuna population reckoned to have fallen to less nine per cent of stocks in 1960. We are taking an unsustainable 12,000 tonnes tuna from the sea every years, Particularly endangered is the bluefin tuna, a very fine fish, when fully grown long as aman and weighing on up to 1,000 Ibs. each. It is one of best fish for making sushi, an increasingly popular lunch for many. A premium tuna ean worth as much as $350,000, so itis surprising that fishermen all over the Pacific target bluefin tuna, with devastating effects at their numbers. Fish- farming, notably of salmons, has been introduced as an answer the problem of overfishing, but keeping, large numbers of fish together in one place are very polluting and can led to disease. A third threat is comes from pollution of the sea. Toxic chemicals and metals easy build up in shellfish, and eating oysters and calms is becoming potentially hazardous. The futures of fish dishes is looks very uncertain indeed. I 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. 21 2. 23 24, 25, 26. 27 28, 29, Notes2 22. To catch a thief Police in England have been delightful with the succeed of a new way to catch criminals, one that depending on simple greed, something most criminals have plenty of. A rather attracting bicycle, worths about $5,000, is left unlocked or only lightly chained at a street comer. The police then waiting for a criminal to coming along and take the bike. ‘What the criminal does know is that the bike contains an electronic device that sends off a signal that enables the police to track the bike to wherever itis took. The police go round to the criminal’s home and search into the premises, Of course, they find out the bieyele, but most importantly, they usually find a lot more to. ‘Thieves are usually persistent offender, and the police often discover many other stealed goods in their homes. In one cases, they found twenty more bikes. One bike thief had large stock of cannabis, and in a few other eases large amounts of other people’s properties have been found. A slightly similar trick was used by the Italian polices. ‘They invited a group of wanting men to a party, telling them had won a new ear. Greed worked, and one one the criminals who had been successfully hidding for years arrived, entered the building, and arrested. It was a great day for the police ere ae u 12. 1B 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. 20. 21 22, ee 25, 26. 27. Notes23. Japanese women will bear no more 2B Japanese women have traditionly been subservient to their husbands, From childhood they are been trained to put men first, to speak with a special squeaky voices, to cover over their mouths when they laugh, ‘and, in generally, to develop a rather passive personality. After marriage, such women is expected to devote themselfs to their husbands’ comfort and to the welfares of their children, especially their sons. Japanese husbands have a great deal freedom and frequently come back home from the office very late and do expect to be questioned about what they have doing. What they do expect is obedience and respect. The principle occupation of the wife, however, is helping her children surviving the very high competitive education system. Japanese children have a surprising amount of homeworks even when very young, and also attend lots of extra class, learning judo, playing musical instruments and becoming familiar to computers. Japanese men are reluctant to help their wifes, or to adapt to new lifestyles. This is provoking a revolt among the womens: they are simply not getting married with. Rather than be an obedient wife and devoted mother, many of women prefer to remain single, giving their energy at their career. Japanese men are finding out it hard to get a bride. The trend is like to persi until they develop a more sharing view to marriage. Notescy 24. Old clothes ‘The late Princess Diana had good idea ~ she would sell a selection of her design gowns at an auction in New York. She would able to clear her wardrobe; it would be good publicity, and the proceed could go to charities support by the princess. ‘The sell was a great success. Lots of people were willing to pay lots of money to beautiful dresses wearing by a beautiful celebrity at a famous occasion. Over $3.2 million was risen in all And one customers saw an even better way to make out money from the auction. The owner of, a jewellery shop bought out a dress with twenty thousands beads on it. The plan was to take off. the beads and make 10,000 pair of earrings. ‘These would be sold for U.S. $1,000 each, bring in considerably more money the auction itself. The entrepreneur planned to sent the dress on a tour round the States first, o people ean see it and order their earrings. People who could not afford to a dress could afford some earrings and feel owned something special connected for royalty. The Princess was contacted with to ask her feelings about plan, Her secretary reported that as, the jewellery company had brought the dress, it ‘was really to them what they did with it. Perhaps some of Hong Kong’s idol could follow the Princess’ example and help rise money for charity in a similar way. i. 12, 13. 4, 15, 16, 17, 18. 19. 20. 21 22, 23, 24, 25. 26. 2. 