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I
THE

ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHY

EB.NH./21.UKA.L,
AX

I ARABIAN TRAVELLER OF THE TENTH CENTURY.

Translated from a Manuscript in liis own Possession, collated wit/, on~

preserced ill tlze Librarg qf Eton College,

BY

Sir WILLIAM OUSE;LEY, Knt. LL. D.

OllBIS SlTUM DlCEllE AGGREDlOR., lMPEDlTUM OPUS ET FACUNDJA: MlNlME CAPAX,

POMP, WELA.

tlonbon,
P1·inted, at tile 0RIEXTAL PaEss, bg lrilson ~· Co.
WlLD-COl'RT, r.INCOL:S's INS FIELDS,

FORT. CADELL., .JUN. AND W. DAVIES, STRAKD.

1800.
 '
,
 TO

THE KING,

THIS ATIEMPT

TO IMPROVE OUR KNO\VLEDGE

OF

THE EASTERN WORLD

IS HUMBL~ DEDICAT.ED 1

BY

HJIS .»JI.A.JEST¥~S
.HOST DUTIFUL SERVANT, AND l\lOS'f

FAITHFUL SUBJECT,

WILLIAM OUSELEY.

. .
,
 PREFACE.

'
IN compiling, from the Manuscript Trorks of several
Persian and Arabian Authors, whatsoever they had written.
on the Geography of the Eastern World, 1 found that, in a
variety of detached extracts, I had imperceptibly translated
almost half
.
of that treatise which I now qffer to the
.
Publick as
complete in an English version as the obscurities and imper-
fections of the originat would. admit.

Besides the (ntrinsick merits of the work, its authenticity

and antiquity induced me to regard it as the -mod important
of all compositions on the subject of Oriental Geography.
ABULFEDA informs us, that E»a1s1, E.11N KuoRDADBAH, and
many other writers of high reputation, have only traced, on
b

•
11 PREFACE.
paper, the footsteps of EBN HA UKAL •, who, it appears from·
· his own words, had actually visited most of the places whic/r
he describes •

.Although the exact epoch of his birth and death is still un-
known to me, I have not hesitated to announce EBN HAUKAL

as an author of the tenth century. That he wrote before the

building of Cairo, we- learn from his account of Egypt in the
following work, page ao; and after the aecession of ABDAR-
RAHMAN, who, in his time, governed Andalus, or Spain,
appears from p. 2"8. • Th~ foundation ef modern Cairo was
ltlid in the yaar •Otts <f tlM Chri1tim& .£ra, and A.»DARRAB•
IIAl'f a.tiumea the govW'7tWHlnt r:f Spain in. tlN year 002 of the
Mme ba, or of tke Hegira 290; Th&&s u,e may llScertain,
that EBN HAUKAL flguri,1hed before the year g08, and after
the year go2 ; IUld we cannot en- considNably if u,e place
him in the middle, or, perhap,, in the beginning, of the tenth
.
centu,yf. He is styled, by EDRISI and ABuLFEDA, simply

• Chmm,ute d M.wtramahr dewiptio, tx tualis AIN/f,u, ~c. (luarto, Lobdon,

1650, p. 2.

t 'This dale is confirmed /Jy a11other pa1111ge in our Author's description of Maweralnahr,
orTran10xania,page 235. He there informs us, that he conwrsriwith a mpe,tah/e
pn-smllfl, who blld sero,, in the art11US of NASSI& AHMIJ>. f'his Pri11<t, of the

•
 PREFACE. iii

J:,;yi-- Baukal,. or Jj~ tHI Ehn Hauk.al: But it appears,

from ~ne copy of hii work deposited, among the Oriental
manuscript& in !lte Library at Leyden•, that his name wa,
J.;~ ~' ruul ~' As, t'C.~8S.EM EBN HAUX:AL.

The work itself, in, the original Arabick, according to the

Catalogue of the Leyden Library, above quoted, is called
u:JUI ~l...yl yt;:f"K.it.ab al Mesalek al Memalek. The
Persian translation which. I haae used, and the copy preserved
at Eton t, bear the same title, with the omission of the Ara-
bick article, and (in my copy) the addition of the copulatiuej
thus : \JJt._... .J u:Jt.,...... y ~ Under this name the ancient '
Tarikh, or Chronide of TABARI, quotes it in a passage which
I shall hereafter adduce.

Samanian family, /Jttamt SO'Vtrtig11 of Mawcralnahr, A11110 Htgirte 301, (A. D.

913.) If EBN HAUKAL c~kl htrUt s,,ilctn with a contnnporary of NASSB&

A.HMED, 0111 who had /Jtm of sufficient ag, lo allmd him i11 his /Jattles, wt c111111ot, rtfl•

s011a!Jly, assign a later date to th, composition of this w,rl than lht ·middlt of th, 1111th
cmtu,-,.
, • Set No. I 704, p.g, 4 78, of tht Cata/. Li/,r. tam impress. f"""' 1111111usniptor. B1IJ/io1h.
P'!/J/. Univmit~ Lugduno-Balll'IJte, folio, Lugd. Bat, J 7 I 6.
t Et,n Orimta/ MSS. No. 418.-Y"his •a11141crip1 is at1 octaw wi..-, con1aini11g
•
al,O'Ut thr11 h11,u/rtd pa11s, written ;,, an uniform, !1ta wry diffou/J • iutn1ro11 ha 1
m,st of th, proptr names wanting thtir diacritical points. .Mj own ,op,, .-. I I""""'-
 II is·probal,le, howeuer, that it bare a second, or mo,-e de-
scriptive and ample title ; for Mons. D'HBRB-JtLoT mentions tlie
work of EBN HAuitAL as: entitled· "G'iagranah fi Marefat al
Boldan • ~ .And. in the Leyden- Catalogue, 1De find, after Al
Mesalek al Memalek, these additional names:-
c,l~ I .J' ~l:;JII r~ .J c..(J~t, ..,_;_.,t.yf ,.
The words Mesalek Memalek seem to form either tne whole
er part of the title., to many other Geographical manuscriptt•
.Among the· various original' treatises· whicn ji.a-ni6hed· ma~
terials to HA-MDALLAB MusTOUFI, the celebrated· Persian
geogr.aphe,r, in· the composition of his- Nozabet al Coloub, he

with """'1 other MSS•.ahout three· ytars •go, is •··large 1111t11hi11 odlffJo wlrmrt; e-o111ainmg·1wo
,,undrttl and twtlw pages : it is imf¥,ft,1 at· th, tnd; l,w on a ,ollation with tht Etoa MS.
appears only 1, want the last kaf. Y'he ,har«l1r is suffeitnl/y ntal; tut tht prop,r namu
art 111,11 illflCnlrat,lj wrilltn, and whok lines, in t1arious plam, art wit/,out a di«riti,al
point.
• Bi/Jliot. Oritnt. art. Haucal. As this artidt (On/ains a t1try just ·amunt of our
,lutbor's tu/uts, I shall grut it 1ntir1:-" Haucal,"-Ebn Haucal,-" Aut1ur d'un
livrt intitule Giagrafiah 6 Marefat al Boldan. C 111 unt Gtographit fort prolix,; Abulfeda
gui it dt, sOUtlml, st plaint tu u gu'i/ n'a pas tusignt 1111n. dair1111tnl Jes noms propres tul
/i,ux, fault tu sllrt 11rvi tus t1oytlks gui strvtnl il 111 fixer la pronondt1ti011. Ctt Aultllr
est aussi fort tuf,'11ux 1n" gu'i/ 111 margut,,; us lmgitudts ni /11 latitud,s tils li,ux donl ii
park, tu/au/ ,p,i Jui 111 ,ommun av" la plupart tu gtogrnphts dt fOritnt, 'I"; on/ laissi "
,oin aux aslronomts."
 PREFACE. V

enumerate,, in the Preface to that mo~t excellent work, the

"' Mesalek al Memalek, by Abi Ouiaem Abdallah ben Kaordad, .
~Kborasan •"
vx. . ·

A geographical book, entitled AI Mesalek ou· al Memalek ( of

which Mons. D'HERBELOT thinks the author may have been
A:Bou. AL-i;.surnamedMA'R'A1tsa1), is.quoted by.EBN· AL VAR1>I,
i,fhi.t: Kheridet al◄ Ajaiebt.:

The learnedGaAvEs, who published A.Bt1LP1t»·A'sChorasmia.

and Ma-weralnahr t; mentions - the celebrate<!, ·composition·•o.f-
.Eoaur; whom we generally -style- the Nubian, Geographer, a,.
entitled :'Memalek . al- ' Mesalek, .·although , it -.~ore · many other -
names; which HA BTM-A-NH-enumerates .in hi, admlrable commen-,
tary on this work·§~_ Indeed th'!! name Mesalek· al Memalek·seems,
t~ have- signified.an:.-Universal Geography, cw, rather., a .Wotk.~

• ~l...1~ _,br"' · i:,'l o\ll1¥ r,-IJ ~1 ~U, &:ll..JI &:l~ ·

t B,llioi. Orien1. arti,1,· Marakctchi; 711 I'tusp,a; · that-in ·this. plat,, 1hl karnitl -
aul!Mr of 1h1 Bi!J/iolhtqut Ori,nlale has fa/Im i11t, somt-trror : ht •smns, hflWlfJtr, to haw
corrtcltd ii in anolhtr arlit/1.. S11-Me1ale'k •.
t Befort tJUOltd, • Stt . notr, · p•.ii.. " Niih;Ji, al Etlrisi ~~~I '--"'-f-JI in /i/,r»
~ 1 &:JWI J de rtgnis ,t imptriis, urHum l°'orumqut situs, ~t.
·§ EdrisiiA/ri,a, tMra J.M. HARTMANN, Gotting. 1796, Oftaw,p. lxvii. &c.
vi PREFACE.
•
describing several Countries; for .A.Bux.FED& ct1mplahu~ -~, ·Thal
~' the greater number <if those books which are ca,lled ,Al
'
" Mesalek ou al Memalek ( of Countries and KingdomsJ treat
~' on{y, with accuracy, of those regions wherein the Mussul~
ri man religion is established," elc. •
•
Such were the observations I ma.de, whiltt uncertain to
whom I should ascribe the compo,ition of a · 1'1Uinwcript
treatise which fell into my ·hands about three years' ago,
bearing the same title. but without a,w author's 1u1ri1ie. · 4l-

though the copy preserved in the publick Library at Leyden.

furnished the name ?f ABI L'C&SSEM EBN ILunu.J., ret I WfU

not, .whtn visitint thtit magnificent collection in. the year

1·704, interested in a mi.nute examin.ation. of any particular
volume, and therefore coul,d not afterwards,ascertain. whether
.
my manuscript was a Persian trarulatio,i of his work; and
the copy deposited in the College Library at Eton, wanted,
like my own, the author's name. But a comparison of the
various ~xtracts given by ABULFEDA in his accoi,nt of

• Altdftdte Chorasmite tl Maw,ra/. dmript. f$,. 1• 3~

. &c. r~I ~~ 1,ib, WI ~Lt.JI, ~ 4:M= ~ ,
n, plan of EnN HA UKA L 's work will k /OIUld to ,ormpmli 11U1&tfJ with this thsmptin.
Stt p. 1, i, 3, .f., f$,.
 PREFACE. vii

:l.horasinia and Maweralnalrr, from En• ILur.-.At's boo,k, with

tho,e which de,cribe the· same places in 11\Y manuscript, suffi-
ciently d~moiutM.ttei ·_the identity of thair author. I shaJ,l
refer the reader, iri particular, to ABULFEDA:s account of
~y Tuncat, the chief place of .Ailak.near Chajf! or Shash;
its -n~erous gates; ~er running in. the · city; .it1 wall ta .
prefH!_nt ·. the_ incurliem · ef. ths · Turks; .. reaching from the
~tau,.,clilkd ~l.i;. Shabaleg, to the valley of Choje; .the
· r.ilJtlr_ 11.fMRU, Aµak •, &c• . All these the reader will.find ·more.·
_ful.ly dew-ii,«!, by ~BN Jl.untAL ~ii the.follouJill,8 work (pages ·
1d0r 207);' wilh-.a, · variatwn. CJ:Ci:a.sioned merel,- bJ" the differ-
Mt . aollocati.on '!f. diacritical •poi.nt1 -in . the li.ames of Tuncat
ad Shabaleg. The account of Nak.sbeb and of Kash, as ex- ·
tracted by from . EBN HAUK.AL's book, will be ·
ABULF..EDAf.
,
formJ., to correapo~d.e.mct(y with the .-,criptipn of tlu>se cities ·
per,, in, the follawin~: translation:, pages 25g, 200, . Fsc. A
comparison:• of th~S'1•~a~es will convince ·the rea<hr,
,
that the ·
'Mesala: al Memalek, qf which ·an En.glish- . version • is oow ·
before hi,r,,, must.be.the work of EBN H.u1&A1,, so often quoted .
by ABUL:FltDA • .

• aor.sm. 11 M11Wt1·aJn. p; 49.

viii PREFACE.
But there are some .more strikir,.g passages, which ( as tha
work of ABULPBDA may not always be ·at hand) I shall pre-
sent in the original Arabick, with a literal translation.

ABtrLF. PAGE 10•

.J _,t.t ~I J~ ~· ~ ~ ~ .J J..i~ cHI Jli

_,l:i.JI ~~1 \....LJ~ ~ ~ o!,J.J "-!!,-!I~ uS_y..•.!
.J~I u:J~ ~.J.Jl0'~ ~~I.J ~~ JWI ~J~
c.,I J/1 ~ I \....LJ~ ~ ~I c..>.::JI ~ JI .J .Jul.!._.,4'1_,I) j
J u..)uu.-.:11
-.,- ~ ~L,.. .J-~~ ~ l...-
.J 1-L.
."I..
~t-.J· lu- .♦.' , ~
'.r
....... 1.
~ ~ ~ ~~ <.j' ~~ c,-. ~ _,~, .,~.,
~~ r' 0p,, ~-~ ~' ~~ ..,, ,~,_.,ft'Y.
AJ.'..) Li

"EBN HAUKAL relates, that in the mountains .of Al .Botem

" there.is a certain cavern, in which, when·eve,y ptUsagefor air
" ·is stopped up, a thick vapour arises, resembling fire by night
" and smoke in the da.y-time ; and this is the nusha:der ( or sal
" ammoniac.) Nobody, with safety, ·can ·enter this cave,
" unless covered with thick garments fitting close to his bod.r,
" and he must be expeditious in taking away the nushader.
" The vapour moves from place to place, and they seek for it
" b.r digging until it appears. This vapour would not be
 PREFACE.:

'~ no:x;ifJI# to those . who · approach it, if. ~~re_ ~ere not an
,, arched house or vault erected, to prevent-iu-evaporation."

The reade,r;:,µ/io_ is .acqua!nted wi,~h the very_vagl!-e ·and in~

qccU(ate. manner of Eastern writers; both in their quotations
and tra11.$lations, must_a~knowledge this to be the same pas-
sage given, in the following work,. page ·204 •

.d.noth(!r. extract .will bf! sufficient to_. pro11e _the _i~entity of

ow· author -with the. EBN lliux.A:L., _quoted ·by A»UL}'E»A.
page 45.

"EBN HAUK.AL says-I saw on a gate at Samarcand,

4' which is called the Gate of Kash, an iron plate with an
C
•
X PREF.ACE.

" inscripUon. The people report this to have been in the

"Hamariah character, tintl that the gate wa,. erect~d by the
" Tobba, the king of Yemen, ( Arabia Felix); that (the in•
"&cription signifies) "From Sanaa to Samarcand is a thouund
W•farsang." This was written in the days o/ tlte '1.'obba. . 'Q&en,
'' says he (EBN HA Ute.AL), a riot or ttunult 1-.auing happened
I •

" at Samarcand, ·during 'ini ·&ttiy th~, the gale was humt
"and the insaription destroyed. After that, MoHAMM2D EB•
"Loe.MAN EBN NAg111 EBB AaM&D, thi, Samanian•, cmued
., the gate to ·be rebuilt, but did not restor~ ·the -imcription."

In page 254 of the following work, this pmsage will be

formd with lcn! vtlrilltion fn>1'11 th• originel ~n ·Persian
translatiom gmeralJ¥ o:hibit : and as it leads · 'ttk o.' •ctu'iow
anffilote in Orienlal hiitojy, tnz article of the Appendi.z ·is de-
ooted to its illustration.

l'lw Jwthor of tM Ajaieb ~ -Boldan ( Fifth . Climate). auo

q,,etes E•N HAU&AL ~ th" at'1j,ct ~ and he seems to have

•
 PltEFACE.

used the original work in Arabick rather than our Peraian

translation : hi$ word, are, .

•• • Af w- <' l~
•t .. ~ ~~ ~~
U·:/..Jr.-lww
..J ~ ::r c.;JY:,- r.:,-~ f
~cl ~ j l $ ~ ·'-Sw:;J,Jc.J..f Y'-! 4f~ y~I . YT
c,V wS~ ~I .J uy. ufo ~ • ~ • ~ c,T r- .J
..,
~ Y4 ~4 .J wt~~ ~ ~I !J~l)s" c,TAJ ~f<l
~la..~~;cl \.:Jo~ ~T J«l ~~ /~.J ~ , ~ \..J1.
~t.... r~ "-'~'-! t,~ c.>T .J \l,.tri_'-S.JJ ·~ r«lY.

Es:ir H.unt&L .say$, " _Once 1 wmt to Samarcand, and upon

'' one of the Gate$ of that city, which they call the Gate of
" KaJh, I saw a plate of iron, and on it were irucribed some
" words; and the people of Samarcand were of opinion that
" this inscription had been written by the people of Homer
" ( or the Hamyarites), and that the builder of that gate had
" been the Tobba, or King of Yemen." The ,ame person
(Ea11 HAVJtAL) also say&, "at the time when I resided in
" Samarcand, a twnult or rio~ happened, and that gate was
" destroyed b¥ fire."

Having mentioned in the beginning of this Preface, that lhe .

)fesalek Memalek is quoted in the ancient Chronicle of Tabari,
C2
 ..
X1l .PREFACE•

it may be necessary to account .'for ·1 a seeming tinachroni,m ;

as the reader who learns from Pococ1t1:•, D'HERB1it..0Tt, · or
OcKLEY t, that the venerable historian died eprly in the tenth
centwy §,, w!ll n_ot _readiiy ·bel~eve .that he_cotild _have quoted_
the- work <d' EBN -ll..\-UKAL, . "il.ilumt . _! r haue . ILs__s~tted_ ta the
middle _of ·the . sarn~ · cen.t ury, and •consequently. sttpposetl to
ha.ve exis(ed . sev~rf:il years .Liftei· TA1'AJU., . alt!J.ougll_.it _is
pos~! ble . that t~eJ'_mi.g_ht. lt(J,v-e. _been CQTttemporf1._ries:,. · But
the Chroniclp:, of JA~~Ri ~dtlrw~ht a· '['er1i4n translation;
whic_h work, as it was performed by a man of learning and
ingenuity, (v.izier to ,one -~-~ -Samanic,,n prin~es); and en-
riched-by him with muc/1:~iqus· additional -m µtter, ·M·. D'HER-
~ELOT prefers to tl,.e·origi~al 4r.a~jc,CU. , T_his, indeed; is not

• Sjttimm llist•.ArtJum; ·1383, Qxf,r.d, ._ fUflr~, 16.50,, ._•_

t .Bi/Jliot.
. Oritnl. . article .Tha/Jari.
.

t ·History of thiSarauns. .Pol.

. .
~
II.p.. ..350.
.
· ·. § ·Anl,o H,gir~ j I o~ ( A. D. 922.) '
. ·I On rnnp_rfun-a ~,re. ici fUI r,_t1izir, nvi p111 11ul11Nnl traduit ·le Jtxte. tk '11,a!Jari,
fflllis tJU'il 1 a mcort ,youtl tout " tJU'il a er!' p,UtJoir f mrichtr, 11 u son/ pour (a pl«part
tits rtfflllrtJUII tidts fails tJU'ii a tir,z,· Comm, ·ii It dit lui mtmt dans sa Prtfact, du Lit1rt1
,. .
Jts.Astrono,rus, tl du Historitns du Gh,/Jrn, OU ancitns Ptrsans, aJomlturs du fiu, des
Juifs tl tits Musulmans : tit sorlt tJUt ctllt traduclion tsl /Jcauc""p plus curi,uu tJUt le ltxle
Arahiqut.'' RilJiot. (lrim,talt, ar/. Y1Ja/Jari.
It was this ,dssagt which lll'Ut oc;asio11 to th~ following ~olt _in Mr~ GIBBON'S

History otthc D~li~ani Fait-of the Rom~n E~pire.-Chap. Ii. note 33.
 .
.PREFACE. xiii

to be found complete in any ~ibra,y. Of the Persian transla-

ti~n, /towe~er, there are many copies in Europe•: it was

. .
made in the year of the Hegira 352, ( .A. D. g63 ), probably
• ve,y· soon after the time of EBN HA UKAL. To the Persian
t~anslator I would attribute that quotation from · the Mesalek
al Memalek, which thus occurs in TABAR1's History ·of the
Virgin MARY; a-nd of Tier flight, with the infant-JEsus; to a
village in the territories of Damascus~

" Amidst our mtagr, rtltdions, I must r11r1t that D'HERB!LOT has .not found and
used a P,rsian translation ,f 'l'a/Jari, tnrichtd, as ht sayJ, with tnll1IJ 1xtrllCls from the
natiflt historians of tht Ghthtrs or Magi."
. .
• In tht Puhlid Li/J'rarits of Paris, Oxford, ~c. Of this' most wlua/JI,· ·work I am.
fwtu11a/1 iii possming thrtt fin, · copits; on, ,f which," uncommoni, """' in th, hand-
writing, was transcrihtd A. D. 1446. From this manuscript, which tht lranr,d 'l'ychsn,,
in a kl/er from Roslocl, rntitlts a Phccnix Librorum, co/laltd with th, uthtr two copiis, R
. xiv PREFACE .
"It is said that this village al!o belonged to Syria, one of the
. " village, ofthe Ghautah of Damascus; and in the book l\Iesalek
" ou Memalek it is thus related among the descriptions of va-
" riozu countries, that in the world of pleasantness and •
" beq:uty there are four places most remarkable; one, the
." Soghd of Samarcand; another, the Ghoutah of Damascus;
" the third, Nahr Ailah •, which is Basrah ; and the
"fourth, Shaab Bou.an ; this is in Persia, one of the terri-
" tories belonging to Shiraz. Now the place in which Mary
"nursed Jesus, was a village of the Ghoutah (of Damascus)
'' situated on the summit of a rising ground," &c.

From the following passage of A.BtrLFED.tt, it appears

tho.t EBJJ HA UK.AL must have been. the author oj' that Mesalek .

pe,fitt 1111d actura/1 /1:tl might/,, ol,1ai111d; this, if corrtctly /ranslaltd and illus/rattd/rom
of Grm, and RDtM, and th,
•th,r .AsiaJicl mnpositions, th, Bi/JlicaJ r,cords, th, classicls
tmrt mod,n, prr.,ductions of European writers, would farm a compkt, /Jody of Orimlal
Histo'7 and Antiguitits; sine, it compr,htnds not only th, P,rsian and .Ara/Jian annals, tut
1!11 most andmt traditi1111 of tht Jnus, tht Eg,Ptians, 1111d tht Grttls.

• -et Jl'itl, two diacriti&al points u11dtr tht second klltr, for ~• Ablah with m,. By
• misttlh also, of tht tf'Qlllcrikr, tbt word~ Bamh, l,, 1111 t,j>J of Talari; ;$ writlttt
J"MMiar•
t a,,,-""". 1- 8•
 PREFACE. xv

Memalek alluded to in the preceding_ extract from TABA:a1'&.,

Chronicle.

,, .The Soghd ·of Samarcand is one of those place& t1&teemed

"the · most' delightful, in· the world; these are the Soghd of
"Samarcand, the Ghoutah of Damascw, thll Naharal Ablah,
"or·riuer Ablah.•, Mar Basrah, and Shaab Bouan in Persia;
"but Es• HA·UKAL 1ays that the Soihd·of Samarcand i, thft..

" pleassntut. of all the four place, ahov• enumerated."

It:UKJUld·be·surprising t6jind a panaiefrom any Oriental :

manuscript remain uncorrupted or unaltered through different ·
translations. My copy of the Mesalek al Memalek ( ~ p! .23 7,) _

· rives this in the following words :