28. Notes25. Dangers of dams 2s Dams have been brought great benefits to mankind. They can prevent the flooding and ensure drought is not a problem. Unfortunately, as much technology ‘we not fully aware of the consequences of ‘what we doing. Dams change ecosystems; dams prevent the movement of fish. Dams holding back silt which refertilises soil. Dams maybe attacked by terrorists — an attack for a major dam could leave millions of people killed Dams may also course earthquakes. Water is relatively heavy, and it seeps into the rock around and under the dam. Ifa dam particularly full, all this weigh may actually activate inactive faults in the earth’s crust, triggered earthquakes. Itis believed this what happened at Xinfengjian in Guangdong, and Koyna on India. Earthquakes were expected in their vicinity, bout once the dams were operation, the tremors started. One of the world’s largest dam is at Aswan in Egypt. When full, it holds near 40 billion cubic meters of water. In 1976, it close to full, and earthquake followed in 1981, probably a result the tension caused then, The Egyptian government has built spillways and stongened the dam, but some experts afraid still. They imagine billions of cubic meters of water pouring in a wall 30 meters high towards at the capital Cairo with it population of 15 million, The flood in the streets would be least 15 meters high and Egypt's agriculture would destroyed. Notes26 26. We didn’t mean i Advertising logos and brand names can caused trouble when one is saling goods all around the ‘world, ‘Sweat’ may sound perfectly pleasant on Japanese people, but it isa terrible name at a drink for English-speakers. Red may be mean happiness to the Chinese, but it might suggestion danger to Europeans, Nike innocently put on a design on the soul of some of its shoes that was happened to look to some people like the sacred name of Allah in Arab, No ‘Muslim wanted to walk the holy name, so Nike to apologise quickly and withdraw the shoes, In the United States, a group Christians decided the logo of one major company like a symbol for the devil. Many consumers started to boycot the company’s goods, and it had to spent a lot of ‘money on restoring its good publicity image. In some cases, people simply have a different ideas about what is appropriate. In Hong Kong, an advertising used a large picture of Adolf Hitler. Some people ‘were amused, and other appalled. Airwalk shoes showed Buddhist monks in sports shoes, and even a monk removing a sheet of paper to used for cheating from a student’s shoe. People in Thailand were upsetted by this and considered it an insult their religion. Here’s a final example. A U.K. clothes company was showed ‘men staring models wearing the company’s garments, The men forget everything else because of the beauty of the models. In one cases, the man had his head of a train window, as the train was about go into a tunnel. Do ‘you find that amusing or disgusted? ew a aAwren 10, 12, 13, 14. 15, 16. 17, 18, 19, 20. au 22. 23, 24, 25, 26. 21, 28, 29, 30, 31 32, 33, Notes27. Jurassic park dogs a7 Until recently, it was acceptable that dogs were first domesticated nearly 14,000 year ago, the date at what the first dog bones are found in human settlement, Now researchers are suggesting the relationship goes backwards much further, possibly to over one hundred thousand of years. ago. Studies have made of the DNA of modern wolfs, jackals, wild dogs and domestic dogs. According the results, the dog derives only from the wolf, possibly one female wolf in originally. There was probably also later cases of inter-breeding as modem dogs seem fall into four family, Early dogs remained very similar their ancestors, and were used by early man to help in hunting. About 14,000 year ago man becamed an agriculturalist, and started to living in fixed settlements, It was at this time that the modem breeds of dog emerged out Although dogs vary very much, but they are all closed relatives, and have been produced fairly recent to suit man’s purposes. Some dogs were bred for speed, some for specialised hunting, some for amusing, and others for size and protecting. It seems strange when one considers all the flightening stories about the wolf and the great hostility has been shown in the U.K. and U.S. to it’s reintroduction ‘that man’s best friend is justly slightly adapted to the wolf. Obviously, our ancestors found the creatures rather less fearsomeful Notes28 28. European separatism Europe has troubled by a number of separatist movement ~that is, when one group in a country wanted to leave it or to set up their own state, or maybe to join to another one. One of the most famous case is that of Northern Ireland, Many of it’s inhabitants would rather live in Southern Ireland, or the Trish Republic, it is called Despite of their numbers, such people are not actually in the majority, so British government feels that it cannot give to their demands. ‘This seemingly insoluble problem has given arise to.a great deal of terrorism. A similar problem is exists in Spain, In the north east of the country, the peoples have a rather different history to the rest of Spain, and their mother tongue is not Spanish, but Basque. The Basques has been given certain degree of