•• I haw falJflWttl G1.A VBs, tht translator of AiluLPEDA, in writing Ablah: hut ii
$-',
is 1n,,rr, called Ubbullah, king thus amnttd "1,1-Amrding to 1h1 wb.¼JI ~..,13
Takouim al Boldan ,r 'T.Mts of Longitutle 1111d U!'il11tf!, hJ fi~l u~l.., .,._,,.
 .
X\'l PREFACE.

~~~ o~~~Jf?_y.a ~'r-~-'u ~f.M!/.J

·· ~~u ~Ab_,t ..f.!u ~.J ~I u..,_,, ~.J '-Mi~ ~

· " They say that in the whole world there is not any place
"more delightful, than these three; one, the Soghd ofSamar-
'~ cand; another, the Rud-i-Aileh (or Ablah) ; and thirdly, the
" Ghoutah of Damascus."

. The reader will find in page 237 of this work, that EBN
HAUK.AL prefers the Soghd of Samarcand (as in TABAR1's

Chronicle, and ABULFEI>A) to the rival Tempes, and de:.

scribes those points in which its superior beauty consists. Why
the Shaab Bouan has been omitted, I cannot pretend to have
discovered*. The deplorable inaccuracy of Oriental tran-
scribers, as well as translators, has been so often noticed, that
it is unnecessazy for me to dwell on the difficulties attending

MoHA~MED SADUK lsFAHANI, th, Nahr Ubbullah is within four farsang of

Basrah.
• Similar omissions (though not so important} may h, dtltdtd in othtr passagts. EBN

HAUKA L, as _guolttl "1 AaULHDA, tills us, that tht HatnJariticlt inscription . /Jtfort

mmtiorud in thi, Pn/an, UJas m th, Gate of Kash al Samarcand.-Our Ptrsian lrans-
lalor ha,:omitt,d tht na,,u of tht.gal, ; l,ut WI, find, in some plam, that h, ha, rtlainrd
mon of EaN HAUK.AL s 1-r1i"'klr dl1triplio11s -than Aau1.n1>.t.
1

~
 .a~ endeavour .to .recor,.cite tne var.iOU$ ret1ding1., and "r>
-1upply the defi.ciencies, or to correct the .arrori ef manl1'cript1.
The .instances, l1owever frequent, of .iac~rnctn~, and ~n-
.
ations which occur in the present "ft}ork, do not. by an,y mean,
surprise me. After a d0&e application .to Eo.ster.1.1 liter<ttur.e
for nine or ,ten years, ,during which I have turned over ~9'M
thOWClftds of written voiu111£s, and attentiuely collated. pas~
. - sages in several hundreds, I no longer e:i:pect to ji,,,4 iff,
Arabick, Persian, or '1.'urkish manuscripts (the Koran ,always
ea;c~pted), either acclU'aCJ" of tran.scribing, .ftd£lif¥ of tr<W.-
.Jation, or ea,act~ess _of .quotatlon.. Thus, a heavJI' clau,d of
wicertainty and corifwion dill .bo.ngs on the Geography of
Ena1s1, notwithstanding the learned labours of KuazMANN
and of HARTMANN, who notice. the pumerous deff!cts of the
printed editions, the variation$ of the manuscript copies, UuJ
,different· titles of the some book. the .l,Ul,c_ertair,, .a ge and
count,y cif tlte author, &c.

Of EBN HA UK.AL'& work, had the-re ·been found a peefect

copy in the original Arabick, it is most probable that the
pleasure of o.ffering this translation to the Publick would not
have been reserved for me. " We must lament," says the in-
. ' .. . . "·

d
 •

PREl'ACE.

geniow Ko ERLER•, " that no better.· copy of the· Mesalek. al

"Memalekt exists, than the ma.nu.script preserved in the Li.-
bra,y at Leyden, which is exceedingly imperfect and ve,y
badly ll11'itten." It seems, indeed, the lot of EBN H.u1&.t.L's
work, in whatsoever form it appears, to be censured for
incorrectness and defects, by writers of different ages, aa.d of
different countries ; for to the passage above quoted~ we may
add the following from ABVLFEDA.:.

" The book -of EBN. HA UKAL is a work of considerable

·cc length, in which the different countries are described with
~ sufficient exactness. But neither are the names of places
" ma.rked by the proper points, nor are their longitudes or
" latitudes expressed; · this frequently occasions an uncer-
." tainty respecting the places, proper names, &c."

• " EBN HAUKAL, di fl'O dok11Jum modo nm int1gri"11xnnplum 1xt11r1 ilh IJllod iR
Bi/,/iothtta Leidmsi 11s11roat"r, v11/de mutilum 11, pmime Striptum," ~,. Promr. ad
.A6"/fiu '/'ahu/. S1r, p. II, Lei/s. 2d edition, I 786. .
t 811 th, Lt,dm Catalogu, hfor, f"''"'·
 .!REFACE. xix

The• are cemures of.the original .Arabick. I ·mu,t.nois

war testimony again1t the Persian tramcripts. which I have
wed.

Of t~e d{ificulties arising .from an irregular combination of

letters, the conjilsion '!f'one word with another, and the·total
. omission, in sQme lines, of the diacritical points, I should !")t
complain, because habit and persevering attention have '1114-
bled me to ~urmount them in passages of general description,
or sentences of common construction ; but in the names of
p.ersons or of pl,aces never before seen or heard of, and which
the context could not assist in deciphering, when the diacriti-
cal point, were omitted, conjecture alone could supply them,
or collation with a more pe,:fect manwcript. The former I
have seldom indulged, and the latter has enabled me, in se-
veral in.stances, to ascertain the true reading; and even the
few names in which I have supplied the diacrit{cal points from
conjecture, · are pointed out to the reader by. a note, or other-
wise.

Notwithstanding what I have just said, and although the

most learned writers on Hebrew, Arabick, and Persian Litera-
·•
ture, have, made observations on the same subject, it mDJ'
d 2
 PREFACE.

pe,-hap&, be nec•1,myto demorutrate, J,ya particuldr. aample,

t/w ulraordina,y i'lflu,mte oftho,e diacritical poinu, which, tt1
they are essential parts of letters, must not be confounded a,ith
the vowel points or accents.

One example wiU 1ujfice-:-Let us supp0&e the three letters

forming the name i..::-v;; Tibbet to be diu~sted of their diacriti-
1:al points, and thlu writ~n ~ The.first character may be
rendered, bJ' the application of one point above, an H. tluu, J-
o/ two points a T, :i-of three points a TH or S, 1; if one point
i1 placed wider, it becomes a· B ~-if two points, a Y -:r-and
if three points, a P t· In like manner the second character
may be affected, and the third character may be, according
to the addition of points, rendered a B, P, T~ and TH, or S.

Thus, amidst the multiplicity of names which may be

formed of tho1e three characters, it would be almolt impos-
sible, wifhout the aid of context, or previous consideration,
to ascertain
.,
the true reading: and, to use the words ofGoLit1s,
that most learned Orientalist, on a . similar occasion, one
must act the part of a diviner before he can peiform that of an
interpreter••
•
• As th1 whok,assag,, in whi,h Goliun,p,iogius far tht mistal:ts of Erpmius in his
 PDFA.CCE.

Of the ~ DSM in mensumtiM, or, fflg eomputtltien· of

din,uu:a 6y tiTlllt, 1 murt here nolice the extreme uncertRimy
which still peroades tltem, alth&1J,gh man.r i1tgenioHs O,.ien-
talists halJe endeavoured to remoue i:J.

We are sometimes mformed. tkat ORe place is distsnt from

a,rother one month's journey: the e:.dent af this could lJti
eBllly ascertained, were·the number, ef miln or lettgues in a
.

day's joumey (o~ ~-'-' ~ ) exactly known; but we cannot

ea:pect precision in this. computation, since mueh depends on·
the particul,ar mode of travelling, the state ef the roads, the
nature of the country, and othe~ cirrumstanc~. Equally
vague and uncertain are the, terms ~r merhileh a~d J.,,.;-.
menzil which occur in the follou,in,g i,ages.

ORA vEs, in his Preface to Abulfeda's Chorasmia, translates

merhileh bJ1' statio, direta, mansio. According to Edrisi's Geo-

tr1111slation_ of Elmakin, is m11th to m1 prmnl purpost, I shall give it her,. " Na111 liut
" NiloticMs hunc G,dium Caillmus 1~arav1rit, nimium tamm fisti111111tis i,u11ru, 111Nl1m

" p,ssim? dtfarmarat, cr1/Jra imprimi; omission, orthographic, IU11Cluationis: IJUod IJUidt,,,.
" vitium in mtlris pr1s,rtim 11 propriis n,nunwMs com,nissum, dici h1ZUd pottsl IJ"am om11i11
" luxtl II inurta r,ddat : ita ul strpmum,ro vatnn prius agtrt dt,u,rit IJMam int1rpr1t1m
" 1ossit." Go/ii Pr1/at. tlli Erp,nii Hist. Sar«en. Ara/J. Lat.folio.
 PREFACE.

pphy •• .the merhilela consi.tted of thirty miles ( c,_JX,lj Ab._r

~). but ABVLFEDA. considered it a, various ·'and undeter-
mu,ed. Both merbileh and menzil signify a s~age or halting
place, after a day's journey f.

Of the parasa~ or fo,rsang (u:l,.,j) of Persia we can.

speak with greater certainty and accw-acy, although it ap-
pears,from the Greek and Roman, as well-as the native writer,,
that this measure was not always exa_ctly asoert~ined., eve,i
among the PerfiBns. Xenophon computes the pharsanga at
thirty stadia; and Pliny informs us, that, like the ~nos., it
was a measure variously determined ,t.

HAMDALLAR M11sTooF1, tJie celebrated .Author of the

Nozahet al Coloub §, prefaces his account of the roads and
stage• of Iran b,y some· observations on the several measure-

• Clim. Y. Sttt. I.
t B111 th, n11ml,1r of milts or farsangs in a day's jo11'1111 is not ase,rtai,ud; and we
«tortlinglJ ftnti mention in th, fo/lM.uing work of a short mcrhilch, a,u/ 11 long mcrhilch ;
perhaps thirlJ milts may l1t th, trrJtrag,.
t P,rste schtenos ,t parasangas a/ii alia mens11ra d,t,rminlllll,
§ "r'_,lil\.:a;; A nust va/ua/,/1 w,rl, fr,911mtly 9uot,d "1 D'HnHtOT, who sr,us
tht author ( uT'•foX'J•) " ~ Gcographc P~."
- PREFACE~ ·

ments -fn- different provinces.. The. fa_rsang or parasang (he.

says), in the time ofthe Caianians; or secoriddynasty.of Persian..
sovereigns~ contained, according to ancient . writers, -three
mile-s of twelve thousand feet. Accor.ding ~o -Malek ·shahi, the
farsang of Khuarezm consisted of about .fiftee,:i tltousandyar<h, .
<r ~). In Azerbaijan, Armenia, and the neighbouring pro---
Pinces, it·oontain9d ono,- twelve- thousand-yards·; while in the ·
'
two lraks, · in Curdistan, Laristan, KJiuzistan, Fam; Sheba~, .
Diarbekre, &c. the farsang was reckoned to contain on(y six·
. .
thousa.ndya_rds; in other places it. consisted of eight thousand,.
but ma.y· be. generally computed at twelve thousand cubits,
{c,_v). The following passage, however, from the Borhan,
·K att~ seems tofix the.measure with precision. ~

" Farasang, with the vowel accent fatha over the first and'
-" third, eq,uivalent (in rhyme·(!r meb:e) to Sar-i-chang, is _a ce1f-
" tainfixed measurefor roads, consis_tin('of about-three miles, .
 aiw · .PREFACE..

~' each .mil,e containing four thousand guz; so that the farMJ1f«
·" altogether consists of twelve thozuandguz.: the length ofettd&
" guz is equal to twenty~our fingers measured in ·b readth
" (sideways), and .making six handfuls, or si.x measures of the
•
'' clenched fat."

J,i another excellent Dictionary, the \;JI.a.JI \wi .~••f".Kashf .al

Loghat, we find the following article :

~)~ iAf' ~_) o.J./

A»I ~Jl,; ._;tY.J? ~ JJ:..}
. '-M.i~t'}

" Farasang, with the ·vowel accent fat:ha, and the Persian.
"letter gaf, three krouhs of growid. In Arabick they call it
'' farsakh.''

The o..J/ krouh, according to the Borhan Kattea,

JI ioy.) .J /_,I?_,~ ~:>1 ~ .J ~ , /-1'? ~

~~'

"consists of three thousand guz, or, as some say, of folD"

" thousand, but it does not exceed this monber."
 PREFACE. llV

.1'/leguz(asabovedescribed) may be computedfrorn twenty

to .twenty-four...inches. Mr. R1c~ARDsoN • informs us, that
the partUangj or leagu_e, contains about eighteen thousand
feet; and_Cap(ain FRANCK.LIN t, whose computation I would
adopt, makes# nearly equivalent to four-English miles.

These and many other matters, which in the following work

appear obscure or dijficult, it was my intention, when I under-
took this translation, to investigate with minute reM!arch, and
to illustrate with ample explanations.. On those s~bjects, also,
which seemed of the most curious and interesting nature, ··I
collected a variety of notices, and extracted from several
other Oriental Manuscripts, .andfrom the works of Eurf.!pean
A,,,.tiquaries, Historians and Travellers, every passage · that
could contribute information.

I endeavoured, by examining_the most ancient traditions pre-

served in Persian records, to ascertain whether the celebrated
Ruins of Istakhar, often mentioned ·t n the course <if this work, ex-
hibit any monuments of the .scriptural C~"V Elam ?, ~ul'afr,

•. Jira/,, and Persia Dic1io11. art. ~

. t "l'o11r to Per1ia, flltlrlotdition, Caklltta, 1788,p. I?; L1,u/. tdif. odllfJo, I 790, t• +••
i Jeremiah, xlix.
e
El.r,m~ •: whetaeJ' it wa'$ the J>er.sepo.lii ef ~la,.skk hiltQQ.f f.,.
tlie palace <if Dani.£$ ; or w/;l;(Jther~ ac~cwdiag ,~ ~ aos,
1,arned Orientalist t, an ed,ifoce of «wl'~ T4f'4eri4 • ~. eo•
stru.cted by lhfl .dr,acides. &,.t ~ muck dill 1'\Y mquirie~ •
this subject e~ceed the. limit~ {l/' « MQtf,. t~t (he.Y .fonaed, ~
.
ther, a distinct essay.

'l"he uarioKS La.n~ of J'e,:sia. a-lid. f>the.r eowdries,. lffl-.

ticed by E.a.:N l{.\UKA~, w~rt~ al,o t/uJ. Sll/JjfW.t qf labor,'cw.s n-
seq,rch: th.,:-ough •kif- mo~r~ D~i AAd Parsk the aacienl
l'ehJ,avi and Zena, I bt;J11e-tr~c~ tw.~O" 11e.itir that nmsaiu
tf. th~ dia.le.cts usild i,:,, lran dwiag ~ ~arlie$I "1§e$ §. ttR.d l
hp.Qe. col.iected, r.ather as a~ .A.nti-q~- tJ,,ar,, (lfl Ety,wolng-ist.,.
11UlflY ~,:'14, of -,p_'IM"d,, th.e. id.emit,r
b.u,n,dr_ed Greek. AA4 l"e.q~
cannot be disputed, and must haf!.♦ ,ri.g'~-.from .wnw
other cause than accidental resemblance: that interchange of

4t .Mu,. Lil. I . ,a,. 11i.

t Di«Jpr. Si_t11/.T""'fA.rri1111,-~lfflCI. C,,t. f.$~•.
+'T7'hsm di C..111i1 /,mriplionil,us Ptrsqolittmis. R1s1«!,. I 798.
§ I• this Nstarth I haw llfJmltd ,,.,,~If ,f th, ltarnt,H1urton', 11itl ( 111 his " Ytttris
Ling,11e Pmi,1 Ail'l'ANA"), th, tNJrt p,,werful assisl1111tt efReland (1tt his Disitrt.
di Ytt. li11g. Ptrs. t$,.), anJthal ofWahl (i11hi1 "A/Jg11111i11i!wsdJiehtt w Mo'fl'l/tmdi-
u},,11 8fr•/Hn. UII(/ Lit1tr.,v'}1 1111: I hqw hoil "'"" '' viti1111I Slllrtl! llf#x/#rwl#J thnn.
 PREFACE~
nation, and of p,opl,, to which Seneca • allutle1; must na-
. turall.J' have occasioned a confusion of langudge8 ; and · the
intermixture of Greek and Persian dialects would be a pro-
bable consequence of the Mnced.orilan conquest,

Several pages, also, wtJre filltd u,ith obseT'tJdtions on EBN

HA111tAL's account of the Magi, or Fite-worshippers: one
p,u,age, wldch, for obviow reason;, 1 have transl.ated iflto
Lati11, will be found to bear testimony in favour of Anquetil
du' Ptirron.

On anatlur part of thi, ?Tolum, I wa, indaced to beito~

some inquiry, since it serves to illustrate, and is itself con-
.firmed by, a Bahbinlcal work of hith r'bputatit>n-. i allude ta
E•N H.u11tAL1/s tlucription of the Land C1f K.lio-zr; and to thtJ
Hebreto composiiion,. entitl•d., ,in:) i!)O ~bet Co'sri, tDrit-
ten 4ibout theyem- 1140 of'thi!Chrhtian a!ra, by ,.,,,M Mi11'r "1

• Coniola/. ad H1lviam. cap. ,,;. " l'idt/Jis gtnlts populos9u1 mu/ass, sttkm. ~uitl
,;J;; wl#,,t m ,._~, &,,i,,,,.,.,,,,, ,.,gi~ Gf'itt# llf'l,r I ~ii illld lndos P1rsa19u1
Mt111tlo,,ic•s ,,,_ I tlli. AtlHnirnlis ;,, .An« """'" nt." I &lt» direflll/ had oc,;,;;;i; I,
9uo/1 thtst passagts in tht Prrf1111,. 11,," O-rim1a/Collari,;111." ·

e 2
nv·i ii PRE'FAOEt

Rabbi Iehudah ·the.- Levite, in -honour of the,J'ewiih··monarcla

. of·that-countr:y -• .

From a multiplicity of ·Eastern · traditions ·concerni,ig · ·the

land of Yajouge and Majouge (or Gog and Magog), I col-.
lected whatever could illustrate ·that- subject, over· which a r,eil
of obscurity ·still hangs, . notwithstanding · the endeavours of
Bo~rt t and- D' Herbelot l to remove it. It is· unnecessa,y
to ·!",ention any other European · writer, · however · ingenious,
since, if not skilled in the languages of .Asia, or not having
better sources of information than those eminent Orientalists
,

above ~med, all-that -h e ·c an ·'lifer is me·re conjecture.

E·s-N HAUK.At's ·account·of Spain affbrtl.ed .sitbjeet for ·many

observations., and my remarks~on the· ·Pyramids of Egypt oC,.:
cupied ·several ·pages. The vestige3 ·of Jewish and Christian
~ablishments pointed -out-by our :Author·in various ·parts o.f
the follow_ing Work, appeared worthy of beir&K.examined with
. .#f'.
• This wori was -pulilhtd ly th, uarnrd B11notf, will, "Lt,ti,; trasJoti,n, .i Ban1•
16~~, f"arto; and in bis . .Bibliothcca Rabbinica, I• 298 (Basil. duod, 1613),. l1t.
"k/,raJ,s it as Libcr multiplicis doctrinz ac ·mulble laudis. ·
t Gozralh. S«r, Li/,, Ill. ,ap. 1tiii.
t Bi/,liot, Ori,nt. arti,k lagioug,.

'
 P.REFACE.

a·ttentfon ·:- and I· took some trouble in comparing liis account

cif mariy natural curiosities with the descriptiorts given w by
travellers.. ·

·1 found, however, that these illustrations,. whether to he

printed in the form of notes," or o.s an appendix, would.
retard considerably the publication of my' book, and render
it doubly expensive by the addition of so much as · another
volume of equal size would scarcel,y contain-. I therefore re-
solved to content myself with ·qffering to "the Publick a mere
translation of Esi'f HAUKAi:..'s work, retaining what the Geo,-
grapher and Critick will probably esteem the most essential
part of the ·original, all names ·of places in the proper cha-
racter; and so· exactly ,have I followed the orthogtaphy (if ,
my·manuscript, that" in many· pages the same word .will be
found ·spelt differently, and even erroneously •. Some oj' -th.e·
most. obscure, dijficu/,t, or doubtful passages,. I haue remarked.
in short notes,· or endeavoured to illustrate in the App.endiz,.
'
wl'tere ma11&" are git,en in Persiaa .. ·

• Tmtr we jnd'; in!· -4-8; .111._r.S, Tiberiah. .,;,,-·"'y.J, Tibcrtl\ah-m s,wral. pla«r,.
lsfahan, Sfahan, lspahan, &c. Y'h, P1ramid.l of Eott (/rop,ri, written .r'~~°""
l.!JL..yj, Abram or E!heraman) art stykd, in page 33, <.:..JL..~ Houman or t.:JL...tt.1'1
Elbouman..

.., ,
SU PREFACE.

Tl,e chief obscurity, as well as importance, consists in the

p1·oper names. From my accuracy, therefore, in observinK
the original orthography of these, eve,y advantage which
could result from a perusal of the manuscript is presented to
the reader ; for the passages mere(y descriptive or narrative
contain few difficulties, and these few are noticed.

The illustrations and notes above mentioned,. as I haoe

reaion to hope that the time and labour spent in collecting
them were not employed in vain, shall soon be qjfered to the
Publick. 'l'hey will form part of a IYork in which I propose
to examine the Geographical Sy&tem of the .Asiaticks-to ex-
trttct,from a multiplicity ofArabick and Persian Authors, their
descriptions of Countries and Citie,, Rivers, Mountains, Sea,,
_Islands, &c.-to give exaq. imitations of many original Maps
preserved in rare and curious 11U1.nuscripts; and to inquire
how far- the Geographers of Asia agree with tho&e of ancient
G,..ec., and Bome, and with modern Europeans. I shall col-
lect all the traditions that can illustratl! local History and
Antiquities; and constntct Maps, according to the best au.-
thoriti111, not on(,- of the AJiatick regions, but of .Afrka and
Europe, as described· by Eastern writers •.

• Btsidu lht G,ographical 1'reati11s of Abulfeda, Edrisi and others, well luaw,a to the
 PREFACE. llXi

In preparing for publication the Geography of EBN HAu-

K.AL, had I soUcited, I would most probably have received,
assistance from many learned frie11ds ; and I should, in this
place, with equal pride and pleasure, have followed the exam-
ple of those writers who appropriate a department of their
Prefaces to a publick acknowledgrnent of their numerous
obligations.

But on this subject I shall not long detain the reader; for

p.lJlidt, I haw "ml, ;,, ctmJiling ma/trials far this Work, a vuitt} of Oriental Man.u•
sn-ipts lnlt littk inown ;,, Europe. Amo11g thm art the ('~1 ~ Heft Aklim, ,r
I
Seven Climates, /Jy Emir Rauz.i; the Mli j1~ Shiraz Nameh, /Jy Sheikh Zarkoub f
t& '1'_,li'JI .:a,;; Naz.hat al Coloub of HamdaDah Mustoufi, so often fUOltd IJy D'Her-
btk,t; t• l!.>1~ ~ Ajaieb al Boldan, or "Wonders of Region, ; the
y~Y1 ~ Tahkik al Ira•, • G«Juqhial Dictinar,, /Jy, Mohammed &duk lsfa-
hani; the~1..-'1 .::J..:3 T8hfut al lnkein~ or Po,t~al Dmription of th, tw, lrals,. ·
Ara/Jia11 and Pmi1111 prwi11ces, IJy tht cek/Jrflled !(hakani ; the ':"':!1.,-J1 ~'4• Ajaieb
al Gheraieb; tht .::,t,;~1 ':"':!'4-Ajaicb al Mahkloucat; the ~liY1__,_,.. Soural A-
blim; the ~)½11.ti"" Scir al Belad; the Ge1graphical /,u/1,r at tht ,nd of Mirkhond's
Rout al Sefa, f$c. Y-7,,s,, tuith tb, assistant't of UN HAUK:AL's worf, hll'flt ma6/ttl
"II to Cfllllln«t a MJ,p· of l'1Ksi11 amJ th, iu/j,untl pMJinus., Ill' n 1arg,- " scak Ill' to·
odmil a "'"ltiplicity of nam,s no/ found in any other. . It comprehends (on a sl,,,t m,asurint
1i1r fi,t ~ five) nearly the same 11rttnl as Mr. H'ahf s uk/Jrattd Map, pr4i1rttl lo his
" Altes und Neues Vordcr und Middcl Asien ;" a,u/ tht Mtnes of plac11 art written, not
M/y in European characltrs, /Jut resptctiwlJ ;,, Ara/,iclt, P,rsian, Armtnian, &c.
XXXll PREFACE.

my debt of gratitude is single. To the Provost and Fellows of

Eton College I am indebted, not only for frequent opportunities ·
of collating their manuscript with my own, but for the most
liberal hospitality and the most polite attention. Through
their indulgence I have been enabled to supply some deficien-
cies, and correct several errors, which must otherwise have dis-
figured this translation : whatever imperfections still remain,
would probably have been removed by the collation of a third
copy with the two which I have used. A third copy, however,
I sought in vain; although, from information, communicated
lw an ingenious friend, I have reason to believe. that EBN ·

HAUKAL 1 S work is among the manuscripts belonging to a

certain_learnedSociety: but I m_ust regret that it is notfound
in any other library of this metropolis to which I have been
admitted. Such as it is, I am not without hopes thf:Zt this-·
. .
work will prove acceptable to the Orientalist, the Antiquary,
. .
and the Geographer. If their-approbation be withheld, I shall
· acknowledge that I have toiled in vain ; for the result of my
. .
former labours has taught . me to, expect no qthe,: recompense
than praise, and the hopes of substantial profit have been ex-
tinguished by successive disappointments. ·
 •

CONTENTS.

Page
. INTRODUCTION 1
The Author's Design, and the Plan of his Work - 2
General Outlines of the Countries he proposes to describe §
Description of the Seas - - 6 '
...___,
.Of the Sea of Roum, or the Mediterranean, and other matters - 7j
Yajouge and Majouge, Cheen, Africa, Caspian Sea, Franks - 8
Cheen, Maweralnahr, N ubians, Constantinople, Canouje, Sik-
lab, Yajouge - 9
Tibet, Rous, Jews turned into l\fonkies - 10
Dejleh, or Tigris, Yemen, Oman 11
Of Bajeh, Abyssinia, and Nubia - - JS
Of Magreb ( or the West) Part of Africa,. its Distances and
Stages . 16
Andalus, or Part of Spain - 18 .
Account of Egypt • • 29
Sham or Syria - • 87
Distances of Places in Sham and Jezireh 47
Mediterranean Sea 51
Jezireh, or Mesopotamia 54,
Distances of Places in J ezireh - 55
Towns and Districts of J ezireh - 55
Description of Diar Modhar 58
Irak Arabi 61
Cities and Towns of Irak Arabi 63
Province of Khuziatan 7!?
f
nxiv CONTENTS.
Page
Description of Pars, or Farsistan 81
The Kourehs of Pars 82
J oums of the Curds SS
Rivers of Pars 8♦
Lakes of Pars St
Fire-temples 85
Districts of the Koureh of Istakhar 86
Ardeshir Koureh 87
Ardeshir Khereh 88
Account of the Territories of Darabgird 89
Koureh Shapour 89
Koureh Arghan 90
Account of the Zems 9i
Of the Fortresses and Castles of Pars, and Fire-temples of Pars 95
Rivers of Pars - - 96
Lakes of Pars - - 98
Great Cities and remarkable Edifices 100
Koureh of Shapour - 103
Koureh of Darabjird - io+
Distances of Places in Pars - 105
Road from Shiraz to J enabah - 106
Road from Shiraz to Sirgan - 107
Road from Shiraz to Kattah - 108
Road from Shiraz to Isfahan 109
Road from Shiraz to Arjan - - 110
._ Stages and Distances between the principal Towns of Pars - J 1.1
Of the Water, Climate, and Soil of Pars - lli ·
Of the Persons, Manners, Languages, Religions, and chief
Families of the People of Pars - 114
Account of the most extraordinary Edifices in Pars, and other
Curiosities - liS
· Commodities and Productions of Pars - lSi
Money, Weights, and Measures of the People of Pars - 134
The Gates of Wealth, or the Manner of raising the Revenue - 136
Of the Province of Kirman - 1SS
 CONTENTS.
Pag,:
Mountains, Inhabitants, aud chief Cities of Kirman 140
Distances of Places in Kinnan - - . 144
Of the Country of Sind, and Part of Hind - - 146.
The Cities and Towns -· .
-· 147
Distances of Places in Sind - 15S
Rivers of Sind -· 155
Description of Armenia, Aran, and Azerbaijan - 156
Rivers and Lakes o_f those Countries, and other matters - 161
Distances of Places - 165
Description of Kouhestan, or Irak Ajemi - 165
Road from Hamadan to Deinour - 167
Cities and Towns in ·Irak Ajemi - 168
Provinces of Deilman and Taberistan - · 174
Stages and Distances -· 180·
Road from Rey to Khorasan. - l&l
From Taberistan to Gurkan -. 182.
From Amol to Deilem - - 18S
Of the Sea ofK.hozr, or the Caspian -. - lSS
1loads and Stages of Khozr • 191
Deser~s between Pars and Khorasan - - 192
Route from Rey to lsfahan - 195
From Mabein to K.horasan - - 196,
Road of Shour • 197
Road of Ravan - 198
Road of Khebeis -. - 199
Stages and Distances from Yezd to Khorasan - 200
The New Road ~ - .202.
Account of Seiesta.n, or Sejestan 203
Rivers of Sejestan - - - - 205-
Distances and Stages - , • 209
Road from Sejestan to Bost - - ~ - ~09,
From Bost to Ghizni - '210·
From Sejestan, by the Desert - · • 1 .211
1

' Road from Sejestan to Kinnan and Fars - .. .- ' l.'211

Account of the Province of Khorasan - - 212
mvi CONTENTS.
Page
Road~ and Stages of Khorasan - - 221
- - - - - - - o f Meru - 2SO
- - - - - - - o f Balkh - - - 250
Distances and Roads of the Towns in Kuhestan - - 251
Account of Maweralnahr, or Transoxania 259.
City of Kash - ·- - '1.59
City of N aksheb - - 260
Setroushteh - 261
Road (rom the River Jihoun to Ferghaneh . - - 275
Distances of Stages on the Road of Chaje - 274
Road from Samarcand to Balkh - - - 275
Distances and Routes of the principal Cities o( Maweralnahr, 276
Distances and Stages of Termed and Cheghanian - '1.17
Distances and Routes of the Towns of Bokhara - - 278
Distances and Stages of the Towns of Sogbd and Samarcand 9.79
 THE ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHY
OF

EBN .H.d UK.dL.

In.the name of God, the Clement, the Merciful!

PaAISE be to God, the origin of all good! and may the blessing
of God be on Mohammed, the Prince of Prophets ! Thus says the
author of the work: "My design, in the composition of this book,
is to describe the various climates and regions of the face of the
earth, comprised within the circle of Islam, or Mohammedanism,
and their several divisions, in such a manner that every remarkable
place belonging to each region shall be noticed, and all the boun-
daries and territories depending on them, _their· districts, cities,
mountains, rivers, lakes, and deserts."
B
 ( 2 )

~.. ·"'' ~ putkular detajls of all these seemed unnecessarily

.,1,,1~ ~~~~here compressed within-a small compass; and in

.
.,I\; .x~t v,-.lume, which is entitled Mesalek u Memalek, our plan
..,., ~--,~ and todeHneate on maps, the various -seas or 'OCDlns
\\ ~i,·h surround the land, the inhabited and the desert islands, and
"' t"r~· climate and region of the earth ; affixing the name of each,.
ft) that it may be k.newn -ia the maps ; aad .coninmg ourselves to
those countries which are the seat of Islam, and the residence of
true believers.

We begin with .Arabia, because the Temple of the Lord is

situated there, and tire hol,y Kaaba* is the Navel of the World ;.
and Mecca is styled, in the ·sa.cred writings,." the Parent City," or
" the Mother of Towrisf. Then we proceed to .describe the
<.r-'4 ~~.Ju Deryai-Pars, or P~rsian Sea, which bounds a
portion · of Arabia : then we speak of the western countries,
y ~ ~_; Zemeen-i-Magreb (part of Africa); then we describe
die land ,of Egypt, ~ Misr; then Syria, j~ Sham; then the
fJ.J ($.YJU IJer;yai &11m, er ):lediterranea.n Ocean ; then the
p1'0Viince :of o/fr Jezir.eh, Mesopotamia.;. then Yr u~ Jrtak
.dmbi;. then c,~)~Khuzistan,Susiana; then U"'-'¼Pars, or
Farsistan; then -{;)~K.irma.n; then~~ Mansoureh, the
places bordering on ~ .J ~ Bind and Hi.nd, the confines .o f

• ~ The square Temple at Mca:a; built, according to Mohammedan traditioa,,

by Abraham.
t Omm'al lura, ~_,ill ,,
 ( s )
Hindoostan, and such towns of these as contain Mussulman in-
habitants: then we clescri~ t, ~~ Ji) I Azerbaigan, and · i~
writories; then c;~/Kouhestan; then c;~u D~ibruin;
then the JY. ($Y.J<l De,yai Khozr, or Caspian Sea, and the·
various nations surrounding it; then the. ~rts. between CJ~~
Khorasan and Fars ; then the province of c; I • • l ~ Seiest~11 ii
then KhortJAM and ~L,_,l-. Maw,ralnakr, o, 'l)a,qso~

(Her~, in thtt original manuscript, ll blank pace occurs, Qn

u;hich w~s·to havt: b!en d,lineate.d a gen,eralMap of the. World•
or tJ,,~ &stern Hemisphere.)

Th~ author of thie work informs us., that such is the form of
th«= eMth, it. variQus parts, ~bited and uninhabited. We have
divided it into empires or states., ',,lJ~ memalek: and the signi-
fication of thi& word is ~~"-'4 kingdo~; in the sin~,
~ memleket, on~ kingdom or ~te. Of all the regions of
this earth, none is mo~ pop~Ol,IS, cultivated., or fi~urishin.g, th4Q
the empire of CJ !_jl Iran, or r~rsia ; the chief glory of which,
in former times, w~ J..,~ &bel (Babylon.) . This is the country
of V'..J'~ Pars: and the extent of this empire., iQ the time of th~
ancient Persians, is well known; but the Mussulmans have since
B2
 ( 4 )

~~ of the countries above ·enumerated; such as

,, , ~ ' Natolia; and rt,;, Sham, Syria; and~ Misr,
t~, 1,, ~ aml vJwl Andalus,_ Andalusia or Spain; and Y_fi--
,V..•in+I', the west (part of Africa), and part of Hindoostan;
aml tbt' territories of ~~ Marisoureh, as far as l:.> LM.. Multan ;
and t.:.J~lJKabulistan; an_d the borders of l:.>~.Jl:i.-1 Tok-
lmrestan; and -0f ~ Cheen, China or Tartary; and _;,?J'L,__,lo
Maweralnahr, or Transoxania. The author says, that he reckons,
as belonging to j.J.J Roum, the borders o f ~ Siklab, Scla-
vonia; of <..r.J-) Rous, Russ~a, ..J':f Serir, and l:.>~I Allan, and
~..JI Armen, Armenia, where the Christian religion is· professed;
and he places, as belonging to Hindoostan, ~ Sind, a n d ~
Cashmere, and part o f ~ Tibet. "As for the land of blacks,
in the west (Africa), and the l:.>~j Zingians, JEthiopian~, and
such tribes (says the author), I make but slight mention of them
in this book; because, naturally loving wisdom, ingenuity, religion,
justice, and regular government, how could I notice such people
as those, or exalt them by inserting ari account of their countries i
Yet one. race of them has some degree of civilization and religious.
obse~ance, the l:.>~~ Nubians, and l:.>~ Habbeshians,
Abbyssinians : the reason of this is, their . vicinity to the other
inore polished countries; thus /U~ Nubia and ~. ~ Habbesheh,
Abyssinia, art: situated on the borders-of the~ ($Y...Jo Deryai
Kolzum, the Sea of Kolzum, or Red Sea. Nothing farther can
be said in their favour."
 ( 5 )
'. .
The region of Islam is superior to the others, because it is more
extensive; from south to no_rtb, and from the western bay or
gulph, connected with the ocean, to the borders of ~L. ~
Cheen Macheen (the southern pcµ-ts of China), and another bay or
gulph, likewise joining the ocean, from the west (Africa), _to
. ~wl Andalus, Spain. The author inf~rms us that he has
drawn a line through this map, dividing it into two parts, and
·passi!lg from the Persian Sea. to the_ land of Hindoostan,
• · -through the midst of the region of Islam; likewise from the land
of Egypt t~ the west of Africa. 'fh:e inhabitants of ~e northern·
.parts of-these countries are of a _fair complexion; those who dwell
·still farther north are more fair skinned, and their climate is cold.
The inhabitants of the south are of a dark complexion, and the
blackness of their skins increases as they dwell farther to th~
south.

On the east of t4e land of Islam are the regions of Hindoo.:.

stan and the·v,,..J4 ($Y,.JU Persian Sea; to the west lie j..>..J
Raum, and ~JI Armen, and ~111 Allan, and ../f Serir, and
-'Y.. Khozr, and V".JJ Rous, and__,~ B,dgar, and y.lu-
• Siklab, and part of ~~ Turkestan. The land of Islam has
to the north the empire of ~ Cheen, and its various territories
from the borders of ~kestan; and to the south the Persian
Sea, and the region o f ~ Sind. The Ocean bounds it to
the west and to the south.
 ( 0 )

Description of the Seas.

THE chief Seas are the <JM•.Jl~ ($YJU Persian, and j.JJ (JYJ~
the Sea of Rown, or the Mediterranean, which are nearly op-
posite : both join the great ocean. The Persian Sea is more ex-
tensive in length and breadth, reaching to the land of ~ Cheen,
and to the ~ ($Y.)U Sea of Kolzum. From Kolz.um to
Cheen, in a streight line, is a distance of about two hundred men-
zil •; and from Kolzum to ul_f: Irak, by the way of the desert,
is a journey of two months. From the C J ~ Jihoun; or
Oxus, to the extreme_boundary of Islam, on the borders of .Ajltj
Ferghanah, is above twenty merhileh •; and, from those.places ·
to the coast <!f Cheen, is a very tedious way, because in these aeu
are various windings and turnings.

• See the PR&ce.

 ( '/ )

'ft· .J (J) L.. ) cl J- <.iu

Of the Sea ofB~ -or the Medite1TQ,nean 1 and other matters•

.· Tins sea -comes from the ocean, and extends from that narrow
bay, or pass, -between the west (Africa), and the land of ~wi
:ilndalu.s., .Sp~ to the coast of r~ Sham, Syria, a distance of
seven months journey. This sea is of a more regular and evea
outline than the Persian; for, after you pass the mouth of
that bay before mentioned (Gibraltar), •it is protracted in one line
to. the -end.

F r o m ~ ~ to .the eitretnity of the west y J'"'°

Magreb,
is a distance· of an hundred :and -eighty merhileh. From the ex-
tremity of the ~t to .that of the west, is near four hundred
mcrhileh. From ('.JJ Roum, one comes to r~ Sham (Syria)
in ·the course of sixty merhileh. From Sham to ya-- Egypt if-
.t hirty merhllcb. The distance of the journey be~een the land of
~~ Yqjo~ and.)~ Bulgar, and the country of y.)u,..,.
Siklab, is about four hundred merhileh; and from Siklab to-
('.J-) Raum, to the borders of Sham, sixty merhileh. From Roum·
to the extreme boundary of the ~4,..,~~j land of the Nubians~
about eighty methileh.. (I
 ( 8 )

Between ~_y:.L.o J ~frY. Yajouge and Majouge, and the

northern ocean, and between the deserts of the Blacks and the
other limits of the ocean, all is desolate and· waste, without any
buildings. I know not what are the roads or stages of those two
deserts which are on the coasts of the ocean, because it is impos-
sible to travel in them on account of the excessive heat, which
· binders the building of houses, or the residing there. Thus,
also, in the south, no animal can exist, so excessive is Uie ·heat,
nor any person dwell there. But between~ Cheen and the
west y.,,._. Alagreb, all is inhabited, and the ground cultivated,·
and.the ocean surrounds the land like a collar or necklace.

From this ocean proceed the UN.JU ($Y.JU Deryai Fars, Per-
sian Sea or Gulph, and ,-J.J<$YJU Deryai R°";"1-, Mediterranean,
but not th~.J r <$YJU Deryai Khozr, or Caspian Sea. If any
per;son wish to make a circuit round .this sea, he must set out from
Khozr, and proceed through the land of c.,~~ Deilman, and
c.,t;.:,.._t-1 Tabaristan, and c.,~/ Gurkan, and, turning by the
desert, in the -ticinity of oy. o~ Siah Kouh, or the Black Moun.:.
tain, thus come back to the place from which he had set out, as
nothing would impede him but the river which falls into the
Caspian Sea.

The Franks, in general, we speak . of as belonging to ,-J J

Roum (Europe), because they have the same religion ~d king,
• though speaking various dialects.
 The ~mp~ (?f ~ Cheen extends, in length, a.distance of four
months joume:y; and in breadth, three. .And when one comes
_from the mouth of the bay Qr gulph .~ to the land of Mussul-
_mans, the borders of~ ~_,L. Mauweralnahr, Transoxania,
· ·it ,.is a jo~ey of three months. .And when one comes froin the
east, ·and wi$hes · to procee4 to the west, by the land of the
_r
t.,4,,~ Nubians, and the land of?- Khurkhiz, and of 7j=
Ghurghez, -~d by·µ ' ~ Kahnak to the sea, it is a journey of
•l)Qut four months. In the regions of Cheen _there are various
dWects_: but all <:J~/ Turkestan, and _lf, Ghurghez; an~
~ Assah, and ? _f-: Khurkhiz, and U~ Kaimak, and
-AJj: Ghurneh, and~~ Khurnjiah ; the people of all these
have the same language, and are of one kind. The chief place of
the empire of Cheen is called <:JI~ Humdan, as ~
Costantineh, -C!onsta.t)tinople, is of Europe, or u I~ B4gdad,
of the land of /dam, or t::.J-U Can.ouge, of Hindoostan; but the
land of 'J;i,.rk, ~Jjr~J is separately_ situated. _j: Ghuz is the .
boun.dary of it from -'Y:.
Khoz.r to U~ Kai~k~ and to
~;i:-Khurnjiah an4 J ~ Bulgar, and the borders of the
land of M~ul_mans from 0 LJ/ Gurkan to · y!J~ Barab,
and to y ~ Senjab.

When you pass from the territories of Kaimak, then it is the

land of<:_)~ Khederje, lying to the north, between ~huz 7 --~
and?~ Khurkhiz, and behind y ~ Siklab; and the land
·qi -~fr.Y. .Y<Vouge is sit~ted in the north, when you tum from
C
 1( 10 :)

'Siklab, and pass ·the boood.s ·of :Kaimak; ·but tlie extent of
Yajouge, and the number of its -i~habitants, are known to ·God
Almighty alone. The:reis a place of Khurkhiz,. situated between
Ghuz, and Kaimak, and the ocean, and
the land of t_y)d;.
Khede,;je. The country of ~ Tibet is situated between
J(hurkhiz. and·the empire ofCheen.. Cheen
,
lies ·between the sea
·and the land of Ghuz an<\ Pibet; iand Cheen itself-constitutes this
climate ( or division); ·buf the oiliefparts·of!I'ibetiwereond:e«Ho
it, as in Europe -the lesser places depend·on1 Constantinople, and in
:the region of Islam on Iran, which is ·t he·land of ~l,! &bel.

Of y ~ Siklab, the extent is about two inonthsJourney;

.J~ Bulgar is a small town, ·which has·not · many tenitories, and
·for·that reason the places ·belonging to it have been·'Vtt1l known.
·The ~.JJ Rous are a people between whom and· Bulga:r •is ·a
,tribe of t., l9 Turks ; in one place here some fishermen •reside,
'and there are a few da:te trees, 'as °far ·as ,t,!.,ti •Saran, anid
0 ~ Cheilak, and opPQsite ·the-mountains ·to M!I .Abldt.
·Ableh is a ·small town,·well inhabited, •with a-}lttl~ till~ .alld
·cultivated land.. " ·In that plaee:wete -some Jews'; those to '
"whom it was forbidden to hunt on the Sabbath. (or Sunday):
I

" and God transformed them, and caused them to become

'· \
C, monkies•.

tfJ.t. ·, ~ r'~ f..!J~•r. ,:;t~ :,,.J ¥ » l!.JUJ ~4 t!_\h,t-1!- ~•, •

;~)f, "1.f.J~ , :,~:t:""' -t;.J~

•
 t l\ l
,.~ ~~ ~~ ~e~ an.di . its te,-ritori~s, ~ ~ ~ ~ :fe-
. ~814 (4fab~ .f~µx), ~~-~-~ ~l.,q QfTJ!1!L, 3P,.d <:>J,% Bahr~in,
( ~ in the:P.~ QuJp~), ~ !al; aJ,S· 0 1.o.~ Ab<!,da~; of~
~ ~ ~~ t:4~ Ji~~ ~ ~ngipg ~ Arab~: but Abad.an.
is, '- ~ ~ qr, -~tJe,, ~~~ o~ ~e ~~~-~, and, the
waters of the ~o Dejleh (orTigi:•l co~~ 141 there~ ~ is a
rebat, or station. where sentinels used to be ·placed, that they
might watch_ die. y.:)c_\ c.,_lc,)j_y ·rQ..b~er.$ of the s~(l, QI' pirates.
The river ~ ; ; D~jleh~ or tigris, passes here ; and thence we
C..Q~.. ~l .the ~-~40~ to. ·o~ ~~ ¥a,hi-r.oui.an_, on the.
borders of Pars, or Pe~ia. On this journey it is necessary in most
of the places to go by water; because the river of ~ ~j ~ Khu-
. .7J~~a., ~ .~bpu~ '-'J.J~ Baµrqk, ~d flows. to. ·(!,~. ~
fk~nMohdi, aJJ,d \:.>U...L, Ra,nn.ar;i~ .~d then falls into the sea~~
(;):Y!.V ~l..,.Mahi~rouf..®,~ ~d thisMahi-rouian is a s~aµ town~.
'J.~~inhabited, and pleasant,~ port for ~lf_,1 Arg~, or the-
. --
rp
p~ i!:-. _Then:~e.:w~e. ,t~ ~ Sinir, .which is larger~
· ¥.ah.i-ro¥4w,; ~ _~ ~llllf is ~ port of all far~ o~ :f.~t~.
¥r~ $.en<=f th~ ~~- . ~ on tp r%° Bij!!T~· ~~~~~
~~ ./f!~bel,l; ~.ft.Q!t-11"!!!:J.
·. ......, ·.·
.. ....~~ .~ gro~eSt· ~d ~~4<?VVS; ~4
villages ; and the air becomes very ~arm 4~. Froo.i tlµs yo'!
proceed to ul~ Siraf, one of the most ample harbours in all
Pars. Siraf isa large town V"Jt; ~~,rf (.:)~I jl one of th~
eyes of the towns of Fars. Here. t~ere is ~t ~y 4~b~dry o~
cultivation of ground ; and they bring water from a distance.

C 2
•
 ( 12 )

Passing from this ·along the shore, by places where there are
hills and deserts, you come to the Jy;
<.:J-:'1 · ~ :Hysn ebn
omarreh. This is a very strong castle : in all Pars there is not;
any fort more strong, or in better condition ;1 • and it is thought
that there is an allusion to the lords of this castle in that passage
of the Koran, where it is said,

"And there was, behind them, a king who forcibly seized on

"every (sound) ship•.

From this place you proceed to J.r;I ~ormuz, which 1s the

port of (.:.) L..J' Kirman. Hormuz is a ·well-inhabited and ftou-
rishing city : it abounds in dates, and the air is exceedingly warm.
From this you go to ~ c l Daibul~ ·where there ate nierchants,·
who trade in all pla~. This·is the port of the land o f ~ Sind :-
and Sind is the same as ~~
Mansureh; and · the region of
c,l# Lattian, as far a s ~ Cheen; ·extends along the coast
of Hindoostan, t o ~ Tibet, and ~t;.· ~ CheenMaclteen~·
beyond which no one passes.

• Kar1111, ~ n ~...,,- Chapttr of the Ca,J,rn. This king, according to some Mo.
hammcdan commentators, reigned in Oman. See SAu's Koran, Cbap. xvili.-P~
cocEa.'s Spccim. Histor. Arab. P• •t-2• &c•

•
 ( 13 )

Of Bajeh, and Abyssinia, and Nubia.

FROM r.f5Kolzum, on the west of the sea (the Red Sea), the
dry deserts stretch very far, to the land o f ~ Bajeh. The in-
habitants of Bajeh are blacker than the Abbyssinians, like the
.Arabs• ; and they have not either cities, villages, nor. cultivated
1and---nothing but what they bring from Yemen, .Abbyssinia,
Egypt, or the land of ~e Greeks CJU.J'!. ~ j . .

This country (Bajeh) is situated between ~ Habesh,

Abbyssinia, the land of a.,y Nubia, and Egypt. In it are gold
.
mines, which ex.tend from. near the borders of Egypt to a certain
castle on the sea-coast, which they call ~~.Assatt; a distance of
about ten merhileh. Among these mines is a place calJed ~
Allami, situated
.
on a level ground. There are not in any quarter.
of the world such gold_mines as these. In Bajeh they worship
idols, or any thing that seems pleasing to their eyes. Those who
immediately border on tlie land of Abbyssinia are Christians, and
of the same complexion as Arabians.

• Probably it should have been " Blacker than the Arabs, and like the Abbys--
sinians ...
t This word is 90 equivocally written in the MSS. that it may be .Jssa!J, ·&c-..

•
 . ,

( 14. )

Zeilaa, which
On the sea-coast there _is a place ca1led &:'.J
is the port for those who ·go to Yemen and j ~ Hejaz.
Then begin the deserts of AJ:Y Nubia. The Nubians are Chris·
tians ; and their country is wider than that of the Abyssinians ; and
" the }Egyptian Nile passes _through their territories, and goes on
" to the land of the Zingians (}Ethiopia) ; and one cannot proceed
" beyond that•."

The sea continues to the bnd of_,~ Zingbar, &thiopia,

opposite c.,c.>..c A.den : thence it departs from the regions of Islam.
.Mthiopia is a dry country, with few buildings, and very little.
cultivated ground. .
The leopard skins, and other spotted skins
'

which are h1'9ught into Yemen, come from this place. The in-
habitants are ft war with the MUS8ulmans. There is in Zingbar
a race of white people, who bring from other places arti~les of
food and clothing. This country produces little: the inhabitants
.
are not much inclined to the cultivation of arts or sciences.
.
So far we have spoken of those countries bordering on the
Persian ·Sea : Now we proceed to describe the regions of the
West.

~.., (!),.,z ~)'<Mt , .>w.__, <.!.)½!,i)f , ~~ <.!.)t..ii.:!• ~Ut <.!Ji.,,-,. a½i •

The last sentence (which seems obscure) is literally, "and after that it is impossible to
. ao
on."

.....
 Of Ma~eb .(the Wut), .or part.of Africa.

~BIS wes~m region is situated along the j.,.J ~~ ,u Medi-

~terranean Sea, and is divided into two parts---one, the eastern
---the otber,western. To_ the eastern.division belong ,,;.;./- Bar.-
·kah,. and-"!;t.Jjl.Jlfrinkeith, ·and \!,_jd)l:i Tahouth, and ~
.Melinjeh, :and <rr :sus,· end ,.J.,:J,) Zouilah; and all on .
:the·sea. The western .tliviaion ·e:mteods.to ~wl An~lus.

The sea, to the east, reaches as far as Egypt. From Egypt-~

proceed to A!.vy. Mohediah, and ~ J ~ o.f.fr Jezireh Beni
Rebehi (or ~ J Raai), and o ~ Basireh, and Al..) Arbleh,
and <rr Sus, wller-e are deserts with.Ollt.- asy sort of habitations.
To the south of these places is sand.

I
 ( 10 )

Alhakem hen Hesham hen Abdarrahman hen Moawi.yah ben.

Hesham ben Abdalmulk ben Merwan ben Alhakm •. The
first of those who passed over to ~wl Andalus was Abdar-
rahman ben Moawiyah ; he conquered it in the beginning of the
reign of the sons of Abbas (Abbasides); and the government of
it remains still in his family.

Magreb (the west) or Africa, is chiefiy remarkable for the

black slaves: it is the land of blacks. The white slaves come from
· the quarter of Andalus; and damsels of great value, such as are
sold for one thousand dinars or more ; and mules fit for the saddle ;
and the coarse woollen stutf, ca11ed ~~ 4 Nemed Magrebi;
and coral, and ambergris, and gold, and honey, and silk, and
,eal-skins.

1'1!,e Distances and Stages of Magreb, or part of Africa.

FaoM ~ Misr to ~:I- Barkah, twenty merhileh; from

Barkah .to ~!}a Trablis (Tripoli), twenty merhileh; from
Trablis t9 ~!.,ft Kirouan and u~
Shatif, sixteen merhileh;

f:Jl All¥ (:1f r~ (:1f ~_,I.A,,, (:1f e:J+>Jll ¥ (:1f rU-.1> (:1f r,=lsn •
~n (:1f t!J~,..
 ( -17 )

from Shatif to \!:J~t:; !ahouth, twenty merbileh; from Tahouth

to <.rt.; Fas (Fez), fifty merhileh; from Fas to ~'<.rr
Sus-aksi, or Sus the boundary, near thirty merbileh; from
Kirouo,n to S-us-aksi, about one hundred and sixteen merhileb.
The whole distance ,from Mi~r to the boundary of th~ eastern
division of tlie west, OD the Mediterranean Sea, JS about six
months journey.

From Kirouan to~.J) ?Auilah-, isa·joumey of one month;

from Kirouo,n -to Mohadieh; · two days journey ; from Kirouo,n
to the town of c,yJ_,J_or U""'.J-'* three merhileh; from that to l!Jjo ,
Taifah, ten -merhileh; from Tarfah to ~ - Ten.eis (Tunis 1J
about sixteen ~erhileh; _from Teneis to the ~..J o;!fr
Jezireh:Bahey, five days journey; from ~~t:; 'l''ahouth to
...J'Y ~ Bakow,·thirty ·merhileh; from Tahouth to A M . I ~ Se-
j~lm.asali. fifreen merhil~h ; and from ~U Fa.s to ~ Basireh,
six merbileh; and .fi;om Fas to c'1w) I Arm.eh, eight merhileh : and
from Kirouan to A M I ~ Sejelmasah, by way of the desert.,
;is a.journey of near fifty µierhileh:.

• This name is so equivocally written in the MSS. that it may be Luk,, T,ilu,
·or
Boule,, Nu/u,' ~- Bout~s, N•lm, Tunis, &c.

D
 ( 18 )

OJ Artdn.lui, -1- ,P.Orf of Spain.

FROM ~j Cortubah (which is the chief _town of -An•

dalus) to ~ Sebiliah, is a journey of three merhileh;
from 'Cortuba'h to · ~f Smfa,sst1.h. or Sarka,1ah, five
\lays j ~ y ; atl<I ~ ~ BatiHZh, thirteen days j01lntey ~
fro'm Btitilah tb- bclJI Jtrdnh, fOlU' merhileh; from CortubttA
to -~ Mi!lriafi, dlree or four days journey~ ftmi Corbi-
lJlilt to ~~~ Kourieh, twelve days joutttey ; ftom KoWrieh.
t6 o~..Jl.o lttaN1:tt~ four ilfays j~ey ; fi-o'ln Kourieh tb ~ t ;
Nah'iatt) siI ~ays j9ttWiey ;· !ftmn C~tubah ~ ~ T~let~

.. J #'adi r'R.·~
etXda~j~; from ~eletlitlt to.J-~f(.$4.ll-.
•
\WO days journey; frt>m ~Lt lliahidh, ·ot- ~~ A&~, ~
~:r ♦ Sirin, twel-ve tby$ jom'ney; and ~ the attcmity 'Of the
district ·of Sirin, c,,!r, ~/ fi're ·&y.: ft\,tti ·C ortubah to
.bfa.JI ~ Fahas-alilout, or Kahas-alilout, to the town
called ~l.c Ghafe"k, one day's jo~mey; from Falias-alilout to
""4-l! Bilbilah, four days journey ; from Cortubah to A:Jyj Fer-_
· nouiah (or AA.Jyj Kornouifah), in the west, four days journey.
Between ~L.. Maj eh and ~ Sebiliah, on the r~ad to ou.JL.
Mardah; from Farmouiah(or ~.J'Of Carmourah), to Sebiliah>
 ( 10 )

I twelve daye jenraq; fr&na ~ t ..fsijeh• to wL. Maltlca,

~ ma days journey; and from Jlalaca to the Jezireh, o.tff'
Aljezireh, of the u _;lb~~elUlt~ TartJk (Gi~pltar), fqur days
journey ; from Cortu.bah to ~ Melisah, twelve days; from
r,b Tarsowah to Mslist;lh,
,s,,.. twelve days journey.

(Here is a sudden transition to the African coast, not mark-

ed ia lh. oriKillli/; MaDU6Cl'ipt hy a11y _J)i,uisjim, Qr lle,ad of a
1UlD &cti04-)

J/3..T- Barkah it a town t,f a middling aize, neither great nor

.-all, with an improved aml w.cll-inhabited neighbourhood, all
about which, on every sicle, is the desert wherein the <.:,Y:,!_t-
Barbarians reside. A Collector of Revenues, or Tax-gatherer,
DWJ(! to come here annually from Egypt, llDtil the time that

Ahdallah ~ume_ci ·the go~nt o£ the W at.

~'fa Trtl:bolis helaup .to the ~on of AtJilj t Africa. It

is a town built of stone, on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea,
and a very stroni place.

-~ MakatlJ.ah .iea. small town, which was built by Abdallah

• Probably f o r ~ ~sdilit,h, ~ the nunc.of &Ni& ia IOllletimes written.

D 2
 { 20 )

when he conquered the.West : he gave it .t1µs naipe after him-

self•. It is situated on the sea coast.. . From 0!.,_r-i Ki.roua,i
t~ this place is a journey of two days.

~r
♦ Tib_eriak is a small town, which produces deadly sco~
pions, like those of Leshkurf ; and here, out in the sea, coral is
found., such as no other part of the world affords.

. The ~ J ~ Ojfr Jezireh Beni Rebehi is a .populous and

well-supplied town, inhabited by theT-T- Berbers. Bakour ..J/~
is a considerable town on the sea-coast, well-inhabited and° strong.
~ Basireh is also a large town, and well-supplied, situated
opposite o.lp Jezireh, or the place which they call JJUo J4=:-,..
Jebal-tarek, Gibraltar. Between this place (Basireh).and Jezireh,
the breadth of the sea is twelve fars;;LDg:f:.

~ JI Arbilah is a large town on the sea-side : Arbilah . and

Basireh belong . to the district of ~ Tanjiah, Tangiers.--
l::,~ t '-Y"r Sus-aski is a considerable and fertile district, inhabit-
ed by ~Y;;!fl Berbers. ~ Tanjiah is an extensive _district,.

• This founder of the Faternitc Dynasty a1&umed the. title of Mthtii, er Diffl:tor
of the Faithful; and began to reign Anno Hcgirz 296, (Anno Domini 908.) ·
t µ ~ The town of Ltshlur, or .AsErr MoErrm, in the province of Khuzistan.,
in Persia ;-a.conaldcrablc .city of the _thinl elimate-accorc.fmg to the Noi.hllt al Colou6,.
~,.)4-1 ";I.J\L .,, .J:l 1..., ., .,;,.,.~,-:.- l!.)~,-:.- .:..:~., ~ ;'
" Of more salubrious air than any_other place in Khuiistan, but abounding in scorpions.'" .
i On the subject of dua. and other measures., see lhc Prcfar.e~
 ( 21 )

. in which · are citie&, villages, and deJ;ert:s on the borders :of .T-T-
Berber, Barbary. --The capital·of this country is U"'li Fas, Fez,
in which . resides ~Li . ~Y. Iahia ·the Fatemite ; for
~ t . ; .A}Jl~ .Abdallah the. Fatemite has not yet conquered
that place•. ·

Bakour, and Jezireh Beni Rebehi, which we have before men-

tioned, and about ten other towns in the vicinity of Tahouthi
are considerable. .~~I.; Tahouth · ~ ~e chief: it is a large
town, well inhabited and supplied. The · inhabitants practise
agriculture :--:-they have ~ conquered by a people.called l.wl;A
Basna•.

~~ Sejeimasah is a town of middling size, belonging

to the territories of Tahouth. · One cannot enter Sejelmasah but
by the way of the desert, which _the sand renders difficult. This
town is situated near the gold mines, between them and the land
of the Blacks, and the land of 4U:';J.i Zouilah. These mines are said
to be of the most pure and excellent gold; but it is difficult to
work them, and the -way to -them is dangerous and troublesome.
They say that. the district of 1'ahouth is reckoned as belonging to.
~jl Africa ... •,. .. ·

·• The F~tcmitr Dynasty commenced in the year-of the Hegira 296, (A. D~ 968,)
and lasted 172 years.---Su D'Hnn10-r, Art. Fath,miah.
 ( 22 )

'-~~ Shateif, is a considerable town, and well-inhabit~,

between 7ahouth and I.:> !.,pi Kirou.a.n. The inhabitants are- a
tribe of Berbers, and called"--tu..( KenfMJUlh. .Abdallah bas sub-
dued them; and Abu-Abdallah, who was a aervai,t-0f Abtlalla/1,
resides among them, and governs them.

·\:>!.,pi KiroMtln is the largest of all the towns. The tribes of

Magn!b all resided there ; and it was their chief place until the
decline of their government, when Abu-Ahaa.Uah came forth,
and conq11et-m them : lince which time Abdallah dw1tlt at Kir-
euan, until he buj.lt the toWQ of ~ Jloh~ -00 the sea-
coast, and remQved to that place.

~:J] ~ulleh is a town of middling su.e, with many territories

belonging to it : · it is sitJu.ted near the country of the Bladts.
This land of t'hc Blacks is a very e:Etensive region, but extremely
4lry. In the mountains of it are to l,c fmmd all the fr.uits wbicll
the Mohammedan world protb1ces ; lnrt: they do not eat of them ;
they have other fruits and natural productions ior their food.
Tbeir skins are of a finer and deeper blaokneu than ,that of ay
ether blacks, whither(,;;'~ Habeshi,, Abyuinians, or ~ j
Zingians, Ethiopians. And their country is more-extcn&ive .thafl.
that of any other nation of Blacks : it is situated on the coast of
the ocean to the &<>uth : to the north they have deserts which extend
towards the deserts of Egypt : from ·behind c!J W'ahh the desert
 ( . 23 )

11ta.ches to near the Nubian.s ; then to the desert in the vicinity of

#J Zingbar. What.soever t~ey get, comes to them from
the westan side, because of the difficulty of entering their country
from any other quarter.

Now we proceed to speak of the West, and begin with an

~ount of c.,,J4.)JI ARdalw, OI' Spain. Andalus is an ~tensive
and considerable country, with many large and ffourishing ~citics,
the chief of which is called ~j Cortu.bah (Cordova), situated in
the midst -of the country. The ocean is on one side of Andalus,
and ~e iJJ ($½'.JU Sea of Boum (the Mediteminean) on the .
ether, as far as the \...Uj ~J La.nd <if-the Franks (France.)
The fintt of die citiea is f..:J"!-;' Serin. ; then-~:::. Husiniah,
~! ~J .AsebiJMlh (or Sel.,ilah,, Seville), A.i.Ju- &dounah, Sido-
aia, ~t;. ~Cll, to •the <=ountry of ANJ..,.. J(ouhah, and to
~ ••• U:, Tolsah, ucl-.._H
f'lU'~ah; where there is U""='Jl.f
Baris, a town on the sea-side. Thence along the sea, belongs to
~eland oftbe&alab_;·:ana on the dry side belongs to the country
o f . ~ .Agthes; 'This comtry i8 inhabited by 'a race of
.Clmtians, .-and .as ·far u tthe ~ of ~~ .Bi-scounes belongs
to ith: Onistia.n1, -as l.ike11Viee the ·rerritom&-of t:,W~ Jalekan~
There are two boundaries to Anda.lus; one, the land of the Infi-
dels ( or Christians) ; Che other, t1lc 1ft : -a nd all those towns
which we have spoken of, as bei~g situated on the sea-coast, are
considerable places., a.Rd well-ialaabitcd.
 ( 24 )

Andalu.$ is now in the hands of the ~t ~ Beni Ornmiah, the

Ommiades•; and the~~~ Abbassians, the Abbassi.des, have
not yet snatched it from.them; nor has Abdallah yet obtained the
superiority over them. At the time that the glory of the Beni
Ommiah was declining, one of that family, who was at Mjt
Abilah, passed over to the UJlb~ oT--r"" Jezireh Jibel-ta-
rek, Gibraltar, and subduedAndalus, which still remains in the
possession of the Ommiah race. .

These are the most remarkable cities of Anda,lus : - - - ~

Toleitlah, ~~ Sedo1:,1J1.ah, ou_Jll Lardah, ~~I ($u!.,
IYadi al hejareh, £\J~r♦ Barkhalah, A.i_;y. Bournah ~~
Hesan, ou_JL. Mardah, y::--L. l,fahou, '-'3~ Ghafek, ~
Leilah, ~:rj Fermouiah (or ~:rj Karmouiah), ou.J.)_,,.
Mouroudah,
. ~ .. ..
. I Asebiliah. These are all considerable towns,
and for the greater part their buildings are of stone.

~lr♦ Behaneh is situated in the vicinity of deserts. Sirin t,

on the coast of the ocean : there ambergris is found, but not 1n
any place on the Mediterranean Sea. _ The author of this book
says, " At the time when I was in ,~ Syria, on the coast of the

• The Ommiadcs retained their empire in Spain long after they ha~ ceased to
govern the other regions of Islam ; where ~e Abbasaides began to reign A. H. 1 J 2,
(A.O. 748.) The Ommiades possessed Spain until the year of the Hegira 424,
(A. D. 1032.)---Ehn Shonah in D'HEllBELOT, Art. Ommiah.
t Id""""' Sometimes written t:r--,-J N,srin and c:r,'.,-t Basri11.
 •.
,.

( 25 )

~ rµ ($YJU- Mediterra,iean Sea, something was thrown up,

t' and I afterwards heard tha~ at .Sirin such was every year
" thrown on th~ shore : this is a certain th_ing which they call
" ~J"- mouhi, resembling fine beaver, or ra.w silk; it rubs
" itself against the stones on the sea-shore, and its plumage, or·
." down,~ comes qff•, which the people come and gather, and·
_._, weave intQ garments." The kings of .Andalus are very fond of
this stuff, am:L will not allow it to be exported; and they,_have
garm,ents 1<1f it whioh,cost above a thousand dinars.

. ai.lt,. Malaca produces the }J..». sanfart, of whose skin ·

they make the hatldles ,of ;swoids.

v_;tb ."fy Jezi:reh Tarek, .Aljez~h, was the ~t seat of

Islam iri th1s country. ·The v_;tb ~ Jebel-Tare·k, Gibraltar,
is a well-inhabited mountain, with villages or small towns on it.:
it is the extreme point and last pass of .Andalus.

~ Toletilah .is a city situated on a lofty mountain : the

buildings are of marble, or hard stories, fastened with lead. Ab?uf
-~ .city there are seven· hills, all ,cultivated and inhabited; and

• This thing ~)R' fccma here to be an animal, The. original is ai follows:

3,f:, '~ ~,, J' \1.J? , .>JL..,., ~14.r ):;J' .Y ~ -~

-
<.!J4 !, ,:i'-.~
t I muft acknowledge my ignorance of this creature. an~ my suspicion that there it
·_.n error in -the writing ofthc word.

i
 •

( 20 )

likewise a river equal to the ~u Dejleh, or Tigris : the name

of that river is ~L; Nahiah ; it proceeds from the town called
"f Sarrah, and they call that district r' ~ ~ c.,~ Me-
den beni Salem.

ow Keda.h is a considerable district, the chief town of which

is called o ~.JI Arhadouh: from~this place came~ ~ .J y-
Omru ben Haftou. .b_#. I ~ Fahas-alilout is a 1lourishing
and considerable distriet, the capital of which is called \-,tj~
Ghafek. "-!.JY. Bourmtlh was a large ~ity, but has been ruined
dl.lring a contest between two tribes or parties who were in the
town, one of which called to their aid the c.,~~ Jalekians.
who came and plundered and destroyed the place.

In .Anda~ the Bern Ommiah, or family of the Ommiah sov~

reigns, are pre-eminent. The Khutbah • is read in their name.

The cities of the Jalekians are, ouJL. Mardah, ")" Herah>

.J~l ($u!., 1Yadi al hejar, ~.~l.b Toletlah. '11lere is a
~ountry of the Jalekians bordering on Anda.lus, which they caD
~r• Astourah; ~d the king of theJalekians resides in a city
called ~I Abnez, which is far from the land of the Mussulmans.

But of all the tribes of Infidels (Christians) who border on An-

• ~ A prayer for die reigning king, read every Friday in the ,prinoipal mosques.
 ( i7 )

Was, th~ inost u,umerOIIISI ~ the Wj Franks. Their king is

cane-4 ci,U Farah•. The Jalekians, though a considerable people, _
Are nbt so numerous as these. The smaUest tribe of all these Infidels
an!tbose whom they call o-J~I .Askoun-es; but they are · said
fJo be one of the mest hmve and manly. There is a race also called
~ ~ 4jilselctJS, a tribe of ?e!9J bad people, who live between
Askouaes and Prank.

Of the ..f.:/. Berbers, who inhabit Andalus -and Magreb (Spain

and Africa), there are two kinds ; one called Berber, the other
c,rJl_t- Beranes. ofo, Feikerah, and A.J~ Mekia'!ah, and
oc.)~ Houadn.h, and A,j~ MedioWlQh, are of the Berbers in
Andalus; and A.oW Kena.mah, and A/.~..) Rebaiah, and oc.)~ -
Masmoudah, and ~ Bilbilah, and ~~ Tehiahiah, are
of the Beranes. The Rebaiah dwell in the districts of \!Jy'Li' Ta-
houth ; · and the Kenamah in the vicinity of ~ Shateif. In
Andalus are several mines of gold and silver. In the district of
of Sarrah and ~ye, Marsafah, near ~j Cortubah, there is
a place called ~/ Koules. Here, and at ~ Tolitelah,
are many sables or martins (...J~ ).

"-''-:-=.,) ~uialah t is a place which abounds in black slaves;

but the inhabitant-a are of a brown complexion, though at a dis-

• Or ~li Karah.
t Here feetnS a fuddcn transition (not unfrcqucnt in Oriental writings) from Spain to

. ·-
Africa.-This place is, probably, the ~.'l. Zo"ikh before mentioned.
E 2

•
 (- 28 ),

' tance- from · the south. . In the eastern parts· they are ·darker, and.
have light-coloured eyes---some• more remote, . have fair com-
lexions, with blue eyes, and reddish . hair: one race of them
has black eyes, , and black bair---these are said to be. desce~ded
from the Arabs of the. tribe of jW ~ Ghusa.%.· Between
Magreb and the country of the Blacks, there are deserts, of
which but a few places are_ accessible by any road. Between
~.jl .Afrikiah and 1.::J~t.:; Tahout~, there is a small tribe,,
called ol_f,. Sheral,. ..

'The·k.ings·of·Andalus are of the Beni Ommiah family, and"the.

Abbassides have not yet bad the Khutbah:• in their.name. These.
kings .of Andalus are descended from, ulr11~ <.:.H r-~~
Hesham b.en . Abdalmolk, and still have th'C K.hutbah in their,
own name. Their kings, at this time, are .Abdarrah.man Mo--
ha.mme.d.ben Abdo.llah. ben .J.Vohammed ..Abdarrahman t ..

t ~.,n
..._ Sec Note, p. 26-:

~~.)4, kings,
¥ ~ tr. NJ1 ¥. tr.~ ~.,n. ~ - Tht original ·has..
in the plural. But it appears that our .author alludes. to Aidam,l.nnan, .
the third of that name, who (according to D'Herbelot, art. A/;dn/rahman) reigned 60
years in Spain, and died in the year of the Hegira 3 50, (A. D. 961), after violent con,--
t~ta aboui the.ri~t of. succcffion between the .Ommiadcs and Abbassidcs.

•
 ( 20 )

. _rt.JY.O fa
.Account of Egypt~
•
.ONE of the boundaries 0~ Egypt begins from the_('.J.J C$YJcl'
Sea of Rown, between A!,.J~ I lskanderiah (Alexandria) and·.
Ait, Barkah, at the deserts behind c!J Wahh.; proceeding to the