independence, but itis enough for some, who seek their own country, separate to Spain. This group regard the Basques who are happy with the presence situation as traitors. Not so longer ago, they kidnapped a young Basque politician, and demand that all Basque prisoners brought from around Spain to Basque prisons at once, The government offered talk but refused the demand. Thousand of people demonstrated again the Basque separatists, but they still ahead and killed the politician, Miguel Angel Blanco. By doing this, they hurted their movement. The whole Spain was furious. ‘There were even large demonstrations, and Spain ‘observed a minute’s silence to the young man ‘who's funeral was attended by most of the nation’s leaders. Notes29. Disease fights back 29 At 1967, the Surgeon General of the United States said that basically men conquered infection diseases, and that now he could concentrate to cancer. He must have felt his statement was justified by the way antibiotics had made previously Killers into minor illnesses and by the eradication out the smallpox virus. The spraying huge areas of the tropics with pesticide was also wiping off malaria. The future did rosy. However, he and his advisors, hhad not allowed for the speediness with which disease agents can evolve and change to. Fast as an antibiotic kills off one set of bacteria, new resistant strains appear. We can keep up, and already know of super bacterias that none of our drugs can cope, New diseases are also emerging all time, What seems to happen is that a disease that has long been occurred in one species suddenly crosses over another ‘one where it can do far harm. The HIV virus seems to have first infected in humans in ‘Africa as result of their eating monkey flesh. A new brain disease has emerged in Britain from cows, and the family out of hantaviruses (including the fightening Ebola virus) come from rodents. We have learnt to identify up these new killers very quickly, but that does mean we know how to fight them. Whatever the finality outcome, the HIV virus will have killed million of people. The possibility of a new super-illness that could kill half of humanity is exist. SPS APPEND 10. . 12. Notes 13, 14, 15, 16. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 22, 23. 24. 25, 26. 27, 28, 29, 30. 31.30 30. Summer stress Certainly teachers, and probably most of young people heave a sigh relief when the long summer holidays start, Parent, however, often feel very differently. The worst effected are, in fact, working mothers, whose stress levels raise dangerously during the vacation period. One of the symptom of stress is the release of cortisol {nto the blood. In most workers, levels fell when they get home, but in working mothers during the holidays, they continue up to rise, and can lead to the heart disease. One factor is that mothers feel guilty that they are not their to take care their children, Even if the family is lucky enough to having a maid, this does not solve something, Many mothers make complicated arrangements with friend and relatives to share the burden, taking it into turns to take the children out of a day. But having found the time, one still hasn’t the problem of thinking which to go. Modern children are demanding and consumerist: sitting the beach is not enough for them. Ideas and money is, then, ry. Playschemes and holiday coarses are also expensive. Children often complaint more during the holidays ~ they are boring; they don’t know what to do—and usually they are take their moans to mum, adding her sense of gilt and inadequacy. The final stress is probably the thought that proper arrangements aren’t made, the children will end at on the streets, where they can get into series troubles. No wonder the first day of the new school year seems wonderful to much mothers! I 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. 11, 18, 19, 20, 21 2. 2. 24, 25. 26. 2 28, 29. 30. 31 32 Notes31. Shyness 31 Are you shy? There is roughly a one on two change that you just answered yes. About half the world’s population sulfer off shyness, and it may be more ~ Asians, in general, and Japanese, in particular, are thought be even shyer. ‘Shyness seems to be in-built. Some kids meet a stranger, smile and approach; others hiding behind ‘mother’s skirt. And itis, indeed, anything that you suffer from. It leads to an increase heart rate, sweat, shakings and feelings of terror. Self-confidence and verbal fluency lead strait to higher earnings. Shyness leads to be ignored, to the avoidance of potential enjoyable and useful situations, and is regarded one of the ‘main causes of alcoholism, drugs-addietion and over-eating, It can even be a course of mental illness. Shyness has good evolutionary reasons — avoiding of the unknown can bring safety; too much of it, however, can only harmful. ‘Some experts fear that itis the inerease. In busy cities like Hong Kong, we don’t sit and chatting in the streets, or see our neighbours every days. ATM machines and various type of self-service ‘mean we can avoid a lot of routine human contact. On the telephone we deal more more with recorded voices and messages. E-mail creates a sense of communication, but is lacks of genuine contact. There’s no easy solution for