land of the. Nubians, and to the land o f ~ Bajeh, and back·
i-om c, ~ I .Asouan to the Sea of Roum ; and from Bajeh,
· to the r.J-'
($YJU Sea of ~olzwn (the Red Sea), till it· comes·
• to the~ ;fa Tour Sina (Mount Sinai), in the territories of
the Children ,of Israel:.

From the ·coast of the Sea of Roum to the land of the Nubians •
~hind c!J Wahh, is twenty-five merhileh. From the borders of
Nubia- you !JlUSt go eight merhileh to the south; from rJi:
Kolzwn, on the coast of the Red Sea, · to the ~~f ~ "-!:i'_
Tiah beni I,rael, or Desert of the Israelites, . six merhileh ; and' ·
from the sea to the borders of that -Desert,- or Tiah, where it is
bounded by the Sea of Roum, eight merhileh ; from c, ~ f Asouan;
to the Sea o_f Roum, twenty-five merhilch.

Now we present a·map of this country~

 ( 80 )

The chief city of Egypt is called Jolb.,j Fostat,• situated on

the bank of the River ~ Nile to the north. The Nile flows
from the east ; and all this city is situated on one side of it.
Near to it are certain edifi~es, cal:led ~.fr
Jezi.reh, or th~ Island,
to which they pass from Fostat on a bridge ; · and from this
Jezireh they have constructed a bridge to the other bank,
where there is a place called .,~ Jeirah. The extent of the
city is about two thirds of a farsang ~ it is very well inhabited,
and supplied with provisions ; all their hoUBe8 are seven or eight
stories•high. Near the town is a place called '-'ir Mouekaj;,
the soil of which is less marshy, and m0re fum and solid. It is
said that Fostat was the name of & certain tribe.

I ~ Hamra is a town situated on the bank of the river Nile~

It has two principal mosques; one in the middle of the town,
built by v-"~ ~ .Jr Amru hen Aas; and the other in the
place called 1.-.i;_r Mouekaf, erected by c.,y.fa ~ ft"-' Laaher
hen Touloun. Without the town is a certain place of above a
mile in extent,· which that Laaher Touloun caused to be built for
his troops : this they call ~I.bi Fetaia or Ketaia.. In like man-
ner were the dwelliDgs, called 1 uUI Afadeh, of the ~ I JT
Al-i-Agleb (or family of Agleb), situated without the town ofO
. .
~p
Kirouan. In this place agriculture is much practised.

• Fostat is now, according to Mr. Browne (Travels, p. 80), " A long street,
running parallel to the river, and occupying part of the space between Kahira (Cairo)
and its bank." Of modem Cairo the foundation was laid A. D. 968.
 ( 31 )

There are great quantities of dates; and many corn fields, along
the banks of the Nil~, from that to near ~~I Asouan, and to
the borders of A.JJ~ I Eskanderiah. "When the weather be-
comes very w~, the water increases ; and when it sinks, they
so~ their grain; after that, there is no necessity for water. In
the land of Egypt there. falls not either rain nor snow ; nor is
there in the whole country any running stream beside the river
Nile.

~ Fioum is riot a very considerable town. It is said that

the prophet Joseph, on whom be the blessing of God ! brought
the water to that place, and called it \.:!J~JI Lahout : And there
is not any person who knows the fountains or source of the river
Nile ; eon this account, because it issues from a cavern in the ter-
ritories of J4-Cj Zingbar, from a certain spot, which a man
may very nearly approach, yet never can arrive at: after this, it
•
runs through the inhabited and desert parts of the land of the '
Nubians to ~ -Afisr (Egypt) ; and there where it first becomes
a river, it is equal to ·the 1..::.11j .J ~u Deljeh and Frat (Tigris
and Euphrates.) And the water of the River Nile is the most
pure and delicious of all the waters on the face of the earth.

The Nile produces~ crocodiles, and the fishjy~ ~l..

sekenkour: and there is also a species of fish, called o~!J··raa-
dah, which if any person take in his hand while it is alive, that
 I

( 32 )

person will be affected by a trembling of his body• ; when dead,

this fish resembles other fishes. The crocodile's head is very long,
so long as to be one half of his whole form ; and he has such
teeth, that, if a lion were to come within-their hold, he would be
destroyed. It sometimes happens that the crocodile comes out of
.the water on the dry ground; but he has not then the same powers
as when in the water. His skin·is so hard that it resists the blows
of all ·weapons when stricken on the back : they therefore wound
him where the fore legs join the body (literally, under the arm
pits), and between the thigbs. The .JP~ sekenkour is a
.species .'?f tht.1.tfish (the crocodile), but the crocodile-has hands
~and feet; and they use the sekenkour ~ medicinal and culinary
·.prep:U"3,tions. This creature is not found any where but in the
-river Nile. •

From t,~I AsoUJ1.n, along the banks of the Nile, as far as

•
.the sea, the country_ is all inhabited .and cultivated. On the
·southern side of the Nile there is a place called ~ Saied,
where are mines of ~.r♦ j zeberjed*, and emeralds ( u.,-.j zem-
.rud) far in the desert ; and beside these there are not any mines-
•
of those precious stones. On the northem side of the river Nile,

• The original is very obscure: it may signify that the fish's body is affected by aa
extraordinary tremulous motion while life remains.
t Chrysolite, kind of emerald, topaze, beryl, &c.

• ✓
Ilea!' Fostat., : there is ·a certain hill., called -~ Moiizem, in the
Ticinity of which is fowid the ~one ~y=i.. khemahen; and
this hill extends to the land of the ·~ ~ Jounaru (G~): And
near that hill., in the district of Fostat., is a burying-place, ·where
the tomb of Shafcei • is situated ;---the Lord be merciful to him !

,A / J ~ I Eskanderia, Alexandria, is a considerabl~ town,

built ori the sea-side : the houses, and other edifices, are of marble.
And out in the sea there is a 0U... minareh, or watch-tower~ of
hard stone, and very lofty ; it contains about three hundred houses:
No one without a guide can anive there.
, I

Of the buildings at Fostat, on the ·bank. of the Nile, all

that are above the city are called ~ Saied, and all that are
below the city are called ~J- Zeif. At the distance of two far'."
ung .from ·Fostat, there are -some ancient ·structures, called ,-~t
Alwua.m; of which two are very lofty ·piles, and called ~Y
Hownan: ·these are each, in height, four hundred/guzf: And
on the walls thereof are. inscriptioris written in the G.reek language
~~Uy.); .and ~this. writing is. said to signify, "the building of
". Hciurruin ·and Sertaier (was) in the sign Cancert." These
~ ,

• ~\i. One of the chief D~to~ of the Mussulmaos, who was born at GllU, A. H.
150, (A. D. 767,) and died A. H. 204, (A.D. 819.)
t Sec the Preface.
,i ~t.».,....n J ~U,_,..Jt J <..!Jt...,.n ~
F
edinces ·a re quadt:angular, and,· gradually diminish · t(JWards .the
.summits, which ate_ about ·large enough for a· cainel to stand on;-
within them there are passages in w_hich a man cannot go without
.some .difficulty. . ~d in Houman is a cleft, or excavation, under
the ground, supposed·to have been, with·some appearance of_.pro-·
bability, the burial-place of the ancient sovereigns of this country.

. The land of \.::.16..G Waliat .W3'i- a. pleasant -and cultivated

district, with trees, ;µ1d water,: and many inhabitants; but -none
at present remain. It abounded also in:fruits. From the Egyptian
Saied ~ ~ Saied Misr., Jo the land·of cG·,,.ahh, in tho
south, is a journey of three days ; arid from that a small desert
extends towards the land of the Blacks. · · ' ·

The sea which borders Egypt is bitter; but w~ue the river
Nile pours into it, and overcomes it, .the.waters of 'the sea• ·are
rendered sweet. Farther .out, when the w.aters · of the Nile are
confounded with the sea, the bitterness again predominates. In
this sea there are islands, to which one may pass over in.-ooats or
. 'Vessels. Of these islands are ~ Teneis (or ~ - - Teine_s ~
and .b4.,-ou ·Damiat. In each of° these agriculture .is practised,·
and cattle are kept; and the kind of clothes called ~..) refi,a, (or
~..J rekia ), comes from these places.

The waters of thia sea are not very considerable, and vesseb
 ( 85 )

. ~ove on it by help of men*. It-produces a certain fiah ~-~. -o '-Moil..

like meshkt, which is called~~ de-yin (~lphin); and this-
is a fish of which if any person eat, he will be troubled with hor--
p.ble dreams. From the. borders of this sea, to those of the sea of
rt,;. Syria, it is all sand.

The town of ~~ I .Ashmouein is small, but well-inhabited,

a,n.d improved. by agriculture ; it produces dates : ahd opposite
~~ I Ashmoueih, on the ·north of the river Ntle, there is a
little town called rY- Bouseir, where Merwan hen.Mohammed
was slain. It is said .that tlie magicians of Pharaoh were from
~s ~ ·B.eseir, {or ?Y. Baweir, as before written.)

c.,~ I .Asouan is a place which produces dates. Agriculture

i9 there much p~ctised,,

~ I .Akhmim is situate<\ amid the sands · of the desert; but

it is inhabited, and a.tfords dates. It is said that Dhu'f Noun!;
!}le Egyptian,· ·was of this, place..

L.j Ferrna is situated on the sea-shore. It is a ·pleasant and

cultiva~·spot. In it i~ - the burial-place of u+'~l::-- Jalinous

• :l~J 1§:lr,! ~ ,r r~ ,.
t Muhlt, or mishl, signifies musl.
t ~ \ ,-> Much celebrated among the Mussulmam1 for his piety, and founder of
aie ictigieuucc\ ca~lql Soufi, ~~iR-Egypt. A. H. ·245 (A;o. 859.) ·
F 2
(Galen) the Gi'ecian. From Ferma to ~ - Teneis ii adistan~
of two farsang by this sea. ·. ··

Teneis is a vast pile or heap erected over the bodie~ of the dead..
which were placed one above another mitil they· formed a pile ;
which pile was called j.Yj Terkoum : and this must have been
done before the time ·o~ Moses, on whom· be 'the peace and bless-
ing of God !---for, in the time of Moses, according to the religion
-of the Egyptians, the dead wete interred--.:.a custom wliioh - ~
continued afterwards by the Christians, an4 is still practised by
the M~ulmans. The author of this book says, . that be.himself
had seen some of those bodies in their s_!irouds, or winding-~eet~
with bones and skeletons of immense size.

There are some places on the river Ntle which the crocodiles do
not infest, near Fostat and Bouseir; and the ~ I ~ Aien-
al-shems, . or Fountain of the .Sun~ lies to the south of ·Fostat.
These two places are said to haTe been villas or pleasure-houses of
Pharaoh. On the top of Mount -~ Moazem there is a place
which they call the stove or furnace (J,?) of Pharaoh.

In the vicinity of Fostat, there grows a plant, called ~

balsam, from which the oil is extracted. This is not to be
found in any other part of the world.

The left side of the Nile is called ~_p-, Khouf. In this divi"
•on are situted ·~~ :Kiasah, and ~fr -Je,jeir, and _,__,;(s
.Kakour. The opposite .division~ on the right side of the river
Nile, they call ~J Zeif. These two places contain the
chief villages of Egypt. The gold mines are in the land. of ~
Bajeh. From ~ !_r,f .Asouan to that place is a journey of fifteen
farsang~ The country where those mines are situated is sandy,
and without any hills, fields, or tilled land : it furnishes slaves for •
Egypt. Th~re are asses and mules, of considerable value, in Egypt:
'no other ·country prod~ces such. · The district of Asouari · atfords
·asses not larger than sheep, which will not live when brought out
·of that country; and in the land of <>-1; ~ Saied there are Scla:vo-
·ruan asses; ~~ ~ ~ Kheran Siklabi. The Egyptians say
that the taiii of Khefa, or ;ulb.: Khefakar, was inhabited and
-~tivated in the time of Pharaoh.

· Description of Sham~ or Syria.

Ta& western side of Syria is bounded by r» Roum •; the

eastern, by the desert fr~in ~t .Aileh to the \.:.J!J Forat {river
Euphrates), and from the Euphrates to tJie borders of Roum. To

• Perhaps the word ~ (St11) ha, been .here omitted : The Sea of Roum, or Mc,..
ditcrranean.
 { 38 )

the north of Syria lies the land of Roum; and to the .south are ~
borders of Egypt, and the ~!rl ~ ¥. Tiah. beni. Isra~,
or Desert of the Children of Israel. ··

( Map of Syria.)

Of the cities and towns which are situated on the east and
west of Syria, it is unnecessary here to make any mention, as we
have already pointed them out in the map. Some· places are
called ,.~ .J~ Seghur Sham, or frontiers of Syria : others are
called o;:'.fr Seghur Jezireh, or frontiers of Arabian Irak, or
Mesopotamia, _because all bordering on one half of the Euphrates
belongs to Syria; and from ~ Meltiah to ~~ Meraash
is called the Seghur of Jezireh, because people of Je~ireh reside
there, and it belongs to Syria.

The hills of ,- b:::J o:..,f

Lekam ~tend for two hundred farsang
into Roum ; and the ~ I .J fu Dar al' salam (the mansion of
salvation or peace) is between ~leraash and ~.)..Jlj) Harouniah ;
~nd the Ai.JI ~ Aein Arbali, or Fountain of Arbah. After having
_passed ~c.>J Ladikiah, it is called ,- ~ ";Y-Mount Lek(J.m.
From that; the continuation of this mountain is called ~ Soukh,
as far as ~ 1.lfemehes ; and from that, throughout all Syria,
it.is called 0~ Librian (Lebanon), tiff it comes near the Sea of
K.olzuni (Red Sea.) The borders of ~ U, Palestine are two.
. -
days journey to the west, from the place called /!;-o..J Remaa to
the borders. of _,y:s!. Behour; and the breadth of the borders of
Palestine, on the western side, is also, from that ·place to ~
Bilk~ two days journey; and the land of· the tribe of Lot,
Joy ('Y (Sodom, ~c.) and o? Baherah, and Taberah, all _that"
is situated between the two mountai~s, they call ..J~ Ghour.
It is lower down than the ]and of Syria; and part of it is
reckoned_ as belonging to t.,uJf Arden, and part to Palestine.
The water of Palestine is rain water. Palestine is about one half
of Syria; and the chief cities of it are ~ Ramleh1 and the
~t ~ Beit-almokeds, Holy House, or Jerusalem·, which
is situated on a hill. Here is ·a m,osque ( ~ ) , or temple, than
which there is not, in all the land of the Musst,tlmans, one more
large. Here also is the y ~ Mehrab, the chief altar of .pavid, .
on whom be peace !---a building of about fifty guz high, and
thirty broad, of stone. On the · top of this· is· the l\fehrab of
David; and this is the first object that presents itself as one comes
from Ramleh .
• · . J.,

·· At a distance of six miles from Jerusalem is a village called

~ I ~ Beit Allehem (Bethlehem or Bethlem.) Here ~
Jesus, on whom be peace,! was. born of bis mother; and it j~

said that the date or palm tree, of whQse fruit Mary ate,
 ( 40 )

and which is celebra~ by mention in the Ko~~' bas been:.

placed in the dome or vault which is here, and held· in high ve-.
neration and respect.

From Bethlehem, on the southern side, there is a small town,.

called the ~!.f-1 ~ Mesjed Ibrahim, or Temple of .Abra.-
ham: and in the mosque where they pray on the high feasts, are
the burial places of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, (may peace· be·
on them!) and those of their wives are opposite. Here are many
hills and trees: all the hills of Palestine are covered with trees ;
and there ia much fruit, olives, and figs.

~ l , ; Nabolis is a town of which the inhabitants· are called

C>Y:rt.... Safn!lrian; a people who have ~ot a,ny other residence.

In the extreme borders of Palestine, in the vicinity of Egypt,

there is a city, called~ Ghazah, which AlJI~ c.rl r~
Hashem benAbdallahconquered, and in which~~ Shafeei t
was born.

J4::- Jebal, and o!.f, Sherah, are two well inhabited and

, districts. · The chief town of Jebal is called O.Juf 4de-

pleasant

• Koran:, chapter 19, r:'r ~..,,. Chapter of .Mary.

t See Note, p. 33.
 ( 41 )

mh ; of Sherah, Rau.ad. These have been conquered by the ,

Arabian,&.

c,u....JI Arden, the chief to~ of which is ~_pb_Tiberthah, or ·

Tiberiah, on the banks of the ~~.) ~Y.....Ju Small Sea, or lake,:
whose waters·are·sweet, anditslength twelve miles, and its breadth
two or three farsang.---Here is a running stream .of water, very
warm, which goes on for about two farsang, and, when it reaches
the town, is exceedingly hot.

In the.district o~j~ Ghour, snow is almost unknown; but

dates, and streams, and fountains, abound. lt'commences at the
borders of c.,u...)f Arden; and when it passes them, it extends to·
the boundary of Palestine, and in like manner reaches to ~I
Aileh•

....J..J""' Sour (Tyre) is a very strong town, situated on the sea-

shore. It is the most ancient of all the cities on the coast;
•
and all the Greci~ philosophers c., Uy. 0 ~ came from this
place. c.,u....)f Arden was the dwelling-place of Jacob, to whom·
be peace!

v,·;,.,o Demeshk (Damascus) is a chief city, the right hand

of the cities of Syria.• It has ample ~erritories among the

• rl£i ii~~ ~ - .:-I ),f4'°J'l ii~

a
mountains; ~d is well watered by streams which flow around.
The land about it produces trees, and is well cultivated by husband-
men. This tract is called A.la~ Ghouteh. It extends about one
merhileh by two. There is not, in all Syria, a more delightful
place. There is a bridge in the midst of the city of Demeabk, by
which a horseman may pass over the water, .which goe$ on to the
villages of Ghouteh, and runs amongst their inns, and .bot-baths, ·
and shops.

Here is one of the largest mosques in all the land of the Mus-
sulmans, part of which was built in ancient times by the ~ ~La
Sabians. Then it fell into the possession of the Greeks, and
became a place of religious worship to them. After that, it fell
into the hands of the Jews, and of certain princes who adored
idols ; and at that time they put to death Yahiah, the son of Za-
chariah, y/J l:.H ~ to whom be peace! and fixed his head_
upon a pole, before the gate of this temple, at the place which
they call u~fr yy Bab Jeroud (probably u>f.'"' Jews'-gate'.)
It then passed into the hands of the Christians, who performed in it,
likewise, their religious ceremonies, until, at length, it came into
the possession of the True Believers ( the Mussulmans ), to whom it
serves as a mosque. At the same spot where the head of Yahia
hen Zachariah had been fixed, the head of Hosein, the son of Ali,
to whom be peace I was also exposed. Walid hen Abd-al-Molk,
ul,.J 1 ~ l:.H ~~ in his time, caused this building to be
repaired, and beautified with pavements of marble, _and also pil-
 ( fl )

Jars.of variegated marble, the tops of which were · ornamented

with gold. and studded with precious stones, and all the ceiling
be .caused to be coveml with gold; .and it is said that he ex-
pended .t he revenues of all Syria on this work.

Beyond the borders of n:rmesbk is ~ Baalbek, situated

on an eminence. Here are the gates of palaces, sculptured in
marble; and lofty columns, also of marble._ In the whole regio~ .
of ~yria, there .is not a more .stnpemlous or considerable ediJice
than tltis.

u-'--!!}'
Trabolis (Tripolis) is ;a t<:>WD on the shore of
the Sea of Roum, well-inhabited, and aaounding in dates. _ The
chief town of this district is ·~ He~es (Emessa), a place
well-supplied with provisions, and of excellent air. The inhabit.
ants are celebrated as being handsome. Neither scorpions nor
serpents are found here. It is copiously watered ; the lands are
cukivated, and ,there .a re many tree,. There is also a· church
( ~ tt-lf ·aOhmstiaD-churcb,. Ecclesia), .to ·which :there is not, in size,
uay churoh of Syria -equal : ,ooe half of this _building is a church;
the .other,, a :mosque. The streets here are paved with stone.

O"'__,,.._)ojl
.A~rsous• is a castle or fortress~ situated on the
coast of the Sea -of Roum. 6. .... ~ Selmisa is a .town on the

~ The ayUablcJ)1 h 8CCIDll ·to have been prefixed through "1istakc·or carelessness. ·
G 2
. l>orders of the desert: most of the inhabitants are ~ l j ) Ha-she•
mites. The district of Kanserin c.,-:'~ "..)y·
is the pass be•
tween lrak. and Syria. j _r Shebirz and ~ Hema are two
small towns, agreeably situated, with good wa,ter, and many
trees, 'and muoh cultivated land. (JM~ Mesres is a town and
district supplied with rain water. ~l;.:i. Khenaserah is a small
-town on the borders of the' desert.

~'f Gherahel,n is a district, of which the chief town is

1/1.kit Antakiah. After Demesbk, there is not any place more
delightful. It has a fortification of stone, and abounds in planta-:
tions of palm and other trees, cultivated ~Ids, water, and mills~
Round the territories a horseman inay go for two days. The water
flows through the streets, and amidst the chief buildings. There is
aplacewhichtbeycall the~~ ,r Sekhreh Mousi, or Rock
of ~oses, to whom be peace !

·u-J~ Balis is· a town on the banks of the river Euphrates.

~ Menje is situated in the ·desert: rain-water is made use of
there. ~ Saiheh is a, small town, where there is a bridge of
sto!}e, called t h e ~ ,F Kentereh_Saiheh, than which, in
all the land of Islam, there is not a more extraordinary bridge•
.bi .,. ~ Samisat ~s a town situated on the river· Euphrates.
. J ~ ~ Hysn·Mansour is a small fortress, the land about
which is watered with rain-water: here are oratories and mosques.
~ Hedeth 611d ~r' Meraash are two small towns, plea..;
 ( 45 )

santly situated, with trees and cul~vated lands. · ,},!J Zeitrah

is a considerable fortress in the ~cinity of Roum (Natolia}, and
the,Jt.oumians have sacked and plundered it. ~.J-,'lj)
Harou-
. niah is si~ted to the west of the j ~ , /Mount Lekam : it ia
a small castle, e~cted by order of Haroun Arrasheid. · · .

":'J..J~ t Eskanderouiah is a fortress situated on the coast

of the Sea of Roum : it is small, but has some plantations of date •
trees. c., I ~ Nethinan is a fortress on the sea-coast : from this
place they send into Egypt and Syria the wood of the fir-tree,
(T~ ). ~ Kei;rih is also a castle or fortress on the sea-
shore. ":'....U ~ Aien-Zariah is a place which produces dates
and other·fruits, and much com.

~~o Masisah and L.y/J Kufert6uma are two towns

situated on the banks of the river c . , ~ Jihan. Between these
two towns there is a bridge of stone. The situation of these
towns is so high, that if a_ person should look .from the top of the
I

mosque, be would see almost as far as the ocean. Aiul Adneh is

-a little town, ·a bout half the size of Masisah, on the banks of a .
· small river called c . , ~ Seihan. The town is pleasant,. ~nd
well-supplied. The river Seihan is less than the river Jihan :
oYer it there is a very lofty bridge of stone. Both the-Seiban and
Jihan come from Roum.

<.rrf Tarsous is a conside~ble town, with ~ double wall Qt

 atone. The inhabitants are valiant men, horsemen, and fond of war•
like achievements. It is a strong and pleasant place. From it to the
borders of Roum are many hills and mountains of difficult aseent.
They say that in Tarsous there are above a thousand horsemen ;
and in all the chief cities of Islam, such as Seiestan, and Kirman,
• and Pars, and Khuzistan, and Irak, and Hejaz, and Egypt, there
are inns, or public places, appointed for the people of this town.

<.rll.)I Awlas is a fortress situated on ~e sea-shore: the inha-

J>itants are a people who worship God*; and it is the ex- -
treme boundary. of the Mussulman territories on the coast of ·the
Sea of -Roum. f ..J Rekem Bilka :
is a town situated near ~
all the walls and houses are of stone, in such a manner that one ·
would imagine they were all of one piece.

The land of the tribe of Lot (k_,J~) is called AJAJI ~..Ji

Aredz · Almokloubah ; that is, the land turned upside-down.
Neither corn, nor herbage, nor cattle, are found here: the ground
is black ; and stones are seen scattered about, which one would
imagine to ~ the stones showered down on that wicked racet.
• .::-_x ~ s,A,i
t Sec Koran, ~ l .::...,,- ,hap_ter of Hejr, (so called from a district in the province
of l:lejaz.) ,
, __ ..., .::,~ ~,.~l... Li-1•-l 1.1:.t_l •. l~~ . ....;.i...~' ..a,j~l.;
.,.._.,. c:T4 :J • rr.--• ~ -'"1t"'-' ~ • ~:- "'1 - - I r -.
" Whc:rcfore a terrible storm from Heaven assailed them at sun-rise, and we turned
 ( 47 )

c.,la... Moan is a small town in possession of the (~I~) .

Ommiades. u,w~ Bagheras is a town in which there are publick
inns, •erected by o~J
Zeibdeh, or Zebideh; and in all Syria
there are not any besides. i.::., .Jr
Serout is a pleasant town, .in
the district of ~emeshk, on the borders of the Sea of Roum.
Juzai, the author of the Chronicles, dwelt there*.

Distances of Plac~s in Sham and Jezireh.

THE lengtli of the roads of Sham is taken from ~ Meli-

. .
tiah to f:-J Remah. From Melitiah to ~ Menje is four days
journey; from Menje to ~6. Haleb, Aleppo, two days jour-
ney; from Haleb to ~ Hemess, five days journey; and frow
Hemess to u ~.
,u Demeshk, five days journey; from A.4,_,
· Ramlah, to e,.J Remah, two days journey : total, twenty-five
days journey. Between· ~u_,I Arden, and va-,.:=-. Hemess, and
1w•-~, ,u Demeshk, the extent is not moi:e than a· journey of

the city (Sodom) upside down, and rained on them stones of baked clay." The first
passage ,is translated by Maracci, (Alcor. Vol. II. p. 3 8 3 ,) " Sustulit ercf> cos clamor
(Gabriclis) ad ortum solis pervenientes." I have offered some remarks on this passage
in the Oriental Co~lections, Vol. II. p, 131. ·

• ~b rLL. ~I _,~I ~~ ~!l,I

 { 48 )
. . .
three days; because that from Demeshk t_o ~!}, Trabolls is a
journey of two days along the sea towards the west ; · from the
extremity of Ab~ Ghoutah, to that. place where it joins ·the desert
_towards the east, is a journey of one day; from Hemess to ~

- .
Selimiah, in the desert, one day's journey to the ~t; from
~r- .
Tibe_riah to Jyt' Sour, in the water (yT;o), one day's
jou~ey ; from that to the borders of ~ Feik, in the territories
of the v~ ~ Beni Farareh, to the east, about the same
distance.

Such are the length and breadth of Syria; and the distances
from one place to another are these, beginning from Palestine,
which is the chief part of Syria to the south, and its capital ~

Ramlah, from which to the town of Lo;~ Barmah is half a

merhileh ; from Palestine to c . , ~ 4scalon, is one . merhileh,
to ~ Azzah, one merhileh; from Ramlab to the lr(.)Jy I ~
Beit Alrnokeds, or Holy House (Jerusalem), one day's journey;
from Ramlah to ~J~ Caisariah, one day's journey; from
Ramlali to ~ U Nabolis, one day's journey; from that_to fJ
Za.ar, one day's journey; from that to the of_f, o..J-5 Mount
. Sh~rah, one day's journey; and from the Mount to the extremity
of the country, three days journey.

The chief town of c.,J..)T Arden (or Orden) is AS_pb Tiber-

theh, or Tiberiah; from which to ..)yt' Sour is a journey of two
 f.ana.ng; from that to ul,ltJ~ Banias, two days easy journey;
from that to .... ~ Akebseh, one day's journey. ~u.....,T Arden
is :the smallest district of.Syria.

\w• ,ii .u Demeshk is the · chief town of th~ district of that

·ll&Dle. · From that to ~ Baalbek is a journey of two days;
and to Trabolis,·two days; and to I ~ Seida, two days; and to
le..Ju I Aderaa, four days journey; and to ~e ex~eme boundary.
of Ghouteh, one'day's journey; to ~ ~~ Houran and ~Beniah,
two days journey.

.
Th!! .chief town of the district of <:.)-!~ Kanserin bears the
aa~ ~me; but the governor's palace, the markets, ·great mosques, .
. and public buildings, ate at ~ J!aleb. · From ·Haleb to y)J
Thar.eb is.one day's journey; _from ~aleb to lr.Y Kow, also one
. .
·tlay's journey; and from Haleb to C
Menje, two days journey.

~ f Antakiah is the chief t~wn of the distric~ of t°!f

Gherasem. From that to ~uJ/ Ladikiah· is a journey of three
days:. from that to ()Ml~ Bagheras is one day's journey, and to
y__;lJ Thareb, two days journey; and to Hemess, five me,:hileb:
from that to ~~ Meraash, two _days journey; and to \.!J~
Hedeth, three days journey. This frontier
.
has not any common
.
c_apital ; but each town is independent i,n itself.

.
C- Menje is situated n~ this frontier. From Menje to the
R
 ( 50 )

Euphrates is one easy merhileh: from Menje to <J'Y Kow, two

merhileh; and fro~ Mcnje to ~ .. Melitiah, ·four days journey;-
and from Menje to .blw.~ Samisat,. two days-journey; and=
from Samisat to...)~_~ Hysn Mansour, one day's journey;
from Hysn Mansour to Melitiah, two days journey ; and from
Hysn Mansour to Netirah, one day's journey; and from·
1~

Hysn Mansour to \!Ju.=. Hedeth, one day's journey ; and from

Hedeth to ~:r° Meraash, a journey also of one day.

Those are the distances of the ~fr J..,;J Seghur Jezirah.

Now we proceed to the distanceS of places in the i~ Jy ·;
Seghur Sha.m. From A:'.:JJ~ f Eskan.derouiak to <J'4JI
.Anb1µ, is one merhileh.; from AnQU to " ~-• Ma3isah, as fitr
as A.tul Aditheh, o~e day's journey; from Adi_theb to <J'.r'j°
Tarsous, one day's journey; from ~arsous to i.:,~~ Hou,ra,:,,,
two days journey; and from Tarsous to <Y"~..,, Aulas, on· the
Sea of. Roum, two farsang : from Anbas• to Ai.·.~ ifKenisah, and
~..:,)~ Harounit1h, one day's journey, or Jess; and from Haroun-
iah to Meraash, which belongs to the Segbour, or frontiers of
Jezireb, is a journey of one day.

• v-431 Anbas, undoubtedly the same that -was before written v-j_,1 Aulas•

•
 ( tH )

-Description of the Sea of Roum, or Mediterranean. '

Ta E Sea of Roum is a bay or gulph, proceeding from the great

~ <r-'w! Anda.lw. Between ,_ft4! Ba.sireh, and between
-at
the land of ~ Tanjeh and ';!fr Jezireh, there is a certain
knountairi, which they call ~_,lb.JI J4=:-- Jebal al Tarek, situ-
·,ted: on the poi\lt of the borders of Aridalus. At that place .the
breadth of this sea is twelve farsang; and it becomes · broader,
and more considerable, as it extends to the coast of y..,--. Magreb,
on the east~m·tide (of Gibraltar); tili it apptoaches the land of
Egypt, and from that p~eeds towards Syria, .along those places
which we have above described : it turns, and passes by the cities
- of Roum, as far . as ~lb.ii Antakiah ; then it joins the ~
which forms the bay of ii. t ~ Costantiniah, Constantinople';
then it proceeds along the coast of U"''-¥.1 ·Ainas • ; then along _
-the coast o f ~ Roumiah; and then to ~I Frank, France,
along the shore to ..,.-j, Tarsowah, on · the sea of Andalus ;
A>H

and then, continuing along the coast df ·.Ari&ilus, lt at last joins

:the ocean at Jebel al Tarek, opposite Basireh, .and proceeds as
·far as (;.)'!:f"! Besi~in, which is_the extre~ point of the land of
-Islam.
•
• Or ~~1 A•!,as.
H 2
 ( 52 )

~ Kelimah, o r ~ Kelmiah, is a town which belonged

to the (.:.)½...J Roumians; and there is a gate at <..r.J»'j"
Tarsous, which they call ~ y~ Bab Kelimah, or the Gate
. · of Kelimah. Keli mah is at a distance from the sea. About a
merhileh's distance from that, there is a village on the sea-shore,
called ~"'l Lames ; from that village the country is Roum.

iflb;I Antakiah i.s a very_ strong fortress, belonging to the

~oumians, situated on the sea-shore. It is well-inhabited, and
has many villages depending on it. _ The bay on which it is situated
is of bitter or salt water; and they call it the Bay or Gulph of
Costantinah a ¼,b;.b,,Ji ~ " A chain is (or may be) drawn
acrc;>ss this gu!ph, to hinder any one from passing there from the
aea or elsewhere;" • and this gu)ph falls into the Sea of Roum ..

On the side of ~oum there are shores which they call the coasts
.of Asas- U"'l-1 ~!r and Rowniah ~ . ) These are two
:well-inhabited and considerable towns, with villages and tilletl
lands : they belong _to ·the Christians, and are situated n~ the
sea. Asas is the place from which came the (.:.) lJy. (.:.) ~
.Grecian Philosophers. l!oumiab is one of .the props of the king-
_dom of the Christians; they have one throne(~_/) at Anta-
kiah, one at A/.J~ I Eskanderouiah, and one at Roumiab;
· and the throne which they have at <..r<.>Jy I ~ Beit al Mokeds

•
 ( 63 )

(lenisalem) ·did not. emt.in·th~ ~e of the Apostles (~~J~),

but has been ~trodu~. for the.greater honour ,and· aggrandu,e,.; .
ment of that city. From those places the .sea proceeds towards
the coast· of~j Frank, and, passing . by ¥.lk, silcaliah
(Sicily), g~ on to ~Y.,f Tarsousah, belonging.to the land of
o-Jwl Andalus~ . . . .

. .We have already.. spo~n.. of the cities, towns, and coasu, of

; Magreb, and Egypt, and Syria, to the extremity of Islam : it is
not necessary to say more on those subjects. In this Sea of Roum
there are islands, great and small. ¥.lk,
Sikaliah is the most
considerable o_f them all~ . There ~, ~ides, u-b:,j I .Akrites,
c..rjii Kibres, and <he mount called J.)l;LJ
I ~ Jebel al
Kellal. \: .

, . ~ikalabJs near, Fiank: it i& 3n: island of near nine merhileh

in extent; · and procl\iees inore com: and provisions, male slaves
'-
4nd female attendants; ·and cattle, thap any other island belong-
ing tQ the ~ussul~~.,· jn ;this . .sea. · •Akrites is a smaller island
-'than ,$iJr-1iab: it. is ·inhabi~ l>y t~ Mussulmans and 1.:,Y.)~ ·
Ghaziqns ; and a~ongs~ ·them. there is a tribe of Christians. The
inhabitant& of K.il>res are all _.Cbristia,ns~ A:Jtrites is a very strong
island: at present the inhabitants are on terms of peace with the
Mussulmans. They bring ~ Mastiky from ~bres to the
countries. of Islam. -

•
 ( 54 )

, Th~ place called JlUiJ f ~ -Jebel. al Kellal bas., been. ruined;

1,ut is now inhabited by Mussulmans; and it a1rords sufficient
water and land. It is, in extent, ·two days jouniey, situated on
the frontiers of Frank ; but the -Frariks have not been able to get
posaesaion of it.: There are not, any where, shores so delightfully
intenpersed with buildings on both sides, as the shores of this
sea. Here the ships of Mussulmans and of Infidels sail about,
and sometimes oppose ~eh other in battle, t~ the number of,··an
hundred ships o~ each side.

oj.fr .J~~ ··- ✓-1: ;.

'} . : I i1 .
Description of Jezireh, or Mesopotamia.

THE tract of country called Jezireh is that which lies betw-een

the 'rivers ~u ·nejleh ·(Tigris) and c.::.,tj Forat (Euphrates.)
The Forat rises in Roum, at a distance of two days journey from
a ~ Melitiah, and then proceeds to kl.~ Samisiit~ On the
·eastern side of the river Dejleh, and on· the western 'sidtf of the
Forat, are various cities and towns, -which are reckoned, on ac-
count of their vicinity, as belonging -to Jezireh, although in fad:
not so. . .' . ...
' '

Now we shall lay before the reader a map of this country,

with the names of its several cities•

•
 ( 55 )

Dutances of Pl.aces in Jeureh.

FR-OM the:source of the Euphrates(~!,; Forat) to the borders

Qf ~~ti;µi; to Samisat, two .days jowney : from Samisat to
~~ _H aser~e,ue, four days journey; to Ai..J Raccah,. two
days journey : from Racca to . ..J4Jf Anbar, twenty merhileh ;
i;oQl ~fi 1'acrith to Anbar, two days- journey; from Tacrith
to J...o,rMowui, ~ix days journey; from Mousul to ~T .Amid,
four days journey; from Amid to Samisat, three days journey;
from .Samisat to Melitiab, three days journey; from Mousul to
uJ.-t Beled, one m.erbj.leb; and froi;n Be1ed to ~ Nisibin~
thr~ merbileh; from Nisibin to . ~ I .<.r~ -Rm-al-aiffl~ three·
merhileb; .fl'QDil ftaMu.;.Jien to ~j Ra.c~a, a j<>umey of four days.

Of the Towns and District& of Jezireh.

~ Nisibin is rendered, by its river and delightful verdure:,

one of the pleasantest places of Jezireh.. It is a considerable
town, .situated on a level grounc;l, · watered by a stream which
 ( 50 )

issues from a mountai.n called lw,.J-'~

Balousa, and thence pro-
ceeds among the gardens and corn-fields. c., lu/ Curdan is a
place inhabited by Christians. It produces. deadly scorpions: And
there is a very strong castle or fortress, which cannot be taken by
. /

force of arms ; and the hill on ~eh it is situated abounds in ser-

pents, whose stings occasion death. . In the vicinity of Nisibin
there is a mountain called ~oJL. Mardein, which, from the
'1ottom to th~ summit, measures two ~ng; and on it is another ·
impregnable castle. This molll)tain produces· chrystal ( J_r! ).

~_r Mousul is a city, the buildings of which are all of stone

and mortar: it' is a considerable place. . ~ Beled is a small
town on the ·banks of the river Dejleh (Tigris) to the · west;
and there is a stream running out of the Dejleh : it is planted
with trees, and has some cultivated lands. J ~ Senjar is a
town situated near a mountain, which produces date trees in great
number ; and in all the land of Jezireh there is not any other
place that produces dates, except ~ Meileth, on the banks
of the Euphrates.

~lu ...J4il Anbar Dara is a small town, with water and cul-
. tivated lands. le_,:;_j-f Kufertowna is situated on aplain: it is
larger than Dara (the Anbar Dara before mentioned); it has
streams, and trees, and cultivated fields. · ~ I c.r!J Ras-al-
aien is likewise situated on a level ground. Cotton grows here
in great abundance. Near three hundred streams proceed from
 .'

( 61 )
this. spot : the· water is so clear, that one may see whatever is at
the bottom. Those streams are collected together, _and ~e the
source of the river ~!Jy.l:i..Khabouran, as far as ~ j . OQ which, ,
K.arkesia, there are about twenty hamlets and villages. Ras-al- -
aien is larger than Kufertouma, ·and· bas many trees, and m:uch
cultivated land~ ,

c.MT Amid is situated on the eastern side ~ the Dejleh (Tigris),

and ha& strong walls, trees; ;and ~tiva.ted lands. ~I ~.fr r
Je~ireh Ebn Omar· is a small town, with· some·-trees; on the
weetern side of the river Dejleh. .bL..,.~ Samisat is the. last
town of Jezireh, situated on the east of the Dejleh· and Forat.
~ Melitiah, apd the ,.~ Jyi Segf,.our. Sham, or frontiers of
Syria, as we before mentioned, are reckoned as belonging to
. .
Jezireh, . because the people of that province occasionally reside in
those places. ~ Haditha is situated on the .banks of -the
Dejleb, to · the east; it _Jiu many corn-fields, trees, and gardens.
The ri~er Dejleh runs, by _the Mount
s ~ -of_ the 4.J~ ":.Y
Bann.a ; and " _on these hills there are springs or fountains_ that
yield _gold d~ _and bi~en • ;" and these mountains extend
through Jezireh towards the westf, till they come to the boniers

• ..>,.tt.,
• ,.-
.J ,
ldJ •;cl .. ~- _1~l :
"J;'~
~
~__,.. ,
_

t "r'~ f§,- It certainly should be ,},r I§,- towards the east.

l
 ,I

( II )

tlf c;l._/ Kirm.ttn : -d ·it is aaicl .chat thete are die movnt:ain• of
Masil'l.{l.mi. ~-

Description of Diar Modhar.

-.iiL, J -N...:J Ra&. and Ra.jika are twe ·towns ·of this pro-
-vlnee, situated ·on :the· eastern side ef die river Forat; -they ho&
llave mosques, and are ':pl8.11ted with .trees : ·and on the weatem
·side of'the Forat, between :R ttkka and ~~ Bal,e,, is ·the burial..
1>lace of _rY. ,.;J{Jr ·0mnt-beri-Yaser.
~'~-Jedan ·is a town of midaling size, ·inhabited by a race of
·people whom ·they ·caH (.~L.o ·Sabians. Their place of.religious
·worship ·is ·on a lofty pile 'orn~p ·( ~ ~ r,), wb:ich the,
ascribe to Abraham, on whom be the l>leasing of God·! This ·
·place they hold in high veneration ; esteeming it holy, and making
·pilgrimages to 1t from other quatters. There are -but few:tnf$
·and·little water at Jedan.

{J)) Zoha is a place of nearly the same si7.e. The Christians"al'e

• ~I~ or Nascdan <.!J'Jw.U But the word is so badly written, that the true
reading may be quite different.
•

( 40 )
-here predominant. In this town there are above three hundred ·
churches or monasteries ('-'clyJ y.cl'-'•o;tw). The land is well
watered a.ad cultivated; an4 there is hae a Christian dwrcll
( ~ ~ ) , than which in all Islam there is not any greater.·
.
. r~Jasir Menje and ~... t,..... Samisat, ue two towni\
with gardens and cultivated lands, well-watered; both situated
en the wmtern side of the river Forat. 4ij Karkisa ia on the
banks of the. river ...Jy.l=i. Khabour: it abounds in fine pro•pects;
cultivated lands, andgardens. ~fa~
c-OL. ~...J Rahabah
Malek ben Tawk is a town, well-watered, and planted with
trees, situated on the eastern side of the river Forat. ~ Heith
is on the western side of.the Fomt : if baa a strClllg castle, arid_ is
oppo&ite ~r° Tacrith. Tacrith iii situated on the western si~
of the river Dejleh. J4,,1 Anbar is a town of middlil\g iize.
Al.Jl,! ("'-W1 lr4,,Jt y.1 Abou al Abbas al Kaiem Billah resided
there,. and the 1eaains of his palace are still visible. It~ a plea-
lltftt place; prochJeing es:eellent emps, anti good· pl'Offlioas and
dates. .The territories of this place are extensive ; and there is in
.Jemeh a race of ·peop~, ftom ~ J Rebaia and·~ Modhar,
who po~s horses, and mules, and sheep. ·Some of these people
dwell in the desert, and some in the villages on the bo~ers of
Jmreh. : ··· ·

~!.) Zabein (the two Zabs) are considerable streams; each

about half as great as the Dejleh. They rise among the mountains
I 2
 •

( oo )
of ~ ~~ ..)~T .Azerbaigan. Of these the luger is that which.
~ns towards ~ex. Haditheh. These streams form part of the·
~ver Dejleb, and water the district of or\.,., Samerah.

4'J~ .Aaneh is a small town, situated where the river Forat

' forms a 'bay or gulph. This place is called the ~ ... ,. ~
,Hysn Moselamah. They say that it belonged to ~oselamah hen
.A.bdal Mulk. A branch ofthe·Ommiades (~I ~ Beni-Om-
miah) is settled there. It is a pleasant place, and well-supplied
with provisions. It belonged to C$~1 ~1 ~ UM4c .Abbcu
ben al Omar al Ghanoui. ·

..)~ -~ Jj' Tel beni Seiar (the heap or pile of the sons of
Seiar) is a small town, inhabited by. a tribe · of Arabs of the
~ ~ Beni Ghun~.

C$u.fr Joudi is a molDltain near Nisibin. It is said that the

.Ark of Noah (to whom be peace!) rested on the summit of this
mountain. At the foot of it there is .a village called ~y The-
mabin; _and they say that the companions of Noah . descended
here from the ark, and built this village.

r;.,_rSeruje is a_ large town, abounding in fruit., at the dis~cc .

of one merbileh from the town of~,!fr Jeran.
 •
( 61 )

Description of Irak Arabi. -

·TaE length of lrak. is taken from ~.J3 Tacrith to ~lu~ · ·

Abad.an; · and the breadth, from u I ~ Baghdad to ~ Cufa, . y
to ~w Cadesiah, to ~!,,b. Bolwan; and from k..!J
TFaset,
to ~ Kelb, · and Yyj K£!-rkoub; and from .o~ Basrah to_
the.borders of '-r Hey;· and from Tacrith to .J.));,r Shehr-
iour, _and the' borders ·o f Holwan an<l ~ !.,~ SeirWan, and o ~
. Seimereh, - and the borders of ~ Teib, ·and .of c..rr Sus;
again·. to· Hey, to· the &eL · From Tacrith to the sea there -is,
according ·to·the lirle·we have described, a considerable inflexion,
or _winding, towards the w~t, behind the u!,- souad• of Basrah
in the de,ert; to-the souad of Basrah, as far as e'-~
Betaiah;
to the souad of ~Y Cufa, to the river Forat, to .J4JI Anbar,
to ~.,;::,· Tacrith, between the rivers Dejleh and Forat ; and m ,.
this line. of borders:·&om the sea to Tacrith, there is likewise a
windir;tg ·or curve. ·

• The villap and •mall towns of Ink are, in,p,enl, called sOIUld.
 Distances of Place, in Irak.

FaoM Tacrith to the sea-shore, by the winding line on the

eastern side, is a journey of one month ; and from the sea to
Tacrith, by the outline on the weetem ·side, is likewise a _jQumey
of one-month. From Baghdad to 0;4~ Samereh is a distance of
three merhiieh ; and from Samereh tQ Tacrith, two merhilch:
from Baghdad to Cufa, four merhileh ; from Cu& to ~ou
CadeJiah, one merbileh : from Baghdad 'to _.b..,!, '/Yaset,. eight
merhileh; and from Baghdad to ~ !,Jo.. Holwtm, six merhileh:
froin the borders of o ~ Seimereh and ~ ~~ Seirwan, the
same distance. From Waaet to o~ Baoah is a distance of eight
merhileh; from Cufa to W aset, six merhileh; from Baarah to the
sea, two merhil~ ; from Holwan oo Cadesiah, eleven merhileh.
The brea~th, from 'll,., Samereh, on the .banks of the river
Dejleh, to the borders of JJ);,r Shehrzour• and ~ ~ ~_,~T
Azerbaijan, is a distance of fifteen merhileh, or per~ps one
merhileh more ; and-the breadth at W aset, four merhileh ; and the

· • Called, by the modem Turks, Shthtruul. According to Persian Chronicles,

Alexander the Great died at this placc.-Sce the " Epitome of the A11dent Histo,-, of
Persia," page 26.
 •

( 08 )
breadth of13asrah, from the city .of Basrah to the borders of Hey,
is-one merhileh.

Such ve the distances of places in lrak .Arabi•

.Account of tlUJ Cities -aR~ To_wns of Irak Arabi .

• o/4'! Basrah is a considerable city, the foundation of which
was laid in the time .of y~J f CJ-! r, Omar ebn Alkhitab---
(may God ,reward him !)---and -the .b~ding performed by
(.:.)!J_f ~I ~.dtbah ebn Ghazouan. On the western side
of Basrab .the desert approache$, which is without water. " It is.
" said, that the .riv-ers or streams of -Basrah were reckoned in Ute
"time.of Belal hen Abi Bordeh~ and amounted to the number of
" one hundred and-twenty thousand-str~s,. on which boats were
"emplo1ed. This -anecdote astonished .m e: I went there, and be-
" held, wi~ the s_pace e~ -about an arrow's single flight, several
" amall -&treams, on which little boats were employed•...

• }~ ~-.,->- ,)J~~ • ~ Sf~l,.) Af' ~.,t

._ ...
•~y. s,t1 f:t? J~}J'J,.,J_Jl
. ..... ,._
., f'~.J ~1 ~1 ~ ~ ~1 ,.,... , ~~r!=.J \( (!_)1..,r J..,,J ~ .M1y. l-'.J
{.!..\,_,l 4,f 41..,,J ~ ~,-t 4,f ~~l-'.J.J4-t ":'l;,X ,ti ~.,)~_Jl ~ f'~
. ~,~..,"
•
 •

( 64 )
The extent of Basrah comprises. about fifty farsang from ~ :
S.ey, to (.:.) fu4s: .Abadan, which is the palm-plantation ( 01 :;.., ~~
of Basrah. At Basrah is the tomb of AlJ I ~ ~ ~ Tal-
hah bin Abdallah; may God rewa~ him ! And there are several •
.·pi.ces, also, to which pilgrimages are made; such as the tomb of
F:f ~ ~ I .Al Hara ben Serir, and other learned men. The
river ulJ)j Zohad runs. folJ! ~ : it is · so thickly interspersoo
with ~illas and gardens, that you wo~d imagine the whole place
was one garden. Many streams belong to ·this ,place, and palm-
trees arc here in great number. When the water of the sea rises
or increases, the waters of. those streams ·go back amongst_ -the •
.
gardens, and fielas, and orchards ; · and ·when the water of the
sea sinks or diminishes, the river-waters return to their channels,
but are all brackish, or of a bitter taste. A.½f· .Ableh ~ situated
on this river ; and there is a dangerous place, called Hawer Ableh,
in it, ~ t which vesselft from the sea must be well guarded,
lest they should be sunk there. Ableh is a small town, but weJI
supplied with 'provisions, and pleasantly situated, one side being
towards the Dejleh. That river (above mentioned) comes . from
the Dejleh, in a direct line to (.:.)fu4,c .Abadan. The soil
or earth of Basrah is white. The towns of this district are;
Ableh, ~ Mentah, and..)lv... Medar; all small tow~s, _·s itu-.
ated on the river Dejleh. The chief of tpese is Ableh.

• Or ',f- n,,.

•
 •
( . 0.1 )

In the territories of Basrab are L,:.I .Jlima and ,tUo.t

Betalah, ·
Boats or vessels are moved be.re by the strength of men. Near this
place are great gulpbs or abysses : one would imagine that ~
land bad been dry at some former time ; and it is possible .that
the wa.ter, making its way from the rivers of &srah, had aetUe4
wbe?e\'er it found a deep furrow or pit.

JG,.. !J 'IYaset is situated on the two banks of the Dejleh. It has

been built since the introduction of Islam. The foundation was
laid by ~Y. '(!_~ Hejaje Yusuf. It" is strongly built; and
the castle of Hejaje is there, on the western side, with a few fields
belonging t0. ·it. "\Yuet is a populous tol_Vll, and well supplied
with proviaion&---of a purer air than Basrah: the vicini~y of it it
p)anted•witb·gardens, end well culti~ed. ·

A3y Cufa ii sinaller than·Basrah, but resembles · it in some

,especta. The air and water of Cufa are better than those of
.Basrah. h is situat:ed near the river Forat. The suburbs of Cufa
were built by y,o~.J ~ ~ Saad ben 'IYakas~

~,.J li Cad,siah, and of-P"' Heirah, and ,_t;J~ Kh.awr..

•
nak, are situated on the skirts of the desert. towards the west.
the river (Euphrates) running by them· on the east : they a1ford
' dates, and have some cultivated lands. From Cufa to these places
is a distance of one merhileh. Heirah is an ancient city, and large;
but when Cufa was built, Heinb was drained of its inhabitants.
.&
 ( 60 )

. Heirah enjoys a. pure air, and ·js · one fu.rsang distant fyom Cnfa.
·At Cufa is• situated the tomb·or meshed of the Commander· of the
·Faithful, ~lb (5-1 l.;.H ~ .Ali ben Abi- Taleb, on whom
be peace ! Some ~y it 1s in·the cloister at the entrance.of the· chief
mosque; and others say · it· is ·at · a · distance of two farsang.
..
~oli Cadesiah is situated ·on the border of the desert:- it bas
ru~ng water, and cultivated lands. From Cadesiah, on the con-
. fines of lrak, until yo~ come to Medinah (rLlf 1 ~<->... Medi-
nah Alssalam, the city ·of Islam), ·there: is not any ninning
water.

· c)fv..i,i Baghdad is a ·celebrated· city~ erected since the-intro-

duction of lslim. · It was built by..)~ ~ y.l Abou JoJfer
. Mansour•. At first the western quarter was built~ ·and every one
settled himself there in any manner he $ought fit. Afterwards
it became· populous; and wlien ($~ Mohdi · succeeded· to the
·khalifatf, he encamped his.troops on the eastern side. Buildings
were then erected, and that quarter also became thickly inhabited.
The villas and palaces extended for near ·two farsang· from ·
Baghdad to the river, and this city became the residence of the
khalifs. The buildings were continued from· the river to the •
district of b..~ Waset, and from above the Dejleh to ~~

• This Khalif (of the House of .J/J/Jas} began to reign A. H. 136, (A. D. 754.)
The foundaion of Baghdad was laid in the year of the Hegira 145.
t He began to reign A. H..158, (A, D~ 77 S•)
 ( OJ )

_ Sh~tnasi~ a distance of nearly five ~ - The eastern side

they· <:all_ ~.L-o_, ul-'?J I y~ .Bab_ al Tauk Resafeh, and _also
($~I ~ Asker. al Mohdi. It is said that the ~~ Ba~
al 'F_a,,,Jr. .js cleiiyed from a ,certain. great dome, or cup~la, in 'the
• • • #. • • ,;

prin<;ipal baiar .or_market-place, called ~ I u r,. So~k aJ,

.A-: ..
~m -. .

Resafeh is a OOllfiderable .suburb~ built by v .~-~ R~hid, near

the ,~~.~-Meded Jamia: the western · side is called
t_/ Korkh. Here-,are three mosques; one, the Mesjed Jamia al
Mansour; another, situated at the Bab, al Tauk; and the other, at
-. the ~~I )lo.Dar al Khalifah, or palace of the K.halif: an~
...
the buildings ~ontinue as far as . ~!,l-{ Ke(wazi, ·where there
is a mosque.. Over _the river ~jleh a_ bridge has ~n constructed
of boats; and .from the c.,l,.;l_f. ~!.,Ju gate. of K.horasari, t~
the place called ~_r~ I y~ Ba_b alia Se~theh~ the breadth of
)he city at 'both sides is about six miles.

. Korkh is very well inhabit~~ .and_ co1_1Siderable commerce i:9

there carried on ; but the trees and streams are on the eastern side.
The water they drink is .of the river ~ lj.;y-i: Nehrwan. On the
• western side there is a· stream, called t~ ~,J't Nehr Is~,
oi: the river .of. Jesus---a branch of the Fo,;at, ~hich, passing by
Baghdad, .falls into the Dejleh.

~tween Bagb~d ~d /JJ y Cufa there are many districts and

K 2
 Tillages, through which run streams from the river Fora.t. Here
is situated the town offti' SarJar, on the atream called Sarsar,
at a distance of three fa.rsang from Baghdad. It is a pleasant
a
town, witli land well cultivated. After that, at distance of
two fanang, is the ~ 1.J't Nehr al Mol~ (or the King's river.)
There is a bridge over it ;· and it is much more considerable than
. the river of Sarsar. The district of Nehr al Molk. is better culti-
vated, and a1fords more com and fruits, than Sarsar. From that
· one proceeds to o ~ ~f ~ Keir Ebn Ho·beireh, situated on
the river Forat, and one of the most considerable places between·
Cufa and Baghdad. Here are several streams, so that the water
is much augmented, and pasaes on to the town of L,_ra Soura.
The great river Forat has not any brancl~ more considerable than
this. From Soura it proceeds to the souad ( u ~) or villages in
the neighbourhood of Cufa; and after that falls inta the river of
e~ Betaiah.

~ / 'Kerbela is situated on the west of the Forat, opposite to

or near <_t-1.t-) Kesr ebn Hebeireh.

o_r~ Samereh is altogether situated to the east•. In this

quarter there is not any running water, but the river Al-katoul, •
J_,JoW;yi that runs at some distance from the town. Buildings,
and streams, and trees, are opposite, on the western side, and
 ·extend for near one nierhileh. The nrst fo~dcr of this place was
~~ o Motasem .; and it 'has since fiillen into the hands of J.f"fa
MolalJ!akel*, and is all in ruins, so much ~t within the space of
a farsang there is not any building or ·cultivated land to be seen.
The air and fruits of Samareh are better than those of Baghdiad~

c.:, !,yi Nehrwan is ai~ted at the distance of four farsang front

Baghdad. .AJ considerable stream dows there, and proceeds under
.the .u~t .;lo Dar -al Khalifah, in the sorm.d of Baghdad, to .
the- place which they aul ~ ~ v~t .A.skaf beni .
Haneid, and other districts ; and when one comes from Nehrwan
.to+.J Deskereh., the waters are 1~, and the dates fewer : and
from Deue,eh to the borders of \:.> !,b,· Holwan is .a desert,
without any buildings or inhabited places between it and Samereh,
_or bet"'."een J.)..}~ Shehrzour and the borders of ~:_J:i
Tacrith.

t,1.l'M Madaien is a little town, at the distance of one mcr-

hileh from Baghdad. In fOl'mer times it was a very considerable
city, and a favownte dwelling-place of kings. The '1>;t-f (.:)~I
Alwan Kesrit, is situated 'there, built of stone and mortar.. The
•
• Motawal,/ became Khalif in the year of the Hegira 231, (A. D. 847.) For
anecdotes relative to the building of Catt111/ and S111t111r1h by the Khalif MOCISlem, ICC
P'HERBELOT's Bil,Jiot. Ori,111. Art. MoTASSIM.

t Called · also the ~,-f JU, 'rawl-i-Lsri, or palace of the Pe11ian mona~hs,
styttd Kh,sru1, or Lsri1, It wu built by N11shin·1111, in the middle of rhe tixth cmtury
of the Christian zra.
 ( 70 )

lt.esris had :not any eduices great.er: than this ; and Madaien was
-l arger than any place, · except Baghdad, which we have before
described.

~ ~~ Babel is a small village, but the most ancient spot in all

!Pak. The whole region is denominated Babel, from this place.
The kings of c , ~ Canaan resided there, and ruins of great
edifices still remain. I am of opinion, that~ in fomier . times, it
was a very considerable place. They say that Babel was founded
by ~L,~ u~ Zohak Piurasp t; and there was Abraham
(to whom be peace!) thrown into the fire. There are two heaps,
one of which is in a place called ~fa($ u/ Koudi Tereik, the
.other, Koudi Derbar ...J'-!Ju: in this. the ashes still remain; and
.they say that it was the u...,.,_.; ~T fire of Nimrod into which
Abraham w.as cast; may peace be on him ! ,

~,~ Madaien is situated on the east of the ri~er Dejleh;

and they reckon it one merhileh from Baghdad to that place. It
is said that ~}JJ<l Zhu ~ Kernein
(Alexander , the Great)
· found at that place the divine mandate, ( i. e. died there); . but I
suspect that this tradition is not true, because he was poisoned at
the time of his returning from Cheen, and his coffin was taken to
. .
• Of this passage, as far as the word littlmm on the opposite pa,ce, I have given the
original Persian in the Appendix.
t Fifth king of the Peishdadian, or fint dynasty of the Persian sovereigns, supposed
to have reigned about 780 years before Chriat.-Sec dlc "Epitf/1111 of th, .Andtnl His-
fqry of P,rsia," p. 6 and 8. ·
 · ( · 7.1 )

Alexandria to bia.m9ther. It is also said, that there has been a

bridge at Madaien, on the.river Dejleh; but I did not _see any
~estiges,of it.

··; !A Akbera, and ~-l~T- Berdan, and y ~ Neawuro_iah~

and J.-,3Wl.fo:Dein-alaakoul, a n d ~ Dejeil; Y.!ff
fl!ld .
Jerjeraya•, and e,La.J_lf Fo~s•salah, ~d ~~ j-,t Nehr.
Saies, and other places on the banks of the river Dejleb, · which .
we. have .mentioned, are situated .one n(:31' another, and are
neuly equaJ in great,iesi and littleness.

t., !,-6- Holwan is a well-inhabited and pleasant town. After

Cufa, and Basrah, and.: W aset,' and Baghdad, and Samereh, and
.
Hobeireh, there is not any city more considerable in lrak. Snow
'
falls there.t.°\ and .on ,the mountains -.jn its vicinity there is at all
times snow.

,.: ofou Desker~h is _a populous· and · pleasant place, with a

strong 'castle~ and corn :fields. ·. It is 'said· that a kingf from time
to time resided' t:here,·on·, ,whicli account it was styled o,;:u
~ J Deskereh ar Molk. '· From Deskereh to above Samereh,
•
,
• In the Eton MS. ~ name:is .written U~.r!" J,rh,r111111.
t According to the Persian manuscript, . intitulcd e',_,t~I~ Lll-al-'l'IIWllrilh,. this
castle of Dtslctrth was built by Hormuz, the son of Shapour, third king of the Sassanian
or fourth dynasty, who began to reign A. D. 'J. 7 2 •. Sec'' B/itotM. of th, 411tim1 History
.J P,rjia," p. 42. .
till one comea near ~ls: Aayeth in thia line, and likewise to the
borders of the district of W a.set, from the borden of lrak to the
b9rders of o/Kouh •, the buildings are few, _and the greater part
js pasture land of the Arabs. Thus, to the west of Tacrith, to
Anbar,
. . between the rivers Dejleh and Forat., there are not any.
buildings, unless those opposite ( or near) Samereh : almoat all the
rest is the bare and barren desert.

It were unnecessary to dwell longer on the account of lrak.

as it is a country so·famous and ao well known amongst men.

Description of the Province of KJuul1tan: ·

• TsE eastern boundaries of K.buzistan are the borders of <JN-'¼

Pars and ~IJ)~ Spahaun.f. Between the borders of Pars and
of Spahaun, th~re is a certain river called yUo X Nehr Tab,
in the vicinity of ~Y:J) ~t._. Mahi-rooyan: from that, the
boundary is between ~..,~ Dourek and Mahi-rooyan towarrut

• o,s signifies a mountain, in general; but here, perhaps, is the name of a fortrc11
situated on the mountains ofMerdin, mentioned by P1TJS de Ja Cao1x, in his Hist,
.J 1'i1111,1r, Vol. I. eh. 39.
t lspahan, S/ahan, or lsfaha--The name is- variously wr,ittien in the C:OUl'IC of thit
work, as in most other MSS.
 ( 73 )
ttae.sea-side. 0n·the western side,. the boundaries of K.huzistan
are · the tenitories . of . W aset, and that place which . they. call
~~L,yl Dw-abouasty. On the north it has the borders of
~ Sei,r,.ereh, and ~/Kurkheh, and.1 ;__,J Lour; as -far as
the borders of J~ Jebal, adjoining the territories of Spahaun~
It is. said that Lour was once reckoned as belonging to K.huzistan ; •
but ~ present .it is comprehended within Jebal . .

. The b01D1daries of Khuzistan towards Pars and ~ \J)\.iAD Sfahan,

and the borders of Jebal and W aset; are straight lines on the four
sides : But on the· southern side, from ~ lu ~ Abadan, to the vil-
lages about W aset, the boundary is an irregular line ; and from
Abadan to the sea, .and the borders• of Pars : then this southern
boundary proceeds along the sea shore ; then to the Dejleh, and
passes froQl •·4,,1.,! Barma : thence winds from above ~
Meftah- and .JI~ Medo.r, among the villages of Waset, there .
whence we first set out. .

~~j~ JY.U l.!JJ~

·(Map of Khuzistan.)

j~I •OJ/
Koureh .Ahwaz is also called _x' _r,I' Hormuz
Shehr. The other places of Khuzistan are the ~ X'
Shehr
Leshkur, which they also call r~ ~ Asker Mokrem ;
.J1!'~Shushter; JJ?U. '-:>~ Jondi Shapour; (r.,r' Sus;
f~ ,-L, Ram Hormuz; and J!J4 Bazar: all these are the
L
names of cities, but Bazar, ~hich they call · ~~ Soule, and its
town 0 ...)Ju Dourek; C ~I Ai~h, C$ft ~ N-eher Tiri,
o!J~ Khaizan, .b-UI ~ Houmah al net, . CJWI ~
Houmeh al San, ~ I u r .Souk.a3un&eil, ($~JI..Ju4,.
Mebader al Kebri, ($~1 Jul+,o Mebadar al Sagheri, ~
Jlei, ~ Teb, CJ~ Keliwan, are all towns of this district.
J '
~ Bosi, .Arem, ~..JJII ur Souk al Arbaa, ~
r-''
($uyo Hysn Mahdi, CJL...'-! Basan, CJ~ SelsaTl, CJl,;~
Solymanan, Yyj Carcoub, CJ.JOT- Berdoun, and A:i../
Karkheh.

The land of K.huzistan is level. It has many running streams,

the chief of which is the• river of Shushter : and King Shapour •
caused to be constructed on this river a wall (or mound) called
o!.,..Ju~ Shti.dervan; by means of which the town of Shushter.
ait~ted on an eminence, might be supplled with water. This
river comes from~ Leshkur (or Ask.er Mokrem) to j~f
Ahwaz, and falls into the river Sedreh, o;~ cl.JJ and goes on
fo the Hysn Mohdi, on the sea side. Another river of K.huzistan
is called ~ll;~f ;vi Nehr al Mushirkan, on which, at Lesh-
kur, a great bridge has been erected; and by this river one may
go from ~kur to Ahwaz, a distance of eight farsang: b~t

• Shapour Zbukctaf, who began to reign A. D.· 309. He was the eighth kint of
the founh or Sassanian dynasty. (See "~pitome of 1h1 Ancitnt History of Persia,"
p. 46, &c.) The Tari/eh Goudeh, and other MSS. speak of this Shadervan, in passap.
which shall be given at length in a fqturc work on Aaiatick Geography.
when oae .has .gone ·six ·ursang, -all- ·1;11e water is drained off',. for
~ous purposes of husbandry .and·agriculture ; and for two far1..
~g the :bed,of the river is alt~ther dry. In the land .of Khu;.·
aistan .there is not any place· more populous or cultivated tbaa
Musherkan.:

The streams of K.huzistan, from Ahwaz, and Dourek, and

Slmehter, and- all that rise in this quarter, are collected together
att Hysn Mohm, ;an~ there, forming one great· river, fall into the
tiea.· ~ ia :notany of the eea ,in·K.huzistan, except a little of
' .
the lr-'4 ($Y.;<.> Persian Sea, from ' t.,Y:J.J ~ Mahi
rooyan, to near t.,U~ Solyrnanan, opposite ~lu~ .Aba-
dan.,:· nor is .there in all Kbnzistan,· any mountain, nor :sand,
except .:at Shushter, and J~~ ($~ Jondi Shapour, at1tl
~ I Ai~• fkr.-aa:the borkn of ·t.,~ 3/ahan: all the rest
is .soft clay and lcmi groumlt And :m any of the cities of
&huzistan 'l know-·not ·that--tbeyidri.nk;well-water: and the land
of this provihoe :is{ -more dry, in proportion as it is distant from
the river Dejleh: :that ·•pan ~ r ·the :Dejleh is like the soil of
I

Basrah, and-that region.-·_·

1

· Threughoot K.buzistail ·there is not either ice or snow ; nor is

there any-part of •it wl'iich·does -not &Word ·dates.- It is a very
· unhealthy country. All kinds of fruit are to be found in Khu-
zistan, excep!.walnuts (i.:, \S'u/), and the fruit ·of trees peculiar to ·
a cold climate.