shyness, but facing is the first step. One should rehearse situations, learn ice-breakers, plan conversations on advance, That way, you won't freeze up completely when facing with a new person. Notes32 32. The Holocaust ‘There have many terrible crimes in the twentieth century, and it would be very difficulty to decide was the second worst, but, surely, everyone is agree, the Holocaust, as it has come to be called, was the worst, Although there has been a long tradition of persecuting the Jews at Europe, it seems beyond the belief that the German government should be decide to wipe ‘out all them, Even though many Jews were forced to work for the Germany military ‘machine, and the German government makes a lot of money of confiscating their possessions, it was a major distraction from the war to arresting, transporting and killing Jews. The sheer determination to do the job, whichever the costs, adds the horror of the whole business. Murder is foul, but to plan it such a scale, so coldly and calmly, using the resources off modem industry technology, is utterly demonic. Jews were shot; Jews were beated to death; Jews were gathered in houses that were set fire; Jews were worked to death ~ but none of this was enough. Fully developed killing system was needed. Jews were rounded up, ‘Timetables and schedules were organising, Trains carried men, women and children to death camps. ‘There they were sorted as they were merely things, and they were gassed, and their bodys disposed of. And one has to on asking, why? Just out of some mad, unscientifical racial theory. Notes33. The Balkans 33 Where the great plates of the Barth’s crust met, the great stresses and stains cause terrible earth- quakes. Something similar is happen where the Earth’s major peoples, language, religions and cultures meet. One such area being the eastern end of Mediterranean, The south eastern comer of the Europe is mountainous, and rarely at peace, ‘The Balkans were at the edge the Roman Empire, and when in the 4" and 6" centuries A.D., huge migrations of people from Central Asia lead to the collapse of that empire, many of them settled in that areas. The Roman Empire split into two before its final disapearance. The western half was based Rome and followed the Roman Catholic version Christianity. The eastern half, with it’s capital in Constantinople, betieved in the Orthodox Church, Some of tribes became Catholic; others became Orthodox, and thus so the complex jigsaw became even more complexer. Then the Muslim Turks marched into the area, sweeping side the remains of the Roman Empire. During of their rule in the Balkans, many of the inhabitants converted Islam, and yet another division came being, ‘When the Turkish empire turn disappeared, the Balkans explosed, and the result was the First World War. Later, the Germans were tried to hold down the region, but they failed. Peace came temporary under the rule of the Communist Tito, but after his died and the break in of the Soviet Union, the old divisions surfaced again, and a bitter civic war broke out in Yugoslavia, new nations emerging, as neighbours killed and tortured other with a savagery that shocked the world. The Balkans seem like to remain a centre for politic earthquakes. Notes34 34. The end of the republic Unlike to most ancient states, Rome was originally a republic, governed by assembly of the people, called as the Senate. Rome, however, underwent vast chances in the first century B.C., suddenly becomes a major empire. In this period of expanding, some leading citizens gained great power, and great struggles shaked the state, From these struggles, a Julius Caesar emerged as winner. He was @ mightful general, the conqueror of what is now called the France, and it seemed impossible for anyones to stand at his way. Most senators respected him; the people loved him the obvious next step in ‘was him to become the ruler of Rome. He said he was not interested, but many believed him, A group of his best friend didn’t know how to do, They loved Caesar, but they loved Rome's freedom even more. After discussing about the problem, they decided they had no chose ~ they had kill Caesar. Thus, one day in mid-March they met him in the Senate, and stabbed him up to die. Caesar's supporters, however, would not accept what had happened and civil war broke. Caesar's friend, Mark Antony, and his adopting son, Octavius, defeated those who had murder Caesar, and that group's greatest fear came truth ‘Octavius established himself permanent leader of Rote, in fact, an emperor, with power of live and death over his people. He was a wise ruler, is remembered also as the destroy of the freedom of the Roman people. Notes35. Asbestos: friend or foe 35 ‘Asbestos, afibre-like silicate, whose best-knowed property is being fire-proved, has had an up- and-down history. The word asbestos come from the Greek, and means innot be put out’, referring its ability to remain harmed in fire, It was used throughout the ancient world to creation magical effects, and became wide used in the nineteenth century for a huge range of applications. Garments made from it to protect firemen. It was used to make steam engineers save from fire. It became an essential component of brakes. Its suitable as