. L 2
 ( · 70 )

: · For the greater part, A.rabick and Persian are spoken in this
province : there is also a particular dialect in K.huzistan. The
fashion of the people, in their dress, resembles that of the inhabi-
.tants of lrak. They are in general of bad dispositions ; and

<.jr
ntostly of a yellow complexion, with scanty beards ; and of the
Motazelite sect (Mahommedan schismaticks.)

. Among the wonders of K.huzistan, is the Shadervan of Sha-

pour (before mentioned) at Shushter. It is said to be a mile i~
·length, constructed of stone and mortar, for the purpose of con-
ducting water to Shushter.

In -the city of V'~ Sus, there is a river; arid l have heard,

tha~, in the time of ~rt ~j-.y.f AbouMoU$a·Ashoa.ri, a
cojJin was fo1,111d there : .and it is 8-id the .bones r:,f Daniel the Pro-
phet ( ~o whom be peace !) were in that coffin. These:_ the people
held in great veneration ; · and in time of _distress~ or fam.i ne from
4roughts, they brought· them out~ and prayed for rain. Abou
)Jousa ~hoara ordered this coffin to be brought,. and three cover-
ings or cases to be made for it; the .first, or Qutside one, of which wu
of boards, exceedingly strong ; and caused it to be buried, so that
.it could not 1:>e viewed. A bay or gulf of the river came over this
grave, which may be seen by any• one who dives to the bottom
.of the ·water.
 ·( 71 )

There is also, in the district of ~ Sumbeil, near the bor-

ders of Pars, a mountain, from which fire issues at all .times. A~
night this fire gives light; and smoke comes forth in d;ie day:-time;
and the general opinion is, that there ~ here a fountain of ~

Naphta, or of pitch ( ~ j ), which has taken fire. There _is also

a species .of scorpion (r90_.f) w!1ich they call ~..,/~ezoureh ~
they are like the leaves of ~t~I anjedan (the herb laserpitiu~
or pellitory), and are more destructive _than .serpents.

Very rich garments of brocade are 11Janufactured at Shushter.

At Sus there is a species .of orange, which they call ~iii. Gt ~
penj-angusht, (or • five fingers,)
.
said to be exceedingly fragraQt. ·
J

Jn this district .there is a place called ~ Bosi, where they

,weave beautiful tapestry; as also at ~ ! #.Keli wan, and ~t
~..,o.I- BerdQu,,,. ., :

.J~l.,;. ($~ Jo11,di Shapour, or ;~\4, ( $ d Gondi .Sh~-:

pour~ is a considerable city, popul9us and pleasant, abounding
in dates and the produce.of agriculture; -~ i.:,H y ~ Jaco,µ,
ben Leith, •of the Sotfarian Dynasty*, resided in this city; and
his tomb is .there. (Sf.
~ Neher _ T iri is a _town _in ~hich
they .manufacture garments like those .of Bagh~d. '-:r ~e:y
is a town with territories dependent on it, _a nd cultivated . lands,
... ~

• lacouh hnt uith, _f'?IJndor of the Softarian_Dynasty, died ~n the year of the Hcgiz:a
2.65, (A, D. 878.) .
 with dat~ trees in abundance : the imam of the Motezalah sect
~y.l Abu Aly, was of this place. At A:':J!J ?Awieh, near
($.~ ~ Hysn Mohdi, on the sea-side, a great many streams
are collected into one body of water, affected by tides, dux and
reflux. ~ Teib is remarkable for its manufactory of~...)~
shelwar bend, or fastenings for breeches and drawers; they are
like those made in Roum : and none are found equal to them in
any place except Armenia.

...)y Lour is a pleasant and well-inhabited place ; the mountaio

.
air prevails there: it was formerly reckoned as belonging to Khu-
zistan : but now they comprehend it within the territories of
\.:.>~/ Kouhestan. ~ Sumbeil is a district, which, in
the time. of ~~ ~ ~ Mohammed ben Wasel, was
reckoned among the territories of Pars; at ·present it belongs to
the province (!f K.huzistan. W Nat and ~ !J-l::i.
Khaizan are
aituated on a river. ~ I Asel bas a small plantation of date
trees : there was a battle _a t this place, in which, it is said, forty
men of ol_f, Sherah defeated a thousand men of the army of
Baghdad. \.:Jl.t...}I Argltan is a, town where yL!..Ju doushab• is
made, . and sent to all parts of the world. ($~1...)u4,..o Meba-
der· al Kebri, and ($_r'I ...)u4,..o Mebader al Sagheri (the
greater and lesser), are two well-inhabited and pleasant places,
abounding in dates.

• A particular kind of syrup, of a thick consistence, used in the composition of

abcrbct, &c. ·

•
 Distances of P,l.a,ces in Khuzistan.

FaoM Pars to Irak there are two roads; one by the way of
Basrah, the other by way of W aset. The· nasrah road is this:
From t>~__,t Arghan to ~1 Asel, two easy merbileb; from
•
that to a village called t> l~u ~ei~n, one merhileh; from
Deidan to ~J.)u Dourek, and from that to t,L...L... Sasan, · a
pleasant town, through whic~ ·a river Bows : · from Sasan to
C.S¥ ~ Bysn . Mohdi, is a journey of two merhileh ;
~om these two places on,e must go by water : and from Hysn
Mohdi to '-=-'~ .Bell,(lt,: two merhileh ; and they go from Dourek
to t,L...~ Basan by water, it being much easier than going by.
land. This is the extreme boundary of K.huzistan. Benat is
situated on the ·banks of the river Dejleb-; and, if. one chooses he
may go by water to ~blab, or by land, crossing o:ver when he
comes opposite Ablah.

The road from Pars to lrak, by way of W aset, is from Arghan

to))~ Bazar, one merbileh; from that to _r!J Ramuz (pro-
bably for _r/'
r!J Ram Ho1'muz ), two merhileb ; from Ramuz to
~ Leshkur, or Asker Mokrem, three merhileb ; from that to
?.>~ Shushter, one merhileh: from Shµshter to__,~~($~
 ( 80 ).,

Jondi Shapour, one me1·hileh; and from Jondi Shapour to V"..r'

Sus, one merhileh; and from that to yyj Corcoub, one mer-
hi)eh. From Shushter to Jondi Shapour, is one merhileh; from
that to ~ Teib, one merhileh; this place borders on the terri-
tories of Waset.. From Leshkur to J!_,l>I Ahwaz, is one merhi-
leh; from Ahwaz to u....)..,u
Dourak, three merhileh; and this
is a shorter way from Leshkur to W ase! than that which passes
by Shushter. From Leshkur to ~<->Y.I .Aidej is four merhileh;
from Ahwaz to Ramuz, .three merhileh, " because Ahwaz and
Leshkur are situated on the same line, and Ramuz forms a triangle
with them•." From Leshkur to J.LJ'-! Bazar, one merhileh;
arid from Bazar to Hysn Mohdi, one merhileh; from Ahwaz to
($~.J't Neher Tiri, one day's journey; and from Sus to ($4!
Bosi, not so much as one merhileh; and from Sus to <:JJufl
&rdoun, one merhileh; and from Sus to \.:Jfa Matoutt, one
merhileh.

Those are the whole of the distances, and stages in the province
of Khuzistan.

-
• ~I (:JI ~..H ;4!, .>Jl,~lf.i ~yj ~r. µ!, _;l~I IJJ !,-t)
t Or '-rl,X,. Matoul,, according to the Eton MS.
 . '..
. ' .

Description of tb., ~r,41vince of Pars,

(or Fars_istan---Persia Proper.)
• ' •. i ... ! • • · ·• i , , :: i : .,,. , ~ • I .,•: ; , ;' . ••

1
!I-a~ ®~r.,i,. ~~, i>f Pc\1'8 .is \bo~ by tlM)·~rovin~ of c.,L.._,r
._

1Jt.:ir11.1,ur,.._\ the- .w~te,p • by.u, L;.:.,.Jfa ·l(hut,istan and ·c., ~ I ·

lflahaa. · On·~ the. north, it has the deserts of,\:.>l...l_;.,,KJu:».·
rast.m; .and part flf .U¼c:•territo~ _o f lsfahan : and it.is bounded
~n the eouth .by the fe,sian Sea, (r,;4 <,SY..JU · · . =

We shall describe the whole face of this c()untry, except the

smaller villages and hills, which are too numerous and· diversified ·
for particular mentio1_1. ·

(Blank page for th.e Map of.Pars.)

 ( 82 )

.Account of the·Kourehs, or District,, in the Province of Fars~

e.,.- Pars ..

THERE are five Kourehs in this province, the most considerable

ef which is the _r,
$oJ/Koureh of lstakhar: ~o r,o_.1f
.Ardeshir Dereh, in which are thP. dries of j Shiraz and lr,
u~ Siraf. Jawr _.,~also belongs to this district of ArdeshiF,
because it was built by him, and was his capital. ~~_,t .Arghan,
is also a large city. The _.,~t.:.. °..J.>5 Koureh Shapour is · the
smallest of these districts of Pars : the town is called after Sha-
pour; who built it, in the vicinity of ~.))j t( Cazeroun.

But there are five places in Pars, which they call. r-J Zem •. The
signification of this word is, a tribe, or race ( Arab. ~ ). One
of these is more considerable than th_e others---the "'='~ ,J
Zem Heilouieh: this is called~~ ,J Zem Senjan. The
second is the ~ I I.:)-! ~ I r-,i Zem of Ahmed ben _Leith:
it is called Zem t • * * * •. The third is called eJ ~ ~ ~ t -
• In the Eton MS. there is a title in red ink prefixtd to this passage-u-,_,l;~t.,..,..J
u The um1Jums of Fars;" an extraordinary plural of Lm. As this section, and that
which follows, afford some curious matter, they are given in the original Persian, at
the end of this volume.
t The word following Lm in my MS. is rendered illegible by a blot of ink ; and in
 ( 83 )

Zem Ahmed ben Saleh. The fourth is the...JY~ Zem Sheh- r-'
ryar, which they call ~~u'-! r-J Zem Badenjan. The fifth
is the ~ I ~ ~ I .r-J &m Ahmed ben Alhosein, called
~ \s" r-J Zem Karma; and this is the r-u_; I r-J Ze,n Ar-
deshir.

Account of tM Jou.ms of the Curds•.

TaE Joums -of the Curds are more than can be exactly num-
bered ; but it is said that in Pars there are above five hundred
thousand houses ( Ail=;; or families), which, during winter and
summer, remain on the pasture-lands. Some of these Curds
maintain two hundred persons, such as shepherds, and labourers,
and grooms, and boys or servants, and such like. Their number
•
cannot be ascertained.

the Etarl MS. (like too many other proper names) it is written ,rithout any diacritical
points, thus__.1.-,,1,_i-and conseq~tly capable of various readings.
• If the the word Joum ~ not been too plainly written .in this place, and the fol-
lowing pauage, I wo~ld have altered it to r,J Ko111t1, tn"bc, people, family, &c.-
Captain Fu.•c-1tL1N, in hi• Tour ro P,rsui (London aition, 1790, octavo, p. 199),
mmtions " some hundreds of wandering Curds and Turkomans," whom his party met
in the vicinity of Perscpolis. 'They were then removing, with their families, flocks,
and herds, to the southward of Shiraz;- and ttsemblcd, in their swi-bumt, tawny com-
plexions, .the Gypsies of Europe.
M 2
 ( 84 )

Account of the Rivers of Pars.

THE Rivers of Pars, which are navigable for _boats; are the
yl.b .,rt
Nehr Tab. \:t:1~~ J't
Nehr _Shirin, c., \S'L;, o.J..J
Rood Shakan, ~_,.10 o.J..) Rood Derjend, c.,1~.fr o...,__,
Rood Jouidan, ~:J,J u.JJ Rood Rouyin, c., ts:... o.J-) Rood _
Sekan, ~y:,. _o..,_., Rood Koshbit, ~~o.. o..,_., Rood Ku-
mein, ~ o.)J Rood Kas, yf.J,t o.J.l Rood Forlm.b, and
the oo.J' ~.J.) Rood Herdth.

Of the Lakes of Fars.

THE chief takes are the c.,t.C:r- ($Y._,.1u Derayi Bakhtegan,

the ~ .o ~y.Ju De,yai Desht, the __,i.JI iF"
Beheiret (lake)
Alsour, and the c.,~~,r=1 iF"
1 Beheiret al Hurbaian.
 ( 85 )

Of the Fire-Temples of Fars.

THERE is not'any district, nor any town of Fars, without' a

Fire-Temple. These ~re held in high veneration. We shall,
hereafter, more minutely describe them. Also, throughout Fars,
there are castles in every quarter, one stronger than another,
(j...J!f:-1 ~o jl ~). The greater number of them are
situated in the district of ..J\.wj f ~ ' - ~ Seif beni al Se-
ghar. All these we shall describe in the course of this work, so
that they shall be known. "And there are many considerable
districts, which possess essential importance, yet have not been
much celebrated or spoken of; but we shall notice all these
places, and give a concise description of them, in this work•."

, .

• ..,ti-,,_,r=, J C'~ _J ~b ~ (foJ.,:a- .:,\;, ~ A!' ~ ~r. ~U ..,~ J .

..SL.:, <:J'~ r,.,'-t JI.A (:J'tt J ~ .)Li !,~-,,.. <:11' Aly~ L. J !.,.: w
 ( 80 )

Account of the Districts of the Kow-elt of Istakhar.

THE district of J y. Yezd is the most considerable division of

the Koureh of lstakhar. There· are in it three places with
mosques, AAJ Kattah, and ~ Aleibed, and ~L.. Mahein.
Part of this district was formerly reckoned as belonging to the
province of ~ L.. J Kinnan, but now is included in the territories
.,/
of Fars.

The extent of the district of lstakhar is about sixty farsang.

~T-1 .Aberkouh is one of the cities. ~ 1 Aklid and ~
Surmek, are two towns which, in Persian, are written ~
Kelid and~;»' Surmeh. ~l.:H.,~Houbakan they call ~ ·~
Meshkan. ~~jl ...4:::J,.aman is a town. ~.J~ Jarin, and
CJ-:'Y Kouin, and ~I,., ¼=i--;b Tarkhinsan, have not any ora-
tories or pulpits ~ ) . ooltT Abadeh is the village of Abdar'-
rahman ~,JI~ ~o. Mehntian, ~Y:)~ and Sahel
al Kebri, c.$r,-'11 ~Lv:, have not oratories or pulpits; neither
have Fanek, ~ If
u-..Jf Marozuef,_ nor uJL; olf'Harah
Rudgan, ~ Keles, o~o Deheireh, ~ 'tf_;I .Arkan, ~_r
o»
Sershek, ~lo!; Radan,- ~ Beiza, ~~ Heran, ~L.
Mahein, nor op!J Ramjerd.
 •

( 87 ) .

Of the district, o~ ~r Tesouje, the principal towns are

~ Hhoumah, Y!JrSirouab, ~ Meki, c,uf J Radan.
c,}I Lawen, l.!JJ,Y~ Zakoureth, .Ji.(' Kellar, ~u Se- 'r
radsin, c,f~f Asedan, c,o_r Serden, c, ~u..)_y Lourd!gan,
c,~I Aselan, c,l...~ Baman, (.:.> ~u..)'-.,.:i,. Khemardegan, ~ -
SPJU.

Account of the Districts of Ardeshir Koureh.-

j ~ Shiraz is the centre ·for the c,.)L.lc Aumilans (Intend'.;..

ants or Colfectors of the Revenue) of Pars. There are twelve ·
~ Tesoujes (portions or tracts of land.). In each of these·
ii a district with buildin~. Each Tesouje is an ~Le- Aumily ·
( or certain tract under one Aumil or Collector ·of Revenues.) .
These twelve TesouJ'es are, the Tesouje- ~ I ojf 'J(ajrak-
al-aalia, theTesouje ~ t ojf Kajfrah alSefU, theTesouje ·
~ Kabir, the Tesouje -~~ Hedim, the Tcsouje c, ~_1-u
Deirgan, the Tesouje C>Y:JL(Jf J~
Taiboul al Kawian, the·
Tesouje c,Ult_.,4,if Anbarbanan, the Tesouje c,Y.~f ·Aben-·
dian, the Tesouje u:}~Ll.. Shah rung, the Tesouje c,~~ .
Shehristan, theTesoltje_.,~ 1'irar, and theTesouje c,l:i.~rJ
Khan.

•
•

( 88 )

Accowit of the Districts of Ardeshir Khereh .

...)~ Jawr and ~ 1'femeid. The principal places .of th~

· are ~L. Manein, ~~ Memkan, and~'~ Shehro,n, and
c, ~ Samgan: these have not any oratories or pulpits ; neither
c,6:...j Farkhan, nor ~~ Khanifan. ~~oU Nadouan,
c.,L.,J..-,.:i... Khoorsan, t>~.:Jo Derijan,- ~ Hemeid, c..r~
llamres, _r~ Hormuz, 1..::JUl.4N Sekanat, J ~ 1 ~ '-~
Seif beni lll Seghar, ~~ Haijan, c . , 4 Koumgan,
c.;rf' Kesri, ~~ Hesk'an, ~J/1 '-~ Seif al .Abi,
v~ L ~ ~o Deheir Seif Omareh: these places have not
.pulpits or oratories; but utr ♦ ~iref bas three. ~ Ba-
jirem, ~ Khem, ~o Desht, ~j!_; Wazin, ~~w.c
Asdejan:, ~ l ~ o Destikan; the chief town is oJt..iu., Sefareh:
. ~~ ~ Noah Kherik, the chief town of o~..f11 Laghe-
ristan; ~ Shekeir, ~J..J \s' Karzein, ~u-...1 Ameden,
.c . , ~ Semiran, c.,~ Kouan ; ~ ~~ Kehe,jan, a large
island .

•
 ,

( so )

Account of the Territories of Darabgird.

· THE district of j.Y Kown has two principal towns, ·ool-.1

·Amadeh and. of' Gird; '-:,~ Keserisa, t>'
•~·~~ ~ ·Tebisan,
.a.Jp Behouleh, t,l...c.}/ Kirdman, ft r'"' Hembeir, t . , ~
.Mesihan, t., \s'J Rekan, off.JI _Arirah, t.,L.. _San, (':'fr· Jouim,
:t,I, Hije, t,Y.l-9b,.ol Astehefaian, ~./' Herin, t,!JJL. Ma-
·rouan, ~ Hesoua, (i:J..J Rouiah, ~LliJ ($\.i.:,..,J.J Roustai •
Reshak, C~ Medah: ~~ Bazem, ~U.ft....-.. ·Mesakenilt,
ojw Kantereh, t>~r Souanjan, ~Lli}I ~ Shuk al
reshak, o....,JI ~ Shuk al rud, ~lit.:,· Talat, t,UL..l;.JI ~ -
Shuk al masanan, .J)~ ~ Zem Shehrazu.

Account of the Borders or Territories of the Koureh Shapour.

J~~ Shapour, t.,.J» \s' Kazeroun, J ~ Hejar, t.>'-4

Basan, ~ Ha.fieh, U::..:,,o Dertek, t:'.!,:i- Khouaje, ~
:Khisht, i....,4:f Keiawem, ...)~Lli t> '-#u:.o Hedijan Shapow-,
N
 ( 00 )

CJfo_r ft Ttr Merda.n: except Shapour and K.azeroun, all these

towns are ~thout pulpits or oratories. CJ \s"<.MJY Nubendgan,
~ r Me7:1ber Shf!,ab, ~ ~ Bouan, ~ Beinoul, ...J~ f
Almour, CJ~)o Derenjan, ~.Jo De,jend, CJwU... ¥
Kumbuz Malghan, c.,!J_y.JI Ambouran, ~I Asel, ~Uoj
Fertast, or Shekireh, ~_,iy! Baha/,auk, . c , ~ Bahel-
segan, j.J .ft r \s" Kam Firouz; this place has five villages be-
longing -to it: _,jJI Arz.u, _.,ut; Nader,. c,luL.:wl Astadan,
CJ \S'~ Kakan, c . , ~ o~T Aleshgah Mesihan (or the
Fire-templeof:Mesihan), ~~ Sejan,~Meder,j~He;ya.r..
c.,~ly:i.. Khemaigan, ~L, Bal,aien. c.,~...~.,. Seisekan..
~ofo...J~ Sourdadi, e;,_~_,I Arjan, ~ Besmeil, ~ f t
Nebulis, . ) ~ I Asellar, "'-=J..,.,l~u Deidalout, yj.o Deir
•
Omr, Uuj Fordek; CJY:.J..,.. Mehruian, Ao!~ Jenabah.
-~ Seis, ~ I _ ; ~ Souar al Khess. ·

Account of t~e Territories of the Koureh Arglwn.

To every r-J .Zem there is a town and territory, in which re-

~ides a chief (~...) ), who collects the tolls and tributes; and in
_biff charge are the guides (~!JAi...J~) upon the roads.

The A:'~ ~ Ze~ Heilouieh is also called CJ~ Senj~n:

 •
( 01 )

it lies near Isfahan ; and one side of it borders the Koureh Istakhar,
another ~e Koureh Shapour, and another the ~~__,I °--'Y
Koureh Arjan. Besides these, it bas a bollll:dary ( o...,~) near
~ Beiza, another near lsfahan, and a third near Khuzistan ;
, one also near the borders of Shapour : and the towns and villages
of these different quarters are all reckoned as belonging to thi1
Zem.

The ~!..,Jo ,J Zem Deloua.n belonged to eJ""'° <:.H Ebn,

Saleh : it partly borders on the Koureh Shapour : one border of
it lies next· Ardeshir, and three boundaries of it tum back on the
Koureh Shapour. The Zem ~~lo~ Badenjan belonged to
~ c.H ~ f .Amed ben Leith : it is of the Koureh Ardeshir;
one border on the sea, and three on 0_Ju .~o_; I Ardeshir
Dereh. The Zem ~ Y..J \s" Karian has one border on the
__,t.w.J I ~~ Seif al Seghar, and one on the Zem Badenjan •
three on the confines of Kinnan, and another on the Ardeahir
Dcreh.

K 2
•
( 02 )

Account of (other) Zems• in that Country.

c.,4.Jt_./• Kirmanian, c.,lt:,;l-uu _Dermanian, ~.J/ r-'

Zem Berouhi, ~ c.:.H ~ Mohammed ben Besher ; the
~ f c.:.H ~ ~ Kabilah Mohammed ben Ishqk, ·
<.:>~~ Sebahian, c.,~~f lshakia11, c.,4.-ils".Juf Ader-
ganian, ·J4-J~ Sheher Kobar, c.,Y._,1lyb Taharian, c.,Y.U~....J
Rebadian, l..:)~.J ~ Sheheruban, <.:>Y:..,.f-, Khoruian, 1..:)4.,.(ij
Zingian, c.,Y~ Seferian, <.:>YJY, Shehmarian, o' ••• lb.
Mutlesan, 0 te,Jlyo Memalian, <.:,L. \S'~ Semakaman, 0 ~
-
, Khalilian. These are what we know of them : but if any person
wish~ to be informed of all, be must recollect that we have before
mentioned (see p. 83 ), that this people (~lb) amowit to near five.
hundred thousand families; and onef tribe(~) of them goes
forth two thousand horsemen ; and there is not any tribe of less
than an hundred horsemen. Summer and winter they pass on'
the feeding or pasture lands.. A few of their people dwell on the

• It would seem, that in using the word um here, and Joum in the chapter where
these people arc before mentioned, some confusion or mistake has occurred, which I am
not at present able to ~rm:t, as the Eton MS. agrees with my own.
t That the reader may satisfy himself, on the subject of this extraordinary peoplt-,
I have given the original Persian of the whole passage, in the Appendix.
•
C oa. )
bordenf'of ..JJ_f' sarour· flod :.J Jfr Jarow.~
and-depart not from
those; places. . Tb~r weapons and accoutrements, .their numbers,
. ~-horses, and troops, are such that they arc able to contend with.
kings ;. and it is said that their race is originally Arabian. They have
sheep, and mares (or
. '
'-=.>Y.ol. she asses), and camels, but not so
many : and I have heard that this peoplt consist of above one
' '
hundred tribes ; but I only know between thirty and forty* of
the tribe.,.
' .
' .1. ·;

Of the Fortresses and Castles of Pars~

TH ERB . are certain dties surrounded with.- strong walls; and

others, in whkh' there a,:e citadels with strong outworks ; . and
tnere are .some ~les, exceedingly strong, situated on bills and
mountain~. . Among the, citie& ~hich · have .citadels,. is
lstakhar~ round. .-~e c~Ue of whieh are strong fortifications ..
rt
, ~ Bei~ ·bas a, citadel with .fortifications; also 7 Sermeh,.
- and ~ .Keleid: uwJJf lJJj Kurnah alias, in Persian called·
u__,_,... ~o- Dhey Mou.red, bas . an ancient )u. dez, or castle;
and the fortifications of j ~ Shiraz have a j ~ kohendez. ;.

• The word' .>.it and; accordi'ng to that most exc:ellent Dictionary, the Ftr/Jung Jh11;..
han Ka11u, signifies~•,· afrw, an1 nlHllkr fr,111 thr-11 to nin,,. &c•.
 or an anei~ _~tle.. .)~· Jour bas a citnel, but no outworb.'
c,_JJj ". K.a~roun, has a kohenda · alto; with fortiications.
W Fesa, bas a kohendd, with fortmcations. u~!J lu Darab-
jerd has a castle and walls. And I have heard, that in the pro-
Tince of Pars there are more than five celebrated castles, situated
in towns and on hills, which no king bas ever been able to take.
One of them is _the castle of Ebn Omareh, '?)~ ~ ' · Aal,;
which they call ~4ilo ~ Kelaa Danban. There the family
ofOmareh used to seize upon every tenth ship. The castle of ~~o \S'
Kadban is situated on a mountain: neither ~!., ~ ~
Mohammed ben JYas~l, with hi& army, nor ~ 1 ~ ~ f
Ahmed ben Allosein, were able to take it.

The castle of u~T ~ Saied Abad (the residence of Good

fortune) is one farsang from the Koureh of Istakhar.· It was ori-
ginally called the Castle of. J ~I .Asfendiar. · In the time of the
Commander of the Faithful, the Prince of the Saints of God,
~~I ~ ~ Ali hen .Abitaleb, to whom be ~ce ! this
castle was the residence of ~I ~ ul:,.J Zeyad ben Ommiah, ,
and from that circumstance was called after him. In the time of
the ~I '-:.~ Beni Ommiah, r- c.H ~ c.H ...J~
Mansour ben Mohammed ben Jajfer .was Governor of Pars, and
resided .in this castle, which then received its name from him·.
Some time after that, it was ruined ; and soon again repaired by
~!., c.H ~ Mohammed ben JYasel, who was Governor
of Pars. ,Vhen it was taken by ~ c.H y ~ Yacoub ben.
 I ( 05 )

Leith, he caused it to be once more demolished; it was, bow..

, ever, agaj.n repaired, and they used it as a prison.-

The castle of ~~ I .Asknowi is supplied "'\\rith water by a

stream flowing from the heights of ~l..o Manein, and it is very
difficult of access. The castle of \.!Jjuyi- Khouderth is situated
on the borders of Kam Firouz : it is ~trong, and difficult of access.
The castle of ~~I Arjan is exceedingly strong; and it is im-
possible for me to describe all the castles which cannot be taken
either by force· or atratagem.
'

•
Accowit of the Fire-Temples of Pars.

Ta:t:B.E is not any district of this province, nor any village,

without a Fire-temple. One, near Sbapour, they call Kunbud
<.r
Kaush * .J \S" ~ At ~.J-»
\S' Kaz.eroun there is a Firc>-
temple, called~ Kheifeh: and another, calle4 ~u.lU"Kul..
laden and ~L~ Mesouban: And in the religion of the
.
Guebres it is t~us ordained, that "omnis fcemina qure tem-
" pore graviditatis aut tempore menstruorum, fomicationem seu

• So written both in the Eton MS. and my own ; but it ,hould, probably, have been
u-,IS' Kaus, the name of an ancient king ot"Persia.
 ( gO )

"adulter-ium fecerit," pura non erit, donec ad P ~ (seu tem-

" plum Ignicolarum) accesserit (et) coram Jleirbed (Sacerdote)
" nuda fuerit et urinA vaccre se laverit•.

Account of the Rivers of Pars.

THE river Tab ylb u.J-) issues from the mountains of Isfa- ·
•
ban, near cT-
Berje; and, being joined by ano_ther stream from
the same quarter, at the village of V"""' Mes, proceeds to 0 ~_,I
Arjan, and passes under the bridge cilled O \s'u Dekan, and
affords water to P~, and Khuzistan, .and r-J ~~.).) Roustai-
Zem, and falls into the sea. ·

The river Shadgan 0 ls"uUa u.J.) comes from ~jJ~

Barzik ; and, passing under the bridge Mereh w~ters or _J~
the villages of..f.~u Deir Aber, and ~I.-. Manein, and 0 L?'
_rl
Kehergan : and, bordering tl:,.e J~..J
~u Desht-Reshtikal,
falls into the bitter or salt lake.

The river Doujend ~.Ju u.J..J comes from ~ fc.>..t,~ Jou~

• This is the literal translation of a pssage which the reader will find in the ori-
ginal Persian, among the articles of the Appendix.
 ( 07 )

bendan; and, proceeding to ~!;~ Houran a~d ~fu4

Jeladan, falls into the sea. The river ~ - ' Remin, runs from
~ ~~ Khaimaigan to ~JJ Lahein, and falls into the
river of Shapour, -'>!e~ u...,_,, and thence proceeds to ~l-. l::r
Mouje Maiha, and falls into the sea.

The river Kliashein ~~ u-'-' issues from the mountains of

•~u Iu Dadein; and when it reaches ~ ~ Heifan, it falls into
the river Mo11.je c.J"O u_,J,

The river Sekan I.:>~ o-'-' flows from the village of <.:.>lx~u
D·eihan, from the place called <$!JluLl. Shadafza.i, and wa-
tering the meadows and fields there, proceeds to OJy Ko11.reh, and
to the territories of t, ~ J emgan, and t,...,J j \s' Kazerowi, and
falls into the sea.

The river "-~r Harestek issues from the village of r;~l-.

Maserm; and, proceeding to the village of J ~ Mesihar,
runs under the bridge of J~ }.fesoul, which is an ancient
structure of stone ; and from that goes on to the village of or
Hareh, and at the village of ~); \s' Karzein joins the nver
• • Vl /: '
~ - • ~ .LVlUS 1em ..

'fhe river ~!u/ Curdaneh comes from <.:.>fu/ Curd.an, from

the borders of uJI A!J,rd*, or Ord,andderives its name from Cur-

' • The wandering Curds or Turcomans, whom Captain FRANCKLIN met in the
0
 ( gs )

dan: it waters the territories ofj .JP r \s" Kam Firouz; and, going
by<.:, ts::...\s" Ka,egan a n d ~ Tesoulch, falls into a lake called .
.Jr Omru ; it is said that this water runs subterraneously into .
the sea.

The Y!.,j Foruab comes from the place of the same name,
J~ Khorasan bridge,
gates of r,
and runs under the CJI.... ~
l.stakluir. But the rivers are very numerous in
this province, and cannot be all described here.
near the

Of the Lakes cif Pars.

Ta E Persian Sea is a bay of that great ocean which extends as

1ar as ~ China, along the coast of Hindoostan. In Persian
it is called the Sea of Pars, or of CJ L.o/
Kirrnan, because that
none of the countries situated on it are more populous, cultivated.
or delightful, and because, in ancient times, the kings of Pars
. were the most powerful and illustrious ; and even at this present ·
time the people of Pars are famous in all quarters.

One of the lakes is called t, ~ Bakhtegan, into which falls

vicinity of Pcrsq;olis, infonncd him, that the name of their tribe was Ort.-T,ur to
Ptrsi~! &c. octavo edition, p. J 99·
 '
the river '"/Kar, and it reaches to the borders of Kirman. It
. is in length about twenty farsang, and its waters are
salt. This
lake is in the Koureh of lstakhar. There is a small lake in the
Koureh of Shapour, at the Desht ~u (or waste) of ~l,I
Ar2n, the length of which is ten farsang : its waters are sweet
and pleasant; they were at one time dried up ; no water remained.
in this place : all the small ~ n (r-~Lo) are taken here.
There is another small lake in the Koureh of Shapour, near
t,:'JJ \S' Karzein, the length of which is about ten farsang. Near
..J;e Mour the water is bitter, or saltish; and there is much fish-
ing in it.

The lake ~ ~ Heikan is of bitter water : it is twelve far-

sang in length. Salt is collected on its banks. It is part of
o;yr♦ u;I Ardeshir Koureh, and they say belongs to Fu;I
oja Ardeshir Khereh. . Its beginning is at the distance of two
farsang from Shiraz, and it ends near the borders of Khuzista.n.
The lake of 4.1~ Sefhouiah is near eight farsang in length :
it affords much fishing : On its banks are thick forests, and
reeds or canes in great abundance : it belongs to the borders of
lstakhar.

O 2 :...
:. ·:· :":
 ( 100 )

Description of the great Cities and remarkable Edifices.

r, Istakha,.- is a city neither small nor great,- more ancient

than any. city whatsoever of Pars. The extent of it is about one
mile; and the sovereigns of Pars had their dwellings there, and
Ardeshir resided in that place ; and there is a tradition that Sol<r
mon, the Prophet (the blessing of God be on him!) used to set
out from /iJpJ Tabertha f in the morning, and at night arrive at
lstakhar. There is in Istakhar a mosque, which they call the
Mosque of Solomon, the son of :,;>avid : and some people affirm
that r:- Jem, who reigned before 0 ~ Zoliak,. was Solomon;
but that opinion is erroneous. In ancient times Istakhar was
well· inhabited; and the bridge called Pool-i-Khorasan J~
~l,.,,lf,- or the Khorasan bridge, is without the city.

J..JU~ Bes/-tadour was built by King ShapouF. It has

strong ramparts, and a ditch with water, in which weeds and
thorns grow as high as the waist of a man, so thickly entangled,
that one cannot, without considerable difficulty, be extricated

• The reader will find the original Persian of this passage in my " Epihmt of the
.Ancitnl Hist~ry of P,rsia," Appendix, p. 91.
t Ot '/'i/Jeriah.
 ( 101 )

from them. This place bas four gates ; and in the midst of it is
a singular hill, or eminence, like a tower or dome. The build-
ings are of clay.

.J~ Jawr was built by Ardeshir. It is said that this place

was · formerly a small lake, and that Ardeshir, having there ob- •
tained a vict~ry over -his enemy, desired to b~d a city on the
spot, and or~ered the. water to be drained away. . The walls are
of clay. There are four gates: One is. called the J'('° y~ Bab
Mihr; it leads .to the east: another is the t'rr- y~ Bab Belt-
ram,· leading to the west.. On the right hand is situated the
_rf ~ ~_;u Derw.a:z:;eh Hormuz,. or Gate 0£ Hormuz; and on
the·. left the gate of .Ar.deshir ~u....)f ~!.,Ju· This gate was
erected by Ardeshir ; and from it there is a view of all the dis~cts
and. territories, Opposite t0- this is a hill,. from which water
gushes with great force, and falls into an aqueduct, which was
formed of stone and mortar, but is now fallen ·to ruin. The city
• is well supplied with running water ; and in the vicinity o! each
gate there is about· a farsang laid out in gardens and pleasure-
grounds•.

j ~ Shiraz.is a modern city, built by ~Liu: rli.H ~ ~

Mohammed ben alt:assem. Okail, uncle (or cousin-german)
of ~y. ~ t~::. Hejaje ben Yousuf. The productions of
every city are brought to Shiraz, and are not taken from that to--
any place. This was chosen as the station of the army of Islam;.
 ( 102 )

on a~ount of its vicinity to lstakhar, during the war•. The city

was at that time built : it extends about one fanang, and has not
any walls. Here is a e.> ~u Divan (Court of Revenue, Tribunal,
&c.) and the Collectors of the Revenue go there.

t.,-1.)..J I{ Karzein is a small town, about the size of Istakhar,

and the best in that Koureh. The town called A.G Mekeh f
is situated near the borders of uy.
Yezd and ~T-1 Aberkouh,
and near the territories of Kirman ; and AJ./' Herieh goes be-
tween from the t>L./
~ Shek of Kirman and the borders
of lsfahan f. Mekeh is situated on the skirt of the desert : it is
a pleasant town, and well supplied with provisions. There is a
town with a castle and two iron gates; one called --'r♦ ' y~ Bab
.Abrou; the other ~ I y~ Bab al Mesjed. Here is a
mosque ; and they drink water conveyed in trenches or canals ;
and there is a stream also which flows from the castle. In this
village there is great abundance of fruit, and many trees and
edifices. •

~r♦ ' Aberkouh is a plentiful town, about the same size as

• The war wnich gave the Mussulmans possession of d1e Persian empire, in the
middle of the seventh century of the Christian zra.
t Probably for ~ Kalla.
+The reader must recollect, that I have only undert1ken, in the present volume,
a mere translation. The numerous obscurities of the text, I shall endeavour to illus-
trate in a future work, of which I have given an outline in the Preface.
 C 10s >
lstak.har: it has not any trees. ~foJ..) Rudan resembles Aber-
kouh in every respect, but that it produces more fruit, and is
better supplied with provisi<?ns. ..J.J_f' Serour is a small town ;
but plentifully supplied. ~ Beiza is one of the largest towns
in the Koureh of lstak.har: it is a pleasant and well-inhabited
· place : its walls are white; and it was the station of the Mussul-
man army at the time of the conquest of lstakbar, From this
place they send corn to Shiraz.

Of the Koureh of Shapour.

ONE of the chief cities in the Koureh Shapour, is ~.J.) j \S'

Cazeroun. It is about the size of ~ ~~ Nubendjan; but
Cazeroun is more populous, and stronger, and of better air: the
air of Cazeroun is the purest of all Pars. They drink there, well-
water ; and have abundance of fruits and crops. Cazeroun and ·;
Nubendjan are the most plentiful places of all the Koureh of
Shapour.
 ( 104 )

Of the Koureh of Darabjerd.

THE _largest town in the Kourch of Darabjerd is ~ Besa.

It is of the same size as Shiraz ; and the air of Besa is better,than
that of Shiraz. In their buildings they use cypress wood. It is
an ancient city, with a castle, and walls and ditches. All tne
productions of a warm and cold climate are to be found there;
dates, oranges, &c. All the towns of Darabjer~ are near
each other.

Of the towns of ~o ~o;f Ardeshir Dereh we have already

mentioned Shiraz.. After that is v'r- Siraf, abo~t as large as
Shitaz. Here are very wealthy
.
men,
.
such as merchants, and
others, who expend thirty thousand dinars on the building of
· '"t~eir houses. There are not any trees immediately about ~iraf.
'Ipere is a mountain ~n the east of the city which they call r♦ •
Jem; this affords fruits and water for the town. Siraf enjoys
a warmer climate than any of those other towns.

t.,~_;f Arjan is a considerable city, producing dates and olives ·

in great plenty. From Arjan to the sea is a distance of one mer-
 ( 105 )

hi_leb: so that it partakes of the land and sea, of the mountainous

and level country.

The greatest cities of Pus are Shiraz, and. u!r- Siraf, and
c., Lt.JI .Arghan.

c.,l.=?-<w:Y Nubendjan enjoj,-s a warm climate: 1t has_a few

date trees. c.,~ ~ Shaab bouan is within two farsang of
Nubendjan: it consists 'of several villages, with running water,
and sq many trees that •the sun with difficulty shines upon the
ground. ~~ Jenabah, and .r Sinir, ·and c.,Y~.;J ~L.
Mahirooyan, are of very warm air, situated on the sea coast, ·and
abounding in the fruits of a warm climate.

The Distances of Places in Fars .

.
FaoM Shiraz to Siraf, fi:ve farsang; from Shiraz to _j-f'Kefer,
five farsan~; from Kefer t o ~ Beher, five farsang; from Beher
to I.:>~ BenJeman, fiv~ farsang; from Benjeman to ...J!,,J
Kouar; six farsang; from Kouar to y!J_r, ~ c . ) Desht Sltou-
rab (the waste or desert of bitter water), five farsang; from that
to u.) Iu I.:> l:i.. Khan Daoud (David'~ Inn), from which there is
a desert for about three farsang~ from the A/_uy I.:>~ Kha.n
p·

•
 , { 100 }

Badyeh, six farsang; from that to <.$° ~u Dhey Me.i, six far-
sang; and from Dhey Mei to ~ ) ' Serakiah, six farsang;
and from t:) ls')u~ Badergan to ls'J Terka, to the t:)~ Khan,
four farsang; from that to u~
-Siraf, seven farsang; and
from ~.Ju Doubein to Serakiah : In all, is a distance of sixty-
eight farsang.

Roadfrom. Shiraz to Jenabah.

FROM Shiraz to rt:)~Khan-Sh~ir, on the river 't:)LC,..

Sekan, six farsang; from ~.Ju Doubein to ~ ) ' Serakiah,
four farsang; from oy
_r- Sir Kouh, to the town of c,.ij Touje,
twenty-four farsang; from Touje to Jenabah, twelve farsang:
In all forty~four farsang •.

• In this, as_in the Nruhat al Co/fJfl6, and most other Asiatick W orb on Geography,
the reader must calculate the distances himself, if he wishes for an accurate total.
 ( 107 )

Route from Shiraz to Sirgan.

FaoM Shiraz to lstakbar, twelve farsang; to the Reseid Gah

Kelouder, JO_yJ o ts"~J eight farsang; from Reseid Ga.ft to
J 4To yj Zyad-Abad, which has been reckoned as part of
c.,~_;~ Khuristan, five farsang; (rom Zyad~Abad to the vil-
lage of c.,Y.~~ Herbaian *, where there is a .small lake, six
farsang: from Herbalan to the ~ } I ~ ~o Dhey Abdar-
rahman, three farsang; from Abdarrahman to o;.r ~u Dhey
Moured, where is a tO~'ll called c.,~0 Y. Boudenjan, six far-
sang; from Dhey Moured to <J~ I ~l.AO Sahel al Kebri,
eight farsang ; and from Sabel al Kebri to the O Li.../"' b~J
Rebat Sirmkan, eight farsang ; from Sirmkan to Rebat ~ ~
Posht Khem, nine farsang; and from Rebat Sirmkan to c., ts"_r
♦
Sirgan, of Kirman, nine farsang ; the Rebat Sirmkan belongs to
the borders of Kirman. ·

• I must acknowledge, that in this name I have supplied by conjecture the diacritical
points of the ya, as in my MS. the word is thus written, (.:Jl.,~I had hopes that
the Eton MS. might enable me to ascertain the true reading ; but I found it in this as
in most similar cases, still more unsatisfactory and equivocal than my own, the points
being altogether omitted, and the word appearing thus, t=.J,l,_,>-1 .have noticed in
the Preface the various pf?nunciations of such a character, according to the application
of points,
' p 2
 ( 108 )

Road from Shiraz to !(atto.h •.

ul3_.,u Dulcak,
six farsang; from Dukak to
lstakhar to
rr
Ta11 is the. road of K.horasan: From Shiraz to
lstakha~, .six farsang ; from
A.Jj pt Pir Kurieh, four farsang; from Pir Kurieh to
j ~Kohendiz, six farsang; ~m Kohendiz to Wt..! -Ae!.u Dhey
Bend, eight farsang; from Dhey Bend to Aberkouh, ~r♦ ' twelve
farsang ; from A.berkouh to ~ Ay!.o Dhey Shir, thirteen far-
sang; from Dhey Shir to J ~ Hawr, six farsang.; &om Hawr to
the t...rF cUJ.:; Kelaa-Majious (or the Castle of the Magi),
which is now in ruins-, six farsang ; and from the Kelaa Majious.
to the town of M.J Kattah, five farsang; from uy. Y ezd to
oJ' Hereh, six farsang; and from Hereh to Katt.a, seven farsang.
This is the extreme point of the territories of Fars. The total.
eighty-seven farsang.

.
• This section bas been given in the " Epitome ,f th, 411eitn1 History ,f P,rlic.•
p. 91, Appendix.
 { 100 )

Account of the Roadfrom Shiraz to·lsfahan .

., FaoM Shi~ to ..J!,t Hezar, nineteen farsang; from H~r to

~Lo Manein, six farsang; from Manein to ~ Rekisa, which
is the o ~~..J Reseid Gah (the place of watching)*,. six farsang;
from Rekisa to ..JVKumar, four farsa.ng; from Kumar to Kesr
. Aaien, ~ , ~ seven farsang; to ~ ~ f lstakharan,
which is a :village, ·seven farsang; from Istakharan to Lr"Y..,, ~~
Khan Aweis, seven farsang; from Khan Aweis to j_y' Ay!.u
Dhey Gouz, seven farsang ; from_ Dhey Gouz to 0;5 K_ereh
11

eight farsang; from Kereh to~~ ~L::;... Khan Lenjan,..seven

farsang ; and from Khan Lenjan to Isfahan~ nine farsang. The
borders of Pars extend to the Khan; and from Shiraz to that, is
forty-three . farsang; and from Shiraz to lsfahan,. seventy-two
farsang ; fro:qi Shiraz to ~ls'✓ Kehtgan, · seven farsang; and
from that to ~~J_,.=;... Khurestan, a, small town, nine farsang;
from Khurestan to a Jo~..J rebat, four farsaog; from the
0

rebat to r4'_f Keroum, four farsang; from Keroum to ~

Besa, five farsang; fro~ ~ to the town of c,1....,t,1o Te-

• olf~ without the __, would signify '~ the place of the chace, tllc hunting.
ground," &_c. •

•
 ( 110 )

misan, four farsang; from Temisan to c . , ~ ~ Joumeh

ltfesehan, six farsang; from c..,1.:-. wj.1° Merzend Khan to
c.,~ San, four farsang; from San to the village of o/yL,fo
DaraZ.gird, to <_$~ ,J Zem lt1ohdi, five farsang; from
~~ _Rousta (the village) to tl Firkh, eight farsang; from
Firkh to i-)~ Bazem, fourteen farsang. The total from Shiraz,
eighty-two farsang.

Road from Shiraz to Arjan.

FaoM Shiraz to the town of~~ Jouein, five farsang; from

that to ~~ oo Deh Khellan, four farsang; from K.hellan to
~~ Khouareh, five farsang; from K.houareh to c., ls'./ Gurkan,
five farsang; from Gurkan to c.,~~ Nubenjan, six farsang;
from that to ~ ~J~ Hhourwan, four farsang; from Hhourwan
to ~Jo Derchend, four farsang; from Derchend to ol.,:i.. c..,6;..
Khan Khammad, four farsang: from Khan K.hammad to J~
,_ Bendil, eight farsang; from Bendil to YJ~ Ay!.O Dhey Akareb,
_r.
( the village of scorpions) called also Heir, four farsang; from ·
Heir to·~~ Rasein, four farsang; · from Rasein to c..,~..JI
Arjan, the end of th~ journey : In all, from Shiraz to Arjan,
sixty farsang.
 ( 111 )

AccQunt of the Stages and Distances between the principal

Towns of Fars.

FROM <.:J)J) b"' Cazeroun to Shiraz, fifty farsang;. from ~

Besa,. to ('# Jehrem,. ten farsang; from Shiraz t? lstakhar,
twelve farsang ; from Shiraz to ~ y
Kouan, ten farsang ; from
Shiraz to ~ Beiza, eight farsang; from Shiraz to u/y'ljlu
Darabgerd, fifty farsang; from Shiraz to Jfe Jawr, twenty far-
sang ; fr~m. Shiraz t~ u~ Siraf, siity farsang ; from Shiraz
to <.:J~Y Nubenjan, twenty-five farsang; from Shiraz to uy.
:Yezd, seventy-four farsang; from Shiraz to Aberkouh,_ oyr♦ l thirty-
twofarsang; from Shiraz to"-!~Jenabah,fifty-two farsang; from
Shiraz to ~ Houmah, fourteen farsang ; from Shiraz to j ~
Jehrem, thirty farsang; from )fr Jawr to <.:J..J-)) I;) Cazeroun, .
sixteen farsang; froi_n ulr. Siraf to 1_p! Bejirem, twelve
farsang; from <.:J~.J.) ~L. l',fahi Rooian to ~~ ~I ~ .
Hesn ebn Omareh, which is the extent of Pars, one hwidred :
and sixty farsang.

From Kirman to the borders of lsfahan: From ~ IJ.J..J Roudan

to ;Lil Anar, eighteen farsang; from '(!_l'(° ;Lil Anar 1llehe,je ·
to w"Kattah, ~ve farsang; from Kattah to ~ }feimed, ten_.
 ( 112 )

far~ang; from Meimed to o~~ Akdeh, ten farsang; from

.
Akdeh to ~Lo· ~Janein, fifteen farsang; from 1\-Ianein to Isfa-
han, forty-five farsang; from Roudan to Manein, eighty-three
farsang.

Of the /Yater, and Climate~ and Soil of Fars•.·

THE land of Fars is divided into the warm region, lying to the
south, as far as ~j.) ~ Karzin, and ,J Zem; and o,>yLJlu
Darabgird, to t_j Firkh and c. /' Hereje. The northern
division is cold.

In the warm region are comprised ~ Lt..JI Arghan, and

.

\.:),~W~ Nubendjan, and ~Y:J~ Mahrooian, and

.
r
Sinir, and "'-!~ _Jenabah, and '(!_Y 1.'ouje, and uL;,..J ~(.)
Deshti ReAhak, and or
Hereh, and ~..Jiu Darein, and
Jfe Jawr, and ~.J..U \S' Cazeroun, and \.:J":'JL. }.fa-rein, and
0 1 ~ Semiran, and 0 ~~ Khemaigan, -and ~',5,r/'
Hormuz Keran, and \..Jlr
♦ Siraf, and ('~ Bijerem, and
o_;l.-c ~I ~ Hesn ebn Omareh, and other plac~; but these
are the principal.

• The title of this section is given from the Eton MS.-In mine a blank space is
left for it.
 ( 113 )

To the c~lder region belon~ r(lstakhar, and~ Beiza,

and ~L. Manein, ~ I Aideje and ).J~ r" tS" Kam Firouz,
and , u_;J--5 Goured, arid JM Kellar, and ~f' . Sersir, and
<.:.>~.JI Awlenjan, and uy. Yezd, and ).JJ Rouz, and <.:.>!fr
Jeran, . and u:;;Jj~ Bazrik;· and
JU_f' Serder, and ~ ·
Houmah, and o}'f!-Jehreli,' and:.Jur Setouder, ·and \!JU~
Meshkanath, and <.:.>~lybl Astehajan, and r"F Berm~ and
t,~.J Rahb.an, and .J!,J Louar, and <.:.>~f Tarjensan.
_~ l"Akleid, - ~_r: Sermek~ ·-arid many other .places; all belong
to this cold .part of Fars. : But: Jawr, and· Besa, and Shiraz, and
J.J\)~ Beshadour, and Cazeroun, are. nearly alike in climate.
The: cold region is thaf in• which fruits do riot arrive at perfection~·
and where coin. only is produced, such as· Yezd, and u.Jy
Goured, arid u~.JJ R01LStak; and Istakbar, and Rahban.

'
In the warm places, during the
.
summer season, no bird remains
on account of the excessive· · heat. In so~e parts of It, desh, if
laid upon· the stones, iti summer time, will be roasted. The cli-
mate of the cold region is very healthy : that of the warm .parts
is not so good.. especially of D~bgird. Arghan enjoys a better
air, such as Siraf and Jenabah. Shiraz, and Besa, and Cazeroun,
and Jawr, are of a more temperate and salubrious climate. The
water at Darabgird is bad.

, Q
 ( 11• )

Of the Person, (uuo of the Manner,, Languages, Religions.

and Chief Families) of the People of Fars.

TaE inhabitants of the warm parts of this province are o£

alender make, and brown complexions*, with little hair. In the
colder region they are fatter, and have more hair, and their com-
plexions are fairer. And they have three languages: The Parsi
(~...J¼ c, l.,J ), which they use ·in · llp«"Jtking, one to another;
though there may be some variation• of dialects in duferent di&-
tricts, yet it is in fact all the same, and they all understand the
language of each other, and none of their expressions or words.
are unintelligible: The Pehlavi ~ e , c,S~ t.>lu which
was formerly used in writings ; this language now requires a COJQ•
mentary ~ or explanatory treatise ; and the Arabick language,
wl.1 ~ ~j which at present is used in the Divans, or Royal
Courta of Justice., Revenue, &c.

The <ires., and ornaments of the princes arc, short coats, or

tunicks, open before; and large cloaks, or outer garments ; small
sashes wrapped round the turbans, and swords hung by belts.,

• Literally whtal-tOIMlrtd c.:,»5' r.,.;J

 ( 113 )

with tight boots. The ~is ( or wagistrates) ·wear on their heads

caps ( ~ ) , so that their ears are covered, the end hanging
i>ll their shoulden. Their shirts are of a fine texture ; but they
do not wear boots, nor the outer cloak. The secretaries, or writers
( c, !ftu) of Pars, wear the cloak and boots, and their habits re-
1CJDble those of the Arabians.
•
~ to the manners of .the people in Pars, those who are the
chief men, and who occupy the higher offices in the service of
the sovereign, are polite and courteous: they have fine palaces,
and are very hospitable. The people, in general, are kind and
civil in their manners. The merchants are remarkably covetous,
and desirous of wealth. I have heard that there was a certain
man of Siraf who bad passed forty years at sea, never leaving
his ship during that time: whenever he came to a port; he sent
some of his people on shore to transact his commercial affairs;
and when that buaineas was finished, he sailed on to some othet
place. The inhabitants of Siraf devote their whole time to com-
merce and merchandize. The Author of the book says, " I my-
eelf saw at this place several persons who p o ~four thousand
thousand dinars ; and there were some who had still more ; and
their clothes were like those of hired labourers." But the people
of Cazeroun and . Besa traffick on shore ; and they derive their
fortunes from this kind ..of commerce : they are persevering and
patient in the acquiring of riches; and the men of Pars, where-
1
soever they go, are powerful and wealthy.
Q 2
 ( 110 )

As to the different religious sects of the people of Pars, those

who inhabit the sea-shore are of the same sect as the people of
Basrah. From Siraf to Mahi-rooyan, and to 1-:,LtJI .Arghan, are
nearly all the same. The inhabitants of r~ Jehremare of the
Moatazelite heresy : Those who dwell in the warm region are of
.seven different sects : and those of the cold region, of Shiraz,
• and lstakhar, and Besa, are believers in the Soruia ( or traditions
.of Mahommed); and some are like the people of Baghdad, and
have the Fetwa, according to the rules of those who follow the
Hadith, or holy traditions.

.· In Pars there are Fire-worshippers, or Guebres (1-:,fpi), and

Christians (1-:,Y.t,.,i·), and someJews (1-:,lclJ-r-"'}_
; "and the books
of the Guebres, their fire temples, and their customs or cere-
monies of Guebrism, or Magism, still continue among the people
_of Pars ; and there are not in any country . of Islam so many
Guebres as in the land of Pars, which has been their capital or
chief residence•."

IN the books of the Persians (1-:,~J~) it is recorded that se-

.
veral of their kings were of Pars, such as Zohak., and Jem,
and Feridoun, and others, till the time that Feridoun divided the
earth among his sons ; and they were the kings of the earth till
the time that Zhu'l'karnein ( Alexander the Great) came, and slew

• Sec the original of this passage in the Appendix..

 ( l 17 )

of Ardeshir.
'
·Dara, the son ·of Darab ; and th~ empire declined until the time
After him there were kings, such as Shapour, and
.Baharam, and Kobad, and Firouz, and Hormuz*, and others ;
most of whom were of Pars, or of Arabia : their dominion ex-
tended to the borders of i.J.J Roum. But when an Arabian
race conquered the whole world, Pars became as a considerable
province to them, and the seat of empire was removed to lrak..
The kings of Pars have ~n highly celebrated ; their history is
so well known, that it were unnecessary to say more of it 'in this
place.

Since the introduction of the true fuith (Islam), there have

been many illustrious men from this province, (Pars.) One of
these was _r/' Hormuz, a Guebre, who, in the time of Omar
ebn Alkhitab, m~y God reward him ! was taken by Abdallah hen
Omar, and put to death.

'
~_,U l:.>~ Selman Farsi (Selman the Persian) also was
one of those illustri_ous men : his piety is celebrated throughout ·
the world : he sought the truth of religion in all quarters, until
he found it at l\Iedina, with the prophet, the peace and blessing
of God be on him! in consequence of which, Selman became a
true believerf.

• See the series of all these kings in the "Epitome of tht Andtnl HistorJ of Ptrsia:•
t Yidt D'HIRBELOT Bill. Ori1111. Art. StbMn..
 ( 118 )

The race of Omareh ~~ Jr

also called CS~ Jr
Je-
lendi, formerly possessed extensive territories and wide domi-
nions in this country, on the sea-coast, in the vicinity of Kir-
man. It is said that their empire existed before the time of
Moses, on whom be the blessing of God ! and that it is to some
princes of this family the Koran alludes in that passage,

" And there was behind them a king, who forcibly seized on
every (sound) ship*." And to this very time they have sol-
diers, and plunder on the sea, and pay not tribute to any king :
and it_was with ( $ ~ t ~ I ~ AlJ I ~ Abdall.ah bet&
Ahmed al Jelendi that ~ I ~~ Omru ben Leith made
· war for two years; and he did not conquer him until he bad
called to his assi~tance two of the family of Omru.

The .Jlw.J I ~ Beni Alseghar are also of the race of

Jelendi <..,f,~ JT It is said that .Jl.i,.a.JI '-~ Seif al-
Seghar is called after them. Those we have mentjoned are the
more ancient kings of Pars.

p j y.lAbu Zeheir was of the family of <..,f,_J-! ~ A-tl-

Sameh ben Boui. p
j ~ -'-~ Seif beni Zeheir was

• This king ia before mentioned, p. 1 2.

 ( 110 )

called after him. ~L.. y.l Abu Sareh, who seized upon Pars,
was of this family : he retained possession ~f Pars until the
Khalif ~rt... Mamoun sent ~JII i.:..H ~ Mohammed
ben alashaath against him, when, in the desert of Shiraz, his · .
To ~ j ~I ~
army was defeated, and himself slain.
Jqtfer hen abi Zoheir, ~ } I ~ ,..)~ Haroun Arrashid gave
r-
the viziership. 0~_, ~ ~ ~ Muzujfer ben Jqtfer
Reshak has it, and is Lord of the Scymetar yt:•;•~ <->J__,1<.>.:i.
and from the border of <-:.F Hei to ('~ Bejerm, belongs to
him.

The race of Khanteleh, ~ JT the sons of Temim:

~ ~ They are of the family of "-I.e.) I i.:..H o.)f
Arweh ben
4dyeh, who crossed over from i.:.,-1~ B_ahrein to Pars, in the
time of the Ommiades (~I~). After the death of Arweb,
they settled in lstakhar, where they accumulated great riches,
and lived in splendour. One of them, called.)~ Omru, was so
wealthy that he purchased a book • ( ~ ) at the price of
one thousand dinars, and bequeathed sums of money for religious
purposes,. and alms, throughout all the cities and proYinces of
Islam ; and the income and taxes of their estates were te,, thou-
sand thousand direms.

r,?~I t,,~ .Jr Ornru ben Ibrahim received from the Khalif
• More particularly the Koran.
 { 120 )
I .

llamoun the sovereignty of the sea. After him, .Jy tH '-""or

l,Jerdas ben Omru, who was called l:>~Y. Bouyellan, possessed
such estates, that every year his taxes amounted to three thou._
sand direms. His son, ~~ <.:)-! ~ llfohammed ben Wasel,
'V\-clS equally rich. The chief of this tribe was ~ <.:)-! .J~
Omru ben· .Aiseh. At the time the Turks assumed the K.ha-
lifat, they desired to remove them from court ; an~ the pro-
vince of Fars was divided among forty nobles of the Turks, the
chief of whom was ~_r Jfouled: Having reproved them for
their tyrannical conduct and wickedness, they all conspired against
him, and sought to kill him : he applied for protection to Mer-
das, who saved him from those nobles, and sent him to Bagh-
dad. The Turks then gave the command to L,~ <.:)-! ~~~­
Ibrahim ben Simara; and ~ ~ AU I ~ .Abdallah ben
Yahia sent a letter, desiring that those nobles might be seized,
and put to death. Ibrahim ben Simara took four of them, and
slew them ; and pardoned the others. From that time forth he
was chief of the Turks ( l:> 'o J j ~ .J l)M':'J) in Pars.
~~ <.:)-! ~ Mohammed ben Wasel was in possession of
Pars; and .~ <.:)-! ~JI~ Abdar'rahman ben Mqfta,h
was sent from Baghdad with a great army, and a general, named
rlb Tashem. In a battle with Mohammed hen W asel,
this Tashem was slain; and Abdar'rahman, being taken prisoner,
was put to death. Pars continued in his ,possession until his
kinsman Merdas invited Yacoub ben Leith, who came into Pars,
 ( 121 )
,

..
and defeated·
.
Mohammed hen W asel, who fled
. . . frorll
. L.6.v. .
.. . Beiza..
~ .J_r Merou. · At the ti~e ~ Mohammed hen Wasel · re-_
turned from battle. with Ab~man hen· Moflah, Yacoub hen
· Leith defeated Mohammed, who went to. sea ( or fell into the sea,
ulZI Y...:,,~), and was brought from that to Yacoub: he was·
confined for. some years in a castle; but, whilst Yacoub was
absent, having gone to the borders of ..J~U, -~ Nishapour,
.Mohammed, with a band <?f the prisoners, got po~on of. the
castle, and Yacoub sent people to put them to death.

The race of Saman .c .,l.~ J1 {the Samanides) are descended

from r'J't- Jjahram, and~tn was of~ Kh,eirin_ufr~u;f
.A~deshirgerd: there he resided, and went from ·that to 1.;.1~
~er(lt, and conquered the army of the Turks .c., t{j, and was
so successful that the army of (S_r,f Kesri (the . ~ersiao mo-
narch) was terrified at his exploits •. But_the story is very long..
'l}le family of Sam~ is descended from him; and for many y~
the government of _;,;JI J.Jl.. Maweraf nahr and ~ Balkh 1

and the countries bordering on the ~~ Jihoun, Qr river·

Oxus, _was in ,,their bands. •

c.NMI ~ ~1 ~ ~~1 Ismael ben Ahmed ben Asad

possessed so extensive an empire, that Khorasan, and Mawarlnahr,
and Tabaristan, and c., \S' J'
Gurkan, and ~Y
Kownesh., and

• ~ D'HH.HLOT Biol. Oritnt. Art. SIIINIII and Bah.,11111 Gi11/Ji11.

·Jl·
 { 122 )

($; Bey, and c:>':J j Casvin, and J'r-1 Ebher, and 0~ Ben-·
gan, wea all under bis dominion ; at no other time were all
these CX41 ■1tries or places in the possession of an individual: and
·be raised himself to such glory and power, that the kings of
Cheen and Turkestan were stricken with tem>r; and he waa
as renowned in those countries as in the land of Islam. 1'o him
succeeded· ~ I t.H f'°3 Nasser ben Ahmed.. In his time no-
. body could oppose or controul his away.

r♦ c.H ~ I ~ ~ Ali ben Alhosein ben Bashr

was of the tribe -o f ~jl .Azd, which dwelt at ~~ Bokharah~
He entered Pars, and acquired po'Wff, until Yacoub ben uith
opposed him in battle, and overcame him at or Kantereh, a
place near Shiraz. · He was taken prisoner, and for some time
confined, and after that put to death.

The kings of the Zems ($~J C>(.O)U,u4: These _kings bad in

their courts not less than a thousand horsemen. The \.:>~ r-J
Zem Mesejan, which was called the Zem of Jelouiah al
mehrjan ben Ruzbal, "-').J_J ~ \.:>~_;v-)1 A:'~ ,J. Jelouiah
went to this Zem from ~ ~~L.,.::. Hemaigan S'lfly of
the· Koureh of Istakhar, and serv-ed AA.,.. Seleh. When -Seleh
_ died ( ~Y. ·\.:> L.j) Jelouiab took possession of the Zem, which
from that time was called after him. His success continued, and
arrived at such a degree that he attacked the family of Budolph
'-'.l~y. Jt, and :ilew ~ ~ Jjut... Maakel ben, Isa, the
 ( 128 ).

brother of Budolf. Then: lludolf came and slew him, and cut
o{f his head ; and the family of Budolf, as long as they. exieted,
'CODiidered this head as lucky, and productive of good fortune to
them. For some time they- put it on a spear, and. bore it aboat
in front of the army. The skull was set in silver, and -continued
till- the time that ~ <:.H .J r Omru ben Leith defeated
' yy,Jl ~ (.:,-/ ~l Ahmed lien abdal.azi.z, when that curiosity
having fallen into his hands, he ordered it to be broken. The
government of this Zem ia still in the hands of the family of
Jelouiah.

The ~~o r9) Zem Di11aa: The chief of d).is was Azad
Murd of Kouhestan ~~..,S o.,.. o!)T The government of
~,t-1 ~ ~
this still continues in his family; and it was
Mohammed ben Ibrahim who drew forth an army against Azad
Murd, until at last he fled before him.

The ~ YJ \! r..i Zem Karian is in possession of the race of

Sqffarl,~ JT). ·Their chief is ~ I <.:.H ~I~
Hajer ben Ahmed hen Al.hassa~ ·
r
The ~~o~ r-J
Zem Bade11:jan: the chief of this was
.JY:J'r 8hehriar. Now it has passed to ~!_t-1 '-:?y. Mwa
Ibrahim. Some of this tribe have removed from Pars to Isfa-
han : their estates in Pars are very c~nsiderable, and the govern..
ment is still in their family.
R 2
 { 124 )

Of the Debiran ( I.:> !ft~ Writers or Secretaries) of Pus, ·who

were illustrious there, was· ~ t:.H ~ ,.::s) I ~ Abd trl
Humeid ben Yahia : be was of the Ommiah family, and bis
stofy is well known.

~ I ~ Al.11~ .tlbdJJ.llah ben al ·Mefakaa was of Pan-:

he dwelt in Basrab; and was slain there mthe time pf _j~
Mansour. The occasion of this was- as follows: be had given a
·passport, or letter of security, for . J ~ t:.H ~ ~ Alff~
Abdallah ben Ali ben Mansour; and in it was written . " ·If this
" promise of protection should not be observed, or if violence
·" should be offered to him, Mussulmans shall nevertheless befree
•· from any blame." Mansour, enraged at this, sent an order to
the Aumil ( or Chief Collector of Revenue). at Basrah, that he
should privately destroy Abdallah hen al Mefakaa~.

"'='# Yahouiah, the Grammarian and Scribe, was originally of

lstakhar : he resided at Basrab, . and died at Shiraz, where his
tqmb is. He composed a Treatise on (trammar.

A great many officers of the Khalif's Divans (or Coµrts · of

Justice, Revenue, &c.) were of Pars; some viziers, such ·as the
~'f. Barmeks (Barmecid~). At all times the offices of state
were filled by men from Pars, who are peculiarly qualified for
those· situa~ions, because they are rendered so expert in business,
by the multiplicity and various forms of their Courts and Tribu-
 ( 125 )

nals, that one person will discharge the functions of several diffi-
cult offices. I have not seen any ~thers who were so universally
acquainted with business, except two or three: ~ ~ 1.:)-! ~
Maali ben al Nasser;. who was secretary to ~_J ~ Hassan .
Beja ; he came from lrak, and was killed at Shiraz. Hassan
·Reja, who managed the war department, caused a· tomb to be
erected for him.at. Shiraz..

~jl.J' .;,!_ta· tJ-! ul~ __,t~ Bedar Hedaf ben Zerar al

Mazeni was fifty years employed · in the Divans, and lived six
years after he became blind. i~ i.:..H u I...~ Haman ben
Behram was of Shiraz, ancJ belonged . to the Divan of Ali ben
. al h'osein ben. Basher.:. r I.:)'.-! ~ ...df ~ ~ he was
afterwards transferred to the Divan of ~G
i.:..H ~ Mo-
hammed ben Wasel,. and. superintended every Divan except that
of Ambassadors..

Ml I ~ (:.H · u f. ... ~ Hosein b'en .Abdo.llah, who was sur- ·

. y.f Abu. Saied; his proper name was .Abdal-
named ~••w .

uih benAlmerzian \.:>~Jyf \:.H A.lll~ He was originally of

~ Besa, . and dwelt at Shiraz, and traced his descent, by the
mother's side, . from the race of uG.1° Merwan: he was intro-
duced into the Divans of Pars, and resided at L,,l:i:::'! Bokhara . .

There is··a race or family in Pars, called the '-=-'fi J.j)f Ahil ·
Biout, to whom the business of the Divans belongs by hereditary
right. The f~y of UJ~ ~ Habib Medr.ek, . and the
 ( 120 )

family of Fazl, the son of that Habib, arc of this tribe, · which
is originally of ).)_ft r \S" Kam Firouz. They settled at Shiraz,
and managed important matters, and became great ; ~d the
Khalif Mamoun invited ~ tH U:::,u.. Medrek ben Habib
to Baghda~, and held him in high esteem. His d~th happened
in. Baghdad, in the time of ~ , . . Motazem. It is said that
~ I ~ Yahia .Aksem hired some person to murder him
privately.
• •
The race of the Deni Sefar ..)lk ~ JT are of the tribe
of Al.'-! Bamlah. ~ Yahia, and i.:.,-r-, J !~ Abdarrah-
man, and AU f~ Abdallah, of the children of Mohammed
hen Ismael ~ 9,-wl i.:..H ~ ' resided in Pars during the
reign of Mamoun, and filled the offices of the Divan. The
family of ~;Jfj i.:..H (.:)~j;-c Merz.ban ben Zawieh of Shiraz.
~!., ~ ~Jf~ (.:)~);-c ~HassanMerzban hindar
hen Mohammed Wasel. After him was ~ ~ y ~
lacoub ben Leith. (.:)Lj_;r'I i.:..H J+.,r (:.rl r-Jajfer ben
Soheil ben al Merzban :was secretary of (.:)J'YJ 1.!J_)b. Haret~
Feriaoun. There was not any family . more ancient or more
great than the race of ol~~ i.:..H (.:)~)rMer.zban ben Fertu-
dad.

~ .J~ i.:..H ~ cilll~ i.:..H ~ I i.:..H ~ y.f

of~ i.:..H ~ I (.:)L,j~I Abu Saied al Hassan, ben Abdallah
Nasser hen Mansour, ben al merzban Ahmed ben Hedad, at this
time conducts the business of the Divan; and Merdshad ben aU
 ( 127 )

Merdshad u~u.,.. ~ ~ u~~r and the sons of Hassan,.

~ I .J lY-!w.=... Hosein and Ahmed, are Aumils of the Divan.
( c., ~u JL.-c) )(any other ~en of Pars have arrived at high
religious dignity in various places.

'C~I . . J ~ ~ u,t ... i.:.=. Hosein ben Mansour alHel,lah

was of Beiza. He was a man of probity, and ~rtue, and wi~dom ;
and arrived at considerable eminence. He said, " Whosoever
'~ honestly strives with all his heart, and, separating himself from
"the allurements of pleasure, shall hold fast the bridle of sensual
" desire, and patiently wait, shall ascend to the court of honours
" by the steps of uprightness, and gradually be purified from the
" infirmities of human nature ; or if human nature should occa-
" sionally shew itself in him, it will be such as was imparted to
" Mary the Virgin, by the. power of the spirit of Almighty God,
'·' the frait- of which was Jesus, on who~ be peace ! All that
" such a man shall utter, will be, as it were, the voice of the
" Lord ; and all his actions, as it were, divine ; and all his com-
" mands like those of Heaven." In this manner spoke Hosein
ben Mansour, and preached to all the people about him, till many ·
of the viziers and officers of the Divan began to imitate him ; and
be gained influence over the nobles and princes of Irak, and Je-
zireh, and Jebal, and Rei. He would not return to Pars ; and
meditating on his own business, he went to Baghdad, and was in
the palace of the K.halif, and had attendants, portem, and slaYes,
till at length be was hanged alive.
 ( 128 )

~ llassan, surnamed ~ y.l Abu Saied, was of low

origin! He introduced the heresy of the ~ ½b,.., ;.J Karmes•
ti,zns. Having gone to Bahrein on mercantile business, he
L •

preached to the people of Arabia, and great numbers followed

him ; and he acquired such power that he defeated armies, and
took a castle from the people of ~~ Oman, and seized some
towns of Arabia ; but was at last slain-

-~ ~ ~L.,Lw Selman ben 1-lassan was a man who went

into -the road of the hadjes, or pilgrims going to Mecca, and
robbed and slew them : and at last proceeded to such lengths,
that he plundered the treasures of the Kaaba, and killed the pious
men who devoted themselves there to incessant prctyer. In·conse-
quence of this, f!_~ Hejaj~ ordered his 1?nsmen to be seized,
and brought to Shiraz : ~ey were kept a while in confinement ;
but, being men of good character, were not made responsible for
his off"ences.

.Accowit of the most extraordinary Edifi,ces in Pars, ( and

other Curiosities.)

IN the territory of rl - lstakhar is a great building, with

statues carved in stone; and there, also, are inscriptions, and
 ( 120 )

paintings. It is said that this was a temple of Solomon, to ·w:hom

be peace! and that it was·built by the .Dives, or Demons: similar
edifices are in Syria, and Baalbeck, · and Egypt.

·. In the territory of lstakbar, als~ there is a kind of apple,

half of which ·is sweet, and half sour. · Mertias hen Omru:
-mentioned this-circumstance to Hassan Reja : he denied the possi-
bility of it_, and Merdas sent arid caused one to be brought, and
ahewed it to him*.

· ·At the village of Abdar'rahman ~}f~ ~c.} there is

a certain great pit, the bottom of whi<:h is dry. all the year,
except at the season for watering the fields, when water issues
from it,• and ~serves for the:- purposes of agriculture and for
drinking. When it is not any longer necessary for the husband-
man's use, the w~ter disappears.
. . '

In the territory of .JY.,~ Shapour, there is a mountain ; and

in_ that mountain are the statues of all the kings, and gene~ls,
I
and high priests ( w~ Moubed), and illustrious men, who have
existed in Pars : " And in that place are some persons who have
representations of ·them, and the stories of them written t;" and
this tribe belo11gs · to the · territory of ~l.tJI Arghan, at Hysn
.Mohdi <$~ ~ - .·. ·

· • See the Persian of this and the preceding passage in the Appendix.
t .>J_,1~ N,;;!; l:)l.&:.:tl ~ , lf3..»"" A S ~ ~W Lf;ll
s
 ( 130 )

.At the city of..)_fr Jawr, near the northern gate, is a pond, or
pool of water, in which a brazen vessel is so placed, that, from a
hole in it, the water wues with great violence.

In the vicinity of ~T-f

Aberkouh are considerable heaps of
ashes. The common people say, that here was the fire of Nim•
rod (into which he ~used Abraham to he thrown.) But this· i&
not true : the fact is, that Nimrod, and the kings of Canaan, dwelt
in the land of Babylon.

In the KoU?Ch of Arghan, at the Tillage called yr'f ~~

Sahil al Areb, there is a well, from which proceeds water enough
to tum a mill, and water the fields. The people here say, that
they have made various etforts to ~rtain the depth of this well,.
but have not ever been able to reach the bottom..

In the Kour~h of u~JI u~; Rostak ar~rostak, there

is a place between two hills, from which smoke constantly issues;
and it is said, that if a bird should fly near that place, it would
drop down.

In the ~..J!., ~u DtMht-Yarein, there is a village ~

~..Jr Khosruhein> in which there is not any tree.. Here is
a family, of whose sorceries and magick I have heard such an
anecdote as cannot be repeated.
 ( 131 )

In i:>Jo r
♦ u_,11 Ardeshir Derek, near th~ gate of Shiraz,
is a fountain, of which they drink the water as a purgative :
one cup full operates once upon the body ; two cupa full, twice :
if one drinks many, it occasions vomitings, and excessive evacu-
ations.

Near Argban, on the borders of Khuzistan, is a remarkable pile,

or heap, called the ~ u J.-1 Tel Deilemi, with a vault or
recess, two hundred paces broad, and so high that a man, mounted
on a mule, with a standard iB his band, cannot reach the top•

. In the territory of ~ !,J" Korµin, there is a certain flower,

which they eat green, like _the leaves of the..)~ Chukender.

In the leffi:tory of Shiraz there is a plant, or herb, which they

c a l l ~ ~J- Swen Nergus, (the Lily Narcissus.)

Near ~J'.., Yareln there is a river, called ~ :Ft Nehr-

Cheen, the water of which is pleasant to the taste, and is used
for the purposes of agriculture; but when clothes are washed
in it, it becomes green.

s 2
 { 132 )

Accow,,t of the Commodities and Productions of Fan

Tax rose-water _of Shiraz is most ,remarkably excellent, and

highly esteemed in all parts of the world. It is chie1ly made at
.Jfr Jawr, and sent by sea to j ~ Hqjaz, and ~ Yemen:-
it is also sent to Syria, and Egypt, and Magreb or Africa, and
Khorasan. Here also is made oil, better than that of any other-
place, except the oil of Kheiri ~~ ~.J ), and that of Ai..,.S.-
Cufah.

At p. Sinir, and ~~ Jenabah, and <.:>.J,..ll ts" Kawou.n,.

and c,.Y Tooje, linen (c.,W) gar~ts are· manufactured-; and:
the embroidery and clothes made at~· Besa are esteemed by
the princes in all countries; and sent into all parts o~ the world;
The gold brocade worn by the princes is. made at Besa. This
embroidery is performed with a needle : and here they also weave
cloth of gold, and fine garments, and hangings, and silk, , and
camel's hair~

. At oy. Yezd and ~T-J .Aberkouh they manufacture clothes

of silk and cot to~ ; at i # J ehrem, fine carpets. At c . , ~
Abdejan, which is ::L town of the tH-.)!.., ~u Deslit-i-Yarein,.
 ( 133 )

they make beautiful tapestry and carpets. Besa is remarkable for •

needle-work; and they excel there, in respect to that · art, the
people of Yyj Corcoub.

At ulr- Siraf they abound in marine productions, and com-

• modities brought· by sea; such as aloes, ambergris, camphire,.
pearls, canes, ivory, and ebony:. pepper, sandal, and various
kinds of drugs and medicines, are sent from that place to all
quarters of the world ;. and in this city there are such· wealthy
merchants, that several of them possess fortunes of sixty thousand,
thousand direms; and I have seen them ..

At c,~..)I Arghan, in the. village called ~_,t.;f .Afaresk,..

they make such excellent yL!i.J<-> doushab (syrup), that no other
place can equal it in that respect, except ~~ Seilan.

At ~.J-Vl.f Kazeroun the~ is a certain species of date, ~lied

c , ~ kheila1l, which they send into . lrak and lsfahan. At
u/y!.,fo Dara!Jgird, in the ditches which sutround the town,.
there is. a certain 1ish extremely pleasing to the taste, without:
any bone.. ·

In the Ticinity 0f Darabgird, m~my ($4-o_r is found. Once

every year 'they open ·the place where it is produccc.J, and a cer-
tain quantity of it is taken for the king's use, in presence of
confidential persons, who then seal up the place.. And in the ter-
 ( 134 )

ritory of Darabgird there are hills of salt, white, black, yellow

and green.

In the land of Pars there are mines of silver, and iron, and lead,
and sulphur, and naphta. · The silver is scarce, and found in the
cold region called ~L. Manein. Iron is brought from the •
mountains of lstakhar, and from the place called Darabgird.

The striped stuffs of Shiraz are well known; and in the K.oureh
of lstakhar they manufacture fine linen.

Of the Money, the Weights, and Measures, of the People of

Fars.

IN buying and selling, they use direms and dinars : but since
the time of the Kesris •, to the present day, there has not been
any coinage of direms in Pars, unless in the name of the Emir al
l\foumenin ~..,_JI ptl Commander of the Faithful.

• The fourth Dynasty of Persian kings, or the Sats1mides arc called the .iltasrth or
Lsris ; of these Noushiruan was peculiarly styled Lsri : in his reign Mohammed wu
born. The last of this Dynasty was Ye%1Ugtrtl, who died Anno Hcgirz 3 2,
(A, D. 652_.)
 ( 135. )

In Pars ~e weight of the di.rem is two J~ methkals. The

stone ( ~ ) is of two kinds, great and small : the great stone is
ene mun (~) a ·thousand and forty direms, like the stone of
Ardebil ~u_,f ~ ; the small stone is the stone of Baghdad
and the stone of ~ ~iza., one mun eight hundred direms.
At Istakhar four hundred direms make, the stone. At o~·
Behreh, two hundred and eighty direms ;· at Shapour; three hun~
4red. direms; an~ at o,f--- .fr'u..J.I Ardeshir Khereh, two hundred.
and forty direms ..

The ~'fr Jereib of Shiraz contains ten y;u· kejiz; and· a

kefiz, sixteen J..bJ rotels, a little more or le~. The jereib is one
hundred and thirty rotels ; and that is divided into half, third,
and quarte,. Tl)e jereib of bt:ak:har is half the jereib- of Shiraz..
The measure or weight ( ~ ) of Beiza is more t:han. that of
Istakbar by about a tenth and half a tenth ; and the measure of
Kam Firouz is g~ter than that of Beim, by about one tenth.
The·measure of Arghan exceeds that of Shiraz by a fourth : and.
ilie measure of· K.azeroun and of Shapour is.a sixteenth more.
 ( 130 )

Account of the GATES OF WEALTH, or the maTtf!,er of raising

the Revenue.

Ta E gates of wealth, or those by which. money is supplied in

the Divans, are the taxes or tribute : a tenth on· ships ; a. fifth on
the mines, on corn, fodder, the mint, the roads, the canals, fruits,
iced waters, salt, &c.

The tribute of lands is of three kinds : by division, and by

regulations and statutes. All the proportions are exactly ascertain~
and admit not of any diminution. Whether the ground be tilled,
or not tilled, the measurements and divisions take place: if the
ground is cultivated, .it pays tribute; if not cultivated, . it is so
much lost.

The greater part of the country is subject to measurement, as

far as the Zems are. The taxes of Shiraz are more considerable,
in proportion as their jerei~ is the great jereib for such things as
wheat and barley. The jereib is two hundred and thirty-seven
direms. The garden jereib is one thousand four hundred and
twenty-five direms. The small jereib is sixty/ guz, of the
king's cubit or yard ( ~ I t!J~); and the king's cubit is nine
 . , .
( 137 )

~ kebsets, or handfuls. The great tax is the tax of ~hiraz,

because _r-:"J ~ f <.:.H ~ Joffer ben Abi Zoheir spoke to
Haroun Ar'rasheid on the subject, and he ordered that a third and
a fourth should be paid. The tribute of lstakhar is not so con-
tiderable as that of Shiraz.

The tax of division is of two kinds. The better is that of the

Emir al Moumenin Omar, (may God reward him!) and the other
khalifs, which divides into tens, threes, and fours. These are
taxes paid on the products of agriculture, and various oth~
duties and tributes, nearly the same as in other countries.

In all Pars there is not any mint, except at Shiraz. The land
belongs to the sovereign: he ·lets it out to farm at certain rents.
There was not any tax in Pars on shops, or work-houses, or gar-
dens, .or trees. ~ f.:.H ~ Ali ben Isa laid a tax on them
in the year 302 •.
•
• A. D. 914-mo~t probably our author's own time.

T
 ' 188 )

Of tlte Province of Kinnan.

To the east of K.itman lie the land of CJ !f-o M_akran, and

the deserts of that country, and <:J-!~ Ba.hrein (the two seas),
on the borders of c.fa. Bolouje.
To the west of Kinnan lies the
land of Pars, which we have before described. On the north are
the deserts of K.horasari and Sejestan ; and on the south the Per-
sian sea and CJ \s'_r- Seirgan ; and, in a comer, a Part of Pars.

In the region of Kinnan the climate is both warm and cold.

The fruits are of all kinds; chie1ly those ot the warm climates.
PartI of K.irman is bordered by the sea. Here are their harbours
_and ports, which are subject to excessive heat, such as J,r/J
Hormuz, and CJ.)fr Jaroun, and some others; and the air in
general is not pure.

Now we proceed to describe the cities and mountains of K.ir-

man, and to lay before the reader a map of that province, such as
we have seen it.

(Page ·zeft blank for a map· of Kirma11.)

 ( 180 )

c., lS'? Sirgan, ~ft Jireft, r- Bam, _r/' Hormuz,

~.Ju Douhin : these cities are, by some, reckoned as belonging
to Pars; by others to K.irman. c.,13.J~ Jiroukan, c.,u;J_r Mezer-
kan, c.,u;.J,YH Sourkan, U"'J/1 Allas, ~ / Keri, c.,_,..... Maaun.

Between c., \S"~ Sirgan and the desert of uy. Yezd· are _
the towns of oufr Jirdeh, w_u Zerend, (.:)':!uj Ferdin,_ c.,~l..
Mahan, and·~~ Khebis; and on the side of the desert,
near Bam, is r.l.y Bermasir. '(!_~ Mehreje, ~ Sinje,
situated in the midst of the de~rt, and remote ·from Kirman;
though reckone~ as 59me of its territories. U""~ Khouas, the·
boundary of Kinnan, is said, by some, to be a territory of Se-
jestan.

The mountains of wt; Karen: c.,UY,f Aikan, ~ ~u

Deher Hou.mah, are by some assigned to y.l c.,~/ rt.t
KouhestaTi abou Ghanem. Between llormuz and Jireft are the
towns of ~_,,J Kownin, <.:., ~.JrMerzingan, c.,~ Menu-
jan. On the sea-coast are the mountains or bills of Kefes.
~ J4::-- Baren w~ and the mountains of the silver mines•
•
In K.irman there is not any lake or great river: there is that
bay, or gulph, called the Persian Sea, which comes from the
ocean hear Hormuz ; the water is salt, and ships pass on it to and
fro. In parts of Kinnan there are several mines.
T 2
 ( 140 )

Of the Mountains of Kirman, (the Inhabitants, and Chief

Cities.)

THE mountains of u.a.i3 Kefes lie on the southern border, near

th~ sea. ·To the north, near the borders of Jireft, are ~'~»
Rudan and the Kouhestan, or hillycountry of ~~y.f .llbu,-
ghanem. . On the east is U"'~ Khou.as, and the desert ex-
tending towards Kefes, and the province of Makran. On the
south of that is ~fa. Bolouje, or Bolouche, and the borders of
Mir;"an ,.,b~
'-' .--"..

In the mountains near Hormuz, it is said, there is much culti-

vated land, and cattle, and many strong places. On every mountain
there is a chief: and they have an allowance from the Sultan or
Sovereign; yet they infest the roads of K.irman, and as far as the
borders of Fars and of Sejestan : they commit their robberies on
foot ; and it is said that their race is of Arabian origin, and that
they have accumulated vast wealth. "The l:fa,Boloujes, are
" in the desert of },.fount Kefes ua.i3 oy and Kefes in the
"Parsi language is ~_JJ Kouje; and they call these two people
" Koujes and Boloujes. The Boloujes are people who dwell
 ( 141 )

" in the desert• : they infest the roads, and have not respect for
" any person."

The mountains of wlo Maren belong to the cold. region of .

Kinnan : they are fertile a.B.d strong ; snow falls on them : and in
the time of the Guebres, or Fire-worshippers, they used to come
down from these mountains and rob ; but in the reign of the Ab-
bassides they became converts to the true religion, and have kept
their hands from evil actions. These mountains afford mines of
'
iron. The mountains of the silver mines are near the borders of
Jireft, and extend to the pass of ~ -l,..Jo Derban ; from that to
the silver mountains is a journey of two merhileh. There are
pleasant and fertile valleys, with small towns., and many delight-
ful villas.

The warm part of Kinnan is more extensive than the cold ; in-
somuch that there is not above one-fourth of the province -liable
to thC: cold, from the borders of ~ \s'_r, Sirgan to the desert,
in the vicinity of ~ Bam. The warm region extends from the
borders of Hormuz to Makran, and to the ~onfines ot Pars, and
of Sirgan, throughout Hormuz, and t.> \s'~ Miougan, and Jireft,

• The epithet Sehra Nishin (See Ap~ndix) is sometimes used to express a solitary
retired man, a hermit, &c. The Ferhung Borhan Kattea informs us, that {r;_,l-t Bo-
/~che is the name of a people inha/Jiting tne dmrt (~I~""' ~_,i); also the name of a
country of Iran or Persia. I write the name Bo/ouch~, on the authority of this excellent
dictionary, which accents the first syllable with damma, and describes the last letter
,him Farsi•

•
 ( 142 )

and the hills of ~Y Kouje, and the l:>'r-:J

~ c l de1ht viran,
or " the dreary waste ;" also throughout Bam and the desert,
and to the borders of K.irman, and to ~ Kheis.

The inhabitants of Kinnan are lean and slender, with brown

complexions*. Towards the west of Jireft, snow falls. Among
· the hills of silver, and as far as Derban to Jireft, and likewise from
before:the hill of j-14 Barem to near Jireft, and the-place called
l:.>~ Mcsihari and ~~u Derman, there runs a consi-
derable river, with such a rapid stream, that it is not to be crossed
without difficul_ty : it turns about twenty mills.

j _r../' Hormuz is the emporium of the merchants in Kirman,

and their chief sea-port: it ha:s mosques and market places, and
the merchants reside in the suburbs.

~ft Jireft is in extent nearly two miles; it is situated near

the sea : here they enjoy at once all the productions of both
warm and cold climates.

~ Bam is a considerable town, •with extensive suburbs.

Prayers are said on the chief festivals, in three diff'erent great
mosques, and there is a small one! in the market-place. Some of
the people are of the Sonnite sect. In the castle of the city
there is another mosque, with a publick treasury, and other offices.

• Literally whtaJ-eq/ouml ~ r,>,;.S

 ( 143 )

The town of c, \s'? Sirgan is watered by subte~eous

trenches or aqueducts : in the suburbs they raise water from
· wells. This _is the largest of all the cities in Kirman. The in-
habitants are observers of the Hadith, ( or holy traditions.) The
people.of__,L,!u.J.J Ru~bar, c , ~ Kohestan, ~~ y. Bou Gha-
n·em, and~ Bolouje, are all of the Shiah sect: and from the •
borders of c,_,.,,... Maaoun, and u _rJJ
Lashgird, to the terri-
. tories of Hormuz, t~e ~ople are industrious and honest ; they
· cultivate sugar, and eat bread made of millet (c,j;I). They
give one tenth of their dates to the king, like the people of Bas-
rah : and whatever dates are shaken from the trees by the wind,
they do not touch, but leave them for those who have not any,
or for travellers: and it happened one year., that half the dates
. were thus blown off the trees, yet the owner did not take one of
them.

The territory of ~:.J.J Rouiest is a . dry soil. The people

are., for the greater part, robbers and plunderers. There are a
town and a village on the sea-coast, where they catch fish. It '
is a stage on the road to Pars.

The language of the inhabitants of Kinnan is the Persian ; but

the Kouches have another language, and also the_ Bolouches.

Fine linen and striped stuffs are manufactured at <.>-:,.J) Zareid,

and arc sent into Pars and lrak.
 ( 144 )

The CJ"'~ Khouas are a tribe of the desert: they have camels,
and date trees; and their houses are made of reeds•

• The Distances of Places in Kir~.

FaoM O \s" r. Sirgan to 0 ~\J' Kahoun, two merhileh ;

from Kahoun to u'-!~ Husnabad, two farsang; from Hus-
nabad to u~.J Reshak, two merhileh: from Sirgan to Routmn
Hemed ~ 0 lo..,__,,
four farsang; from Hemed to O \s" u/
Kirdgari., two farsang; from Kirdgan to UH'-!I Ahaus, one mer-
hileh·: from that to Roudan, one merhileh : from Sirgan to
0 u_r .b'-!J Rebat Shirkan, two long merhileh.

On the road of ('-! Barn, one goes from Sirgan to y ~

Simab, one merhileh; from that to -'Y.
Behar, one merhileh;
and to y ~ Hebab, one merhileh: to ~ Ghira, one merhi-
leh: to 0 ~ / Keraoun, one farsang; to ~L, Rabein, one
merhileh. One goes to a town on the Barn road ; and, from that
turning back on the right hand, one comes to the village of j y
Kouz, one merhileh; frQm that to ~ f t Jireft, one merhileh;
from Jireft to the Silver-hills, one merhileh; from them to~'-!» I
Azerbai, one merhileh; from that to Jireft, one merhileh; from
Sirgan to <.>-:,wl,) Zareid, and from ~ \s'j" 1'erka11, to r-ur♦ Ber-
 ( 145 }

dasir, tw.o merbileh; from Berdasir, that is, r.!J. Ya1hlr, to

u.J~ Khemrud, one long merhileh; an~ fr'!'11 ~mrud to
Zareid, one merhileh; and from Zareid to the desert, one long
merhileh.

On the road ftom Sirgan t o ~ Khebes, one first goes to ·

~t_./. Berma~r, .qne mei:mieh: ~ Bermasbir to 'c,Jr-
Behe,je, one merhileh; this is on the skirts of the desert: from
IJam to Jireft, one merhileh.
/

'The .road of Jireft to Pars ·is, from Jireft .to c,.~ Ma(loun,.
two merhileh ; to ufa \s' Kashgird, one merhileb; ,from Kash~
gird to ~fuJ,r Sourda.n to ~~..,.. Mourouan, one merhileh;
from ·MouN>uan to ~ !.,~ Jir.oua.n, one farsang ; from Jirouan
to ~I,..,!: •.,.,(' Kesisan, one-; .to ~ p Boubin, QDe merhileh;·
to r--'~ &rem, -one merhileh.

The distances -on the .road from Jireft to Horm'\IZ are these:
From Jireft -to Kashgird, and from that, going on the left hand.,
to ~ y.. Kounein, one merhileh; from Kounein to ~ ~.J;V"
Beherrengan, one merhileh; from that to ~~fa Menunjan,
one ; from that ·to ·Hormuz, one merhileh; from Hormuz to the
city~ Shehr) and the sea-side, one merhileh.

Theso are all the roads llnd distances of Kinnan. After this,
u
 ( 140 )

we shall proceed to speak of the Land o f ~ Sind, and part .of

~ Hind, if God permit.

Jv4, ., • w.,I,~-~
..) ~ . J -J~

Of the Count,y of Sind, and part of Hind•

.
WE proceed to describe the land of Sind, and some part of
Hind, and the country of c, ~ Makran, and c,L,fa Touran,
and dw Nedeheh, and the bordering territories which belong
to the possessors of Islam.

The eastern· boundary of these regions is the Persian Sea. On

the·western side lie Kinnan, and the deserts of Sejestan, and some
territories-of that province. On the north is th~ land of Hind, .
and its territories. The southern boundaries are the deserts of
·Makran, and the territory of the Bolouches ; and a part of this
borders on the Persian Sea, which is winding and _curved on these
confines.

Now we shall lay before the reader a map of those parts of

Hind and Sind, and describe the curious and extraordinary places
of them. Some parts belong to Guebres ( tJ !r-5), and a greater
portion of this country to c,!j Is' Kafers (Infidels} and Idolaters

-
 ( 147 }

(c.,U:,.,~ ~); a minute description -of these places would, there..

fore, be Wlileces&ary and unprofitable.

(Blank page for a Map of Sind and Hind.)

Of the Cities and 1bwns situated in these Countries~

.·~I .Alis, _r-1 Kusr, c.,.rj Fermoun, u .JU Derek, ~L,

· Rasek; ~~ Kesrbend, o ~ Kelaahereh, (,>~ Meski,
~ .Meil, ~'-!JI .Armaiel. Of i..:,!.,_,Jo 7:ouran the towns
are, ~~ Mehali, t,L.\s"~ Kibrkaman, (!)r Sureh,
~lc.w Kandabil. The other cities of Sind are, oJ ~
Mansourah, which they call ~~ Sindi.ah, ~u Danbul,
<$.J;-o Meroui, ~yl. Manoui, ~;!.I Airi, ~fa. Baloui,
~!,-. Mesouahi, CX- Beherje, Ahwl. Maseh ~~
Meshari, c., l,.,.,.J<..>w. Sedwan.

There are c.,f~ Seido.n, c.,~ Meimoun, i..:,l.M.. Multan;

)y.>, .'f!l- Heldpur; names of cities in Sind a.Jid part of Hind.
These, for the greater part, are inhabited . by Infidels : but there
are, in this country, some 1,lussulmans, who have mosques, and
on stated days read the ~utbah : and the Incljan sovereign who
dwells here bas a very extensive ·empire.
- .
u 2
 ( 148 )

The city of Manstmrah ma~t ·a mile in breadth, arld as much

in length ; and a bay or arm of the river t, ~ Mihran ·page$
by it, and renders it like an island. The inhabitants of Mansoureh
are of the descendants of ~__,...JI tHI ...J~ Hebar ebn .Alasoud.
He took the place, and it continues till this time in the possession of
his family. It enjoys a warm climate, and produces dates, appl~
and pears, and a fruit i'eiembling the peach: it is a place abound-
ing i':1 proV1S1ons. Their coins are the ($~I:; Kaheri, every
direm of which is equivalent to (OT weighs) nfty direms; and
another of silver, which they call ($_,blb Tautooi, one direm of
which is fifty direms; they also use gold in their commercial in-
tercollrse. Their dress and habits resemble those of the people of
lrak ; but their kings atfect the appearance of Indian kings, and
-wear pendants in their eats.

The city of c,"-'.1..,. Moultan is about half the size of Man-

$011reh. It is called the '' Golden House;" for there is in the city a
~ei1:ain idol, to which the Indiahs of the country come as on I re-
ligious pilgrimage, every year, and bring great riches with them .;
and those who pray in the temple of this idol must pay a tribute.
Ttiistemple is situated in the centre of Moultan ; and in the middle
of· the temple there is a great cupola or dome. All round this
building are various houses, in which the servants and attendants
'of the idol reside. Moultan is not reckoned as belonging to Hin-
doostan; but ~ is in it a race of idolaters who worship in this
temple. The idol is made in die form of a man, with the feet
 J 140 )

on a bench, formed of tiles,· or bricks and mo;rta,: ·it js cloth~

in a red garment, resembling Morocco leather ( c.,~~ and no
part of the body is to be seen except the two eyes. Some
people say the body is made of wood ; but they do not permit
any one· to see more of if than the eyes, which are comp<?sed of
precious stones. · On the head iJ a diadem of gold. It sits upon
a square throne, the hands resting on the. knees.

All the ·riches which are brought to this idol from Hindoostan,
are takea. by the fr' Emir of Moultan, who distributes a portion
among the servants of the temple.. When the Indians .c ome there
in a hostile mamier, and endeav.our to carry off the idol from
"them, the people of Moultan ,take it forth, and seem to make pre-
parations for breaking and buming it ; when the Indians perceive
that, they desist from fighting, and return back. If it were not
for this circumstance, the Indians would destroy )loultan. There
is here a castle, or citadel ; but Mansoureh- is more populous and
improved.

j
- Moultan ~ styled the ~ f ~ Beit Alzaho.b, or Golden _
House, because the -Mussulmans -w ere. in gteat distress• w~en
they seized on this town, and found in it yast quantities of gold,.
and acquired power~ About half a farsang from the town•is a
:villa, in which resides- the Emir of Moultan-on the appointed
festivals he goes into the town-he is a ~j Coreishi of
the children of Sam the son of Noah, who conquered l\loultan;.
 ( 150 )

and he is called' the Emir of that place. He has not any power
over Mansourah ; but the K.hutbah is read ·in the name of the
Khalif.

v .:-v
~ ».. •• Besmeid is a small town. Besmeid, and Moultan, and
J ~ Chendvar, are situated on the eastern side of the- river
of Moultan, each· at the distance of one fana.ng from the bank
of the river. The water used in these towns is well-water.

~o Danbul is situated on the eastern side of the river

~ 1Fr Mihran, on the sea coast; it is the port of this country.
In the cultivation of their lands, the inhabitants do not use water.
It is a barren place; but people dwell there for the convenience
of transacting mercantile business.

~)~ Bileroun is a town between Dambul and Mansourch,

on the west of the river Mihran; and~ Beherje, and($~
Mesouai, and ~t-..,~ Sedousan, and ~ Helbeh, are situated
on the western side of the river Mihran. ($wf Aridi and ($y
lo
Daloui .are both on the eastern side of it, at a distance from t'he
river, in going from Mansoureh to Moultan.

Baloui is situated on the_banks o( the river Mihran, near a bay,

formed by that river .~hind l\fansoureh. Jy.U Famhel is .a
town on the first borders of Hindoostan.
 ( 151 )

A.it.. Manah is a small town, built by O.J~ yyJI~_.Ab-

do.laziz Hebareh, · the ancestor of that race which took Man-
-sourah.

~ Nedeheh.JB. a tract of Bat,land between

Touran, t.,LJ..-,b
and Mekran, and Moultan, and the towns of Mansoureh. This
.territory lies on the · west of the river Mihran. It is a ~lace
.remarkable for camels. The chief town of this district . is a
.place of much commerce; it is called ~le.Mi Kandalril. The
men of this town resemhle those of the desert; they ha,-e
houses constructed of reeds, along the ~k.s of the river Mihran,
as far as the borders of Moultan1 and to the sea side ; and be-
tween Mihran and Famhel they have pasture lands and meadows.
They are a numerous tribe.. Famhel, and Sedousan, and ~~

.Meimoun, and ~w Keniabeh ; all four. have mosques, in which

_the religious ceremonies of Islam are publickly performed: there
· are great quantities of the l~dia.n,wall-nut (($u.a jy), and
of the fruit called j.,_. Mouz,, with various kinds of herbs, and
much honey.

u ~G Rahouk and t., !,JS' Kelwan are two a1Stricts between

~~I Armaiel -and / Kair.: both these are· without water:
they abound in cattle.. •

t., !Jfa Touran is a little district, with many small villages and·
.hamlets belonging to it. ~ 4.:)-! ~ I Ahmed be_n l,faamr·

' ,.
possesses them, and the Khutbah is read in the Khalirs na'me.
The town in whi~h he resides is a considerable place, well
supplied with provisions, and abounding in fruits ; it is never
subject to cold weather. Between ~L. Maniah and Famhel
there is a desert ; also between Famhel and ~'-¥Ken.iabllh.-
(.:)~~ Tasimoun is a populous distri~, in _which the Mus-
sulmans and Indians are intermixed. In this place the only gar-
ment they wear is the..)LJI azar, or sash round the middle, as the
heat renders all others unnecessary: it is also the custom at
Moultan. In the province of Makran they speak the Persian·and
Makrani fanguages. The merchants wear ~e clf>ak and turban.

Makran is an extensive country, but liable to scarcity and want

of provisions. (.:) l<->.a.. <.:.H ~ <.:.H ~.::. Hosein hen Isa
'hen Maadan took -possession of the district called )"(9 Mihra,
and dwelt in the town o f / Kair, which is as large as Moul-
tan, and a good harbour : it has many date trees: in the territory
of it is a well called the " Well of Mak.ran.'• It is the largest
town in Makran.

r
· . There is a district called "(!) Kherouje, the capital of which
is ~!J Rasek, and there is a village belonging to it callea
ol..er Herman: these places belong to~..) <.:.H jJa Zefer hen
Beja, and the K.hutbah is read in the name of the K.halif. ,His
territory extends near three merhileh ; it .affords some hundred df
 •

( 153 )

date ·trees, and furnishes ~L; Faneid (a ·kind of·sweet paste or

candied cakes), to all quarters; its villages· border on those of the
province of K.irman, ~t the place called ~ Meskeni .
.
J-,t-_, Resasil and ~ Kanteli are two large towns
within two menzils: from Resasil to the ·sea is half a farsang.

~l<->JJ Kllndabil is a considerable city situated in the desert..

c,li\S"~ J(irkanan is another large town io the ·desert.

~ the district of wj I .Azend the Mussulmans and infidels are ·

,all intermixed.· Here they have cattle and gardens. , The name
of a man who took this place was JY.li Naiel (or J.tli Nabul),
and it is called after him.

Distances of Places in Sind.

FaoM ~ Bein to 'pJKebr, five merbileh; from Kebr to

CJ.J'!? Fetrioun, two merhileh; and if one goes from the road
of Fetrioun, by the road of Makran, it is the same distance:
from ·Fetrioun to U:,u
Derek, three merhileh ;· from that to
~ , Asofkah, two merhileh ; from that to U1.oO Med, one ·mer-
hileh; from Med to ~ Kesr, one merhileh; from / Kebr
X
 •

( 15-i )

to ~4-,1 .Armaiel, six merhileh; from Mansoureh to t.>!Jfa

Touran, fifteen merhileh ; from t., 1<.Wi Kesdan to Moultan,
twenty merhileh. K.esdan is the chief town of Touran. From
Mansourah to the borders of dw Nede~eh, five merhileh; and
from K.ebr, which is the residence of Isa ben Maadan, to ow
N edeh, ten merhileh ; from Nedeh to ~ · Bein, fifteen merhi-
leh; from Bein to Kesdan, twelve merhileh ; from t.> t,;.:J_r Al>c.)j
Nedelte~ of Moultan, to the extremity of the· borders_ of .J~
Tetar, which they call uw-J4 Bales, ten merbileh.; an~ when
one goes from Mansourah towards Nedeheh, to (.:>L.,.J<l.,., Sedu-
s~n, the way is by the bank c;>f the river Mihran. From K.anda-
bil to ~ Mesbah, in the territory of Bein, four merhileh ;
from K.esdan to Kandabil, five farsang~ from Kandabil to Man-
sourah, about eight merhileh ; and from K.andabil to Moultan,
ten merhileh of desert;. from Mansourah to Famhel, twenty
•· ..
merhileh ; from Famhel to AJU.....S Keinabah four merhileh.

oL..Jyw Sourbah is ·near the sea : from t., f<.MN.i Sindan to

Sourbah, is five merhileh ; from Moultan to ~ Besmeid,
two merhileh ; from Besmeid to u.J.J Rud (or the River), three
merhileh; from that to ($..f.' Aberi, four merhileh; from .Abari
to ($<.Mi Feldi, four merhileh ; from Feldi to Mansoureb, one
merhileh ; from Danbul to J.J~ Pirouz, four merhileh ; • from
Pirouz to <$_f.b.:"- Mehaberi, two merhileh; from ~__,.H.; Faloui
to ~ 1~ Beldan, four farsang.
 { 155 )

'
~ ' ~' ($\J)~.J) /-l
. Of the Rivers in thi& Country.

. OP the <.:., !JY' Mihran it is said that the source is the river
c . , ~ Jihoun; it comes out at Moultan, and passes on to the
borders of Besmeid, and by Mansourab, and falls into the sea on
the east of Dambul. The waters of t~ river '.Mihran are pleasant
and wholesome; and they say it is liable to tides, or flux and
reflux, like the Nile, and that it is infested by crocodiles. The
cl.J) ~ Sind Rud, at three merbileh from Moultan, is of pleasant
water, and joins the river Mihran. Water .is very scarce through-
out the land of Makran ; there is some near Mansoureh. Many
of the inhabitants of Mak.ran resemble the Arabs ; they eat fowl
and fish : others of them are like the Curds. Here is the extreme
boundary of the land of Islam in this direction.
.
Now we shall turn back, and begin to describe ~ I Ar-
menia, and <.:,!;I Aran, and CJ ~~;ell .Azerbaigan.

X 2
 Description of Armenia, and Aran,. anti Azerbaijan..

ALL the boundaries of these countries,. t,~y Kouhe,tan

on the east, and the banks of the Caspian Sea, and the provinc~
adjacent to ~)'I Armen, and t,-111 A_la.n, and ~~I: Aran, aDd
the mountains o f ~ ~ Kipchak•, and the borden of Irak and
Jezireh, on the south ; all these boundaries we lay before .t he
reader in the ann~ed map.

. <.:.> ~~.J~ ~ <.:.>G !.., ~~l ~.1ya

(Blank page for a Map.)

~~JI Ardeb{l is the most considerable city of Azerbaijan : it

is about half a farsang in length and breadth,. and co~ains the·
Governor' i palace : it has walls, and four gates, and is a pleasant
town, and well supplied with provisions. It has extensive sub-
urbs ; and within two farsang of it there is a mountain called
~~ Seilan, which is never free from snow either in wintaa
or summer.

• JI;:•,:; Kilnhai, according to the Arabian mode of expressing the Persian or

Turkish letters Ba and Chim.
 ( 157 )

- ~~ Meraghah is nearly of ·th~ same size as Ardebil; in for-

mer times it was . the seat of government : it has villages, ·and
suburbs, orchards, and gardens,. and land improved by agricul-
ture. The town bad walls:. but CW I ~t Abi al_Sah demo-
lished them.

Armenia is an extensive and fertile region, bounded by the sea,

and full of delightful situations: the towns are ~L.w...o l,fisan,
A.iyi. Khounah, (.:)li!.,t Bervanan, (.$yi. Khoui, U"'~ Sel-
mas, <.;,r Neshoui, <->J_r Marend, y~ Tabriz, wjft Beze-
_rend, ~½'JU Derban, (.:)l.,_r. Moukan, ·and ~ !.f.t:i..
Khalierau.;
and seyeral smaller towns.

f._<l__j. Berdaa is a po~.ulous and flourishing city, with culti-

vated lands and much fruit. After Rey and Isfahan, there is not in
lrak or Khorasan a city more large, more beautiful, or pleasant,.than
Berdaa. .At the distance of one ~arsang from Berdaa, between A.!.J'
Kerieh, and '-='~ Lesout, and near (.:)~ Bektan,. there is,a
well called y!Jw1 .Anderab ; and for· one day's journey .the
whole country .is laid out in gardens and orchards. The fruits
are excellent·; .their filberds ( ~~) are better than those of
Samai:cand~:and their chesnuts (.bfa. oU.} superior to. the chesnuts
of Syria ; and the figs of Berdaa are more· delicious than those of
any other place. 'fbere are also mulberries; and silk is sent from.
that to Khuzistan, and to Irak •.
 ( 158 )

In the river Kur / uJJ they take fish of two kinds, t,,i !J
Rafen and _F Aasher, which are better than any other fish.
At the Curd's Gate (c.,lu/v~u) there is a market-place, or
J""
baza.r, called ( / Gurki : every Sunday the ~pie assemble
there : it is about a farsang square. Men from K.horasan and
fromlrak meet there. The Revenue Office is in the great mosque,
and_the bazars on the ramparts.

c.M.!..Ju Derbend is a city built on the shore of the sea, on two

banks of a bay, with two walls constructed so as to render the
navigation of ships more convenient and safe ; and a chain is
drawn across the entrance, that ships may not . enter or sail out
_ without permission; and these two walls are formed of stone and
lead : and this town of Derbend is situated on the coast of the
sea cf c.,~_pb Taberistan. It is larger than Ardebil, with
many fields, and meadows, and cultivated lands. It does not pro-
duce much fruit; but the people supply that from other quarters.
A wall of stone extends from the city to the mountain; and
another of clay, to hinder the c.,lj \s'" Cafres (Infidels) from
- coming into the town. Part of this wall projects a little way into
the sea, so that ships may not come too near the ramparts. This
wall is a strong building, and was the work of Ju~ c.,~~y
No~hirvan Aadel (the Just.)

This city of Derbend is very large, and remarkable: it is sur-

 ( 150 )

rounded by· enemies, who have diff"erent languages. On one side

of Derbend is a great mountain called ½"Y.U I.Adeib; on this they
assemble every rear, and make many fires, that they may confound
and disperse their enemies from the borders of Azerbaijan, and
Armenia, and Arran : they are as numerous as the waves of
,.. the
sea that come up to the walls of the city. It is said that this
m()untain, which is close to Derbend, contains ab~ve seventy dif-
ferent tribes, who have each a pecul~r dialect, and understand •
Jlot one the language of another.

The sovereigns of Persia have considered the possession of this

city as a matter of great importan~e, and have established a race
of people to guard it, called c., 'r:..t-1o
Tairberan; and there is
another tribe called..)~~ Heilabshar, . and another called
c.,~ Lekzan: there are also two other tribes, the c.,!r- Le-
niran and c., !.,_r.Servan : the foot soldiers are mostly of these
tribes ; they have few horsemen. Derbend is the port-town for
_;y;. Kho:r.r, and I f Serir, and Gur~an, and c.,LA,...pb
c., 96/
Taberistan, and T!.;>
Kurge, and ~~ Kapchak ; and
from it they send linen - clothes to all parts of Aran. and
Azerbaijan. Here they also weave tapestry, or carpets, and cul-
tivate saffron.

On the coast of this' sea ( the Caspian) is another town called

c., ft-l:. Shaberan ; it ii a small place, ·but pleasant and well
 ( 100 )

supplie~ with provisions : it has many villages belonging to it.

Above those is the village of c.:,f~ Jesmeden, as far as the.
borders of ~ !.,f'
Shirvan, and ~ Baku, and '-~vo Deri~.
tuk, and~ Lekez; and in this village is a castle so very exten~
sive that all the cattle in the country may be secured in it,
without any guards or oentinels left to watch them.

~ TefUs is a smaller city than Derbend: it is a pleasant

place, and abounds in provisions: it has two walls of clay, and.
produces inuch fruit, and agriculture is practised in its territories.
It has hot baths, in which, as at ~r- Tiberiah, the water · is
warm without fire. _ In all Aran there are not any cities . more
considerable than Berdaa, Derbend, and Tefils.
•
.
As for Bilkan, ~nd ~YJ Reyan, and (J,t- Berzenje,
~li.4.-!
and ~~ Shamakhy, and ~ l_r-Ll. Shaberan, and ~ ~_r
Shirv.~n, ·and ~~JJf Alenjan, and~ Kablah, a n d ~
Kaujah, and J ~ Shemkour, and u,;._.)f Sherousend; they
are small towns, but pleasant and plentiful.

~o Deinel is a larger city than Ardebil, and the chief town

of Armenia ; the palace of the governor is there, as at · Berdaa,.
the capital of Aran. It has very wide and extraordinary ram-
parts.. There are great numbers of Christians and Jews here; and
the churches . are interspersed among the mosques. Here- they
manufacture fine hangings, and carpets, and make the beautiful .
 ( t(H )

colour called _r} kermez. ·1 have ·beard that this ·kermez ·is a
certain' worm •.

.This place bas heretofore been in the bands· of Jo _r I ~ Jo~

Shenbat hen .Ashout, and at all times bas belonged to' Christian
princes ; ·the greater number of the· people of Armenia are Chri-
stians. Armenia _is bordered on .one side by Berdaa; on ~mother by
the confines of Jezireb; on another by Azerbaijan, and Jebal, and
Dilem, and Rey : the south side is bordered by the Segbour of
Bourn (j.JJJ~)

·~,ir-~ Trabzowi is situated. ·on the extreme confines of

Roum; it is ·much frequented by merchants. ~_,L.;~ Mia-
farekin and r;.'f" Serouah are small ·but pleasant· towns.

Of t~ie Rivers and Lakes of this Country (and other Matters).

THE most 'considerable rivers are the ✓ Kur, the <.rJr .Aras,
and the u...,__,~ I Asfendrud, which · is _b etween Ardebil and

• The Pcnian Dictionary, intitulcd F,rhtlllg Borhan Xatt,a, informs us, that Lrmn. is
the name of a substance with which they tinge or dye ; and that it is said .to be an
insect gathered from certain shrubs, and afterwards dried; and that the Arabians ~tyle it
~~I .)~ Dui-al-S,J1ghtin, "the Dya's Worm."
T
 ( 102 )

t.> ~ Zemgan. The waters of the river Kur are sweet and
wholesome; it comes from the mountain of~...,, Auhileh, and
goes on to the borders of ✓Kenjah, and passes by_,µ
Shemkour, and through the midst o f ~ W Tt;/Us, and to the
land of the Infidels. The river Aras has also pleasant waters ;
· it comes from Armenia, and, falling into the river Kur, at the
borders of t.>l:,-. Moukan, near u41 u ~ Mahmoud abad.
falls into the sea.

There is a lake in Azerbaijan called the Lake of Armia

(~I C$YJu):. the water is salt or bitter, and contains not any
living creature. All round this lake are villages and buildings:
from the lake to Atl_,... Meraghah is a distance of three farsang;
to t..$°-'I .Arm.i two farsang. The length of this lake is five days
journey, by land; and by water, with a fair wind,. a person may
· traverse it in the space of one night.

In Armenia there is a lake near~) A,jeis; in it are great

numbers of the fish tf" Teraa; which they send to all quarters.
The Sea of Khozr is also on this border. Derbend and Baku are
situated on it. Naphta is found at Baku. A small part of the
river Tigris (~u Dejleh) runs on the confines of Armenia.
The borders of Azerbaijan extend from r-'t.:;
Tarem to t.> U'.;_j.
Zingan, t o ~ Deinel,. and i.:.,!_,k-. Holwa11., and to_,...,J~
Shehrzour, . to the river Dejleh, and back to the borders of Ar-
menia. · All the necessaries of life are very cheap in this country ~
 ( 108 )

in it are places where they sell sheep for two direms, and a munn
of corn for one direm.

There are powerful princes in this region : such as oU c, !J,r

Shirvan Shah, and others. All this country belongs to the cold
climate.

The ston~ of .Ardebil weighs twelve hundred direms. Through-

out this country the Persian and Arabian languages are understood.
The inhabitants of Ardebil use also the Armenian tongue ; in the
mountainous country belonging to Berdaa, the people use a dif-
.fereilt dialect.

In Azerbaijan, and A.n.n, and Armenia, gold and silver coins

are current.

Of the Di.stances of Places in this Country.

FaoM Berdaa to ~l; )) Yernan, seven farsang; from that to

~~ Bi-lkan, seven farsang; from wjfl Berund to Ardebil,
1ifteen farsang ; from Berdaa to Berzend, eighteen farsang; from
that one passes the river Klt;r /~..,), to -~ ~ Shamakhy,
fourteen farsang ; from Shamakhy to t> !J,r
Shirvan, three far-
T 2
sang; from Shirvan to. i.:.,~JI Lanjan_; two days journey; from
Lanjan U> the ~~ ~ Poul-i-meimoun (Bridge of Meimoun),
twelve farsang; from the Poul-i-meimoun to Derbend, twenty
farsang; from~ Kanjah to_.J~ Shemkour, four farsang;
from Shemkour to ~~- Heban, eleven farsang; from Heban t<>
the Castle of Aber Kendinan 0 L.~y.l ~ , ten f~g;
from that t o ~ · Teflis, twelve farsang ..

The road between Berdaa and ~o Deinel: from Berdaa to

~~l..il.i Kelkaterin, twelve farsang; from that to <..rfr Mires,
to ~.Ju !Joumish, twelve farsang ; from Doumish to Kelil-
goun oALJ,
•
sixteen farsang ; from that to Deine),. sixteen
farsang; all this space belongs to krl ~ Jo4i- Senbat ben
Ash.out..

From Ardebil to u.J-' Rud, or the river-, two merhileh ; from

that to A.iyi-, Khouneh, two days journey; from Khouneh to
~'J~ \,;;.)y 1'awe~ Souaren~ one day's journey; from that to
0 ~) Zengen, one ~y's journey.

From Ardebil to ~1;-ci Meraghah, the road is this: from Ar-

_debil_to ~ Mianeh, twenty farsang; from Mianeh to ~yi-,-
Khouneh, ~ight farsang: from Meraghah to ~li_r .7<.l Deir
_Kherkan, two merhileh ; from that to y.pi Tabriz, two mer7
hileh; from Tabriz to .~;-ci- Mere,:id, two merhileh; from Me~
r~nd 'to .< ..r~ Selmas, two merhileb; from Selmas to ~~
 · { 165 )

Kho'!-i, eigh~ mrsang; from K.houi_ to <$/j. Berkeri, thirty

farsang; from Berkeri to J:,~) A,jeish, two days journey.;
from Arjeish to .bk Khullat, three days journey; from Khul-
lat to ~~ Bedlis, three-days journey; from Bedlis to Mia-
farekein ~.JL;~, three_days journey; and from Miafar~kein t~
c.>...ol .Amed, four days journey.

·The distance from Maraghah to ..)_y-!.U Deinour, is thirty far-

sang; from ~..)I Armi to Selmas, fourteen farsang; from Sel-
mas to K.houi: eight farsang; from K.noui t o ~ ~ Nakhje-
van, three merhileh ;_ from Nakhjewn to Deinel, four merhileh :
from Maraghah to Deinour, sixty farsang.

Description of Kouhestan, that is, lrak Agemi:

QN the east of Kouhestan are the deserts of Khorasa.n, and part

of Fars, ~d lsfahan, and the eastern side of Khuzistan. On the
west of Kouhestan lies the province of Azerbaijan. On the north
is ~l.,-Y.u Deilman, and l:J':':Jj Cazvin, and c.,f,.J Rey, and
~u.JL. Mardein. These towns, Rey, and Cazvin, and p.
Abher, and ~~j Zengan, we have not placed in the map. as
belonging to Kouhesb\n ; we rather assign them to the province
of .Deilman, because it winds irregularly along Kouhestan. The
 ( 100 }

southern boundaries of Kouhestan are lrak, and part of Khu-

zistan.

There a~ many great and celebrated cities in the ~rovince of

Kouhestan ; such as (.:) I ~ Hamadan, and Jfi,U Deinour,
(.:)U)~I lsfahan, and fKom: the smaller cities are c.,U. ~
Kashan, and w..,y Nehavend, and ;__,J Lour, and c.,liu4fr
Jerbadcan.

~ u'r
~;ya.
(Page left blank for a Map of lrak Agemi.)

Distances of Places in this Province.

FaoM (.:)I~ Hamadan to 041<->-I Asedebad, nine farsang;

from Asedebad to (.:.) lujc.> ~ Keser Duzdan, seven farsang;
from that to (.:)~ I oF Kantereh al Naama.n, seven farsang:
from K.antereh al Naaman to the y~t ~t ~u Dehieh abou
~oub, four farsang ; from thence to (.:)fa"' .4:-! Bisutoun, two
·farsang; from Bisutoun to (.:)U)l,!. ~ L..J Kirman Shahan, eight
filrsang ; from Kirman Shahan to A!.~J
Zeibedieh, eight far.
sang; thence to tr Merah, which is a castle (AMi), nine far-
 ( 167 )

sang; from Merab to ~~ Hulwan, ten farsang; from Hui-

wan to o.J~ Saveh, thirty farsang; from Sa-v:eh to c.fv Rey,
thirty farsang ; from Hamdan to Azerbaijan, to ;4 Bar or
Yar, thirteen farsang; from ~Jl... Ma~sin to o.Jf Aoud,
eight farsang; from Aoud to (.:)'-1:J f Cazvin, two days-journey;
and between Ha_madan and ~vin there i:J not any town; and
from Cazvin to /'.JI Auher, or Avhar, twelve farsang; from
Auber to ~ b"!J Rakan, fifteen · farsang ·; and one may go to
Rakan from Hamadan by the road of OJ.J~ Sherwerd.

From Hamadan to Deinour.

FaoM Hamadan to o.JJ 0 1Jol...Maderan Roud, and thenceto

~ Seheneh, four farsang; from Seheneh to Jfi.O Deinour,

four farsang; from that to o/.J..J Rugird, or o/O..J.J Wirdgird,

eleven farsang ; from Wirdgird to o/ Kurreh, fifteen farsang;
from Kurreh t~ C.T- Berah, twelve farsang; from Berah to Khou-
menjan ~~~, ten farsang; from Khoumenjan to c.,~~
Spahan, thirty_ fana.ng; desert from Hamadan to the J_,L, o..V
Rud Rawer, seven farsang; from the Rud Rawer to v.,;_,y
Ne-
havend, .nine farsang; from Nehavend to ~lf Lashter, ten
farsang ; from Lashter to ~ ~ ..T-~' Shaber Khuast, twelve
 ( 108 )

fc1rsang; from Shaber Khuast to_,, _,J * Lour, or_,1y. f!our, thirty far.
sang of an .uninhabited dreary country; from ;y Lour 'to ~wf
Ande,;,,esh, two farsang; from ~lwl Jy
Pul Andemesh t•
_,1y~ ($~ Jondi Shl!j,our, two farsang; from Hamadan to
o.Jt- 'saveh, thirty farsang: from Saveh to f Kom, twelve
farsang; from Korn to '-.:.>~u Cashan, twelve farsang; from (.,>J
Rey to c,:':Jj Cazvin, twenty-seven farsang; from Hamadan to
Di1_1our, between twenty and thirty farsang; from Dinour to
..J_).) r/':Shehrzour, four merhiJeh ; from Sberzo:ur to Holwan,
four merhileh ; from Dinour to o ~ Semireh, five merhileb;
and from Dinour to Sbebrzour, four merbileh; from Dinour to ·
0 '..,r. Sirvan, four farsang; ·from Sirvan to o ~ Simreh, one
day.s journey; and from the ;y ~u Dehieh Lour to o /
Kurreh, six merhileh ; and from ~ IJ)~ Spahan to '-.:.> L;. I(
Cashan (before spelt '-.:.>L;.1.3) three merbileh.

1Vames of Cities and Towns ·in Irak Agemi.

HAMADAN,.J)!Ju.J_,1 Rud Rawer, _.r-~ Ramer, u_luJ_) 'JITerd-

gerd, ow..,y
Feravendeh, ~l.:i... T-L.. Saber Khast, ~JI

• I ·have al~ady taken occasion to remark the indistinctness of my mamJ1cript, anct

of the copy at Eton, in the writing of proper names.
 .Law.in, t,fu)u ~ Kesri Duzdan, u41~1.Asedabad,.Jfi,U
Dinaur:, t>tJ)U, t>l._/Kirman Shahan, creMerah, ~)~
Turezhwneh, u.)~ Shehrud, NI A..beher, t>~ Semnan,
f Kom, t>~~ Kashan, ou.JJ Rudeh, of Kurreh, u.T- Berd,
uL/
· t> '5" Gerbadcan, o ~ Semireh (spelt before o ~),
~L, Ra3i, t>fu/- Bordar,,, t>~~
C>~f' Sirvan, J.)u Dur,
Spahan, c,~u~ Jehudistan, ~~ <;,6;.. Khan Lekhfln,
t>ts~· Takaun, tt:';Jj Casvin, ~uf_r.'~ Kesralberadin,
C>~.J Renjan.

Hamadan is a considerable city, of ab~ut one farsang in length

and breadth. It bas four iron gates: the buildings are of clay.
It abounds in gardens and orchards. .Jfi,U Deinour is not quite
so large as Hamad.an. Both places have mosques.

CJ~ I lspahan is the most flourishing of all the ci~es in

~ ~Y Kouhestan, and possesses more riches than all the
other places ; and it is the pass between Kouhestan, and Pars, and
K.hora:san, and K.huzistan. The garments of silk <r-.r-1), and
fine linen (<,rl:-.;/ ), of this place, are carried to all parts of the
CJDpire, as well as the fruits.

o /Kurreh is a town of scattered houses : it is called Kur-

reh of Budul.ph ~u~ of his children resided there till the
time that tbey ceased to govern ; but the ruins of their ~ and
palaces still remain. This place. abounds in cattle; and the land
z
 ( 170 )

about it is well cultivated. Fruit is brought to it from W erdgircl.

It is a long town, about one farsang in length. It has two
bazars; one near the gate of the chief mosque. Between the two
bazars the distance is considerable.

~/ ~)) Tl'erdgird is an extensive and 6ourishing city : it.&

length is two farsang. Sairon is cultivated here.

Ju.JY Nehavend is situated on a hill. It has many pleasant

gardens and orchards, with excellent fruits, and two mosques;
one modem, the other ancient. Saffi-on also comes from Neba-
vend.

..).J!J ~.JJ R.ud Rawer is a village,_ and there is a small toWJl

which they call J.J.!J ~).) o/ Kurreh Rud Rawer. It is a
well-inhabited., plen~, and pleasant place, where saff"ron is
cultivated in greater quantities, and of a better kind, than any
where else : it is therefore sent from this place to all parts.

c, !P Hulwan is a town of these mountains. All its walls

are of clay and stone. Its air is warm ; and here are many Jig-
trees.

o ~ Semireh, and c, !J.r Sirvan, have both a hot and cold

· temperature; and nmoing water 1lows among the house, of these
places.
 ( 171 )

J_Jj~ Sluhrz.aur is a small town, which the Curds have

aeized on; alao the town cl J_,~ Shehrwerd: these ~o -places
are in the bands of the Curds. '

Shehnrerd is a place of which the inhabitants are mostly Curds

(cltjf), and notorious robbers and plunderers. Saw ('-'__,H.b),
the king of the Childftn of Israel, was of this place.

c,,!.Jj Ca,vin ii a great city, wi~ walls and a castle, aµcl

running water just enough for the people to drink; but the ga.r•
dens, and meadows, and orchards, are well watered. This place
affords much almonds, and the fruit called j..,_. Mawz; and
here they weave excellent camelot. or atuffs made of the under
or woolly hair of goatl.

t3· Kom has not any walls, and the inhabitants drink well-
water. In spring and summer a great river runs by the gate of
this city. In all Ink, date trees are not to be found, except at
Semirah, and c,!.,~ Sirvan.and ~~ FL.. Saber Kha,st,
where there are a few: and the people of K.om and Kashan are
all of the Shiah sect, and originally from Arabia.

t,U.li Kashan is a small town. Here are gtt4lt numbers of

black scorpions, who kill, and another species called v f~
heirarah.
 { 172 )

Iri all t,~yKouhistan there is not any sea, or great lake:

it is all a .hilly country, except from ·Hamadan to Rey, or K.om,.
· where the hills are fewer, and less considerable~

F~m Shebrzour to Hulwan, to o ~ Semireh, to t, ~?

Sirvan, to ;-y Lour, to the vicinity of c,~t lsfahan, and the
borders of Saber K.hast, and from that in the direction .o f Kashan
and Hamadan, to She~our and the borders of Azerbaijan, it is
all a mountainous country, and there is not any spot.from which
the hills may not be seen. •

Rey, which we have mentioned, orr the confine~ of Deilman

c,~t) ~11..,,. is equally belonging to J~
Jebal and Kho~
rassan ; and after Baghdad, there is not any city of the east larger ·
or more~ flourishing· than it, except ...)~I,·;, ~ Nishapou'r ..

Among· the mount'.ains o~ this country, the· principal is pama-

·11end w.JL.o o_,.r; from which 011e can see fifty farsang aroun~
and I have never heard that any man ever ascen<led to _its 8U.Dlmtt;
and, in the romances ·o f the Persians (~~J4 ~U!)i-Ju), it~
said that Zohak ·is confined in chains withln ·this mountain. And
the mountai~ of ~fa., .A:-! Bisetoun is likewise very lofty and dif-
. ficuit of ascent ; the faee-of tpe mountain you would suppose to
be carved, · or hewn out ; and they say there was a certain king
who wished to make a summer ·house, or palace, of this moun-
 ( 173 )

tain, in order to display his power to the people•. " And at the
back of this mountain, on the side of the road, there is a cavern.,
or grotto, from which a fountain of water issues forth ; ~d there
they have carved the statue of a horse, and the figure of a giant
sitting on its back f.,.

'rile mountain of <;,~ Seilan is greater than that of Da-

mavend ; and here is a. · race of people who practise a kind of
magism, or 'fire-worship ( <-:f,_pJ ).

It fs. said that the mountain of ~fr Jerth is called in Persian

o:.,f ~t.... Malet Kouh, and is larger than all the others.

I have not heard that there are in Kouhestan any mines of

gold or silver. Antimony 1S found . at lsfahan. This country
abounds in. sheep-

• Rather to gratify the whiin of a favourite mistress, according to the Persian ro-
mances.-See tlte story of Khofr11- and S/Jir11n, in, the Oriental Collecrio111, V~. I.
p.. 218, &c. _

r. .r.=, .:,
t u-e <.:.»;t.11.i &:Ji j1 ~1 ~ ~'hli •!, ),;f ~ •,= &:rl1 ~.iv.; .r- J
-·
~ (.:.)1 ,··, f.~ '§
J
-lt'1° J .>.ii ~l~ ~1 .:.__,~ ol!t'-,- (.:.)1 ,r , <MI
· Perhaps \f~ ' which I have translated Gian/, may signify here an illustrious per-
tODage, OJ' (in its most obvious SCD8C) a G11,Jr1, a Pagan, or ancient Persian•.
 ( 174 )

Of the Provinces of Deilman <!'nd Taberistan.

TaE southern borders of Deilman are c.:.H:JJ Cazvin, and ,-;lb

Tarem, and part of Azerbaijan. and part of (,f,J Rey. On the
north it has the Caspian Sea (J~ <,Sy~u ), or Sea of Khozr.
On the west, part of Azerbaijan, and the towns of that country.
On the east are the mountains of Rey, and ·the hills of wls
Karen, and (.:.> '6/ Gurkan, and the Caspian sea. The region
of Deilman is partly mountainous, and partly fiat ; the ·level tract
is that of (.:)1/ Gilan, on the borders of the Caspian sea, under
the.mountains of Deilman. The sovereign ( oU.u~) of Deilman
resides at .J4u.J.) Rudbar. This territory is covered for the
greater part with forests and woods. .

(.:) ~_r♦ Taberistan is a dat country, and well cultivated :

here they breed much cattle ; and they have a peculiar dialect,
neither Arabick nor Persian ; and in many parts of Deilman their
language is ~ot understood. Until the time of wj t.:.H ~ Hair
ben Zeid ( may God reward him!), the inhabitants of Taberistan,
and of Deilman were Infidels <j '6): then many of them became
Mussulmans; but it is said that in the mountains of Deilman some
of them still continue to practise the rites of.Paganism.

~
 ( 175 )

· The mountains of WI.; Karen are difficult o( access, and very

strong : in every hill there is a chief. Here are lofty trees, and
forests, and streams, b~ no towns except Shehmar. ....,y
To C)':'J~ Sare in• (or ($..J~ Sari) one merbileh. This
was the residence of wl-:; Karen, who was their king
(uy. c,l~_!t ~1.,:;.,u4 Af); and the seat of government, ar,d the
~lace where the treasures were deposited. From the mountains
of )3a,rdestan c, ~cl..J4 J~ to Sari., is one merhileh.
From the borders of Deilman, and the coast of the .sea, to
'34~1 Asterabad, is one day's journey; it is not more. The
district of '-:f,J Rey is adjoining to Cazvin. JV'='' Ebher, and
c, ~...., Rengan, and c, l..iJ lb Talekan, and ~u!} I ~ Kesr
al radein, are in these territories; and u,w,,-oy Kou.mes, and
c , ~ Sernnan, and c,L:i...lu Damghan, and , . ~ Bustam,
are all connected one with another.

And <.>-cil Amal, and ~ Melil, and· LJNYL... Salous, and

~ Kellar, and c,L~ Rouban, and ~ Mesleh, and Aien
alhem ~I ~ ' and~ Memta, and WL... Sari, and
c.,'..,~ Mehrwan, and I.J-..1~1 Almerasek, and ~ Bemi-
sheh, ·are reckoned u belonging to Taberistan.

• I have bemre mnarked the extreme obecurity and inaccuracy of ecvcral pasaaget
in this work. I shall endeavour, in a future publication, to illuttratc and correct them,
 ( ljO )

r-~ Temseir, and u~!r' Asterabad, and t , ~ I Abis-

goun, and (.:.)~u Dehestan, to tJ Is"/Gurkan; and in the
.
mountains I know not of any towns, besides (.:.)~ Semnan,
.

and r:'Y Kouim ; and those belong to c,y (.:) J(j Karen Kouh.
The most considerable city of those we have mentioned is c.[,;
Rey. After Baghdad there is not in the €".astern regions any city
more flourishing. Its gates are much celebrated : one of them
is called the (.:.)U:,t;~!.,Ju Derwazeh Natan, facing the ~oun-
tainous country, or the ul_r (.:)~y Kouhestan of Irak;
another leads to Cazvin: another, called the ~ / ~!JJu
Derwazeh Gurhek, is in the direction of f Kom. And there
are m~y remarkable streets and quarters in this eity ; such as
ou.J) Rudeh, and(.:.)~ Kelisan, and y
Dehek Nau, ~cl
and uLI ~- Nasrabad> and ,.,t;L, ,L.. Sarbanan, and Bab al·
·J - .J
Jebal J~JI y~ or the Mountain Gate; and the ,.~Ju
Der-i-Hesham, or Hesham's Gate; and the ~1=.,u Der-i-
Ahenin, or the Iron Gate ; and the gate called y ~ JU Der-i-
lthab ; but the quarter of Rudah is the most populous and flour-
ishing of all.

In this place are many bazars, and caravanseras, and market- ·

places. Itt the suburbs there is a mosque. The citadel is in good re-
pair, and there is a wall round the suburbs, which is, however, fal- .
ling to decay,and almost desolate. Here they have both riverwatcr
 ( 477 )

and water brollght by canals or trenches: one of these is called

the c..,?~j!.J ~ Kareiz Shaki, or R~yal Aqueduct; it passes by
Sarbanan: another, a.lied ~ Gilani; also passes through
Sarbanan. For the most part the inhabitants drink the water of
these aqueducts. There are manycana.l:s besides. Here they cul-
-tivate the land, and practise husbandry, and traffick for gold and
ilirems. The people oft~ place are hospitable and polite. ~
.they man~cture fine linen, cotton, and camelots, which are sent
-to all parts of the world.

;) ~ Khar is .a mµall town, supplied ~th water by a river

which runs from w.JL.u Damavend. ~ c l Dehmeh •, and
~ l,;;, Shelineh, are two towns belonging _to the territories of

Damavend.; they are smaller than Khat..

_Dehmeh is ·larger than Shelineh ; it abounds in cultivated fields,

gardens, and orchards, and fruits. There is not any place in the
whole country of a more cool .temperature.

ln the territory of Rey there are villages larger than those

towns; such as _p-:o~ Yameiz, and _y-!._)I .Arinou, and ~J<l
. Dersein, and tJo.Dera, ·and ~y Kouseia, and v••i.~ Seist,
.and . ) ~ Khosru, and others: and I have heard that in eyery
-oae of these village. there are two thousand inhabitants or more •
•
• Or~, W,l,meh.
A A
 ( 178 )

From the tenitory of Rey, cotton and linen clothes are sent tG
Baghdad, and into Azerbaijan; and in those places which we
have spoken of, there is not any navigable river: a stream dows
'
from the summit of Damavend ; and all roW1d this mountain are
considerable villages, such as ~'ftu Debiran, and ~u Der-
meyah. Of this place was <.:H:J,r ~ ~ .Ali ben Sheroui~ .
who was taken prisoner on the banks of the river ~~
Jilwun.

The mountain of Damavend is the most eastern of all the

mountains in Taberistan, and may be seen from all parts of the
coun~ry : they call it cfi I•, _becaUJe that on it there are not
many trees.

But 0--~ Kou.mes ~longs to Damavend; (jui...lcl Dam-

than it larger than J !_,=i. K.har of Rey; ~ ~ Semnan is.
8Dlaller than~ Damghan ; and i ~ Bustam is smaller than Dam-
gban : it is remarkable for excellent fruit ..

-c,-:'.:Jj Cazvin bas two suburbs, with walls. The chief

mosque is situated in the great suburbs. Here are two small ca-
nals or aqueducts, of which the water is used for drinking, and
for the purposes of agriculture; yet, with this _scarcity ·o f wat~,
the city is pleasant, and abounds in provisions: It is the pass into
•
 ( 17g )

Deilman ; and there are constant quarrels between the people of

these places. It produces fruits, such as grapes and almonds, &c.