a filter meant it was used in hospital air-filters and in the cleansing of water. It became a normal party of cigarette filters. A greater attention of fire safety meant asbestos was mixed into cement, boards and tiles for building purpose. Asbestos was a wonder ‘material with million uses — it even went into tooth- paste. Then came the shock over the 1970s. It was realised that working with asbestos serious illness, and that even low levels of contact with could cause cancer. There a great public health scared, Enormous sums were spent on removing any materials which containing asbestos from buildings. Removing the asbestos actually was caused more of the dangerous fibres escape than was necessary. Asbestos remains an important of material Saver forms of it are used now, and it is handled much more careful, but no obvious substitution has been found for it, and there ‘would be no space shuttle or such without it 26. 20. 28. 29. 30, 3. Notes36 36. The little emperors Facing with almost incredible population growth figures, just at the time when life expected is increasing, the Chinese government introduced in the one-child potiey for most of people in China Their was probably no alternative, but many people are wondering how effects the policy will have on the Chinese society in the long run, First ofall, there may well be character changes. If you grow in a large family, you develop tolerant and the ability to get with others, Single children are likely to be more self-centred and more able to communicate with another. They are both spoilt and put a lot of pressure by their parents. There will be advantages and disadvantages; this new generation will be unlike any other before. Another affect of the policy is an imbalance between the sexes. Families prefer have boys, and find various ways which to achieve this. The inevitable result is that lot of young, men are ever going to be able to get married. Marriage will also be effected by the policy in another way. If one can only have one child, one might as well wait one is abit older and financially established ~ so married can wait. The entire structure of Chinese family will changed radically. Finally, the little emperors are also physical different from early generations. The thin Chinese are becoming, fat, Dieting is becoming big businesses in China as the young eat more, turn to fast food and spend less time at sedentary occupations such studying to enter one of China’s prestigious universities. Their future healthy may also be adversely affected, u 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 11, 18. 19, 20. 21 2. 2. 24. 25, 26. 27. 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, Notes37. Empty skies? 37 Birds around the world are threatened by lose of habitat, hunting, and being captured for selling. Pollution is also helping the decline of numbers. Modern agriculture depends large chemical inputs in the form of fertiliser and pesticide. Insects contaminated with pesticides are consumpted by birds, and the toxies build up in them, and ‘eventually kill them, Another problem caused by acid rain, Our power stations fill the atmospheres with sulphur dioxide, and vehicle exhaustion emit nitrogen oxide, These gases make our rains acidic, and thus the world’s lakes and streams become acidified, This has numerable side-effects, one of being removal of calcium from the soil. This has knock effects — birds need a lot of calcium if they are to lie proper eggs. In areas that are lack calcium, many birds produce no eggs, others produce eggs with such thin that the eggs fail to hatch, or brake. The chicks that do bom are in danger of premature death from poor developed skeletons and easily broke bones. As soon as birds are supplied with snail shells, the situation, A similar problem was occurred thirty years when DDT, which prevents the incorporation of calcium into shells, led to enormous declines some species of birds. There numbers recovered when DDT was banning, but power stations and vehicles, are unlikely to disappear in the neat, so ‘our feathered friends may suffer a long time. Notes38 38. Arthur Miller Arthur Miller is undoubtfully one of the most distinguished playwrites of his generation, a writer of deep moral insite and fine dramatic style. The Death of a Salesman presents us the life and death of Willie Loman, a decency hardwork American whose version of the American dream of succeed destroys him and his family despite of his great love for them. The refusal to except any hint of weakness or failure reduces Willie and his sons to continual laying about their achievements, and the deceptions led to bitter argruments and family tensions. Willie eventually suicide, hoping, at least, to get his family some money this way. The Crucible is an even dark consideration of how religious or political believes can be used to unloose a spirit of madness, intolerance, revenging and afraid in a society. Ina small settler community in the US. an investigation suspicious witchcraft tums into a great tragedy, accusations and counter-accusations motived by spite draw more more innocent and respectable people into the net. Cunning and hysterical womans set the madnes ss into motion, but can then stop it, Those who