so plentifully that they are earned to other parts o~ the coun-
try. This city is one mile by one mile.

.Abher and t, ".LJ Zengan are two small, but· pleasant

JV!'
and well supplied towns ; of which Zengan is the larger : but its
inhabitants are idle and not industrious.

(.:>~r
♦ Taba.ristan is a consid~ra~le pro'rince. The build-
ings in it are of wood and reeds. It adjoins t,!,_,.f Aran.

W~ Sari is larger than. Cazvin, well inhabited, and supplied:

with provisions. ·Silk is produced in great quantities throughout
, all quarters of Tabaristan ; it is sent, for the greater part, to ~•
.Amol. The people of Tabaristan have very thick and long hair,
with heavy eye-brows; they ~peak very fast, and their usual diet
is bread made of rice : they eat much fish, ric.e, and milk : they
manufacture 'garments of silk and wool. In all Tabaristan there
is not a river on which boats can be employed ; but the sea is
near.

t.> ~/ Gurkan is a small place, I~ liable to .rain and damps

than Tabaristan. The people of Gurkan are amiable in their dis•
positions, of a generous and manly nature. Without. the city is
a piece of ground called u~~ Be'fcrabad, through which 'runs a
A A 2
 { 180 )

considerable stream; it produces much silk. This district is very

well watered and cultivated : after you pa.."B lra.k, no spot is more
abundant than Gurkan : it · yields the fruits both of warm and·
cold climates ; and snow is- to be found even in summer. Many,
eminent men have come from this country. Dinars and direms
are current in Tabaristan; and the ~ mun of that .land is six.
hundred direois ..
,
u~!rr Aste~abad is situated near the Caspian Sea; from_ that
you go to ~~J Abisgoun, and by the sea to ...Jjia- Xho:r.r~.
and ~JU Derbend, and~~ Deilman, and other placa ::
in all this country there is not any port or harbour more commo-
dious or larger than Abisgoun. Here is a place called ~~
Dehestan, very fertile; and .the Turks• come hem-from. ,JJ,!,i-
Khua.rezm•. '

The Stages and Distances of this Counvy.. .

FaoM ($J Rey to c.,,:':J j Cazvin, four merhileh; from Caz-

vin to ,l'o Deher; two short merhileh. Whoever desi,res to go
from Rey to ~ ~J ·Zengan,.. withoat geing to Cazvin, must.

• cJf,S Turbof Khorasmia, or T ~ , Tutu1,. Scythianl, &e.

 ( 181 )

fake the road by a village near Rey, called ultlu,t- Berdabad,.

one of the villages of the waste or desert. From Rey to AJl.b-.i
Kestaneh, one merhileh; from Kestaneh to l U ~ Meskoubeh,
one merhileh ; from that to o.)1..- Saveh, nine farsang. SaTeh is
sometimes reckoned as belonging to the province of J4,:;..
J ebal,
and sometimes to Rey...

_ From Rey to ~ Meheln, a merhileh of nine farsang • ;

from Mehein to .Jfi Belour, one merhileh; from Belour to
J;.}L(' Kelazil, a merhileh of six farsang (or one merhileh, six
farsa.ng) ; from Kelazil to the Castle of Laiu.er ..i).V AJJ:;, one
. . merhileh; from that to ...:;;,v..jf Kehrest, one merhileh, six far-
sang (or a merhileh of six farsang); and from that to J.-,.t Amol,
one merhileh.. .

• Stages and DistanGes from _Rey to· Khorasan~-

FRoM Rey to ~~
Merbedein,. one- merhileh; from that to
ou,;.,(
Kohendeh,. to -:'!.,=i. Nhar, one merhileh; from Kha.r to
~ ~o Dhey Nemek,. one merhileh; from that to Ras al
Kelb ~ I U"'!.J (or the dog's_head), one m~rhileh ; from Ras.
•

• 01 a ·mcrhileb and nine &nang A,J Ai "1>,-.•.

•
 ( 182 )

al Keib to c.>~ Semnan, one merhileh; and to u~I c__sL:, Ali

Abad, one merhileh; from {$fr jfr Jerm Jery, one ~erltlleh;
to c.>~lu Da7!1ghan, one merhileh; from Damghan to
o..J.k or o...,I~ Khel.awah or Khedaweh, one merhileh ;
from that to ~~ Bedlis, one merhileh; from Bedlis to
~~_,...,.. ~fourjan, one merhileh; from M:ourjan to _..10 ~
Heft Der (or the seven gates) one merhileh ; and from Heft Der to
u~l~I Asedabad, one merhileh. Asedabad belongs to the
borders of. Nishapour.

Road from Taberistan to Gurkan.

FaoM J....ol Amol to .u-... Mesleh, two farsang; from that to

~ _J
Terjy, · one merhileh ; from that to ($_..1l... Sari, one
merhileh; from ~~ Bamieh to ~ i.,. Merasik, one merhileh ;
.
from that to ~t• ..• .b Temuheh, one merhileh;
. from Tenftsheh
to u~~I Asterabad, one merhileh; from Asterabad to Rebat
Haft ~~ .bl.u one merhileh; from Asterabad to c., \S'_I
Gur.kan, one merhileh. Whoever desires to go forth from Aste-
rabad must go to the OJlu..J Jo~_, Rebat JYedareh, one merhileh;
from that to c.>~fr Jerhan, one merhileh. Whoever will go-
from Amol must go to bJL.. Mal(!t, one merhileh; · and from •
Malet to ~--'~ Sari1 _one ·merhileh.

•
 ·. ,
{ . 183 )

.i

Road from .A~ol, to Deilem.

FaoM Amol to ~~ JJt:t.yel, one inerhileb ; from that to

uwyLu Sa/.w,. one short merbileh; from that t o ~ Gullar,
.8De .merhileh.i from Gullar to r1-'-cl Dilem, one merhileh; from
Amol •to ("'( I ~ .Aien .Alehem, one short merbileh~ From
C.>~/'Gurkan to (£,Ll;l..cl Demarzari,. one merhileh ; from
that to fa.:.Jrl Amrouilou, one merhileh; from that to ~I .Ajaa~
one merhileh ; from Ajaa to ~t<.MN.t Sendanest, one merlii-
leh; and from Sendanest to ~l_r Serain,. one merhileh; from
Gurkan to ~ Jehineh, one merhileh; from Jehineh to i ~-
•
Bustam, one merbileb.

Of the Sea of Khozr, or the Caspian~

THE western'sideofthisSeabelongs-partly to C.>l..-Y.cl Deilman,

and ~~? Taberistan; and ~ Is' J G~kan, and its borders;
and part of it is bordered by the deserts of (-}--'~ Khua,rezm.
On the western side is ~L,1 Aran, and ~l.i.J'O Moukan, and
 ( 184 )

the territories of I~ Serir, 'and part of the dc,erts of "='r

.Azziah : and on the north it has the desert of Azziah, to the ter-
. ritories of o:.,f o~ Siah KDuh; and on the south, ~~
Bakeil, and ~~o Deilman, and the neighbouring places.
This sea is not connected with any other; ani if a pei:son wishes
to make a tour completely round it, nothing will impede him but
a few rivers which fall into it from v.arious quarters. The.waters
of this sea are bitter and dark-coloured ; its ·bottom is a blackish
clay, diff"ering in this respect from the Sea of r_..,;U KDl%,U,n, or of_
~y: Oman, or of (.)"'J~ Pars. This Sea of Pars is of such
clear water that one may see the white stones at ·the· bottom ; but
the waters of this Sea of Khozr are dark-coloured, and in it there
are not found any such things as pearls, or coral, or similar marin~
productions. _It is, however, much frequented by the ships of
merchants who traffick from. one town to another; and it a1fords
milch ~hing. In this ocean there are not any .inhabited islands,
as in the Sea of Fars and of Roum ; but there.are many trees and
forests•.

(Bl.ank Page for a Map of the Caspian Sea.)

• ~!,½-, 11~ ~~.r ~ It is not clear whether those trees occupy the
islands of this 1ea, or flrirt its bordcra. · · ·
 ( 185 )

!One island is ·ccmsiderable, with a ·fountain of w.ater .and·many

·$ree&;" and.there is :another large ialand -oo·the,borders of t.,I~
£ekza.1"9 wbich has also··fresh water. · To ·this· is.land they bring
cattle from: c«lr- Ber.do.a in .boats, and tum them out to graze,
. arid leave theni.until.t4ey become fat.

, Near -t.,~I Abilgotm ii a.place called t.>~~ Delwta11, ,

with very sweet and· wholesome water. Here the people of the
-neighbouring places :assemble for the purpose of · &hing: It is
-~ that there is a .race of Turks (t., \S'j) dwelling in the·vicinity
:Of 3/ o~ ,SiaJ,; K.ouh (.or the black mountain.)

After orie passes t.> \S'_,.. Morikaa to ~_;cl Derbend, for 'twe ,
..tays journey ~ CO\llltry is t.>·!.,r-
Shirwan; from that to
J ~ Semender# fourteen days journey:; an.d from Semender to
c}:,'1 Atel. This .Atel is a certain river which comes from UN.J-"
Rous and-'~ Bulgar. One half of this ri~er belongs to the
~tern side, the other to the eastera. The S<Wereign of Atel ···
l'eSides on the western side : he is styled King, and surnamed J~
Ba.ul. Here are many tents ;· and in this country there are but a
" few edifices :of clay, such as bazars (market-places) and bathing
houses. In these territories are about ten thousand Mussulmans.
The ·king's habitation is at a distance from the shore: it is'con-
~cted of burnt ~ricks ; and this is the only building of such
_m aterials in all the country,: they will not allow any bod.,y but
I

the king to erect· such a dwelling.

BB
 ( 18G )

· The city of JJI '. .Atel has four gates. One of those gates
faces the river; anothet loob towards Iran, in the direction ·of
the de$ert. 'lbe king of this country is a Jew: be has in hia
train four thousand Mus8Ulmans, and($)~ Khouia,u (Chris,.·
tians), and Idolaters ; but his principal ~pie are Jewa: And tms
king has twelve thousand soldiers in his service, of whom when
one diel, another penon is im~tely cho1e11 into bis pJace;
and they ba-re no other commander but him. .And this king bas
under him nine magistrates or- judges (l$°~): these are MU18Ul•
O'ant, Jews, Cbristiana, and lc;lolaters. The smallest in nDmber of
the inhabitants of thia country are the Jews·; the greau;st inn~
ber are the ~ussulmans and Christians: but the king and hi&
:chief officers are Jews. There are magistrates of aach religion ;
and w'hen they sit in the tribunal of j118tice, they are obliged to
rtport to the king all that pwe,, and to bring back his answer
•and Qpinion, and put his sentence into execution.

1'hi8 city bas not any suburbs; but .the cultivated .1ields and
grounds extend for near twenty farsang. Agriculture is much
practised, and the hnsbandmen carry the produce of their labour
·-i n boats and carriage1 to the city. Th~ chief diet of this people
.is fiab and rice: they bring honey and wax from the borders of
.
·c.r.JJ RoUI. The principal persons of Atel are Mussulmans and
merchants:· their language is like that of the Turks ( Uji or T~
tars), and is not understood by any other nation. ·
 ( 187 )

. The river of Atel · comes frol!l th~ borders o f ~ Jerjir,

· and from that goes on to u
~ Kaimak, and to j$ Ghr~, and
eo on to - ' ~ BuJ,gar, and falls into the·sea near UNUo;f &r!'
tas. It is said that this river, at the season when all its w~
are collected, is greater than the river l.:.J~ Jihoon; and that it
rushes into the sea with such a body that it seems t.o conquer the
water of the Caspian; and one can see ita. stream uomiu:d with
the sea water, as far as a journey of two day.s. . .

.,. In J;,;. Kh.ozr there ia a certain •city a&lled '-\.~._..,, AJntid,

which bas so many orchards and gardens, that from ~Jib
Derbend to T~ ·Serir the whole country is covered .with the
gardens and plantations belonging ·to this city. h ii ~ that
there are above forty thousand of them. Many of these produce
grapes. In this town are many, M1118Ulmans, who have m<>aq\lles,;
and their houses are built of wood. The king is a Jew, in fri~nd-
sbip with · the Padshah of Khou, and on sood terms with the
Padsbah of ;!,f" Serff"• . From this place to the borders of ·Serir,
is two farsang.

-The inhabitant.I of kir-.~ 4.».j Tersa,. ot ChristiJDI~ · It is aid

that in this Serir wae a throne, ad -U..t there was a certain kiiig
of the kings of Pars, who, when be gave a principality to one of bis
e<JltS; settt him here with agolden throne; which principality has
continued established to this time. A son of Bebram Chopin is
B B 2
 said to nave first possessed-it-~ The· iilhabitants·of. Serir are on-
good terms with the Mussnlmans.. . In-this part of Khozr I know
not of any other- town- than ~ ·Semiti (before · writtm
·Asmid. )· ,

U.:Uo.1- -Bl!rlw is a people near. Khozr; . on·. the banks of. tile •
river of- 'JJI .Atel. They are called. trlk./. ; but the regio~ ie .
also styled in general;j=i-, Klwzr., (:Y'.)_} Rous, er Sct-m:

'Ebe peeple of. Khozr~ an;. near.· the Turks (\.:> ~jJ,. waom ·thq'
resem.,le~ They are.of two classes·; · one of blackish complexions,
·and such ciark lw.r that you woula suppOBe them .to be descended
fr.om.the Hindoos,: the other ·race· fair complexioned; . theee aeJl ...
their, childmn; but ·it is not allowetl . among t4e Jews; and. the
Chrisfians·.to sell, or-make one. another slaves. .

They. bring. from other· countries those· commoditics whicl:a

Khozr, does not produce,. · such. as tapestry, or curtains, honey,
candles,. and' similar articles. The people of Khozr have not-,ma,.
terials for making garments ,or clothes : they therefore import
1 .·~ m· from f.:.>\) J Gurkan;. Armenia; .M.erbaijao, and: Raum_
·Their. king is styled the ~ . ~\,:; l=a.. Khacan of Khozri. ,.

• •Bchram Chopin ia aa.i~ to ~c ~ jn the latter end C1 the aillth ~tll'1 o£

tlG Christian zra. Sec.D'Hu111.0T'• Bill. Oritnt, Ar,.. !JaharJlln and S,rir...
 J

{ 18{) )

. When a: prinee is' to· be raised to the Khacansbip, . they bring

him forth, and tie a piece of silk about ~ throat, so tight that
he can scarcely draw bis breath~ At that moment they ask him,
bow long.,he will .hold:the sov.ereignty ?. He answers, "so many
years." He then is set at liberty, and becomes Khacan of Khozr..
But if h.e should not die before the expiration of the time he
mentfoned,; when.that s_Race.is. fulfilled,. they. put him to death.
I

The Kfiacan must be always of'the Iinp,erial 111ce.. No one is

allowed to approach him but on business of importance : then
tb~ prostrate them.selves bef9re·him, and rub their faces ·on--the
ground, . until be gives. .ocden for their approa~hing . him, and
apeakiag. . When a . .Khacan of Khozr dies, .. whoever passes near
his tomb must- go. o_n foot, and pay his· respects at the grave ;
_and when be is departing; must not .mount on.~back, as long
as.the.tomh is within .v iew...

So absolute is the autherity of this sovereign, and so implicitly

are bis commands obeyed, that if it seemed expedient to him that
one.ofbis nobla.-should .die, ,and i(be.said to him, "Go and ,kiJl
yeurself," the man would immediately.gp to ·his ·house, and kill
_hilD6elf accordingly. The successio11 to. the Klu\canship being
th11& established.in the same.family; when the turn of-the. inhe-
ritance arrives to any individual of it, he is confirmed in the dig-
Dity, though be possesses not a single dirhem. And I have heard
, from persons worthy o( belief, that a certain joung man used to
 ( 1go )

sit in a little shop at the public market-place, selling pet~

articles;. and that the people used to say, " When the present
K.hacan shall have departed, this man will succeed to the throne...
But the young man was a Mussulman, and they give the K.bacan-
ship only to Jews.

The Kbaca.n has a throne and pavilion of gold: these are not
allowed to any other person. The palace of the K.hacan is loftier
than the other edifices.

In the district of Bertas the llouses are built of wood. The

people are of two tribes or cbwes; one near the extreme con-
fines of ~
Ghuz, near..)~ Bulgar, about two · thousand in
number, under the dominion of 1:he Bulgarians; the other next the
Turks. The language of BuJgar and of K.hozr is the same.
Bulgar is the name of a city, where there are Mussulmans and
m~sques; an~ near Bulgar is another town called r •, where
there are also Mussulmans and mosques.

In these two cities there are about ten thou.sand inhabitantl.

Here the length of a summer's night is such that a man cannot
go more than the distance of one farsang-rather, not so IJlllCh;
and in winter the day is equally short as the night in summer.

• Doubtful in the Eton MS. and mine.

 ( 101 )

Of the U"J.J. Row, there are

,three races or tribes : one near
Bulgar; their ku.,g dwells m·atown called A.I~• : this is larger
than Bulgar. .A.Pother race is called ~~_,I Orthan.i or Ar-
thai; their king resides in a place called U'jl.drtha: but the
other tribe, called ~~ Jellabeh, is 1uperior to those; but no
one goes for the puqx>ses oftraffick.farther than Bulgar. No one
goes to U_,1 Arthtl, because that there they put ·to death any
.atranger whom they find. Artha pt~nce& lead and tin, an~ the
animal .called ( o~_,,.....) Black Martin or Scythian Sable. The
•Ruases burn ·t heir dead • and it is an established rule amongst
thCIID not to shave one another's be.ards. Bulgar is next to Roum.
It is a powc:rfu.l and, n1AD1ero1" people, for the greater part
Christians.

Of the Roads and Stages of Khozr.

FaoM t , ~ f .Abisgalln: to the borders of K.hozr, three hun-

dred faraang ; from Abiagoun to c . , ~ Dehestan, about six
•
merhileh ; and, when the wind blows fair, one goes on.latitudi-
nally (yju C$l¼-!j) in the sea to Dcrbend ; from J.-.1 Amal to
) ~ Sutemder ia eight days journey> or Swnteder, or•J ~

• GounaitllorGciunabeh. No point under the Jut51llable, or over.

Sumsider • ; and from Sutemder to Derbend, four days journey;
(~..v .J~) from Derbend to the Region ofSerir {_t-f~~),
is three days journey ; and from Amol to the extreme boundary
of Bertas, twenty days journey; from Bertas -to J~ Jebal or
Bejebal, ten merhileh; and from Amol to J~ Bejbal, one
month ; also one month from Amol to Bulgar, by way of .the
desert, or, if one goes by water, it may be two -months. From
Bulgar to the borders of Roum, ten merhileh ; and from Bulgar
to Gunaieh, or A.!U_,..( Gunabeh, &c. twenty merhileh. From
Bejebal to l..!;Jf• ·; t Toshereth., or &shkouth, or t.!;J~ 7bth-
.\ \

.kereth, about ten days journey ; and from t . ! ; J ~ Bashkouth

to Bulgar, .t!Venty merhileh.-God -knows -the t.Rlth.

.
c.,'-!r .J(r...J~ c.,~ c.,~~/~
Of the Deserts bet'!)een Pars and Khorasan..

ON the east the desert of Khorasan partly borders the pro-

vince 1>f c.,1~ Makran, and partly c.,L.,.,~ Seiestan; to the
south it ·has l:J-~/Kinnan, and Fars, .anq·part of the bordezs of
lsfahan.

In this desert there are not many habitations of men, as in

t Nopoint.
 ( 103 )

the (~u\..t) desert, where the Arab_s have their dwelling; or the
other desert between Oman and Yemameh ( or A-ol.,J) Hemameh ), ,
towards the sea, on the borders of Yemen, where also they
reside ; or the . deserts of Makran and ~ Sind, in which,
likewise, are the habitations of men, and meadows for the pasture
of cattle. But this desert of Khorasan is almost. totally unin-
habited and waste. To the north it has_Khorasan and part of
t)t,;►•-.':H' .
Seies?an; to the west it borders on ~Y Koumis,
c.$.) Rey, and f Kom, and ~lii.u Kashan.

This desert is the haunt of robbers and thieves, and without

a guide it is very difficult to find the way through it ; and one
can only go by the well-known paths. The robbers abound in
this desert, because it is situated on the confines of so many dif-
ferent provinces. Part of this desert belongs to Khorasan, part
of it to Sejestan ; parts also to Fars, Kirman, lsfahan, Kom,
~Ll,t:; · Kashan, Rey, and the borders of~~ Koumis, and
its vicinity.

~'--1.f-- .., c.r.).i ~~ ~~~ ~...,--"'°

(~lap of the Deserts between Fars and Khorasan.)

One of the mountains in this desert is called o:.,J u-f'/ Karges

Kou/1., with its four sides towards the desert. The circumference
of this mountain is not more than two farsang : in the middle of
this mountain there is a spring called o~ y'T Aub B_~ideh.
CC
 ( 104 )

o:.,f o~- Siah Kouh, or the Black Mountain, belongs ·to t11e
province of Jebal.

In this desert are some springs; but I ·never heard of ant

towns, except, perhaps, one little city (f¼ •) of Kinnan, on the
road to Seiestan.

In this desert, on the road from Isfahan to Nishapour, there is

a place called A-tfr Jurmeh. On the confines of this desert are .
some well-known towns : on the borders of Pars, Mabin or Ma-
hin ~l., Yezd, o ~ Akedeh, \.'.)W..o....Jf .Ardistdn oflsfaban;
and on the'IGrman s i d e , ~ Khubeis, and ~.)J Ru.ii, and
,r♦!.l._t♦ Bermashir. On the borders •of \.'.)~y 1Cuhestan are
-~ Kom, \.'.)U,u Kashan, and ~J Durreh: so on to the bor-
ders of Rey and of)~ Khar, ·also \.'.)~ ·Semnan, and
\:>l:ii...lo Damghan, on the borders of ~_..,:; Kqumes.

The principal roads through this desert are those from Isfaban
to Rey, from K.irman to Sejestan, from Fars and Kinnan to
Khorasan; the road of Yezd, on the borders of Fars ; the road of
WJJ Ruzi, and ~ Khubeiz, and another called yo!J~
or the new road from K.horasan into Kirman. These are the best
known roads.

• Obscure.

-
 ( Jg5 )

Route from Rey to lifahan.

FaoM Rey to ~u Durreh, one merhileh; all this v;ay, except

two farsang, is cultivated and inhabited.

from Durreh to ~.7-u Deir Kahein, (no distance

marked): the well-water here is bitter, and they drink rain-water,
and have two cist.ems or reservoirs without the town.

From Deir to C \S' Kah is all desert ; two farsang to Kom;f

this is a village ; and then two farsang are desert. From Kom to
Q '_pJ ~u Dehieh Giran, (or Guebran, ~ 'r-5)
one merhileh;
cultivated and inhabited. From Dehieh Giran to ~l.,;.t:; Kashan,
two merhileh ; well peopled, and cultivated on the edge of the
desert. From Kashan to• oJ~ .b~_J Re bet B_edreh, two merhileh;
cultivated and inhabited on the borders of the desert. Rebat
Bedreh contains about fifty houses; the inhabit;ants are good hus:-
bandmen.

From Bedreh to r-_J T- ~ .b~_) Bebat ali ber Rustam •,

• Perhaps for ~ C:J-t ~ »4..,

CC 2
one mel'hileh ;-desert. To the borders of this desert belongs the
~ /o /Kouh Karges. At •~s Rebat are men stationed, who
guard the road : they have reservoirs, into which they bring run-
ning water from other places.

From this to ~ f u Danehy, one merhileh: this is a large

village, and well inhabited. Thence to Isfahan, ·one short mer-
hileh. In going from Rey to lsfahan, the Karges · Kouh is on
the left hand, and the oy 04♦-
Siah Kouh on the right : The
Siah Kouh is a notorious haunt of .robbers. From· Karges Kouh
to ~ y.u Deir Kehein is a journey of four farsang; from
Deir Kehein to Siah Kouh, five farsang ; and from Siah Kouh to
Karges Kouh, nine farsang.

Road from Mabe in to Khart1sarr.

FRoM ~L. Mab~in, or 1 ~ ~ Babein, to A.CJ_r Mez.raielt,.

which is situated on the skirts of the desert, one merhileh : here
are fountains and running water, and but a few inhabitant&
From that to ~ Harrneh, four merhileh : at every interval of'
two farsang is a vaulted building and reservoir of water. From
Harmeh to ~~Y Nu K.hani, four merhileh: at every fou~ ·
farsang · is a vaulted building, •with a cistern of water. Fr&m
~~ ~ f y Nu ahi Khani to ~L,y. k~...) Kebat Houran,
o;,_e merhileh. From this Reb'1t to the village of l.:.>~
 ( 107 - )

Mwkehan, ~-one short ·merhileh: thence to · ~ Telis/ one

merhileh; ·from· that to ~uT- Bero.sir, -t.wo merhileh: thence
to Nisbapour,- fiTe_m ~ ; and the-road to the village of ($_j>
Gozi is altogether three farsa.ng. . ~ Telis is a large village,
containing one thousand inhabitants.

Road of Shcm:r. ·

J,r·Shour is the name of a stream of water in-·the desert..

This road begins at the village of o.J' Bereh •, on the edge of the
desert ·toward the K.irinan side. · :From that village the road
wipds t? the fountain, one merhileh·: In this journey there ia
not any building seen.. ·The~ce to Omnx. Bersereh, r:i'T-.) r!
one· merhileh: here -are great pits of red clay, ·and wells
from which the ·water runs into a reservoi.P~ And in this
desert of Jr Shour; as. you go from Kborasan· t~ Kirman,
" on the right hand,. at ~e distance· of two farsang, is a grove
of ·trees: they say that here are trees and statues of inen f."
From that ·to the .Jr· y 1 Ab Shour, one merhileh: some

• No poi'nt being marked; it may be Nireh; Tireh, Y m=h, &c~

t , ~ ~~ Lfo·H ~..t= ~ ~~.r 11S:.J-,i ~ ~ ~, ~ 'ly-
r..:..,.. .::,..,.,.,
 ( 108 )

vaulted buildings are erected over this fountain of Shur; Fmm

this to ($,/ Gozi, one merhileh; and in_ this day's journey, at
four farsang from c..f, .T
Goz.i, is a reservoir of rain--wat.er.

Of the Road of Ravan.

'fu1s road begins at the village of Ravan, on the borders of

Kirman. From ~!.,!.J Ravan to ($,_yi. _yu Deku Khoui, one
merhileb, where a stream flows. Thence to oo_J~ --'.?' Sw-
DUtlrdeh (probably ouj!.,u --'.»>' or J_r), one· merhileJa.
Thence to ~'f=.,
.blu Rebat J7iran (or the ruined Rebat de.
serted, &c.), one merhileh : this place .is never free from rob~.
Thence to ~l,./♦ 7 u Deir Berkan, one merhilcb: there :are
about twenty houses in this place, where is a fountain; the people
here are good husbandmen, and they have date trees. At the
distance of two farsang is likewise a fountain, with date trees;
but no one lives there, as it is the haunt of robbers. At every
two farsang is a cistern or reservoir of water, as far as ~f.
.Bireshk : The water of Bireshk is sweet. From Bireshk ·to
..Jfr Jawr is one merhileh : from Jawr to ~ Lest or ~
Yest, two merhileh; and from Jawr to ~.f
Gozi, three
merhileh.
 ( 100 )

.Road of Khebeis. ·

. KR'ninm ·ma town on the -borders of this desert, -with running

-water 1and date ·trees. ·From Uult to l....i!J.J<l Durak is one mer-
llileh; ·and during tis stage, as far as 1fie ~ye can Yeach, every
thing -wean the •._ppeamoee of l'1llD and desolation ; for there is
.
bat-any ·kihd·of -witer. -0ne merbileh -to -'r Shour, where .is
.

a broad ·water~course of rain water : the stream of -Shou.r waters

tJ1ese ~grounds, ,and torrents ,fall -into this warer-course. Thence
.to,~;I Arsel, where is•a .-small hill, •oae -merhileh: thence to a
pond, or reservoir·of•.rain water, one bier~~: thence.to·a Re-
·btlt, two mcrhileh:; here ,is ,a fountain: ,of running · -water► and
about two hundred inhabitants, who live by husbandry. Thence
to J.J-5/Kou Kaur, one merhileh; this is ·a populous village on
the borders of 1.;.>~y -J(ouhistan.. Ftom .:K .mrKourto~~
.lO,,wt, two merhiteh: and on this .road of -Kbebeis, when .one
:goes two farsang from the Rebat, -where is the fountain on the
way towards Khorasan, , there are, ·for -about four farsang, :black
•Stones. From Arsel to Kur (Jy/
or ~.Jl:i..J_.r''> are small
stones, some white, some blackish, lik~·camphor -(;y lS'), ·and
some greenish, like glass.
 . - ( 200 )

Stages and Distances from Yezd to Khorasan.

FaoM Yezd to Jr- Jehr, or ~ Hamr; one merhileh: in.

this stage are fountains and reservoirs of rain-water, but no in-
habitants. · From or Hamreh to .,.;~ Khouaneh, one mer-
hileh : this is the desert ; but at K.houaneh are about two hundred
inhabitants, who cultivate the fields, and keep . four-footed
creatures. From Khouaneh to. ( ~ j o~ J..i) the black and
white tel, or heap, one merhileh ; in this day's journey are not an:y
buildings to be seen ; at this place is a reservoir of rain-water.
From Tel-i-Siah ve Sepeed to ~~ Sebaaid, one merhileh:
this Sebaaid is a large village, containing four hundJ:ed and seventy
inhabitants.

. From the Rebat to ~ ) Rik, one merhileh: at this stage is.a

reservoir of rain-water, and a caravansera, but no inhabitants.
From this to the t.,!.,yf Jo~..) Rebat Gou.ran,
\
one merhilef:t:
this Rebat is constructed of stone and mortar; and there are three
or four persons residing in it, who take care of it : here also is a
spring· of water.

From Rebat Gontan to oj .b~...J Rebat Gurreh, one merhileh.

 ( 201 .)

At the caravansera of _)~tu _t; Zadakhour is a well of water;

but there are not any inhabitants. From '-=-'_f-fulJ Zadakheret
(before_)~lu!)) to c,!.,,lu •~•M Beisha Daran, one merhileh:
this is a village containing three hundred inhabitants ; they have
water in trenches or ditches, and cultivate their lands. From
Beisha Daran to another village, ~u ~ u Dhey Digur (per..
haps a proper n~e), one ~erhileh: this·is a well cultivated and
inhabited place, containing about :five hundred persons, who are
husbandaien; ·here theybave running water. Hence to Bernar-
atb.tieh A:':Ju !JU,r-, ·one merhileh. At this stage is a caravansen.
with a well; but there are· not any inhabitants. From this. 'to
Rebat ~ j Zingy, one inerhileh: at ~this Rebat are three or four
persons ; there is also running water.

From Rebat Zingy to ~ . u,.., t Asteluht; · here is a reservoir

of rain-water, also a caravansera, but without any inhabitants.
From ~ I Astelesht to p!.f. Berir, one merhileh·: ~
Berir is on the borders of ~ Lest, belonging to Nishapour:
at two farsang of this stage they have erect~ khans (inns), and
reservoirs of water; and the roads _of this clesert are here men-
tioned together, viz. the road of Isfaban; then the road of Rey;
then the road of Mabin ; then the road of Khorasan ; then that
of Shour; then the road of Khebeis; and ~ r that the road
called rah nuh (new road), which is that of Kirman.

D D

•
 ( 202 )

The New Road.

Fao:u r.lo_t- Berm.a.sir to c.,U....J. Resna.n, one merhileh:

here are date trees. From this, pauing into the desert, no build-
ings appear. Thence to yf_fr- 4._~t•!!;> Che1hmeh Sir_ab (a spring
of clear water), one merhileh. From that to the village of Salm,
~ ~ u four merhileh of desert; they say this village belongs to
Kinnan: thence to \.:-1~ Herat, two days journey (o!J V.J..).Ju)

But the road of Seistan is this: From ? ~ Bermasir to

t' Basekh, Gn the borden of Kinnan, five ~ys journey. From.
Besekh-to Seiestan, seven merbileh, which appears from the map
of Seie.staa and Kirman.

(Blan} pate for the Map.)

 ( 203 )

Account of Seiestlln Or S~sstan .

.Taaeut ofSeiestan is boutxded by the ~t,.(. t,lt~ desert of

Mak,an, and of the land of Sind ~ ~ j , and partly by the
territories of 0W,r Multan. To the west it has Khorasan and_
ptit of. the temt~ of Hind: · To the north it has Hiildooetan;
it i9 -~ on We i011th by the deserts of Seiest.an and Kinnan.

(J Zarinje is fortified,_ and has a castle, .with walls and

mtchea: . the water which supplies tbele ditches, springs up in
-them ; and it bai ot1- supplies of water. It baa also fiTe gatm•.
-One gate is called ~I ju Deri .4hen (iron gate); another, the
W o) !J..Ju Dervazeh Kohen : a road ,P~ through each of
these gates. The third gate is that of J' Gurkouneh,
4J_y o~
the K.horasan road. The fourth; called ~ . . ) c l -D er Beleski,
(perhaps for ~ Bo8ti) leads to ~ Bost : this is the moat .
-(requented of any of these gates. All ·these have gates of iron.

"The fortifications have thirteen·gatesz one called-~ ~!.,._,c.\

Df1TVazeh Remina, or~ Meina, which leads to Pars; another,
J' ~ !J_,~ Deruai.eh Gurkan; the third, Dervazeh
the <.:, \s'
Ashirek u~I C?)!J_,~ ; t~ fourth, t,L...Ju Dsri San; the
D D 2
 ( 204 )

fifth, '-r¥.' ►~ ~~;u Dervazeh Shaieb; the sixth, ~~ _;<l

Deri Khouiek ; the seventh, ..) ~ JU Deri Kar ; the · eighth.
~ JU Deri Belbiki~ or 13elisk.i; the ninth, jl;.,b v!.,_;u
Dervazeh Taam ; the tenth, is L)M:':Ft JU Der-i Aireis; the
eleventh, o:.#JU Deri Anjoueh; the _twelfth, c.,~..J v ~Ju
Dervazeh Restan; the thirteenth, is the u~J _Ju Deri Zin-
gian. All these gates are built 'of eanh or clay, because
-wiood
becQmes rotten, and decay~

Here is a mosque, situated :without the Dervazeh Pan. The

Governor's palace is situated between the tl,.b ~!)Jo Derwa,..
it.eh Taam and Dervazeh Pars.

Betwe;en ~ two gates, also, is. a lodge or dwelling, erectetr

.b y ~ t.H y ~ Yacoub be11. Leith; and the Governor's-~
lace is one of those which belonged to. ~ ~ .Jr Omru be11.
Leith.

Near the Der Gurkouneh, and the Dervazeh Biseky, there is a

large building, which was the treasury of Omru hen Leith.. The
.bazars of the town are situated about the mesjed or mosque: they
are ample, and well supplied ; as are those of the citadel, one of
.which was buih by order of' _Y acoub ben Leith, who also be-
queathed a legacy to the mosque, and another to an infirmary
( ~ ~J~) or hospital for the siek. And from this bazar there
is a daily revenue of a thousand direms.
 (: %05. )

: .·In this city·_are streams of niDDing water: one passes by th~

Dervazeh Kohen ; another ·by -the Dervazeh Nu; ·and another by
the gate of. Taam :· where these three meet together,· they tum a
mill; Near the mosque is a large reservoir of water·; from which
a stream flows,. and. ·enters the gardens belonging to · the principal
houses. The _greatest number of houses are about the suburbs ;
th~ citadel, however, has its gardens and. running streams.

-&me 1~ in the vicinity of this ci~y is·baFren and sandy. The

air is very warm.. Here they havt dates-: there are no hills.. · In
winter there is no snow : in general there is a wind,. and they
have windmills accordingly.

Between Kuman and Seiestan there ue some co11$iderab1:e

b~dings, the remaim, it . is said,. . of the antient dty called
'='~J"r ·,.t,. Ram Sheb.mta,n;. :aµd they say the river of
Seiestan t.> I.;,. ••~w u.J,.) r11DS through· this place. The city of
Zerenje was built by men origj.nally of this Ram Shehr..

Of the Rivers af thi~ Country (Sej_estan.}.

TaE most considerable river 0£ Sejestan is called the · u.J-,'

~ Budi Heirmend, which comes from ..)~ . Ghaur to
 ( 200 }

the ci~ of ~ Bo1t, and from that runs to 8tj~Un, to the

lake Zareh o..v ($Y. J-.)· This lake is very small, when the
-waten of the· river are ttot copious ; when the river is full, the
lake increases accordingly. _The length of this lake iA about
thirty farsang from the quarter of U\!:.J-5Gouid, on the Koubistan
road Ct.:.>~_,,f), to the bridge of Kirman c.,l...J' ~, on the
road of Pars. In breadth this lake is about one tnerbileh. Its
waters are sweet and wholesome, and afford abundance of fish. -
All about this lake are situated -villages and small towns, except-
ing on that side ne~t the desert, where there are not any babita•
, I

tio~ or buildings.

, The c)J..,.~ u.J.J Heirmend is a large river, and goes one

Mage (J_J,- ~) from Seistan. There are &ome oth~r streams,
as that which nins to µ
Leiker; another called uJp
Sebirud or u~ Seibud; ·ai;id another called_u..,J OJ~ Siareh
Rud, or Sibareh : and in the seasons that these streams arc full,
boats come down the Heirmund from Bost . to · Seistan ; and ~
rivers of Seistan all proceed from the o.)~ Siareh Ru~.

There is another stream called ~ u..,..J Rud Shaabeh,

which affords water to thirty different villages. There is another
river here, called .)4.... 4.)--'.) Rud Mei la, which · is said to fall
into the lake Zareh. On the road t o ~ Bost, over this river, ·
they have constructed a bridge of boats, like those bridges which
are in lrak.. Of the atttams wlµch fall into the lake Zareh._ one
 ( 201 )

is the J.,-.lJ: Rud 4amil, which ~mes from the low

clJ.J
•
grounds of oj Feref:,,; and ~ sl..,_, Rudi Sek, which comes
out of .J~ Ghaur : its waters are almost consumed in passing
throqgh the land; but what remains of it falls into the Zareh
, Jake.

Sejestan is a fertile and fine country : it produces dates in

abundance. Most of the inhabitants arc wealthy and opulent. '
In the district called · ~.J Reheje, they apply themselves very
much to farming and husbandry. In this district are the towns

Heirmend ; and ~ Toghahi,. and r

of J.:; Tell, and ~_;u Darghes, on the banks of the v,;.,.~
KhUje, and ~ b"
Kabul, and .J.,,t. Ghaw-, are of tbe oolder climate.

The K.hiljians a~ of a Tu.rki.eh ( ~ IS'j Tartar) race, who,

in ancient times, aettlcrd jn this .country, between Hindoostan and
the bor.dera of Sejestan. . They resemble the Turks or Tartars in
penonal appeamace; and. main the dress a11d eustoms .of that na-
- ,

tion ; and all speak the Turkish language.

~ Bent is one Gf the principal cities in the pl'OTince of Se--

.
jestan; except €...J) Zirenje, no city is larger than it. The i~-
habitants of Bost are polite and generous, resembling, in dress and
manners, the people of Irak. It is a city well supplied with
provisions, fruits, and dates : they · trade from this city with
Hindoostan ..
 ( 208 )

~ ...f Ghaznein is a small city, ·one merhileh from Seiest.an.

From the vicinity of this place came the* t.,Y.Jli..o S'!lfarian,,
who conquered Pars, Sejestan, K.horasan, and K.irman: they
were four brothers, ~ t.,l~jj ~ j'l..b -'Y y__,.iuY. Ya-
coub, Omru, Taher, and .Ali, the sons of Leith. Taber was
killed at the gates of Bost. Yacoub died at his return from Bagh-
dad, and his tomb is at Nishapour. Ali spent some . time in
t., ~_I Gurkan; then settled in t.,~o Dehestan. Yacoub,
it is said, had originally been the servant_ of a coppersmith ; and
Omru, a camel-driver.

ul..b 1'auk is a small town near Bost: it has a suburb, or

neighbouring village, which supplies fruits and grapes for all parts
of Seiestan: it has also reservoir~ of water. oj Fereh is a large
town. In the neighbouring villages there is much farming car-
ried ~n; and there, also, are dates in great abundance. _,_,lo
I)aver, and t.,Wl..b Talecan, are at two menzils distan~ from
them : they are small towns near ~).Jf. Firouzmend, with
running water and cultivated grounds.

• For aoc:cdotes of this extraordinary family, ICC the Bi6Jiotb,p, Oru111.i1 of

D'HHBILOT, articles Soffario, and Leith, &c.
 ' ( 200 )

. ... ! t '• •. • ' \ .

· '···,; , · 0 ~;;~~---~ut....... ·_;.l ·

I' l : ! I rt ~ • • • I • •

Distances and Stages of Sejestan.

Te E first merhileh from Sejestan to Hei'at is called &J/f'

Gu~kowieh, _three fars&:°g. · From : Gu~irnuneh to ~ Peir,
.four farsang: thence to j~ Herir, one merhileh: thence to the
bridge of the river of oj Fereh, -one merhileh ; and from the
bri~ge to Ferch, one merhileh: from '!JU Dereh to ~'-y Kou-
ian, one nierhileb: this is. the ·boundary of Sejestan. · Prom Kou-
san· to ·t.:,;~I .Asfet'an,· one merhil.eh: fronr.....J~f:A,ferar to
j'.J ~---~l.rriz, one merhileh: ~om· K.ariz to· Siah·· Kouh, one
merhileb. · , ·

Road fi'om Sejestan to Bost~·

Te a 1irst merhileh of this way is called ~ r _, Re,ouk : to

..).J_tH Serur, one merhileh; to the Dhey W.Jr Heruri~ one
merhileh. A narrow river (~· perhaps ·the river~s n4me) crosses
this road : over it there is a bridge constructed of brick. From
tltis bridge of Heruri to Rebat ~ f l Dhehelc one ·m~f: thence
E E
 ( 110 )

to Rebat J_,...jl A.:uour, one menzil: then another Rebat; also

the Reba~ t , ~ Hestan; from Rebat Hestan to Rebat AlJ I ~ ·
A.bda.llah ; and froQ,1 Rebat Abda11-1J to Bost; and from Rebat
~u Dhehek to within one faraang of Bost, the whole ia
desert.

hQM ·lost'° Rct,at ~~ Fin,MZffleR,t,

ooe menzil:
th~ ·to lb:b&t ~ Maaun,. one menml: &om. Maa.un te Jle,.
1Nat / Ar,. oee 91~; thence to tbe plaee: calW. ~ ,e-.J
Roha or Rohoje, one menzil: thence to o~T ~ N&Ukeen
abad (or Tuskeen), one menzil: thence to A.iL..~ K.horasaneh~
one menzil:. thence to y ~ k4.,, Rebat Sirab, one menzil ;
thence to L:J,o I A.wlajl,. or Adeti. o~ Ql.CDJil ; thence to R~bat
o~~ Chungalabad, onemenzil; thence to jY: ~u Dhey
aoum, one menzil; tb.cmce· t(t I>bey ~~ K,.hast, one menzil;
thence to Dhey ~ Ju.mah; one menzil; thence to J~l:i...
JO,,qh,..,,., cuae iucnzil.

TM bolUldafy it the. wJage or Diley <,r~ Khesqjy; and

the· lebat ~ u J ~ He:rar DltfO" is very l~e, and the ant
within the beNes of V Ji
Glw:.Di ;. the~ to ~_f, Ghu.ni is
sixteen merhileh.
 •
( 211 )

Road.from Sejesta.n b)' the D,11rt.

Fao11 t j koiuih
-·- . .

to Rebat ~ Senki°,,, end lilenzil:

thence to Rebat ~ Bom; thence to '-='~ Sehijan: total,
fourteen merbileb,
. I

•, .

Road from &jestan to Kinnan and Fars.

TsE first stage on the Fars road is 4-.>!J.Jl:-.. Khaveran: the

second, Rebat ~fcl Daru.k; from Daruk to 4:>'/-ft Berin, and
thence to ~ ;,JI( Gau Pelenk; thence to ~l.. .bw..1
Rebat Masi; thence to Rebat ~1.3 Cazi; thence to Rebat
~~v Keramha~; which five etages, altogether, are eight
merhileh. There are ave towns on the borders of •Kinnan, be-
longing to Seistan, built by 4 .Jr
Omru Leith: here is the
or
'-='l../ Kantereh Kinnan, which is a bridge ; and ~Ut
Tauk, on the road of 1/
Gouir, five farsang. From Seistan
to or"' Hareh, (or oJ
Fereh), one merhileh ; between Fereh
and t:.J-!j Kurreen, a11cl_between ... and oj Farreh, three mer-:.
E B 2
 ( 212 )

hileh; and this Farreh is opposite Kumeen or ~ j Kerbin,

near the desert. ~ lb Tauk is on the road of ../~ Gouir:
From Bost to ~ ~r Sirvan, !W~ ·merhil~; on the road of
J~O Duar, C1'0SI the river Heirmend, one merhileh: thence to
~...Ju Durghesh, one· day's jouraey : from ~ Naas to
c.f,~ Hejrai~ about one farsang; from c.f>tr-" Hejrai t~
~~l Asjjai, three methileb. · . ·_
.. . .

Now we proceed to describe the region of Kliorasan.. -

. .
Account of the Provinc-e 'i:f Kliorasan~.
.
°KHOJlASAN, on the east, is bounded· by
• •
part of Sejestan and
, I

. Hindoostan; beause alt that lies beyond t:ha~ nia:r oe esteemed· in

Hindoos~. To the west lie the desert of AJ.f G~d~ne~;; and t:Jie
borders of l:J ~ ;5Gurkan. To the_ n~rth of K~ora.sah, ~L,__,L..
Maweralnahr, and some towns of- ~ ~ ·T'iukesrati.: -__Te
the south the deserts of Fars and ~_ji Koumis, part of ·which
. extends towards the borders oi -(:., ~/
Gurkan, ~-~_pb Ta-
baristan, ~ Rey, and the ~ls. of ~o Dile11t.· · ·. ·· ·
• ~ , • , • r
- .
Now it is time to exhibit a )fap' of Khotasan, and to describe
its various divisions.
 ( 213 )

(Blank Page for Ike- Map~}

' , From the bord~- of c.,l-._/Kinnan to the coast of the Caspian

jJ:- ($YJU, and to the boundary of ,,JJ~ Khuarezm is all well
inhabited, and.· cultivat:ed, and fertile. · · · ·

: The cities of 9hief note fn Khorasan- are these -four : ..,_r Meru;
and ~ -Balkh, and.J~~ Nishapour,andi'J'Herat. The others
belong to· the.various K?urehs (__,~__.,J}or·districts-; as· c . , ~

' Kuh:estan, W Nesa;." aJid·' c_y..::.._r'Sarkhes; and ~.r I Asferi~,

and' ~y. Boushek., and ~_;1~-llarghis, and ~~...J ?'·
KitnjeResha~, andu.:.,}!.,_r Meru-al-roud, and c.,Ul<Jy Gour-
kanan; and' c.,~j:.! Ghurjestan, and c.,~~ Bamian, and
. c.,~ rJ·
__,l:s.l Tokharestan, and , Zam, ana ~1 .Amol. We
speak of ,JJ!fi: Khuarer.mj as belonging to -~L,.Jl... Mawer--
alnahr, or Transoxania•.

The city of Nishapour is situated· on a level· ground; and· extends ·

one-farsang in every_· direction : the buildings- are of clay. There·
are two considerable suburbs, well inhabited; with mosques. Here·
is a place which they call ol.?'~ Leshkur gah •; and ·the go-

• Station of the anny•.

vemor' s palace is situated in the ~ ..a.:. c., f ~ Meidan Ho,ein,
near which is also the prison. The governor's palace was built ·
by order of Omru hen Leith.

. There are four gates. One is called ~Jcl Der-i-poul; ano-.

ther, ~ (Syo)~Jcl Derwazeh Goui M~el; the third
is calledj~ .JO Der-i-K.ohendez; and the fourth, DerwtUM
poul Nekein ~ J~
~~.JO· Kohendez is without the sub- .
urbs. The gate which leads toward Balkh and Maw~ralnahr is
called ~ ~~cJ D~rwaz.eh Khebuk ; and \he gate ·towards
c, \f..f ·Gurkan and ~~ lralc is called y ~ ~!J.P Der-
wa.z.eh lshab. On the road leading to Pan and Kuhestan there is
8: gate called~~ ,u!_,y) Derwaz.eh Seirpe,. ·In the suburbe
are two market placee, or bazars, and fountains of water.

The.city of Nishapour is watered by a subterraneoua stream1

'Yhich is conveyed to the fields and gardens, and falls into cisterns
and reservoirs without the town ; and there is a considerable
stream, that waters the city and villages about it : this stream ia
called ~ Seka. In all the province of Khorasan there is not
aay city larger than Nisha.pour, nor any blessed with ·a mt;,re
pure and temperate air. Here they make garmmts of silk awl
fine 'linen, which are in such esteem that they send them to all
quarten.

The places depending o~ and bounding Nishapour, are nume-

rou and extensive; as CJ \s"'.Jy. Bourkan, and CJll.., Maan, and
wr &lutek, and CJ~j
Turkan, and c,J.J,) Zozen, ·and
t,l:..~ Kanderuha.n, and t,.Jlo Daven, and _.1!.,o;I Ard-·
var, and o/2~ Khosrugird, and o4~ Bahmanabad_,
and CJU:!~ Kherinan, and 4.:)~.JL.., Saruan,.and. oo~..; Rem-
vtUhh, and C J ~ Mihrja_n, and ~~I Asferirt, and ~ ;
Zeidin, and ~ I(.f Gurkan, and Toua, to the north of NlSba-
pour, where ia the me1hid of Ali hen Mousa al Redha, on whom
be the bJesaing of God.! There,.. also, is the bwial-place of
Haroun•..

In the mountains of Nishapour and Tous they find Turquoises.

In former times the governors. o£ Khorasan raided at Meru, or at
'Ralkh ;. but the T~ecian t
family made Niskapour the capital.
Many illustrious persenages and leamed. men,. as ia well kno~
have is.iued from. thla place..

The city of _,r Meru·, which ia also caUed c . , ~ Jr Men.,,

Sha.hjaa,, is v.ery ancient.. Some say it was originally built by
Tahmuras, or by. Dhul Kernein ( Aleunde, the Great). Here
ue three celebrated ID06q_ues : . one which was erected at the first
.introduction of lalam, they call the old JDOSq\le. Four st:reall)I.

• The Khalif Haroun Arrashid died in the year of the Hegira 193, (A. D. 808.)
t The Taherian Dynuty began in the year of the Hegira:us., (A. D. 839), and
lutad fifty-u yeaa: it contistad oi fiYc. gnnaca..
 \
.

( 210 )

water this city: _near one of these the ancient walls and buildmgt
"rere situated; of which some vestiges may yet be seen. There·
are four gates: one, the o'-JW. JU Deri Sharistan, near the
great mosque: ·the second is called t , ~ JU .Deri Shehjan;
the third, y. JU Deri Ber ; the fourth, c.,~ JO Deri Mish-
kan ; this is the gate of IQtorasan. Near this gate was the camp
and palace of Mamoun, where be resided lllltil his succession to•
the khalifat. The J,-c I o.JJ Rudi Amol is a considerable river:
those streams which we have mentioned, all proceed from it ;
and it is called the yltf° Murghab or the Water of Meru.
.J~YI

Here Yezdegird, the last Persian monarch, was slain in a mill;·

which circumstance gave to the Mussulmans possession of Far- · ·
sistan: From Meru also rose the splendour of the Abbassides ; and
Mamoun was atMeru when he became heir to the Khalifat. Various
gallant generals and illustrious learned men bas Meru produced ;
so that in more remote times, it was remarkable above all other
places of Iran. ~;J.J,t-
Barzouieh, the physician who excell~•
all others of his profession, and c.>.J_,,~
Barbud, the musician
who composed such delightful airs, were of this place. The ·
melodies of Barbud are still imitated in this country.

The fruits of Meru are finer than those of any other place ; and
one cannot see in any other city such palac~, with groyes, -apd
streams and gardens. They manufacture silk at Meru ; and I
 ( 217 )

have h~rd that the art" of making it was_ originally transferred,

from Mei-u to Taberistan, and that they still send to Meru for the
eggs of the silkworms, from the other cities. The cotton and
•
linen of Meru are also highly esteemed.

\.:JI-' Herat • is the name of a city to which belong the follow-

ing places : ~ L. Malef, ~ ~ Hessan, ~ ~_r I Aserinan t,
A./Jt Au.heh, u~L,L. Marabad, ~l,;.lu D<l$han, t}/Kerukh,
~••.:... Hust~ ~frl..o Masheran,;ul Ader, ~!J!.,l'
KWlran, . ~ .J-5
Sheker
Kousef, ~ l_rl Ashran. The city of Herat
r
has a castle with ditches. This castle is situated in the center of
the town, and is fortified with very strong walls. j~
Kehendiz, with its mosque, belongs to this city. The governor',r
palace is situated iri the suburb called u~I ~L..,~ Khor{llan
.Abad.

Herat extends about ~f a farsang on the road of Busheng or

Pusheng ~~- There are four gates; one on the road to
Balkb; another, on the Nishapour road, called ~uyJ Zeyadi;
· another, which they call ~..'.i. oj~u Derwazeh Khushk. All
the gates are made of wood, except that on the road to Balkh,
which is of iron, and situated in the mid~t of the city. In all
Khorasan and Maweralnabr there is not any place which has a
finer ~r more capacious mosque than Herl ( or Herat ). Next to it

t Aserinan or (.!)\N.,....t Ascrbenan.

F F
 ( 218 )

we may rank.the mosque of Balkh; and, after that, the mo~ue

- ..
of 1•\~•MNII Seiestan.

•
At the distance of two farsang from Herat there is a mountain,
be_tween which and the city there is not any garden, orchard, nor
water, except the river of the city and a bridge. In all the other
direction& there are gardens and orchards. This mountain, of
which we have spoken, produces not either grass or wood, or any
thing but stones, which serve for mill-stones. Here is a place in-
habited called ~ Siccah, with a temple or church of Christians..

The most flourishing quarter ofHerat is that in the direction of

the gate ~ ).J~ J~ Der,i Pirouz (or Firouz). The water
here riaes in the.vicinity of the ~lo/ .b~..J Rebat_Kirdan; and
when it approaches Herat, other streams branch off from it..
One of these is called '-:>Y:.;1- o.J.J Rud Yarkhoui, an~it waters
the district of ~ i ~ Sepid .Asenk: another stream runs
through thevillag"CS of ~l,..I_I Kirasan and ~~__,~Siaveshan.
The river· called ~ Kubuk, waters the villages of ci'-:i:r
.i.tarian, an~ 7J:,.j"' GurigJtla There is also the river ~~ .
Saaveki running towards ~~ Pusheng ; and the river
~~o;I· Ardenjan, which ruos tow~ds the village of 'v'~p-
Seirshian; and the river ~ \(..,.W Neskukan, which wat.ent
the village of ~..J.J Yerin ; and the river -<-s5~ Khehrki,
which runs amidst the gardens and orchards of the city of Herat.
On the Seiestan road the whole way is planted with gardens.
 ( 210 )

·c,lll.. Malan is a smaller place than t)/ Kero";1ch; it hu

many orchards and gardens. l:>~ Hes&an is smaller than
Malan, and has bltt few gardens, and little running water.
e:, ~:_tN I Aserinan is more remarkable. for pasture and tilla.g~
the inhabitants of this village
than .for orchards and gardens ; and
are hereticks or schismaticks•. u4!,,l..o Marabad is well sup•
plied with water, and abounds with gardens. l:> ' } - I Asferan
has four towns belonging to it.

~.J-t Pousheng is ab01at half the size of Herat, and built on

the same plan. . The towns depending on Pousheng are, u/2~
Khosrugird, <.$f _Jf Kouseri and or
Hereh. Pousheng pro-
duces such a number of ararf trees, as is not to be found in all
Khora.san beside : they are sent to all. parts. The river of Pou-
• sheng comes from Herl, and· runs on to ~ r ' Sar~hes; but in
a. season of excessive heat the water does not nm so far. Pou-
sheng bas a castle, with a ditch : it has thNC gates.

<.$r y" Ko1.ueri is a smaller town than Pousheng ; but it is

well watered, and has-gardens, groves, and orchards.

~u4 Badghis has several places within its territory: Th«

.~...,,,-:,:.
t I find in the MS. Dictionary Borlian Kattea, that~~ is the Arabick for
mountain cypress,~,=-,-,.,
FF 2
 ( 220 )

~ o:.,f Kouh Seim, u~~ ($yKoul Ummabad, and ~

Best, and .J.J-)b.. Hharur, and l:>.)__t\," Kaberoun, and l:.>Y\S'
Kaloun, and l:.>~u Dehestan. The inhabitants of Koui U~
mabad are of the Shian • sect. The Kouh Seim contains mines of
sil_ver. There are running streams at Koui Ummabad, ~d at
Hanir; but ·for the purposes of. husbandry rain water is usetl
there; also at K.aloun and Kaberoun, where they have well water.
The silver mines are on the road ta Sarkhes.
~ Keif is a smaller place than ~ Bein. Bein is Iarger-
~hen Pousheeg.. Both Keif and Bein are well-watered,. and abo~d
in gardens. and orchards.. . .

· ~..,}!.,_r Meru~a~-rudf is a. larger town than Pousbeng, .with

a considerable river,. ~hich is the same that runs- to Meni
(Sbahjan).. ·Here are extensive g-ardens and orchards. The town
· of ~ I u.J;...y Koushek Ahef is also well watered,. and has
gardens, but not equal to those of Meru-al-rud. The air of
c.,Wlb Talkan is wbolesomer than ·teat of Meru-al-~. The
river runs between these, and is crossed over by a bridge, .Here
are many gardens ~d plantations. Talkan is about the same
Bize as Meru-al-rud: it is situated· amid hills; but.baa rwming
water, and orchards that produce good fruit.

t Or Meru'rud~
 ( 221 }

r\$'..)__,?GQw-kam is the name ·of a district, where there is a ~o.;.

lony of Jews. t,li..Jy.:.!, "Shiur Kan is a distnct, with a village
~led r-11,)J,.f Kande~n,.. 0 t:.w San is a small town, the inhabr-
tants of which are of the Shian sect; it is smaller than Meru-al-
rud·: it has running water with some cultivate<I: grounds, and gar-
. den&, and orchards-. In the _d istrict of Gourbn the Sekhtian ,
~k9ni ~b"..)j> t , ~ .(a kind . t>f Morocco leather) i&_
prepared, which they send to all parts of Kborasan•. From
Sbiurkan to J~f Amar is one merhile~; and ·from Shiurkan to-
~.J4 &rab, two mei:hileh;. and . from Shiurkan to Kanderm,;
four merhileb.

-Two towns belong tir 0~.f Glu.ujestar,, one caDed', ~a,j:

Neshin, the other ~J,.J»' Surmin, nearly of equal size. Ne-
smn produces. grat quantities- of rice•;: and Surmin of dried
grapes. From Neshin one goes ta the ~.u- Derreh of Men1-al-rud• ;·
and from Neshin to Surmin is the distance of one merhileh ..
\

J_Ji- Ghaur, which is a considerable: district, I sbaµ enumerate

among the regions of _Islam,. or Mobamedanism: because many
True Believers dwell there. It is a mountainous country, well
inhabited, with rWllling streams, and gatdens,.

-~;»' Sarkltes is a city between Mero and· Nishapour;.

· situated- on -a level., without any ·running water- but that which:

• i;1 In the MS:. ~)" without points, may alto be orangts; ~,I
 ( 222 )

comes from Pousheng•. It is computed that Sarkbes·is as large

as Meru-al-rud: lt is a populous and thriving city: the air is
wholesome: the inhabitants drink well-water, and they employ
horses or asses in their mills.

W Nesa is a city of the same magnitude as Sarkhes : it is plea-

sant and
. well supplied with water running a~dst the houses and
streets, ;µid various orchards, groves, and gardens.

~L:. Kaein. is as large as Sark.bes; all the buildingsue of clay.;

it has a fort, with ditches, and a mosque, and a governor's house:
the water which they drink there is conveyed in trenches; it has
bqt a, few o.-c~ or gardens, and the air is cold.

t,f.•11 :.Jo. Teisin t is smaller than Kaien : it has some trees, and
~ water is conveyed in trenches.

C>7t' Chun is srnalle,: than Teisin ; . it has fine gardens, and

very little water : the inhabitants have sheep and other beast$.

~4,5 Kubabeh is larger than Chun, and has two villages be-
lon~ng to it : the water which they use is brought in trenches.
Of all these places .which we have just mentioned the air is cold;
and ~ aµiple ~ r t stretcbea Ollt between them, where shepherds
reside.
• See page 219, t l)opbtful.
 ( 223 )

In the clistritt of K.aieh, on the road· leacimg to Nishapoiir, is

found ~uch excellent chalk, that it is sent into all parts. Through-
out all the region of 0 ~_,f Kouhettan there is not any river
water: the ·inhabitants,. therefore, drink water preserved in
trenches, or·well-water. Here they manufacture very fine linen,
hair-cloth,, and silnilat stuffs..

- ~ Balkh.-Of BaJltb these· are the various districts and divi:...

sions: l:>~..Jl::il Tokharestan, ~ Khulm,
Semen- l:.>~
gan, l:.>-¼ Baghelan, ~ Sekilkend, ~ ~; Zualein,
.f.._.11 Arher,..J.JLJ Rawer, l:.>~U, Taikan, ~ Sehekemest
t,..J.J Werwa, ,...t.c($f_r Setai .Aa&im, ~..:=... Hesheb, yL,wf
..dttderab, _y.).,o Mudr, arid · o ~ Kah. The towns in the hilly
part of this cmmtry are, t.>!,_;r Shehran, UJ.J~ Fiellnverd;.
and w.f}J Lavakend, J.:-J \S' Kaweil, ~ Helil, ~~
Se'/4andereh, ~ \s" Kabul, ~ Penjehir, which _is also ~lied.
pi-'- Satir : but we descibe these cities of the hilly country as-.
belonging to Maweralnahr; bat some may be esteemed rather in.
the territory of 0 l .~•.:i., ~ Badakshan..

The city of ~ Balkh is situated on a level ground~ at the·

distance of four far.sang from the mountains : it ha:s ramparts,.
-with a castle and mosques; and extends about half a farsang :.
the buildings are of clay. There are six gates. The first of the$e
is called ..JY~ ;u Deri Nubehar; another, the ~; ·.._.10 Deri
Rehabeh: another, the l:>~~ ~!.,..;~- Derwazeh. Hindouan
 ( 224 )

(the gate of the Indians): another is ~led ~fu~ JU Deri

Jehudan (the Jew's gate): another, ~ ~..Ju Deri Shest-
bend; and one called ~...)U Deri Yahia. Through the town
runs a stream called the UM~ U.JJ Rudi Haas, which passes out
at the gate of the N ubehar : this stream turns ten mills, and
waters several villages and districts, and ~ows as far as u/o~
Siahgird. In the direction of every gate there are gardens and
orchards. The walls of Balkh are made of clay, · and there is not
any ditch.

Of c.,~...)fl:s:1 Tokharestan the largest city is ~UY,Uo Taikan,

situated on a plain, in the vicinity of mountains. It is watered
· by a considerable river, and has many orchards and gardens.·
~L,c..>Jf .Anderabeh is situated between the mountains a n d ~
Penjhir. There are two rivers, one the ~L,c..>JI u.J) Rud .An-
derabeh; the other 0 \- \s" u.J-) Rud Kasan; with gardens and
orchards. The other towns of Tohkafestan are nearly of the same
size as these ; but Taikan is the largest of all.

~~ Zua.lein and yL,u Derab are two towns, with rur;a-

ning water, and considerable plantations of trees. O.J~I Is-
kandereh, or Sekandereh, is situated in the midst of the moun-
tains. ~ K.hesh is the largest town of this mountainous
country; also, the towns of ~ Mank and ~ Melenk are
amongst the hills, where there are various streams, which., u
 they approach ~j ·Termed, are collected together, and fall iJ\to
• the river ( ! ; ~ : :Ji~on, ·( the Oxus-.)

··u'.l. ·Mank·is·a larger town than Melenk; but the houses of

beth:are made of clay.- . l:.Jl'~•~ · Ba.dakluhan is smaller than
M,ai · The1 neighbouring groun~ are .well cultivated, and the
Bisbict:populous, with many gai:deus on the banks of the river.
Tlie· liills here abound in excellent cattle; and Badakhshan pro-:
dtices the :ruby (JJJ) and lapiz lazuli (u.fr"11). ·Tue mines are ·
ib,lll:ie-' mountains ; and ~ere is also much musk at Badakhshan .

.- ~ PeryhiF u:a t~wn situated on the ':ll°untains, contain-

ing about ten thousand inhabitants, people of bad charac~er:. here
are gardens and running water, but husbandry is neglected.
aJ\_,.J~ .larianelt is ·a smaller town than Penjhir. : Between these
· · two places are the mines of ore, 'in which the peopie·dwell, with'"
. ' .
eat ga.rdeps,. orchards; or .t illed lands. The river of Penjhir nins
·through the town, and passes from Jarianeli till it comes to l:.J ~j
Ferouan, and so proceeds into Hindoostan:

.. ·t,4.-el,! Bam.ian is a town about half as large as Balkh, situated

on a hill. Before this hill runs a .river, the stream of which flows
into 1:.J~f. Gurjestan. Bamian bas not any gardens nor
· orobards,.and it is the only town in this district situated on a bill:
.all the others have gardens and· orchards, except ~_j Ghizni,
which has riot.any. A stream runs through Gbizni, · than which
GG
ef all the toWll8 in the districts of BaJkh, none ia mote wealthy
or commercial, being the 1>'88 or frontier of .Rindooe~a_n. ., •

J..-!'5" Kabul is a town with a Tery strong caatle; ;-«P'"l&ible

only by one road : this is in the bands of the Mu•nlm8IJI; W .
the town belongs to the infidel Indians. They i,a,y ttat'a kilg1ill-
not properly qualified to govern, until he baa been· ,iQaqgurauid
at Kabul, however ·m stant he may haTe been from it. Kabul •
also (like Ghizni) a pasa into Hiruloostan. · :The fruits of a
warm climate, which abound at Balkh, are brought . to Kabul~
except dates, which do not grow at Balk.h,. where snow falls ..
Kabul is situated in a wann climate, but does not prod~ date
trees.

J_J$- Gluzwr is a mountainous country. la the pJaces .abou it

there .are Mussalmans ; bat Ghawr is mosdy inhabited- .,, la•
fidels. Here are great .mountains-. Tbe,dialect of Gba,n ;_. lilac
that of K.homsan. It is populous,. containing many :numing
streams ; and I have described it as belonging to Khor:aaan, b&.-
cause it borders ~n that province ; in like manner including
-Bamian, and Penjhir, and Maweralnaber, as far ·as TtU"k.estan.
The mountains of these .places all aoound witb mines.

:But the i . : . ) ~ Jt'AOf>n. (or:ri..-ePOxus) and ·r-U~K/aan:iem, •

and <>-ol
.drnol, . and ij Zam, we reckon as :bdoaging :to
Maweralnahar (Tran$0Dllia) ; and _shall .speak. of them :aCQWd-
 ( ,21.)

1Jag11.· - - ~ is eituated on the borders oftbe (Caspian) aea.·.

• aad ~ bf.,lUlda of it, from Balkh and Meru and its other extre-"
mi~ ate all a desert, in which there is not any thing but sand•
.,
7l1lu: ~ aBords not any rwming stream : the people use well-
Wlltctr, until ,C,llfeome ai far as Mc,ru. ·-
•,• . ·. ·.

· Sheep ue produced in Gbizni:, and Gbaur, and Khilje. Gar-

tnalts of silk· and linen are brought from Balkh and Nisbapour.
Tbe·beat sheep are those of Ghizni; and the beat water, that of
1
\ . .

the rift!' Jihoon. The lben of Balkh are ingenious, and learned
in zeligion and law-, and of polite manners. Nishapour ·is the
pleasantest part of Khorasan, and the inhabitants of the most
amiable and chearful disposition. The warm parts of Khorasan
~; c, ~ Kouhestan., and the borders of c,l./ Kinnan
and ·u-,,J~ :Par, (or Faniatan). . The cold part of Khorasan. is
alM>ut t>~lf Bamian; for I ,sptak of those places bordering on
Kharezem as belonging to Haweralnahar.

Of the Roads and Stage, of Khorasan.

W .It· shall not here particularly describe the roads and stages of
Khorasan, becau1e they are aln=ady sufiiciently known. We
GG2
 •

( 228 ·J
shall content ourselves with mentioning, that from· ~he oorderi.ol-
Nisbapoui"; to the village or ~lcl/ ~u Dhey Kurdan;.ot1 •
the confines ·of ~y Kou.mes, near u'-!l~I .Asedabad) is a
, distance of seven stages or J_J-. 'IMnzih; and from; Dhey-Iar&-.
dan to -~la...lo Damghan,. five menzil; from, ~pour ..:te
~ f ' -Sarkhes, six menzil; from Sarkhes to j_r Meru, three
menzils-:- and from Meru to J.-ol' Ainol, on the banks of the-river
Jihoun, two menzil : from Nishapour to ~ 'fjy. Boiizgan, ·-and
to ~~- ·Pousheng, four merhilch;. from Po~beng to: -~~-
Herat, one . merhileh : · from Herat to Asferin, three merhileh ;-
~m Asferin to o_;u- Derreh., two merhileh. . 'This- ia the. boun-
dary of Herat.. ' ··
,.

From ~i.;- Kaien to· Herat; six merhileb: from· Meru to-c_f,f
Heri (or Herat), twelve·merhileh-: from.Meni to cl..J.)~ Ba.venl;
six merhileh; from Meru. to ·· L.,.,; :N-e~a, four . merhileh:; from
Herat to u.J}!..,_r Mer.uarrudd, six merbileb ;. from Heri. to
~ r ' Sarkhes, five merhileh ; from ~ Balkh to the bank of
the river ~~ Jihoun) by the way of ~.; 7'ermed, two
days journey (o!J ~.)) .JJ.); from BalkJi to ~!.Jwl Anderabeh,
nine merbileh ; and to ~ ~'-! Bamian, ten merhileh : from
Bamian to ~r Ghizni, eight merhileh ; fro;m Balkh to
~~~ Badakhshan, thirteen merhileh. "From Balkh to the
~ s of theJihoon, and to the~ (or lake) of K.harazm(Dcriay ·
Kha~m ), from Badakhsha.J) Termed, by _
way of the river Jiboon,
 ( 220 ).

tbi.Eteen: nicrbileh• : Prom ,Termed to rJ .Ziam; five ·merhileh; ·

&om Zam .to ~ol; four merhileh·: from· Amol to K.harazm,
twelve: merhileh.:. and fr9m Kharazm .. to the sea (Y...Ju) six mer-
hileh.

'fbese are the well-known s~es and routes of Khorasan; .

From Nishapour to t, ~j~ Bouzgan; four merhileb: from:

Bouzgan, going by the left towards Nishapour, to jl.. Malez,
ene.merbileh; (this is not the ~ez belonging to Heri:), from
Malez. to r~· Jaum, one menzil .; and to ~- ~ Sekari; one
menzil: from-~ Selumed to W..J~ Buzen,. leaving Seka:n
• • • ·• (some· words; here .illegible), one day's· journey

.
(.o~ ~.J..) ~ ) : ·from·Ruzen to c,-:!t.; Ka.ein, . three days jollf.-
.
DC1· · From _Nishapour · to fr;~·
Bershir, ~our merhileb; from
Bershir to r-,Jc).j..J Kanderem,. one dafs j<;>urney ;. _from Kan.
derem to • • L.. Sa • • two days j_9umey ; . from Sa • • to c,-:!li
Kaien, two days journey : from Nishapour to Khosrugird, four
· memileh; from K)iosrugir,4. to~~~ Bahmenabad, one mer- •
· hileb; from Babmenabad to ~ L.._r Mersan, by the Koumis.
road, about one .farsang: From Nishapour !O t>~..Jl::a.. Khaveran, .
six merhileh; . from. Khaveran to t>~fr Mih,;jan, . two daJ.S .

. • This -passage seems so obscure,. ~t I shall present it to the reader in the original
Persian:
<.:...~ ~ _r. <M_,.3 ~~ jS ("J.},a, ~~,jl l3 ~..,Us l3 ~ JI
.3v_,1.> M>.,.. aln-
 {. 230: ' )

journey; from M"ihrjan .to tH.~t ~ift:rein, two clays Joumey·:i

and when you go from Babmanabad to Miltrjan, the 6rit 4tay
brings you to a o ~ J_;.-. menzilp_h, or halti.ng-p]aoe; the ee-
eond, to Mihrjan.

Account of the Stage~ and Roads of M,ru.

Faoi.1 Mcru t o ~ Ke~eher, one menzil: from Keteber, by

the sJdrts of the de,ert of Kharazm, and from Meru to ~lilt~
ey,::,-r Sarkhe1, the
Dendale'/can, two merhileh. The road of
road of cl.J..J~.Baverd,and ~~_r Swikan,and ~.f- Ghaz-
tteln, or ~f G_hurnein, go to Dendalekan. ~ft Chun is a
town of three farsang distance between the roads of Sarkhes and
13averd; and Susikan is one menzil farther.

Road.I and Stagei of Bal'/ch.

FaoM ~ Balkhto ~Khulm, two daysjourney(~JJ ..Ju);

from K.hulm to ~ !J Yalein, two days journey ; from ~ U:!Uo
Taikan t~ ~I,';~ Badakluhan, ~ven days journey; from
K.hulm to Sebenjan • or ~~ Senjan, one day's journey;

• Doubtful.
 ( 181 )

from Sebenjan to ~ L,\Ail .Anderabeh, five days journey; from

Andera.heh to-ci.i'-:u~ Jarianeh, three days journey ; from Jaria~
aeh to Penjhir, one day'J journey ; from Balkh to t.>~ Bag-
halan, six merhileh; to Af Kah, one menzil; from Ralkb to
c.:.>l,;?- Shiuluu&, three merhileh; from ~l:; Kaien to ~ ... ~
Tebsein • • • three merhileh; to t,WUo Talkan (or Taikan),
three merbil~; and from Talk.an to. u..,;}~r: Meruar'rudd, ·
three merhilell. .
.. .
.. ,_

.Acco~t of the Distances and Roads of the Towns in ·

Kµhe.,um. .

hoM ~ Ka.ein to : ~.J) ~w.en, three merbileh; from-

·.1 aien to ·c,l:i:14 \,!Jo!'•' t.Jo.1 e.hsei.n,.Merian, two days, jou~ey;
1

!ram Kaein to t.>Jli'J'· Chwi, one dais journey ; . from Chun. to

~_,=;- Khwt., . one farSllDg.; from ~ to Tebsein, three
merhileh. • ·
 { 232 )

Account of Maweralnahr, or Transo:x:ania.

·To the eastern side of ·Maweralnahr are, the borden.. offfin.

doostan. To the west it has the land of ~.f- Gluunein, and ;
the borders of c.,f;...,_b Touran, and down to -y!Jli Farah, -and
..ci;.f'.r Markand, and ~ Soghd, and ~~ Samarcand.
and the district of !J~ Bokhara, -~ far as rJ--.,~ K.harazm.
and the banks of the sea (YJU Deria ).

On the north of Maweralnabr are the borders of c . , ~

Turkestan, as far as Ailtj Ferghanah, and down towards
~ Khotl, on the river ~Y:r"' Heriat. To the ·south, Mawer-
alnabar begins from c.,1.t.~ Bo.dakhshan, along the river·
c . , ~ Jihoon, up to the ·sea or lak.1: of Kharazm (,J; !.,:a,, ($Y.J~
Deriay Kharezm) in a straight line. We place Kharazm and
Khotl in Maweralnabar, because K.botl is situated between the
river Heriat and the river 1Yekhshab Y~.J °'.).); and the
town of Kharazm is on that . side of the river, and nearer to
Maweralnahr than to Khorasan .

. This is the delineation of Maweralnahr-

( Here one page is left blank for a Map.)
 ( 233 )

· The province of Mawera1nabr is one of the most 6ouriehing

u~ productive within the regions of Islam or Mahomm~m.
The inhabitants are people of ·probity and· virtue, averse from
evil, and fond ·of peace. Such is the fertility and abundanc:,e of
-~ country, that if the other regions were afflicted by a scarcity
or famine, the stock laid up on the preceding year in _Mawer- '
alnabr would aiford ample provision for them all. Every kind of
fruit ~ meat abotmds there; and the water is most delicious.
The cattl~ are excellent: the sheep from Turkestan, ~j
Ghaznein, and ~ d , .are highly esteemed· in all placea.

MaweraJnahr af'ords raw silk, wool, and hair,· in· great -qww-
Its mines yield silver, and tin or lead (_f.l,I), abundantly;
·tities.
and they are better.- than the other mines, except those (>f silver
.
at ~ Penjhir; but Maweralnahr aifords the beat· copper
l and quicksilver, and other sinriJar productions of mines; and the
mines of sal ari)moniac (Jul:!.y) (l18Cd in tinning or· soldering} in
all Kh9rasan, are there•. Li_ke the paper made at Samarcand,
there is not any to be found elsew~. So abundant_ are the
-fruits of ~ Soghd, and - ~ r1
.A1tersheineh, and Ailtj
Ferghanah, and c.~
Chaje (or Shash),· that they are given to
the cattl~ as food. - Musk is· brought from ~ Tibbet, and aent
to all parts. Fox-skins, sable, an4 ermine skins, ~ all to be
· found ~t the bazars ~f Maweralnabr.

• I have translated this fass;,ge literally,

. , ~ I t:J-~ ~ .,;lll ~lA_,l ~,
. H H
 ( 234. ).
;

"Such is the gene~os~ty and liberality of the inha~, ~t no

.one turns .aside from the rites of hospitality; so tllat a person
:eontemplating them. in this light, would imagine '1ult al.l ~he
families qf the lan:d were bul one howe •. When a traveller
-arrives th~e, every person en~vours to attract him_to ~ f ,
· that he IDay have opportunities of performing kind offi~ for
.-th~ stranger; aQd the best proof of their hospitable and generous
.disposition is, that every ·p~t, though possesaiDg but a ~

,uffici.en.cy, allots a portion of his cottage for the reception of

a ·g uest. On the arrival of. a stranger, they contend,. ~ne with
another, for the pleasure of taking him to their home; and enter-
.~ g . hi~.. 'fbu,, in acts of hospi~y, they expend th~ in-
;~ · . The· Author of this work says, " I ~ppened once_to· be
·" •in Sogbd, :and there I saw a certain palace, or great buil~,.
· '' ,the doQCS of wbicb w.ere fastened back with nails ag~t the
. .
." walls. I asked the reason ~f this; and they informe~ me, :that
. " it was· an ~wMked y~, and more,. since those <1:oors had .'.been
!' shut : all .that time tbey had coatimted open. day and ~bt :
·.":stran~ might arrive there at the most unseas~ablf;: how-s,. or
·" in ~ nulJll>er&; for t~ ·master of. the house )pd provi~ed
. 'f every thing. oeoessacy. botb for ~~· Jl\e~ .'!Jld fO! their ~ta ;
. '.' and he ·appieare4 with a d~t~ and j~yful _c o~t~ce. }V~

• If the simplicity of this beautiful eulqgium sl)oulcl please .the reader as mu~ u it
has delighted the translator, he will, i,t;;h~ps,
deriv~ additional satisfacti~n-~ perus-
ing this part of it in the original :
~'~Ail.~
. . .
~ t . . ... :1,~LI,.. $1 -~AS.):J
I °!I"· .... • ,,rt .:-9.:. ·~-~
,~~J..eUc,-=
. -
~,
;- ,
 (' m l
-,,.t he guestlt tamed·a ~ci,: Nffll" liave I .•lleud;of i1m'h lbitrgll
~in ;any :Gtiier c ~ ·: ·rfbe ridl ana· ~ -lorlis of IDOlt <>thet'
'·'·plaa!S,: npehti . _ tffllsllft&.on· particalir ~.ourites, ·in the
'.' imiulg~ -of. gtol8l 8f{petili;j arid sensual- gmmlcationi. · "The
~-people• of: Mnieralnahl7 employ-tb~hes ·in _. a useful -and
'i·nmoilal ,,....,.,,. ~ ·tbq. Ia.y «>ut their moaey' in.·erectmg cara.vari..:
~- setais or iDDS, building bridges, and such works. You cannot '
'.':see any town or stag.,, ,or~ desert, in·MaWffltlnahr, with:.
" out a convenient inn or stage-house ·for the acdommodation ·:o'f
"travellers, with every thing necessary. I have heard that there
", -.re.above twv dvw1Sanf\.
.
i,ebats
.
:or irmai ia ftla,,.-eo:lnahr,
'
where
~~ as· maay pa-sons-. u may airive. shall 1iad sudicient. &>rage ,fott
,. •thm beasts, am:1· meat
·for th~lves." . ~ ·

~ ,'flie l\.utJior of ·the hook'. .farther sa.ys; " I have .heaid from a
" rapectable pawn who· was ·.with. ~ I_. t°U Nass-er Ahmed,
"iil the war of Samarcand, ,that of ·all his iinmense: ujny, the
"greaterpiart were;meJi of Maweralnahr; :and I have heard that
" ~ Motasem wrote a letter to ../'U::,
~ AU f~s: Abdo.llah
'f rl;m; .1'aha-•. ·and :sent :a· letter 'to ~f- ~ ~ Noah ben
" .Aff'I:. ' The :tnswer of Abdallah . was~ .that in Maweralnabr
" there are tbtee hundred thousand y;Af'•Kulab1 :· !each"Kulab
" furnishes one horseman and one foot-soldier; and the abse,ice-
" of these men, when they go fo~ is:not felt, or is not •per-
'·" ceptible in the country. I have beard; that the inhabitants of

~.. -;- Ferghaneh are so .numerous, and-so

,, b.. Chqje and .,;Le_;
H JI 2
 ( 284 )

" well disciplined. and funuabed with implements of wat, that

" they are not to be-equalled in any region of lalaln. And amoag
" the lower clasaes there are ~ ' who posaesa from one bun-
" dred. to five hundred head of cattle; Notwi~tanding a11 ·this;
" there· are not any people more· obedient to their kings ; ·and at
" all times the ujTw-k soldiers ·had ·the precedence ' of ew.ry
".other race, and the KbaJifK always chose· them 01i_'account' of
,, their excellent services, their obedient disposition, their bravery;
"and:their fidelity."

Maweralqahr ·has produced st> many great.princes and generak;

that no regimi ·can surpass it. The bravery of its inhabitants
cannot be exceeded in· ·any· qmrter· of the 11.usuhnan: w.rlct~.
Their numbers and their discipline give them an advantage over.·
other ·nations, which, if an army be defeated,.or a, body: of tro,pa·
lost at sea, cannot· funilah another army fOI' a.conaiderable timer
hut in -11 Maweralnahr, should such accidents· happen, one tribe
is ready to supply the losaes of another without any delay.. .

In all the 'regions of the earth, there· is not ·• more ffourisbing

or· a ·-more delightful country·than this, especially the district of
Bok.hara. If a person stand on. the j ~ Kohendiz (OT·ancient
castle) of Bok.hara, · and cast his ~yes around, he shall not·see any
thing but ~¥tiful green and luxuri~nt verdure on e'Verj side of
the country : so that he ·would imagine- the green of the earth
and the azUN of the hcavens•were united: . And as there are green
 ( 131 )

ields·ill mr, ~ ,. to·there are viJ-. interspersed among the

~ ielde. . And .in. aD ,,Wbc:asan and·Maweralnahr there are •
uot'anfi ,eople.·111ore long-liTed tban:tbQle .of Bok.hara. ,_

:,: ":· n is saidi·that in ·_all::tbe. world~- is not any place niortl

" ·delightful (or ealubrioua)':tbaD: those· ·three:: one, the Soghd of
u.. Samarcand; . another, the ·Rud Aileli ; and ~ -third, the Ghu•
" •tah :of Damasoua.•:.". jBut the Ghutah of Damaacua is· within
one farsang of barren and. :dry hills, without· trees ; .and it contains
~any places which are desolate, and . produce no verdure. " A _
,,.·,ne pi,>$pect buglitrto·,be such as ·completely fills ·~ eye.;·. and
~ utbing a>uld ..be .viaille· but · sky and green f." The · river
Aileb: ~ . fot.-c,ae l&nang · ont,-, ·this kind· of prospect ; and
there ·is nGt, . in the vic:inity,·o f it, . any 'emiQence from which one
01.11. aee\··beyond:a.':~ng.;. a.ad·. the :verdant :spot is either sur-

~unded: by· or ·opposite to a dreary .desert . . But the:walls, and

buildings,".and oultiv~.plainsofBokhara, ~end above thirteen
fataang by twelv~ fanang ; ·aand the..~ :Soghd, for etght days
jC)li.niey~ is-· all·.delightful. counvy; . a.1fording. -tiae prospects, and
fall of gardcoi, .and·on;Jiuda;- and •villages; com. fields, and villas; .
anti ruliliing:atreams,·.fflSCtvoirs,; _and -founlains, both·on the-right
band.and -on,-tho .left,. Yo• p§lSS .from-. com fields into ,rich D1ea-.
... . ... ,
'

• To this paitage the hriU TJJari iallddcs, iri a c~JKer re~dng the Virgin Mary'• •
flight from Jerusalem with Christ.-Thc original Penian is given in the Preface.
t ~~ <.!.'I~ Sf~, w4-l _;.,, AD ~r~, Jt~ A& ~lt ~ - • ~ , .
 ( 211 )

dow'f w ··pastwe lands; ,an4 tM Sogbd·-is ,_ ·more hemtby ·tliait

the Rud Aileh, er the Gh11teh of ~ (er Dam~ J and
the fruits of Soghd are the · finest. in the world. .Arhc,n,: the -hiBt
and palaces flow running streams, gliding between the trees. la
Ferghanah and ~~ Chttje, in the mountains betwem Fei-gtianab
and Turleatan, there are aH kinds: of fruits~ of herbs~ an.t ~~
and various speci~ of the violet': all these it ia:lawful far any one
who .passes by, to pull and gather. · : -In ~.J_r- htrmuhali
there are Bowers of an uncommoii :ipecies. · , .· i ··~ . •·

l • ·• • .• : ' • ,· •

We •ve placed, as irst of the bordera of;Bokhara;. &em the

banks of the Jihoon, the Konrehs aml-Districts of Maweialnahr.
From the Jibqon i& the territory. of · Sogbd, and Samiaaod~ ··aml
Siroushteh, and Chaje, and t'ergbaneh, and back; .from the bor•
den of Samarcand to ~ Kiilt. and : t,~l-=:,, Cheg/umiaa;
and c.,~ Khotlan, till one·cemes to the riva-Jihoon. -- ~
Termed and ~l,.u4,i Cobat1.fan, .• .au- .as. rb!,:i.. ·Khtuea:,
and y!J4 Barab, and -c , ~ Sirfian, and ~If
Temn,and
1..-i~I Ailak, are reckoned as buongtng· to Cbaje,! and in~luded
in Ferghanah. -Khuarezm we have:~ to Maweralnafu,)
and we must reckon as part of Soghd, · Bokhara, and Kish; an4
½"•t•~ Naksheb: but our design -in.this was to fender the ~
scription more easy. We begin with Maweralnahr, and tlie
district of Bok.hara; .and then we .speak. of the ri,ver ~ihoon.

This ri,-er rises within the territories of t,l.~ &d!l'/cshan,

 ( 2ag )

an4 reoei~ the waters of many other ·str$mB. . The river ~ J

iY,kheshjc,iDs it: then the river ~~ Nouman, which is the
river of u1,. Menek. The third is- the river ~}.i Farghi ;
the fovth river -is that of t_L,~wl Andenjaragh; the fifth, the
ri.ver y_U.:::.JW-ekhshab, neJµ- ~~4i.Kobadian. .All these rivers
fall into the Jihoon : the .river W ekh&hab comes out of Turkestan,
into the land <;>f ~ . ) Wekhsh, near a mountain, where there is
a bridge between K.hotlan and the borders of o/~:) Weishkird.
From that it rµns towa,l'Jls :Balkh, and falls into the Jihoon at
Termed. The Jihoon .t hen proceeds to ~ \S' Kalef, and from
Ka.lef to ,J·Zam, ..and .from Zam to (S_,...~ ..d.moui,• and from
4,molli to ,J.;!,c-. Khwu-ezm,,-and ·11Q;WBinto.'.tqe lake of -.Kh.ua-
,.m. There!~. net.any tQ~r, watered by the-Jihoon, ·unt51 ~u
- ~ to Zam.: there the mhabi4U1ts derive some benefit from it :;
.at.ill mere a~ .4.mGMii .: .-~ t ·the chief a4vantage of .the Jihoon results
tio.Kbarf£Dl .. · . . .: !

The first district of 1\-Iaweralnahr, situated .on the river Jihoon,

,
is K.hotlan : there are also W ekhsh, and other districts. Near
:iW'ek~ . th~ ~ --soipe diMricts,. ~uch as ~L:-,.~ Dekhan, and
~ $,f!lcilleh, : ·these two belong to the lnideb. Boys and girls·
are -~q~t.Jrom ~1 places.. There .are mine,_ of gold -and
i~r _ip~\.V~.h sha~ ·. ~ mountaiaous:country, bordering upon
'fibct, .is ;V~Y. ~ul~ well cultivated, abowuling in fruits, and
. acellent cattle; and •the climate is very pure and healthy.
. J. •
 ( 248 )

_u.-.J '1.'ermed is a city situated on ·the banks _of the jthoon 1 · it

has a castle an~ suburbs, an~ ramparts :;~e government palace is in

th~ kohendi,z, or castle; the prison is in the town; the mosque,
and the bazars, in the. suburbs. The -buildings arc of clay ; all
the streets and bazars are paved with burnt tiles. They drink
the wate~ of the Jihoon ; and use, ·for the purposes of agricult~
the water of the river CherhaRian ~4.J~ up·

~Y.u½i
Kobadian is smaller than Termed. u~:J ·IYeish-
gird is about the same .size as Termed. from the borders of
Weisbgird to ~~ Shuman, to near Chegbanian, -~ Y culti-
vate saffron. ~Y.u½i
Kobadi-an produces madder (U"'li,J.J)·
Chegbania" is ~rger than Termed ; -but Termed is more populous,
and better supplied. ~w:i-1 Akh,eik is opposite ('J Zam.
Zam is on the borders. of K.horasan, but reckoned among the ter-
ritories of Maweralnahr : it is a small town, and . the inhabitants
deal in cattle. Zam, and Akhseik, on the banks of the Jihoon,
are both at the extremity of the desert.

· Khuarezm ·is the name of a region distinct from K:hora.san. All

round K.huarczm the desert extends. One side of it bonlera on
~ f Ghaznein; that is the western side. The western and
southern sides are bounded by K.horasan and Mawera.lnabr. After
Khuarezm and Jihoon, there is not ·any town until you come to
the lake. Khuarezm is .~it.uated on the northern side of the Jihoon.-
Oo the southern side of the Jihoon is ~ " ' /Korkanje : it is a

.
 ( 241 . )

smaller town than Khuarezm ; but it is the pass into various

parts : from it the caravans set out for Khorasan and (.:.) '6' f"Gur-
· Tcan, and ~~ Ghizni, and ..J_j-- Khozar, and other places.

It so happens, .that one half of Khuarezm should appear in the

map of Khorasan, and the other half in the map of Maweralnahr :·
hut we have wished not to separate those parts, or render the re-
ference to the map more difficult.

These are the other ·cities of Kharezm·: ~.Jo Deraan,

~L,!j> Hesarasp, ol"f!: Chereh, .fru..Jf Ardejer, (.:.)...,j'- Saf-
.zoun, (.:.)L,y No1Uan, ~'(.\/ Kirdan, <.r~ Khouas, ..JuJ
Kir_der. The villages are, ~Nekin, lu_,-.Merda, (.:.)~Jefan,
~ Memha, l.:.~ Deha, _rb.. Hasker, u ..,~l>' Kanjesk.
The chief place of that territory is called y-ts" Kab; it has a
castle now in ruins. There was a tewn here which the water
destroyed, and the people
. built another
.
higher up ; and the
.
water
has approached tbe castle, and, it is feared, will ruin it also.
The mosque is in this castle, and near it is the palace of the
•U. r-ij ~ Khuarezm Shah : near the castle is the prison :
and in the .midst is a little river called _)--'o_f,- Kherdour, and the
hazar is on the banks of it ; the length of it -is about three far.
sang. . The gates of the city are, for the greater part, demolished;
but they have prepared new ones.

The first border of Khuarezm is Qfled ":J:.flb ·Taheriah, ~ -._ ._. ·-. -
I I
 ( 242 )

the direction of Amoui, an inhabited country on the south of the

river Jihoon. On the north side of Khuarezm there is not any
population or cultivation, until one _comes to the village which
they call ~ IJ~ Ghar-al-haiah; from that to K.huarezm there
is some appearance of inhabitants and of buildings. At six far-
sadg dititance, before you come to this village, there ia a river
which joins the Jihoon, and on the banks of this are many vil-
lages and hamlets ; this river is called ~ ~.J \s' Gaw-Khareh;
in breadth it is about five/ guz; boats ply on it. After run-
ing two farsang, there is another river .bnuiching from it, which
they call Gurbah ~f u.JJ ; it waters many villages, but is not
very broad : fro~ this, for about one merhileh in breadth, the
villages and ·buildings become more numerous ; and when you
come to t{5/ Korkanje, at two farsang back, there is the ex..
tremity of the borders of Khuatezm ; and at five farsang a ruined · ,
village, called 1/ Koragh, near a mountain : from which,
t_
~nd from Hezarasp, on the western side of the Jih~n, there are
streams running from that river : Here is Amoui ; and there ia
another river about half as large as the· Gaw Khareb, on which
boats ply at within two farsang of Hezarasp. This river is called
U"'!J?i... u /u.J) Rudi Kurd Khouai, and is larger than the river
of H~p~ There i$ also the river or,?'- Heireh, on which ·
boats ply.

From the river Jtu Dal to Khuarezm is two farsang. . The

r~ver oy. Bou!i, is in the district of K.orkanje. The water of the
 river Dai comes to the village of jLJ~I Anderbaz, where there·
is a bridge that admits boats ; from this place to Korkanje is a
distance of one merhileh.

From the river Gaw ltbareh to the ~ity is twelve farsang ;

and there is anoth~r river below K.huarezm four farsang, which
teceives its waters from four ditferent places ; when they are
united, they form a stream about as large as that of the river Boub.
lt is said that the Jiboon ·crosses this river; a11d that, when the
hters of the Jihoon sink, the stream is.also diminished. There
are many streams on the aorthern side of the Jihoon, at one far-
sa11g from the town called ~¼,..~ Medeminiah ; and all· the
villages along have small streams. The Jihoon falls into the lake
.at_ a place .called ~ ~ Khiljan, where there is not any village,
nor any buildings ; the people live by fishing. On the banks of
this lake is the land of j: Ghuz ; fro~ this, when they are at
peace, they go frotn this side to the village of _pfyT Aubgir,
·and from the other to K-0rkange ; both of these are on· the banks
· of the Jihoon.

• Before 'Olle comes _to the the river Gaw Khareh there are scme
mountains, amidst which . the J"ihoon runs : this place is called
~ y. Boukeseh ; and from the place where the Jihoon falls into
the lake or sea (l:,Jo ), to that place where t~ river of Chaje falls
into it, is a journey of ten days. The river Jihoon is fror.en in win•
I I 2
 ( 2.f4 )

ter, BO that loaded ea.Triages pass over it. The ice begins at Kbua;.
rezm, which is the coldest place upon the Jihoon.

On the banks of the sea or lake of Khuarezm (r-)..J~ ~Y.JO)

there is a mountain called .f.~ Cheghaglter : here the ice con-
tinues from winter till near the end of summer. The circum-
ference of this sea or lake is an hundred farsang : its waters are
pit or bitter; and the river Jihoon, the river ~½- Chaje, and
many other streams, flow into this lake : yet this increase of
water is _n ot l>Crceptible ; and it is generally supposed that there
is a communication between this lake and the C.aspian Sea ( Der-
yai-i Khou _)_j-- YJO) : betw~n these two is a distance of
twenty merbileh.

Khuarezm is a town well supplied with provisions, and abound- .

ing in fruits ; it affords not any walnut-trees. Linen and wool are
manufactured there, and also brocade. The inh3:bitants are people
of high reputation and polished manners: the men of Khuarezm are
great travellers ; there is not any to~n in Khorasan without a co-
lony of them. The lower parts of the land off Ghuz ~long to
Khuarezm: the inhabitants are active an~ hardy. The wealth
of K.huarezm is derived from its .commerce and 'merchandize.
•
They have carpets of y ~ Siklab, and of --'Ji- Khozr; and·
they bring to Khuarezm, from Khozr, the skins of foxes, and
martens, sables, and ermines.
 ( 245 )

Of the other places on the river Jihoon, we swill place L,l.r.

Bokhara in Maweralnahr fint : at all times it has been _the seat
of government. Bok.hara is called- ~~ Bounheket: it is
situated. on a plain ; the houses are of wood, and it abounds in
villas, ~nd gardens, and-orchards; and th«:_ villages are as close
one to another.as the groves and gardens, extending.for near twelve
farsang ·b,: twelve. farsang: all. about this space is a wall, and
within it. the people dwell winter.and summer; and there is not
to be seen one spot uncultivated, or in .decay. Outside this there
is another wall, with a small town -and~a castle, in which the Sa- .
manian.• family (l:)~L.1- JT),.,wbo. w-ere governors of Kho-
rasao; resided. This kohendez, .or castle, has rampart;, a mosque,
and.bazar..

In all Maweralnahr or· Khorasan, there is not any pface mor~

populous and flourishing than Bokhara. The river of Soghd
(~ u.J.J) runs through ·the midst of it, .and passes on to the
mills -and meadows; and to .the. borders of ~ Beikend; and
much of' it ·falls into a pond or pool near Beik.end, at a place
-called c.,r._>J rL.i Sam Kous ..
,Bokbara has seven gates·: ·one is· called the l:.>~Jl:. .JU ·Deri
Share-stan ; the second, .)_)cl .JU Deri Derou ; the third>

• For some account of this dynasty, and of Nasacr Ahmed, mentioned in page _235, .
ace the Appendix.
 ( 240 )

.Df.Mf _Ju Deri Kandel,.; the fourth, ~ I .Ju Der .Ahenin ;

the fiftl;i J~ ..JU Deri Kohendez ; the ·sixth is called the
:> </;r oj~u Derwazeh Mihrgy, or c.>-1 ~ C?J!.,J<) Der-
wauh Beni Ased; and the seventh is the c.,½!'-"""' i?J!.,,Ju Ikr-
wazeh Soghdian. The kohendez, .or castle, has also two gates~
onethec.,t;.,. (,.JJU Deri RikeMan; the other t h e ~ ~!J.Jcl
Derwazeh Mesgid. The ramparts also have some gates, such
as the c.,l~..Ju Deri Meidan., leading towards Khotasan; the
~)'!I ~~_JU De,:wazeh Ibrahim, towards the eut; tht
~\=i.. V~..Ju Derwazeh Khedik; the cLNJ-'.T- C!J!J.Jcl Dt1r•
wazeh Beroukeseh ; the u4.)lro j ~..J~ Derwazeh Oul.a.bad ;
the ..JY~ ~!J ;o Derwazeh Nubehar; the ~~ C?)!J._,fl
· Derwazeh Samarcand; the ~ I oj!J_;o Derwazeh 4mineh;
_tbe..JJ_r<..>.::. ~~u Deru:~zeh Hedi Serour, which is ~n the
Khuarezm road; and the ~..JU Deri Ghunje.

There are, besides, some gates among the bazars, such as the
~JO Der Ahenin, or iron gate ; the c.,~ _)cl J~
Deri Pool Hesan; and a gate near the mosque of tl.. Maje ;
and between these two gates there is another called ~JJU Der
Rejieh: there is also a gate near the villa of r'(j)
y.l Abu Ha-
1hem, and near the bazar; and one near the c.,ui..o ($.__,J Goui
Moghan (or the magi's dwelling), and the w:;~_Ju Deri Sa-
marcand.

There is not ~ny running water between the city and the gate

•
 ( 247 )

9fthe ltohe~e;J·: they bring water from the main river; and ·th:ia
nver furnishes some otber·strea.lD.$: Qne is-a coneiderable river called..
ocl~ F,serdeh, coming from the river of Bokhara, at a place·
which they caU f..J.2 1Yera; and it descends by the gate of Serou..
keseh ~,J_rJcl, till it comes to. the 1~'18 of ~!.f.1.,ttl Abou,
lqrahim; aqd: thence proceeds to the gzue o f ~ y.l Sheikh,
4boul Fazel, and fa.Us into the river Nukendeh, ~-cl_JJ
On thi$ river are situated near tw.o thoU&aDd villas and gardens,
uclusive of corn fields and meadows ; from the mouth of this
river to the·place where it falls into the N ukendeh is a course of.
about half a.farsa.ng.

There is another stream, called the ~ ~4 cl:JJ.,Rud:Ba.segan~

proceeding from the main river tbrQugb the middle of the city
near the mosque called ~ !j ~ Kezazan ; an_d there is .another
atream w1:uch comes from near the mosque called ~_,,Le Aarez,
'
aJld dows into the N\lkendeh; . this i& called the ~..JU:. _,,4:,ft··
Jouib~ri Aarez.

There is another stream, called : uJJ.T- Berkend, which

W'1ters part of the fortifications, and falls into the .N ukendeh.
This tj.ver Nukendeh co~ fro~ the main river, near Nubehar.,
and rups ~ong palaces, and houses, and mills, till it comes to
the mills on the lands of ~ Beikend, and affords water · to ·
them. The river ~ Keiseh _runs on to t,,r ~L,1$ 'Gharan
Murgh. The river Rebah r,4) u)) issues from the main river
 ( 248 )

near (.:.)~...J Reikestan, and flows on t~ the yilla of Rehak,

and waters a thousand summer-houses, and gardens, and groves.
The river of Reikestan p3.$SCS through that place to which it af-
fords water, and to the kohe1;1dez, ·the suburbs near the -ramparts, .
and the government house; ·and after that it proceeds to the -villa
of oy.o ~ Jelal Deizeh. The_ river sinks into the ground
near the bridge of Hamdounah A:;.J~ J~ , and flows $Ub--

terraneously till.it comes to the -pends of c.>w.l ~ .($y~

Beni Asad ; and the remainder of it runs into the reservoir or
~tern of the kohendez. There is .another river .proceeding froan
the main one, at the place called &'.J Wera, which passes by the
gate .of ~..J
Rehieh, proceeds to the Derwazeh Samarcand, and
from that goes on one farsang.

The villages Ferghaneh and ~ ..,_,o Derufen, ~!.,k Toua-

bes, A.il..cj U..JY. Bourek Ferghaneh, ~ SefU, ~
Boumeh, · \S'~.JJ Roustaka, r.~
Bekhajemr, ~~
Heshwan, (.:) f~wf Andidan, c, L.v...v' Kendaman, ,T-L..
Samjir, (.:.).JoL. Madoun, ~!J_.,L. _pt- Samjer Mawer-
alna.hr, ~ f (.:)~I j Ferazen al S'!ft, (.:)to_,~ Arda,:,,, and
~l(.:.)~1j Ferazen al Aalia; all these districts are included
within the walls. Those without the walls are, ~4,. Mebak-
hes, ~ Chend, l)M:':J Yeis, o ~ Kurmeideh, A.il..cfr
Jerghaneh, ..)~ Gheliar, u~ Shak, .>,;;;.T 4,rkand,
~ Sekend, and l:.h'j Ferin.

-
 Near the district of ~.J!.,b Touaveis, before you come to
the gate of Bokhara, there are many streams which water the
. villages and meadows. One of th~ is the river Kaf,eri Kam.
r IS" ($j IS' u.J.) which runs to A.i \S'.).J Werkaneh ; and the river
C>~fr Jerghan, which w~ters another district and goes on to
c_J.,.,.fr Jermesh, and falls into the main river. The river oV..V:,j
Nukendeh, which waters a district, runs on to the village of
A.i!J Feranah, and· the river ~f. Be,jed, on which is a hamlet;
and the river~ Besteh, and th<? river ~ I Ameniah, _and
the river ~ I c,c.)lj Ferazin al Sdf,i, and-the river~~·
· Telengan, which runs to tt.:;f. Berkaa: every one of these
aifords water to its particular district, without the·inclosure of the
wall_of Bokhara-; the remainder runs among the suburbs and for-
tifications of that city.-

Of th~ rivers we have heretofore enumerated, the greater

number proceeds from the ·river of Soghd, on which boats ply.
The inclosure or wall round _Bok.hara contains twelve gates.
There is not any hill or desert ; all is laid out in castles, villas,
gardens, corn-1ields, and orchards. The wood which they use
for fuel is brought from their gardens, and they burn also reeds
and rushes. The grounds of Bokhara and of Soghd are all in
the vicinity of water ; whence it happens that their trees do not
arrive at any .considerable height ; but the fruits of Bok.hara are
more excellent than the fruits of any part of Ma weralnahr. Com
is brought to Bokhara from Maweralnahr and other places.
X. It
 There is a mountain called AS.Jcl Zarkah, in the Ticinity of
Bokhara; it goes between Samarcand and ~Kesh, and Joi.bi
the border of Ferghaneh, and ;f_,bl .Jtrar, and goes on towards
the connnes of Cheen ; and this mountain is skilted by a desert in
the borders of Ferghaneh and u~I .Ailak, as far as °.frfr J.er-
Jereh.

In Ferghaneh there are mines of sat-ammoniac, and of copperas

or vitriol, of iron, and quicksilver, and brass; also of gold, and of
turquoise stone ; and in this mountain there a.re springs of naphta,
and of bimm·en, and resin; also a stone that takes fire and burns._
There is, likewise, water, ·which' in summer is frozen, and in the
depth of winter is warm. There are some districts of Bokhara
within the walls, and some without : of those ·within the walls,
(..)M:':)~ Touaveis is the most considerable town; it is walled,
and at a stated time, once every year, the people assemble in-it
from _Maweralnahr: it has pleasant gardens, ·and orchards, and
running streams, and an ancient castle, with suburbs, ~d a
mosque : the inhabitants manufacture linen.

The other towns within the walls are nearly of equal size one
-with another. ~J Ke,jinet is a large town; ~~.f.'"
-Jerghaneket, and ~ L . ~ Medmamehelet are of equal size.
Every town of the territories of Bokhara has a district ·belonging
to it, except ~ Beikend, which _has riot any village, but-con-
tains near a thousand Rebats.
 ·( 2,n )
The town of ld-!.j Kerin is near the river Jihoon. Th~ people
of Bokh,ara speak the ~ of the people of Soghd: they ~
ingenious: and in b11:5iness they use direms: their silver is ~~~
.Azerki, or ~J~ Ghederki; and the mode of purchasing used
in H.weralnahr does not pass a,m.ong them. For the greater part
tbey w~ the tu,J,ick ~ and the cap ~

At&~, wit;hin the city, there are baza,rs, -w here, .op cer..
taio appointecl ~y,., t,be m~hants assemble in great num~,
Jmd-ti:amact _much business. Bokhara and its territories prQdu~e
fine linen. · I have heard a peculiar circumstance mentioned.,
concerning the Kohendiz or castle of Bokhara ; which is, that
they never have bl'Q.Ugbt out of it th~ bier .Q r co6;in of aoy prince,
an~ :that any per&<>\l 9n~ ~o~ed there is.never seen again. ",It
" is said :t hat ·the inhabitants .9f J3<>~ a.re originally descended
" ·from an -ancient tribe, which emigrated from lstakbar anc;l
" settled there•." The Samanian princes resided at Bokhara; the
·territ9riesofwlur.haad_Maweralnahrwere undertbeir jwi.sdiction:
:the people of Bokhara were so obedient, and so observant of their
.~ ties, that t~e sovereigns chose to reside a~ong them. The
Jr.ings .of KbQraSan . ,were descended from the race of Samaq,
. ~ I tH ~~I !smael.ben.Ahmed resided there: the people
of Kho~ ·bad behaved treacheroU81y towards him ; anti his
children also resided at .Bok.hara. Before that, .the go,vernors of

·• ~•~,r JI.Wl ~• ,..., ;1 ~I ~,, ~Ji~~.!,~ -~.r.' J---,1. l!S .~~

It It 2
 ( , 252 )

Maweralnahr dwelt in Samarcand, at ~~ Chaje, or Ailt}

Ferghanah ; but since that the seat of government has been re-
moved from Khorasan to Bokhara.

~~u Denjareh is situated near the road o f ~ Beikend;

between that, and between the road; is a distance of one ~ g .
c, ~ Moghkan is five farsang distant from the city, on the-
right hand of :Beikend, and from it to the road is a space of three
farsang. ~w; Rendieh is at four farsang from Bokhani.
~ y . Bumeheketis on the road of ~:J!J.b Touawei, at a
distance of four farsang.

From ~/Kermeniah to Beikend is one farsangin the borders

of Sogbd. Bumeheket is situated on the river of Soghd. Sogh4l
is adjacent to Bokhara. After ~ing Kermenieh. one comes to
~y.u Debousi.
•i~ ,
The capital of Soghd is ~~ Samarcand; it is situataf"
on the southern side of the river of Soghd. It has a castle, and
suburbs, and fortifications, with four gates ; one, the ~ .Jd

Deri Cheen, or the China gate, on the east; the .JY.~ _jd
Deri Nubehar, or the spring gate, on the west; on the north,
the L,lr. .JU Deri Bokhara, or Bokhara gate; and on the south,
the lfo,Jo)~;u Derwazeh Kesh, orKeshgate.