will confess and lie, life; those ‘who tell the true, die. One ean think of ‘many similar episodes the history of the world when ideologies are allowed become unquestioned and then are perverted evil uses. Miller's play is an eloquent warning again bigotry and irrationalism, Notes39. Stalkers 39 Normally if someone rejected an offer of a date a couple of times, that’s the end for the matter. We give and look elsewhere, But some people are different —they won’t except the facts and become more and more obsessive with the other person. They follow them up everywhere, ‘They telephone them and leave message for them at every opportunity. They become stalkers, follow their vietim like as a predator does its prey. ‘One of the danger of being a celebrity is attra ng the attention of unwanted, fixated fans who will leave one alone, Madonna experienced this, and in the case Jodie Foster, her admirer John Hinckley tries to kill President Ronald Reagan {just to attrack her attention. Stalkers are ‘mental ill, and easily become dangerous. ‘They often had lonely, neglectful childhoods and seem unable accept rejection. If confronted they are likely to become threatening and possible violent. A relative mental illness is erotomania, ‘when someone have the delusion that he is loved by someone else, probably one famous ‘who has never even heared of him. Nothing will persuade to erotomaniaes that their beliefs are not true, and they will invent the amazing stories to explain facts contradict this Courts will issue orders to stalkers to leave their victims along, but in many cases these have littler effect. The only real answer seems to be confinement in a mental institution and drug therapist to overcome the delusion. Sea aween u 12 13. 14, 15, 16. 17. 18, 19 ee 20. 21 2, 2. 24, 2s, 26. 21. 28. 29. 30. 31 Notes40. Computers and the workplace Some experts concerned that computers have not had as much impact the office as many had originally accepted. Of course, they are used. extensively for word-processing and for the store of information, and in jobs, particularly those related to design, they have causing a revolution. The average office, however, is much changed, and the dream of a paperless office is as off as ever. The Internet gives enormous pleasant and spreads lots of information, but is doubtful wheather it’s adding much, at present, to the world economic, Videoconferencing sounds wonderful in theory and should enable businessmen reduce the amount of travel they does ~ but most find real personal contact much more useful, and videoconferencing is more like expensive telephone call. Speech recognition systems are being hailed some as the next major breakthrough. Some pilot programmes, answer callers” questions airline schedules, and so forth, but, in general, they are far less inefficient than humans and do not lead (o great saving Rarely people speak fully grammatically, so misunderstandings are far too frequent. Three-dimensional virtual environments may training applications and some professions, such like architecture, will find them usefulness, but they can do little for an ordinary business. Their use is limiting and the head-mounted display systems cause nausea many. Intelligent machines mentioned by others as the wave of future ~ machines able to learn our habits and then give us good advices. No doubt, these will be able to help on stock control, but really they just do, at high cost, what humans do rather well theirselves. The computer office revolution needs better ideas these. Notes41. Nitrogen 41 One of the elements essential for living is nitrogen. There are huge quantities on the atmosphere, but itis almost all in form of paired atoms are extremely stable and impossible for animals to absorb. Plants ean manufacture protein without nitrogen, so the nitrogen short has always been limiting factor in human agriculture, Animal and human wastes have been used to replenish the soil, and for century man practised organi farming, every few years planting the land Jegumes (crops of the bean family) and ploughing back into the soil without harvested them, ‘This supplies a natural green fertiliser legumes are able to use bacteria to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. At the end of the nineteen century, 4 practical method of ammonia syntheses was developed in Germany. As ammonia can delivering nitrogen direct the soil, this caused an agricultural revolution and enabled the world’s population grow tremendously. Nowaday, itis reckoned that ‘one third of the protein on humanity’s diet depends at the use of nitrogen fertiliser. In countries short of land, but large populations, the figure is even higher. Of course, using all these ammonia isa global experiment who's results we are not sure off. Nitrates easily dissolve in water and cause eutrophication, a burst of algal grow which kills fish and is sometimes referred as a red tide. Nitrous oxide causes ozone destroying and adds to global warming. Nitric oxide adds to soil acidity and helps creates smog over cities. We must hope the price is worth payment. Hl 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. 17, 18, 19. 20. 21. 22, 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. 28, 29, 30, 31 32 Notes