There is running water through the streets and bazars of Sa-

 ( 253 )

marcand. .The city. is surrounded by a deep ditch, . and a dyke,

by which· water is conveyed. -The most flourishing and populo~s
quarter of Samarcand is that called the ulb f' Seri tauk,
· where there is the fountain ofyJ.J I .Arziz / and the shops of the
· bazar in this place are very nuinerous ; for many legacies ·and
gifts have been appropriated to the buildings· about this fountain,
whieh ai-e in the charge ·of ·ouebres (or Fire-worshippers) who
watch winter and SllDlmer.

· · There is a mosque in the suburbs, near the j ~ kohendiz :

and in the river Arziz there are springs, and rivulets from it water
the gardens and orchards. · The government palace is in the
kohendiz ; and · the citadel is near· the river or' Soghd ; and the
walls of these . fortifications are about two farsang .in extent.
There are many villas and orchards, and very few of the palaces
are without gardens·: so that if a person should go to the °kohen-
. iliz, ... · . from that look around,· he would find that the ~illas and
palaces were covered, as it were, with trees ; and even the ·streets
and shops, and banks of the streams, are all planted with trees.

Samarcand is the great ·pass into Maweralnabr; and the seat of

empire was at Samarand until-~! .CJ-! J❖.~I Ismaei hen
Ahmed removed· it to Bokhara.·

ne walls of the fortifications have several gates ; such as the

~ _;u Deri Abed, the A.ii.1~1 _;u Deri .Afsheineh, · the
 ( i5• )

~ / JU J)erl Kouhek, the: ~J.J JU Deri Rou.lei11.

the uffi~ JU Deri Diwoud, and the ~_,.; .J~ Derl Fo~-
jtnd.
,

The author of this work aaye, "I •w

a gate at Saman:an.d,
" of which the front was covered with iron ; and there waa
" written on it, in the Hamiri ~ ; that " Senaa it distant
" from Samarcand a thousand farsang ;. ' and the people preserved
" the explanation of this writing, in hereditary tradition. After
" that I had been at Sama.rcand, a tumult or imurrectioo happen-
'~ ed ; and this gate was burnt, and the inscription mislaid
-~' or destroyed. Afterwardt, Abu l\lo.za1fer Mohammed ben
"Nauer ben Ahmed hen .Ased, caused the gate to be again
'' constructed of iron, but the, writing wa& lost.•"

The howies of Samarcand are made of clay and wood: the ift..
habitants are remarkable fot their beauty : they are gen.tie and
polite in, their manner, and of u..m.iahle dispostiona. From Samar-
~d to the mountain ( ~ ) ia one merhileh: and there is clote
to the city a small eminence which they accordingly call ~y
kouhek (a diminutive of o/)
the little mountain : that moun-
tain ia about wtlf a _mile in length ; it produces clay, and marble,
and stones of various kinds ; and I have heard that in it were
also mines of gold and silver, but they are not. worked.

• The.reader will find the original Persian of this passage in the Appendix, No. I.
S. alao the Prence and Appc111dis, No. Ill.

Jr ..
 ( 255 )

·The water of Samarcand is all from the ·river which comes

from the mountains above ~ 4:,;~ Cheghanian. There is a
reservoir for that water, which they call f,y Bergher ; from
tins that water flows till it comes to a. place called ~ Bihe-
ket, and thence to ~..J.J Warghes, where. there is a bridge;
from that the rivers of Samarcand are divided to the east and west. . ·
Those on the_ eastern -side proceed from near W arghes, at the
place ailled ~ •, because the mountains there are fewer, and
the cultivated.· fields more numerous : from this the river flows ;
and the river c..rY. Bous also comes to Samarcand, to which,
with the villages, it affords·water.

The river ~.J'-! &rmu rises in the vicinity of that river, in

the southern territory, and waters many villages there. The Bous
and Barmis are the largest of all those rivers ; they both are navi-
gable for boats, and many streams branch otf from them, which
water many villages and meadows. From the territory of.
W arghis to the village called f ;) Zarghem, ten farsang in
length, and from four to one farsang, in breadth ; from the dis-
trict of ~y Barghis, and ,(_jJL. Manferenje, and Zarg-
hem, and .J~ Bikherut above Zarghem, and the rivers which
'flow from the desert of Gherban · ~ '-!f- ~'..r='°' the river
r' Istakhart, and the river '-=J!_,L..i Sawat, and the river

·• I have given this word as it appears in my MS. J.n that of Eton a blank space is
left for the name.
t lstakhar of Pan, is generally. written.,..-, but tometimCI like thisr'~
 •

r-l..cJr Z.fourmajez; the river Sawat passes near the Mourmajez

. .
and waters many places, and proceeds to the village of c, luJ
1Yeddan, and to the borders of the district of lstakbar ~ the river,
in all, runs about two merhileh.

The rivers Sawat and Mourmajez run towards the .city,- and
water near seven farsang of territory, till they come to Samarcand;
from the mouth or entrance of this valley, or water-co~ to
Samarcand, is a distanee of twenty farsang. After pas&ng Samar-
cand about two merhileh, a river branches o1f called ~u..J-)
Rudeki, which waters one of the most fertile and populous tracts
of land in all Soghd : other streams branch off from this channel,
until it approaches the territory of Bok.hara, a journey of near
six days, watering so many gardens and orchards, that if any
person were to look from a hill along the valley of Soghd, he
• could not behold any thing but trees and green herbage, with
here and there a villa and an old castle.

In the district of Barghis are many gardens and dykes. From

this valley ( or channel) come the rivers above mentioned, and pass
under the bridge of Kouhek ~...,_( J~, at the Samarcand
gate ~ ~ J O · The waters of this valley are augmented . in
summer by the snow from the mountains of L:.,~.f Ghurge-
stan and the vicinity of Samarcand.

lo the territory of t.,.li Famw-gh there is a certain place called

 ( 267 )
. .
u. ,·!J Reboud, · in which dwe~t V1.•~' Aksheid, king of Samar-
cand ; and his villa or palace yet remains.

· The vill~ of ~..J; Zerghem is adjoining to that of Famurgh.

Famur-gh is the most populous and fertile of all the villages ·of
Samarcand.

·. e>~..J~ Sarouan is a mountain on the south of Samarcand:

it enjoys a pure air, and the inhabitants of it are healthier and
handsomer than those of the other territories. - The extent of this
hill, and the villages on it, is abou_t ten farsang. . At Sarouan is a
place which the Christians have built for religious worship, and
which is richly endowed•. (This place is called u:f.JJ.)
Zarukird.)

· The district of ~T- Berm.er is without water, but is well inha-

bited, and produces much cattle ; the air is good, and the inhabit-
ants are wealthy. The length of this dis1:rict is two merhileh;
and every village in it is above two farsang in extent. The pas-
ture lands are better here than those of Maweralnahr.

Those are the territories of ~marcand, . on the right Jia,nd of

tp.is valley. These on the left hand are,. uJIJI Au.lad, and
~;l-t Barkeit, near Ai-..J~ Setrushtah ; the village of

LL
•
 ( 25fJ ))

uiJ:J_j Kourghed, oa die lor4era of Se , adjoilling to :0-...

keit.

. Tlie village eff1-L-.1y. Bou:rmalrJier is ~e and well inhabited·,.

en the· bolders of Samateand.. From the borders of Gherbaa to
those of Samarcand is about one merhileh ..

~ tl:l.., '/Yeddan is a ~nlous. ad &rti1e distlict, witlt hills and

;tains. The tG'Wml o~ Weddm and of ~ Kish are situated
near ~b: f>lher : thllie two places- have bek;nged to tribes· of
.A1abl8f!S)~led ~~ s«Ja,dans. This people had tlwellinga-
~ SaJUMtcand. ~ ~ tJ4J.r·Meruban ben Kash.ft wu
a. ma& 9f this district,. _.om, all the illa:~trio111 and chief per.som-
invited to the sovereignty of lrak..

Th~ are sill village of &matctutd e1li the right side· _, the -.al-
ley £11 Soghd, ~ sis ~n tilt' 'teft. Jn former tiDies the village of
t.,·~ Laian mi& annaed- te the f.cmto'ties of &.attand, bu
after-1ivatds· beauiie ~ disuict of Setrushtah. Pecuniaty affairs ate
transacted in Samammd .,- means of gold, and of ditems of lamael,
~roken, ~ ~l.-1 r-Ju ; and there is another coin, called
<.$~ Mohnmmedi, ilVhich· is-not current in any other place
~ides tlie' territories- of Sama:reand. This country· abounds ift
gardens, and orchards, and cMO fields, and pleasant prospects-;
and the Soghd is a delightful and fertile region. .,.;L4.Keisaneh
is the eye of all the toWDJ. of Sogh4 ;. n is. inhabited .by rich end
powerful people.
 Acoount 9/' Ike Ci~ .ef Kish. ·

~ Kish is a city with a kohendiz and taqllrts., and ;two

suburb&, one .of which (the interior) and the kohendiz are ruill.ed:;
the mosque also, which was here, is in ruins ; the bazar is on the
ramparts, and the extent of this city is three farsang by three
farsang. The climate here is warm : the buildings are of wood
and clay. Here are four gates; one, the ~ I ...JO Der Ahenin,
or Iron Gate; another, the Al.JI ~ ~~o Derwazeh Abeid
. Allah ; the third, the,~~~ _)cl Deri Kesaban.; the fourth, the
l:>~...Jl.,;, ;o Deri Sharestan. · The inner town has two gates;
one c.alled the .ui.J)U l:>~)Ll, ;u Deri Sharestan Deruni;
.and the other the c, l:k.J'j ..)U Deri Turkestan. Turkest.an is
• the name of a certain village~ Near this gate are two rivers; the
-~~wzi o.J.-) Rudi Kesaban, which comes from the -town of
~ Siam. The two rivers pass by the gates of the city ; ani
there are other streams in the vicinity ; sueh as the ~.J...J t:'.~
Chaje Bud, on the Samarcand road, at the distance of .one far.
sang from the city; and the river y .J...J ~ Khebek Rud, on
the Balkh road, also at one farsang diataQce from the city ; and
another, called the river l:.>lfr Jeran, on the Balk.h road, at a
distance of eight farsang from the city. These-streams fall into
L L 2
 the valley of ½"'.-:.,:s:i Naksheb, and water all the palaces of this
city ; and the gardens and villas of this place extend near four
days journey. From this city of J;..f Kish much fruit and wood
is produced : there are many villages belonging to Kish ; such as
u-'.J IYerd, and ~ . J ~ Belanderin, and t,~!.., Rasiman,
and.~ Kenk, and .J)' Arau, and ~'r Heran, and OU.J)~
Surudeh, and ~..J)u ou;> ~ Senk Kerdeh Deroubein,
and l.:J'¼'..Jfl ou_j' ~ Senk Kerdeh Beroubein. Those are
the territories of Kish.

Account of the City of Nakshebr

THE city of Naksheb has a ruined kohendiz. The ramparts

have four gates ; on~, the ~-'\.:id ~ '.J..Ju•Derwazeh Bokhari;
another, the <.W~ ~!.,...,'-' Derwazelt Samo.rcand; the third, •
the J;..f" ~.JJ.Ju Derwazeh Kish ; and the fourth, the Deri
Ghaznin ~.f ;u. Naksheb is situated· on the high road to
y!..,U Fareb, and to ~ Balkh: it stands on a level ground;
from the city to the hills is a journey of two days, in the direction
of Kish ; from Naksheb to the river Jihoon the intermediate space
is all desert. In the middle of the city is a considerable river,
which comes from the collection of streams at ·Kish, and waters
the territories of Naksheb. The palace of the chief govern_o r is

,,.
-~
 ( 201 ) -

situa~ near this stream, at the place called J,.t r

Seri Poul,
~ which, also, is the prison. The mosque is near the Deri
' Ghaznein, or 9haznein gate; and an oratory near the Derwazeh
Bok.hari, or the Bokhari gate : the bazars are on. the ramparts,
between the governor's palace and the mosque..

Nabheb possesses many ~erritories ; two very- considerable

are our-.Berdeh, and .. ~Keshteh; and there _are · some v.il-
lages as large as cities.:. but in Naksheb and all its territories there
is .not, any river besides that above mentioned ; and even that river,
in.a very hot summer, becomes dry, and they use well-water fo:r
their gardens.. Naksheb. is abudantly supplied with provisions•.
, ' . -

.. l •

Descr:iption of Setroushteh; .

.Jr
.;J;., Sstroushteh is the ruone of a tract, or country like ·
Soghd ; there is not any city or vil)age in this country that bears
the name of Setroushteh. It is a mountainous region, bounded
on the east by part of Ferghanah ; on the west, by the borders of
. Samarcand; on the north, by C:~ Chaje; on the south, it lies
near Kish and~~~ Cheghanian,. and · ~ ~ Sheman, and
u.fiWo Dileshkird, and ~L, Ra.st. The chief town of Se...
troushteh is called,. in the language of that country,. ~.J"!
•
 ( Jtl2 )

.80UR1.heket; and the districts of it are, c,L,f Arm. ~t....

Samek.et, ~/Koukib, ..._;f Gherk, ~ . , 1Yaakes,-"~
Sabat, ~L, Ramin, V_r-) Debzel:, ~y. &».unheke~
and ..;t;_,=. HerkallLlh. Boumhcket is the residence of the go-
vernors ; it contains ten thousand inhabitants : all the bai)clinga
of this town are made of clay and wood. The inner town has
two gates; one called the ~~ ~ ~ Derwauh Balamein;
.and theothtt, ~~_,u. ~~cl Derwazeh Sharestan. Them:
ii • mosque in this inaer town, ancl .a kohencliz: there is .alto a
conadmbLe riaver, which turns milh; its borders are planted witla
trees : there are abo bazan ; and the atent of this.OOW'lll is.one m..
sang. Tbe water of the ditda nms among dae viDas, and gardeai,
and meadows, and corn-fields. The citadel has four gates ; one,
the Derwazeh ~L, Ramin ; another, the Derwazeh- ' ~ ~I
• Ebn Sarnender; another, the Derw.azeb ~ ~f Ebn Heket;
and the fourth, the Derwazeh ~w Kehilban. This town
has six streams or rivers ; the ~..;L.. Sarin, which runs into the
suburbs, the ~T- Be,jin, the ~y.,...J Resmajin, the
~ f lskenlejr, the ~.J-) Raul.eji, and tac #
Seheker: all these six streams proceed from one fountain, and
tum ten mills. From this fountain to the tOWll is not so much
as half a farsang. .

~!.J Rami11, is about the same size as.Betrushteb, situated on

the Ferghaneh road, · ui the direction of Soghd : the people here
call this place., in their language, ~ . o ~ Seliiedeh Belis.
 . ( 263 )'

Thie town bas- walls. The caravans on the high road from
F-ergbaneh to Sogbd pass through it. There are many running
9treams and gardens, and much tilled land ; and the back of this
. town extends to the hills of Setroushtcb, and the front is to.. -
-.ar.ds the desert of the country off GJw:r,~.
. The town .of Uftll Debzek. is built 011 level ground ; . it is· the
abictf town of a cti.strict : at two farsang distance from · it there ·i•
a llebat, which they call the· ~ J.~ J ·. Rebat Khedish : it
_ was built by. ~ I Aflhin; and is the best Rebat;. the pe~ple of
iamarcand ba.ve not oae ·better.-. In the midst of the Rebat·there ·
is a spring of water, Ofet, which .a .dome has -been erected.

~ c l Deir.ek (or Debzek) is a pleasant·and :w ell-snpplied town; .

with running water, gardens-,. an.I orchards. . AU the towns (?f this
,qpon,. which we ba.ve spokal of, .are :oea:rly equal to and resemble ·
one anotller, but ~ Semendeh, which has numing water,
bat bas not aay gardens:, ~ cold being excessive. It is, however, .
ada,ge ww:n, ancl in ~mmtt has pleasanc meadows..

· ~!., Ra~in.··and ~ 8-ebat:are an the road of Ferghaneh

and Chaje. If. you wish to go the road of ~ Khojend, by
the way o~ ~/ Kouket, (or K_oukib) you must go to Fergha-
neh, nint fanang· from Se.Maramd•.

In all Setroushteb there is not· any river considerable enough to

 ( 264 }

admit of the plying of boats ; but there are running _streams, and
fountains, and meadows, and groves. The villages' of the moun-
tainous part of Setrousbteh are these: _J:~ B~sluzgher, J..,tj·
Ferg/tour, iW~ Balaam, u •••,.
Mesek, ~ Lesken, ~ ••• !
Besenk. These are situated on steep hills: and the cold part of
the country, also, has many strong fortresses. Here also are
mines of gold, and silver, and copperas, and sal ammoniac. The
mines of sal ammoniac l.JuU.y Nushader) are in the mountains,
where there is a certain cavern, from which a vapour issues, ap-
pearing by day like smoke, and by night like :fire. Over the.spot
whence the vapour issues, they have erected a house, the doors
and windows of which are kept so closely shut and plastered Oft!'

with day that none of the vapour can escape. On the upper part
of this· house the copperas rests. · When the doors are to be
opened, a swiftly-running Dian is chosen; who, having· his body
covered over with clay, opens the door; takes as ·much as he can of
the copperas, and runs off; if he should delay, he would be bumt.
This vapour comes forth in different places, from time. to time;
•
when it ceases to issue from ~ne place, they dig in another until
it appears, and then they erect that kind of house over it : if they
did not erect this house. the vapour would burn, or evaporate
away.

In the territory of o ~ Semendeh they make excellent iron.

Iron is also manufactured at .:;li:j Ferghaneh. At Semeu.deh
 ( 206 )

there are market-days· established, when people come from a .

great distance; these days occur once e-rery month.

~IA; Neshamein and v~I Ailak are two districts, the

extent of both which is two days journey by three. In all Soghd
and Maweralnahr there is not any country equal to this in popu-
lousness and in buildings: one of its borders is the valley or water-
course of~~ Chaje, which falls into the lake of Khua.rezni
(JJ!_,=...
~Y...Jcl; it is boun~ also by the ~ I -' \( ~ar A.hen
(or iron-works) -on the confine,s of ~ Sink-hab ; another
of its bountiaries extends -t o the mountains, adjoining the territ-ories
of ~UJ Neshamein; and another extends to -Benagur of the
Christians c.,Y.'-j /~ (Benagur 1'ersaian.) All the 18.114 ia
Sat.

Chaje is the most considerable of tbe frontiers of Turkestan:.

,

it has many fine buildings. Every palace in it has running water,

• and delightful verdure. All the ·buildings are ·-of clay. The
capital of that district is called~ -Seket ;· and the other townf
are, ~L.y.u Divemaket, ~ Hedi11.ket, c . , ~ Kan-
ko1.14n, ,,;"'fl.~ Nehaket, ~I.,.. Saket, ~~ Housket~
ulu.-,AN. Saoudad,, ~JI.-, IYelanket, ~ Kele_njek, •
~r Arsel, J_j Ghuzl, ~.,.H .Alaudket, ~le Aaje, Jcl~
Jenuder, JuJ..J 1Yerdil, ~I Kerneh, u.Jfu~ Adeda.lek,
v..by. Bouheket, u:;.a.,_ Laabek, ~y j. Berkous, ~ b .
J,f!,f

•
 ( 2a~ )
Hanerket, ~~ Jegher'lt.et, ~ , . Merinket, Jtvf Kedal,,,
and IJJ' t( Kalek : all these are towns of Chaje.

The towns of \ j ~ f A.ilak are the.ae: ~Y. Bounket, the

chief town; -~ ~ Sekaket;~jl Azenket, J~Hamerel,.
~~ Besket, H Keheahm, ~.J · IYeheket, V"l:i.. Kha.I,
\,;,I \S'_.,:. Her_kat. ·

Bounket, the capital, has a kohendiz without the city; but

the walls .of the town and of the k.obendiz are the same. There
- is a cii.ciel with a wall, · and another fortification outside that,
with gardens· and ·palaces. · The kohendiz baa two gates; one of
which is towards the town. The town ~ a wall, and three
gates, one of which is called the V'4,A.Jf y.f ~~u Derwazeh
Abou al ahas ; the second is the lJ.5 o;
~u Derwazeh Kish ; ·
and. the third is the ~ • JU Deri_Ahenif!,, or iron gate.·

'(he _citadel has ten gates on the inside ; one, the Derwazeh
~ \ ~:":- Hamdein: the second, the De:rwazeh ~ f Ahenin;
the third, the Derwazeh )~Mir; the fourth, c.,l:...j ;u J?eri
Ferkhan.; the fifth, Deri ou.> Kedeh; the sixth, Deri !,f e
Kouafah·; the seventh, Derwazeh Jy,. f.$y
Kou.r Sohel; the
eighth, Deri ~~~I Ashedbehak; the ninth, Deri c.,136..
~ n ; and the tenth ])erwazeh, ~ lac.) ~/.JU Der
Kowhek Dehkan. ·
 ( 20; )

. . On the outer side, the citadel has aevai gates; one, the Der-
wazeh
.
~uDeghket; the second,
.
Derwazeh ~bi. Khalchet;
the. third, Deri 0 ~ ~""
Beikend Behak ; the fourth, Der .
~ t A.henin; the fifth, Deri t , ~..f Kerenjan; the sixth,
Derwazeh rSheker; and the seventh, Derwazeh ul,!JS Seg-
herbad. The governor's palace and the prison are in the kohen-
diz; :and the chief mosque is on the walls. of the kohendiz~ . In
the inner t1),wn is a small bazi.r .; but there are great bazars in the
citadel. The length of this city is one fanang. . The inner t.owti
and the citadel are watered by a running stream. There are
st.ensive and fine gardens ; and there .is a great wall; reaching
fr:9m the· hill called ~~ Sallaa, to the brink of the chan~l ot
water-course of Cbaje. This wall was erected, to separate.the
country. from· Turk~ and prevent incursions. . It was erected
by order of Abdullah ben Hamid. From this inclosure, to the
ditch or fosse, is a distance of one farsang. Here is another river,.
-called the t , ~ u.J) Rudi Turkestan, which partly comes
from t, ~ Nukan, and partly from the country of JA
Chekrel: it reaches the town o f ~ Behaket. · ·

· There is in. 0~1 Ailak a · river c.alled by the same- name

( Ailak) : this also rises in Turkestan; and runs, for the greater·
· part, into the river of Chaje. ~ Bouineket is the chief
town of Chaje. Chaje and Ailak: border one -upon the other.
The buildings, and gardens, and orchards of .Ailak, are continued ·
to the valley or water-course of Chaje., without any inter-
MM 2
 ( 20s )

val. In the mountains of Ailak . there ·are mines of gold and

()f silver: these mountains ·are on the borders -of· Fergbaneb.
~ u Deinket is the largest of all the towns in Ailak. In all
Mawe,alnahr there is. not any mint, except at Ba:marcand and at
Deinket..
.
\:.I~ Senjat is a town, with· a kohendiz and citadel; tlie
former now in ruins~ The town is in a flourishing state; the
inner part of which extends for near a fusang. Near the citadel
are gardens and running streams ;. from the town to tb.e- foot of
the mountain is three farsang. The town has four gates : the
'-4y. JU Deri Bouchek, the t.>~.f JU. Deri Fai:kharJ,, tile
A,j!;J L.. ..JU Der Sakeraneh, and the L,Lr- ..JU Deri -Bokhara.
There is a buar both in the town and in the citadel. The
mosque, and the governor's palace, and the prison,. are situated iD
the inner town.

The towns in the; territories of Senjat are, ~ Bedheket,

and ~L.. Sam:eket, Jl}o 1'eraz, ~I Atlah, ~ Beily,;
..J/Kezr, and t,l_t--..f Ghersiran; but_ Sam_e ket is the chief
· town of the Koureh of Kurfiideh o ~ OJ/ -Kezr is the
chief town of yL,U Farah. t,~ Mian is a town to which
the people of y: Ghuz come for the purposes of traffick ; and u
there are not any hostilities carried on at Mian, the town dou-
, ' .
rishes, and abounds in all the necesaari~ of life.
 y!JU Farah ·is the name of· a district, the extent of which is
'?-ear one day's journey; all the places ·in it are very strong: it ii
a hilly country, and contains much land sown with grain. In
the eastern part there is a valley with a water-course, which is
supplied by the river of Chaje, and runs towards ~ B~ikend
to the west. ·

· t::~ Chaje is a city dourishing and populo~,. and the inhabit• •

ants are Mussulmans of j:, Ghuz, and o f ~ Khilje, all of the
($)1..t Ghazi sect. Between Farah, and Kenjideb, aJJd Chaje,
there al.1! many fields sown with grain : the people live in tents.
and are all Mussulmans > but they are not powerful •

. j9'7 Teraz is on the ext~e border, between the land of the

. , Turks and Mussulµians ; and all about there are strong castles,
called in general after Teraz. The region of Islam extends as far
as this spot.

• In the territories of ~..JJf Azerkend there is a city, with a

kohendiz, and a mosque:;, and ramparts, on which is situated the
governor's .house ; .~nd the prison is in the kohendiz : this is a
pleasant town, affording good fruits, and inhabited by a courteous
and handsome race." Com is brought to this place from Fergh-
aneh, and Setroushteh, and other countries, in boats, by the river
of Chaje, which is a considerable stream.
 The c)~ Amud rises in Turkel~ in the bonleri of Aa:r-
kend; abo the river Y'-ja J{}un-mb, and the mc:r <.r!-J
Awei,, and 4,i Keba, and the river ~v,.,. H.edali. and odar:r-
1treams.

The people. ofj:- _Ghuz are for the greater number MUlllll.manL
Ghuz is the capital, where the kings of this country reside during
• the aummer. The kingdom of Gbuz extends in a araipt _line
ten merbileh from Khuarezm to this place; and from this to
yL,~ Barab, twenty merbileh.

Ail..t_j Ferghaneh is the nam~ of an ample and fatile prorince;

which contains many towns and villages: the capital is called
~..,,:ii.,I Akluiket : it is situated on a level ground, on a ri":~;
and has a kobendiz, and suburbs, and a castle. The governor's
palace and the prison are in the kobendiz, and the mosque is in
the town : There is an oratory on the banks of the river Cbaje.
The extent of this city is near three farsang. The castle is
walled ; and the inner town bas five gates: the citadel bas run-
ing water: and there are gardens and groves at each of the gates;
and there are rivers at the di.stance ·of about two farsaug.

4i Keba is one of the . pleasantest places in this country; it'

baa suburbs, and a kohendiz, and a citadel : the kohendiz is fallen
to decay ; but the mosque is there. The bazars, and the go"9'er-.
nor' s palace, and the prison, are in the citadel. The citadel is
 ( 271 )

walled round; and_ has gardens, and orchards, and running

water.

<.r.)f Awesh is about the size of Keba, with suburbs and a

kohendiz, in which are the governor's palace and the prison : it
· has also a citadel, with walls." which are connected· with the
mountain. .
On this mountain are stationed the sentinels who
watch the motions of the Turkestan army.. . A wesh has three
gates.: the oy v l__,_j~Derwazeh Kouh, or the mountain-gate ;.
the yr oj!_,Jo Derwazeh Ab, or the water-gate; and the
o~ v
l__,..)u Derwazeh Moghkedeh, or the gate of the
temple of the magians.

·u..v.::;..,, Awerkend enjoys the warmest climat.e of any place

in the province of Fergbaneh : it . is next to ~ enemy, and
is twice or thrice as large as Awesh ; it has a kohendiz and
suburbs, with groves, and gardens, and running streams. In all
Maweralnahr th~ is not any village more
.
considerable
. than that
of Ferghaneh ; it extends one fanang in length, and in breadth ;
it is well inhabited·; the people are good husbandmen, and pos-.
sess much cattle. The territories of Ferghaneh are, Bestay
Zeirin ~:t..J ($~, o..)1 Areh, ~Y,- Touan, ~~.J..Jly.
Memaro11jan, ~ ~ Hed Ali, ~J.Jt Awrest. The first of
these territories is Bestay Zeirin, as one comes on the road from
~ Khojend. The towns of this district are, ~I__,
Wanket, t.~ Besoukh, ~~ Jouakend, ~4,.,...J Resban;
 { 272 )

ip1d the towns of :Bestay Ze~ are, c,l#..1° :Merg~enban..

~f_,c..>J..) Rendwames, ~u Debel, ~~I Asbekan, ~ \S"_J(->JI .
Andukan. This territory consists of both hilly and level ground,
~~ Kaimakhes, ~ ~I... Mamk<.ikhes, 't.,... .Soukh~
There is a certain <;ity called A.i!Juw Medouaneh. ~_,I
Awerkend is also the name of a city, an6 there is not ·any other
city in the .territory. ~I beh is the name of a territory, the
chief town of which is called ~ Khenlam; this was the
birth-place of Al.JI ~ ~ _,♦..., Emir Hassan Nas&er
Ullah.

c,~J Kerouan is the n~me of a city, all around which are

many villages. ~0..,1 · Aurast, ~ Selikend, ~
Selab, _are towns which belonged . to _Turkes~ but have lately
fallen i,nto the pow.er of .the Mus~mlmans.

In the territories of Ferghaneh there .are mines of gold and

.
:silver, and the district of Bestay Zeirin affords springs of bitumen
or pitch ; and they say that in the mountains of "_;,r 1 Ashehreh .
there are fountains of naphta, and mines of copper, and of tur-
quoise. stone, of lead, and of iron : all these are in ~e borders of
Ferghaneh.

In the mountains here they ·burn a kind of coal, and, having

moistened the ashes with water, -use it as soap in washing the~
.clothes. In these moUD.tains, also, is a. certain stone, _part qf
 ( 273 )

which is red, and part green, and part white. From Turkestan
to Awerkend there are mines of sal ~mmoniac, as in the mo~
tains we have before described.

Road from the River Jihoon to Ferghaneh.

FaoM i.:.,-,J.j Kerin to ~ Beikend, one m~rhileh; and

from that to LJM:':J~ Towaweis.; from Towaweis to ~ /
Kermeniah; and from Kermeniab to ~y..u Divesy, tor-'-jf
Azinjer; from that to 0Y.Jj Zerian, and fro1~ that to Samar-
cand; from Samarcand to ~4f Abarket, and from that to
~ .fol,J Rebat Soghd; in all ten merhileh. From the Rebat of·
Soghd to At;_r Mezrgheh, one merhileh ; from that to ~L,
Ramin, one merhileh; from that to .b4,w. Sebat, one merhileh ;
from Awerkend to ~L.. Saweket, one n~erhileh; from that
to Khojend, one merhileh ; from c..J,.JI Auesh to Awerkend, one
merhileh. If one wishes to go from Khojend to ~.~ Khes-
keit, he must proceed from u,;J' Kend to ~ ~ Khuakend,
one merbileh ; and. from K.huakend to Kheskeit, one long* mer-
hileh. From t.:J-!.j Kerin, which is the first place of Mawer-
alnahr, to Awerkend, on the extremity of the borders, is a journey
of twenty-three merhileb. •
• ~;.,.-b.,..~
N N
 ( 274 )

Distances of Stages on the Roa~ of Chaje.

FaoM Cbaje to the extreme boundary of the land of Islam :

from ~ J~I Abarket to ~ ~ Ketran, the roa:d of Chaje and
of Ferghaneh is the same, as far as the ~ I k~..J Rebat Ahmed;
there it turns off on the right hand : if one wishes to go to Ketran
it is one merhileh ; and if one .wishes to go to. A.J.l-o_r- Jermaiah,
it is likewise one merhileh ; from that to Uju Deiruk, from
Deiruk to ~~ ~ Shuk Hosein; from that to c..>.MJ.~
Shuk Kenend; from that to ~ Feik ; from that to ~_,_rt
Ashourket; from that to ~ Beiket ; from that to the Rebat
Abou al Abbass v,,4,,JI y.H,LJ, which is called ~fal Aikeren;
from that to the village of u,f~ Abdikerd; from that to
~~ Senjan; from that to ~ l 1 1"ajeket; and fro.m Taje-
ket to j ljo Teraz, two days journey ; during which there is not
any inhabited place. If one wishes to go the road of \.!:J'~
Benaket, 'l~e must proceed from ~~I Abraket to cy.:-o!)
Zamin; from that to v,,.JI..::.. Hawes ; from that to~~ Selket; ·
from that to JJ- Sour ; from the banks of the Jihoon to j yo
Teraz, is a distance of twenty-two merhileh; from that to
J
~..-,$-lj Ferajun, one merhileh; from ~~ Mesalkal, one
merhileh; from rY..f.L.o lrlaberbouaar, one merhileh; t o ~
 ..
( 275 )

Nejeb, one merhileh; to t..,.-J Nesoukh, one merhileh; to

c,->;1.u Deirken, one merhileh ; to ~J 1 .bl,.; Rebat .Azik,
one merbileh; to ~i~•~ Nakhsheb, one merhileh; from Bokhara
to Balkh, thirteen merhileh.

Road from Samarcand to Balkh.

- · IT is a journey of two days from Samarcand to ~ Kash ;

from Kash. to -J~ Kendil; is three merhileh : as far as this
stage, the road of Bokhara and of Balkh is the same. Road from
Bokhara to Samarcand : -From Bok.hara one merhileh to ~j
Ferjeneh; from that, for eight menzils, or stages, the road is a
desert and uninhabited ; .but there· are some pasture-lands and
water. When one wishes to depart from the river Jihoon, from
<Jr' Arnoui to 0;1..J Y_eireh, is one merhileh; from Veireh to
• ~--'u~ Merdumin; from Merdumin to c.r~t Asas; from
Asas to A.ili.o ltfoghaneh ; from that to "-='?lb 7:aheriah ; from
that to_ ~~_.,u Derghan; from that to u,.;,.,-.fr Jerbend; from
that to ~--'<->.,.., Sedoun; from that to ~~!,t Hezarasp; from
that to ,.j_.,!_,:;.. Khuarezm: the whole, by the inhabited road,
I
hvelve merhileh.

N N 2
 ( 274 )

Distances and Routes of the principal Cities of Maweralnahr.

Faol!rf Samarcand the road to Setrousbteb is the same as that

to Fergbaneh, which we have described ; wherein, as soon as
one comes to ~ I j ?Amin, he ceases to be ia the territories
of Setroushteh. We commence the stages of Maweralnahr with
~~ Khotlan; from LU-. Menek to the bridge(~~),
which we have before described, is six merhileh; to Y~.J .
IYekshab, two merhileh ;. from W ekshab to ~ I Aberkend 11

two merhileb ; and fr9m that to u.JJh Hallarud,. two mer-

hileh ; from o IS' ~ Kend Gah to L.C1.L. Melenk, two days
journey; and from Melenk to ~ Hebek, two days journey;
and the heights of the pass of ~.JT Arhen are at one farsang
from Khotlan, from the stone bridge(~~ J_x)·four farsang;
from the pass of CJ I~~ Badakshan to the village of ~
Helleh, is two merhileb. .
 ( 277 )

Distances and Stages of Termed and Cheghanian . .

FaoM Termed to c, ~ Hennigan, one merhileh;. ~m

that to ~ j Jiu Dar Zingi, one merhileh; from Dar Zingi to
Cheghanian, two merhileh ; from Chegbanian to J4=:i-- Jebal,
and from that to uY Shownan, two merhileh~ from Shouman
to l:>~yl Aloub~n, one day's journey; from Alouban to ufa...,
1Yeishgird, one day's journey; from Weishgird to u~f Ailak,
one day's journey; from Ailak to J.-v..Ju Derbend, one day's
journey; from Derbend ·to l:> \S'.J \S' Kaukan, .to the castle ( AJ1..U ),
two days journey; from Cheghanian to l:>fij Zeitoun, one
· merhileh; fromChegbaoiao t o ~ ~ / Kourast•, one merhileh;
from Cheghanian to ~u ~) Rik Desht ( the sand-desert),
six merhileh; from ~ 1Jermed to c,Y.cl~ Kobadian, two
merhileh ; from Kobadian to Cheghanian, three merhileh ; from
Weishgird t o ~ J~, Pool .Senkin (the stone bridge), one
. day's journey.

These are the roads and · distances between· Cheghanian and

l:>~Y Kouhestan: from Cheghanian to ~ . Khetl, from

• In the Eton MS. it appears to be (for it is negligently written) L,urast.

 ( 278 )

K.huarezm too~ Kheiweh; and secondly, to l:) \S'_)J

Werkan;
and thirdly, to ,t\S'/ Korkanje; from Hezarasp to Kirdan
Khas c,r~ l:.>lu/, is three farsang; and from Kirdan Khas to
o ~ Heireh, five farsang ; from Heireh to l:.>Jj Low Saferoun,
five farsarig : and from Saferoun to the city ~ ), three fima.ng ;
from Khuarezm to c,r~_,1u Derkhas, two merhileh; from
Derkhas to c,lu/ Kir~n, one merhileh; from Kirdan to the
village o f ~ ~ Berankein, two days journey. -The city and
the village of Bera_nkein are near each other : from the city to the
river Jihoon is a distance of four farsang ; from ~ 1$:.Jlcl_r Mur-
dangan to the Jihoon is two farsang. ·

Distances and Routes of the Towns of Bokhara.

FaoM ~ Y . Bownheket, which is the chiefp)ace of Bok-

hara, to ~ Beikend, one , merhileh ; from Boumheket to
~~ Hejareh, three farsang; from the city ~ ) to t.> ~
Moghkan, five farsang on the right of Beikend : ~\A!j Zebediah
is situated within four farsang of the city; (Y":'j!..,Jo Towaweis
at four farsang also. ~l.c-<->...o Medmameheket is situated in
the· direction of ~ Soghd, at one farsang distance ; ·and
~ kJ ·Waaiket is near Medmameheket.
 ( 270 )

Distances and Stages of the Towns of Soghd and Samarcand.

"
FROM Samarcand to ~_,L..1 · .Amarket, four farsang; from
that to ~_;u Derghes, four farsang; · from that to ~~
Beiheket, five farsang; from the city of Samarcand to Beiheket,
nine farsang; from Samarcand to c.,-1 cl.) IYeddan, two farsang ;
.from that to ~ u~Keboud Meheket, two farsang; from
Samarcand to ~ I Aseher, seven farsang; from Aseher to c., L.. \S'
Kasan, · five farsang ; and from ;:s:,- Seher to c., t:;_, I Arkan,
three farsang; from Kasan to ~;I Arenjer, two farsang.
. . - . .

Distances between c.J.f"' Kash and ~ Nesef :_:_From Kash

.
to ~ Naksheb, three merhileh ; . from Kash to Cheghanian;
six merhileh; from Kash to ~ Bouket, five merhileh • ; from
Kash to Sunek.hf, two merhileh; from Naksheb to ~Kishteh,
four fars~; and from _Naksheb to our- Berdeh, six farsang:
these are the distances of the territories. The distances of the
cities of ~.) _r I Asteroushteh : from A,j\:;.T" Herkaneh to

· • I have used the Eton MS. in my translation from this place to die end, my copy
wanting the last page.
t t_J,- Doubtfully written.
 ( 280 )

~_,u Derket •, five farsang; and from Herkaneh to ~!j

Zamin, nine farsang: from Zamin to k~~ Sabat, three farsang;
and from ~Y. Bouhekett to Ferghaneh, two farsang; from
~ Beiket t, which is on the bor~ers of Ferghaneh, and from
~ JrSetroushteh to that place, seven farsang ; from Se-
troushteh to ~J Waaketh, three farsang ; on the road of
~ Khojend, and from Waaketh to u.J~ .Arek, two farsang;
and from Arek to Khojend, six farsang.

Distances of CL.. Mah§ and y ~ I Isahab II : ~ Bena-

keth, is situated on the banks of the river of ~~ Cltaje ; from
that to ~Ji-- K/1.erseliket, one farsang; from Kherseliket to
~ Benket ,r, one farsang ; from that to ~y.- Sebourket, .
three farsang; and from that to ~~u • • • • Dehekan tt,
two farsang; and from that to ~ !) Zalinkiet tt, one fur•
sang; and from that to ~ Heiket_ §§, two farsang.

•Or~ Derk.
t I have supplied the points in thit name, as they arc omitted in the Eton MS.
tDoubtfully written.
§ I suspect an omission of some points in this word, and perhaps it ahould be ~Lt,
Chaje.
I Doubtfully written,
tg I have •upplied the points of Band N in thia word. It is 10 doubtfully written in the
Eton MS. as to appear like .:.J:.. Melut; perhaps it should be ,::S~Btnalut. •
t t The name following Dehekan is so written in the Eton MS. as to be capable of
various readings ; I therefore give it as in the MS. .., ,,(. ·
U I have here supplied, by conjecture, all the points, except thole of the first and lut
l_ette_r.
SS Doubtfu1ly written.
 ( 281 )

Tims terminates the Oriental Geography of EBN HA UK.AL,

according to the Manuscript preserved in the College Library
at Eton-(My copy wants the last leaf.) However abrupt
it may seem, I am induced to believ~ that this is the proper
conclusion of the Work ; for a considerable part of t/ie last
page in the Eton ldanuscript is left blank-a circumstance
which could not have happened, had it been intended that
any more should follow, as the Eastern Penmen are so scru-
pulously exact infilling every page with an equal number of
lines, that they frequently begin a new Section or Chapter at
the very bottom of a page. The Author, besides, appears to
have accomplished his design, intimated in the second and
third pages of this Volume.

0 0
---
 ••

APPENDIX.

No. I.

THE ORIGINAL PERSIAN OF VARIOUS PASSAGES·

REFERRED TO AND TRANSLATED IN THE PRECEDING PAGES.

Passage translated in Pages 70 and 71.

.)
~ ; 0,~
,)
u..,• J
~w
....
.... -: , ~,
~ .
~ . < • 41cl
...7 ~
\ •L.
~

oclJ'" rl.i.. ~' c.,L..-if c.,lJ>L;.cl4 ~~_;~ <.N~ ')~' t)-!.'

.) \S'J.Jr- Ai' rr♦ c.,V ~, owL. ~ <StJ>~ .)ti'T .J wt
J..!~ ~L,~ w~ Af' ~y ~, ocly. U.Jj! ($~
.) ~ l w l <.faJ'-! ~T~r--11 ~ ~!f.1.J ~ I ocl/~
~:fa ($cl__,.(L,~ c., r o~~.) c.,~fjl i.::.,..J ($.)cl ($cl_y
~~~cl/jpo~~~Jcl)L.;clcl__,.(~~.J~!J=i.
c.,~ ~ ~~' d ~, ocly. cl.J~ ~ '
r.)l...J' Ai'~/
~I l:i cllu.:i.1jf ~ , ~cl ~ f ' j l tJ-!.f~.) ~ , ~fwf
:J ~4 c.,L.j ~T ~..f'' .J<.l Af ~:Y.) w)cl Ak.J'° ~ . :,i

O O 2
284 APPENDIX, No. I.

..JU wufu J') L,__,t Af'ly) v~•;i:J ~..Ju~ ~t 6.J('T- ~lyf

~ "-!...J~~ L,__,1 \.::)y.lJ __, ~ )~ ~ jl Af"~yT
~, ouy. ~~ ~u r- ~lc.M..JO Ai"Wi-!/.., wur- v:,.,;ul.
.., Jyw11 u .., -~~ ..,. ulur---' ~ r'-~ ;1 yT_L...,
r- Ai~~ ~u--' ~~rt--' ~It--' Y. 1frfr--' ~ u
.., ~..Jj-! ..JU.., wl ~uj ~~ r,-,u / UY. ~u.,;U.S
~L""~.Y

Passage translated in Pages 82 and 83. *

,

uT jt ulr' __, <.M.i~ ('T- !JI Af U"'..J¼.Ju ~, o~~ ~

J~J r-) ~, ~ ~ r ) ~1.f>..Jj!~]l~~v.,;,~~
r:.<:u ~ <.M.if~· • • • ~· ~ . , " --1 • <:u <.M.il ·
·· I ~ ~ rJ r .J ~
~ <.M.i~ u~ul,! rJ.,;Y;rr rj j-J~ (,~ ~ ~! r-J
~ I ~u..Jlr-) uT__, c.NJ~ '-!;~ r-,i ~I~ ~lr-,i

ulu/ (,>\+.fr fa
~~..,~T ..)~)U AJ~Tjl ~ ufu/~Yofr--'

• In the Eton MS. this passage begins with the following words· in red ink :
cr)l i14,.,-..; L.1 , and then continues (ill black ink) alI:i4- ~ .:-I ~
" ~ut the 'umoums of Fars are five: these arc &0me places," &c. &c. .
 APPENDIX, No. I. 28.5

~~L:; .J ~~ .u c.).,;,~ ~~l:i.-;l_t~¼ c.r..J4..JO Al

u;lu ~~ o_r ~:.,o AJ ~~jl c..r-5 .J ~~ ~'!I.ff
u~ .J <.M.il.. ~ ~ T.J ~ .J u/Ll. .J..J.Jur .J ~L,~jl
~~~~~~'

Passage translated in Pages 02 and oa.

• .,,,;.,,,,f Literally, cc 1h;, sa,;'' I hlve:translited this word according·to Jts general
sense," it i11aid," dicitur,fmur, ~,. in which itis-used~roughouttheMS.; because
the author does not mean that "1h1 mm (lhmmlws} said that t!J1ir (tium} ori-
gin, ~,."-he- would, to express this, have used, after .).,ol, the possessive ~~ or tJ.i ~
1J:1ir, thlir own, instead of t:..)l.i..:!'·
280 APPENDIX, No. I.

Passage translated in Page QO.

Passage translated in Page 116•

JP ✓/ yf uf··.., lJ)o~'T.., ~ifpJc;.y.W".J

.JU

~41 .r-1 ~'~ ~, ~.., r.., ~,

~~....,¼ ~½,.
~Jouy. ~~' ~ t .Jiu AJ<r.J¼ ~JI.J.Ju ._f'

Passage translated in Page 120. .

ouJ l "j - ~ ·, ~J> ...JAc ~1.J)L.v· ~ t ~l.v

J -t--'Y"' --' '-"""'...,,. r.-- .. · r •· .
~
•• ,'-'.•• ·., __
~
~
. ~ ..>w--<
·;T ~u:;.., ~~u. ~'
. -"~. .J

.., ,..u._,u ~r ~t....., wt ~L.. ~~u .J ~ , ouy. ~ '

~~..,~
 APPENDIX, No. I .. 28?

Pa11age translated in Page 141..

Passage translated in Page 254 •.

<.$_;; V.-U~..)..l F-0 v!J-,o ~ uy/ yt;:f '-,lj~ .J

~'.f. <-,>pr- t.,L.) .J wl o~~ ~~
~ j l Al' wl ~-~► h.!
\!JI~ yw-" ~ I ~- t.>~of° .J ~ I u:1..j..J'?(),J.j~
0 1utzl~ r~..J~~~~J~.Ju Af' ~ ~ t o -
y.I t.> I jl ~ ~ ~~ yt;:f ~I .J ~~ !Jv~_,10
0¥ oj~_;u oT v-f ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ 1-i~ u ~ . ?°:I • ••· t.,.. u . •.~ . . .:.~,
'-" • ~ ~ >.,,-.~ ~
288 APPENDIX,. No. II.

No. II.

THE Reader will find, among the passages in the preceding ar-
ticle of this ~ppendix, a short account of the Boloujes, mentioned
in pages l 40 and 141 of the work. It is necessary here to point
out a.n incongruity between Ehn Haukal's description of this
people, and that of other writers. This, however, may be recon-
ciled, if we suppose ( what indeed occurs in every page of the ori-
ginal .MS.) an error in the writing. For ~f o!J (they do not
infest the roads), we must read uJJT- ~L, '' they do infest the
roads," and alter the remainder of the sentence accordingly. I
was induced to adopt this reading,. from the concurrent testi-
monies of various Eastern Authors, who all bear witness against
the character of the Bolouches.

It will _be sufficient to quote two dictionaries; first, the Ferhung

Bor.han Kattea ~I:; t.:.J\l;J; u::aj, article tfa. -which thus
ascertains the true pronunciation of the name :

" Bolouche-with the vowel accent ·damma on the first and

 AP.PENDIX.. No. II.
" second; the,·third· quiescent,- with the· Persian letter·· chiin,
" (i. e. with three diacritical_po~ts.) A race of people who in-•
•
. " habit the desert." (Barbarous, or uncivilized) of very little
understanding-fierce, &c.

Under another article, the same excellent Dictionary furnishes

more ample information on the subject of this people:

JU AJ. ~'-¼-~.; ~ JI- ~lf Ai:!Ua. rli-~fa..., t!.Y ·

t>V jl lyY-1 '-M:';Y.., W..JIU c.,-loy 0t..✓ 0!f,1 <;>Y'_,f
~.J_?!J.., ($uJu.., <$j'jyi-,.., ~-~~' ~r.., w j ~
!;~ ~ J~ .J ~~ . !J~~ ~~ A_j ~ Li~I _If ~4
~~ ..,u.., c, ~'t .J ~~~.., c,~u-~ ~ . . , wJs {:L,l:i
. u..vlu Y~-1~ L, ~ ~I .J ~~ ~ -4

" Kouch:e and Bolouche-the names of certain. races of bar-

" barous people who inhabit th~ mountai~ on ~e borders 9f
" Kirman. It is said that they are descended from the Ara.b~.
" of Hej~. :Ineir employments ~e fig~ting and .~h~ding of
" . blood ; thieving, and r~bbing on ·the roa~. If at any tim~ it.
" happens that they cannot firid strangers, they murder one _
.. .
" another, plundering. and destroying each other's property.
- .
" Thus, .even brothers, near relations, and ~iends, quarrel;
" and they consider this as ·a pleasant occupation.''

. pp
 .APPENDIX, No. IL
I shall extract a passage, on the same subject, from another very
v.aluable work, the '-:>J.Jf' i.J..aj Ferhung Sururi.

" Bolouche-a people extremely stupid or void of understand-

" ing, who inhabit the deserts and plunder the carayans, and for
" the greater part are warlike and good_archers ; they ~ also
" styled Kow:he Bolouche."

·- . The CS r-~ ~ j Ferhung Jehanguiri gives the same

account and nearly in the same words as the Borhan Kattea above
quoted. -

If the origin of_this extraordinary people were to become the

subject of antiquarian investigation, the character of the ancient
inhabitants of Hejaz ( Arabia the Stony or Rocky) should be com-
pared with that of their _reputed descendants ; and I believe that
such a comparison would in so~e measure confirm this traditional
origin. Of the barbarism which prevailed among the Scenites • or

• Strabo (Geograph. Lib. xvi.) describes the Scenite Arabs " as plunderers or rob-
bers, and ~ders of cattle."-Ix,,11m•• Ae"''''"-'lre1xo1 .,.,,,,, ~ '1l'Ol/£01XO,-
who almost totally neglected the arts of agriculture, devoting their attention to the feeding
of cattle of all kinds, but especially cameis.--,,et.1r,,011,T1r I'" 'I 0111111 'I l""P°'1 ·,ol'4~
l, ,x,0,1,, 1roa,-rol".,,°'' eeel'f'«T,.,,,, "°'' ,,,.,..,"" "°"""""''·
 APPENDIX, No:11. 201

Nomades, or, as they are emphatically styl~ by Ehn' olathir •, the

~ I~I people of the rock,· it would be easy to collect a
variety of anecdotes. But one quotation from an Arabian author
will serve to prove, that if the ferocious Bolouches are descended
from the Hejazians, they are not, by any means, a <}egenerate Qtf'-
sprlng.

On the subject of these Arabs we are informed, that ·

~ I J J.Zul ~J-~~I \.JJ,..J y~I r+°!_,:;.. ~
" A disposition for war and shedding of blood, a love of slaughter
" and violence, and a spirit tenacious of anger and of hatred, were
" among their peculiar qualities and characteristicks t." -

To their uncivilized state Sir William Jones alludes in the

following passage:

" The manners of the Hejazi Arabs, which have continued, we

" know, from the time of Solomon to the present age, were by
" no means favourable to the cultivation of arts ; and as to
" sciences, we have n~ reason to !>elieve that they were ac-
" quainted with_any, &c. t"

It remains to discover at what time any colony of this people

• Sec Pocockc's Specimen Historiz Arabum, 4to, Oxf. 1650, p. 87.

t Pococke, Spee. Hist. Arab. 8 7.
i Discounc on the Arabs. Aaiatick Researches.
p, 2
202 APPENDIX, No. II.

established themselves· in·-the confines of· Hinduatan and Persia :

that . a commercial ipter.colJl'SC. su~siated !rom the earliest ·- ~
between the .inbabitan_ts ~f A,rabia .and the Jljndus, ~ot w:ell
be doubted. The sam~ learned author, Sir.. -William .Jo~,
declares, th~t the_" poi:ts.of~e~, ( or ~rabia .F~ix,.) ~ust ha~
" been the emporia of considerable commerce between Egypt a.Q.~
" India, or part of Persia*."

But it was not merely a few traders or merchant~ that settled

in Hindustan; ac~~rding to a writert qll;oted by Pococke,. ~hole
bodi~ of Ara~ian~ 1:iaving ~migrated. from their. own country, in~
vaded and occupied . the territ':)ries of India, ~ an age of_ very
remote antiquity t•

I have not leisure at present to trace the . suJ?ject with more

minute research ; but I think it one that affords ·matter for inte-
_resting and curious investigation.

• Discourse on the Arabs.

t ~~ <:r- ~1 Ahmed the son of Joseph.
i " ReJiquos Arabiae finibus egrcssos _Indiae regionrs Ot"Cupasst," &c. · Pocockc-
Spec, Hist. Arab. p. 40.
 APPENDIX, No. III. 203

No.
. III.
.
J

•
THE following extract from the ancient Chronicle of .Tabari
is referred to in the Prefa~e, page x, and-may -serve to iliust~te
Ebn Haukal's.~count of the Hamyaritick insoription,qn the gate
. -. - . ~

~f Samarcan~~ Seep. 254, and 2s7.

· The transactions here recorded are said ·to have happened-early

in the sixth century, when Cobad, the Persian monarch, was slain,,
and his dominions invaded · and plundered by the Arabs, under
Samar,. a nephew of the Tobba; or king of Yemen. The account
of this jnvasion, · and _of Cobad~s death; as related by Tabari, with .
a• literal translation; will · be · found· in- the Oriental Collections,
vol. iii. p. 156 ; : where -I have given it as·a specimen of the most
pure -and ancient Parsi . . The original Chroni'cle of Ta~ was
·. ~tten in the Arabick- languagei and this Persian translation-
w.as ~ade ·in:the.yeai- ·of the ,Hegira 352, (A. D. g6a), by a vizier
ofthe S~anian·princes•,-·who inserted many curious traditions
and observati(llll of his own. : See the Preface, p. ·xii.

• D'Hcrbelot, Bi\>liot. O~ient. Art. Tarikh and Thabari.

204 APPENDIX, No. llf.

($_;~ (.:) T __, ~ ~;~ .) ~ ~ ( . : ) ~ . ) I ~ ~ ~

_)wl .) ~ _) u p.,J Jl-..G.. ~' JI.NI . ~ LU... ~I~ ~
J ,-

..;- ~
) ~ u"J<'u~ . ~.. t:; '-'
•• ,uT <' ~ l w ~... ~··
~ ~ ....u.•
1

-' - ;1·•
u~ ol?"~.., ~~ Li<$u;.;~ (.:)t;t.,Jujl ~'-5°
-~~ ~ I ($u:r ~ u:l.. ~ !.,.JI .J cl.J.)T
rl' ~I
. ~ · ~ ~ ~ j~ J~JI AJ W~.) ~t,J
e" L, ul.. ~I ~ u:r (.:)T t.,uLW' _;~ ~f f!_,;· \
'-$° .r- L,__,1..,
~, owu/~1 ~.., ~~~lJlu
c.,-4.J.) ~~ ~•. ,. .).).J .) ~ . ) ~ · .~ ..) \s" y_}, .) (.:)cl_)~

And Samar also passed from the river Jihoun ( the Oxus) and
went to Samarcand. This city had a castle very strongly- forti-
fied, in which the king resided : one whole year Samar COQtinued
before the gates of this castle, without being able to etfect any
thing against it. . At length he himself went the rounds, and
took prisoner a certain man, one of the porters of the castle, and
brought him into the camp, and said to him : " What kind of
" person is the king of this place, whose skill and· ingenuity are
"such, that; after trying every stratagem for a whole year, I am
" not able to take this castle." The man answered, " This king
" is not by any means a person of sagacity : he is one of very
" foolish conduct ; whose only employments are drinking of
" wine and festivity : he is intoxicated day and night : but he has
" a daughter who manages all these affairs, and takes care of the
 APPENDIX, No. III. 205

~ .J o~ ~t ;J w.i ~ _,I ftw ~t A5~:f:i--u !J.JI

0 T ~ ~Li) Al ftu:,· ~ ~~ ~ ~ cl..JI~ ot1J .JI
~u__,tu <.!,r
~u ~I Ai"~ l,,u_,. <.:>Tuy. ~t,..TJ \S'
Af ~ 6 . fa. !r d ~.., ufu ~~ L,u_,. ~ .,..;
.~ ~ · ~ -, _,_,.~ ~'-J ru ~T~ ~JI<.$°~
.., uj! u;J .J ~..;!.,_,.-_, ~YY. JI fl.., U..J.J'-¼! c,:,._u ~~
y ~ ~_;, ~ d c.sA 1,,_,1 .., ou ~u ~'~- ~
~t-J~ ~ Af' !f..J ~ ....~.; ~ ~~u4 ~T !.f° _, r' o~T
.;¼, ~ ~ .J~u ~ ~J- L,u_p,. A.f ~~~!r ~ .J:

" army and of the castle." Samar said: within himself, " It is.
" easy to defeat the arrangements which women make." Then ,
he as~ed the man; Whether this daughter of the king had a hus-
band ?-the man informed him, that she had not. Samar having
bestowed him a present, said, " I have occasion for your services; .
" you must bear a message from me ·to this damsel ·:"-the man:
consented~ Samar then brought out a golden casket, and filled ·
it with: rubies, and pearls, and emeralds, and said, " Present.
"these
,
to that damsel; and tell her, that I have come from
.

" Yemen in search of her ;. that the conquest of this kingdom is .

" not my object, for all K.horasan and Persia already are mine;
" but she must'give herself to me as a wife. There. are with me
" four thousand chests full of gold : All these I will send to ·her ; .
2g0 APPENDIX, No. Ill.

~ d,..J~~ ~'.J ~J ~-~ c.,r~»\.:,JY.t.:;..J~-

Af' ~T ~r-t 'r·<$J _;, ;=. u.-,,;, rV _., ~~;)~ ~' c,ft
~' ~.~J' ~ ~ _., ~~ G_.,, c.,t.;~.~ _., ~ V"--
·c.,V ur c.,T t~ L,_.,t olbr~ ~ j .J~!U <$Yy.f.;
~ ~~u _r ~ ~t .J ~..J Ju.if ~;-,- JO ~
~~~- u~j J4 ur c.,T ~ c.,1 t _., ·uf ·CS!J·~~.
~Jj-! LiYy.l.:i c.,T ~ fuj Al'WU~ c., TT- ~._., 0ur -
, -
!J -"~-.:
-;-,- .J wfw ~ . . . wr
· <Mi~ .. ..)wt c.,. ~~ Uu• ~
• • .J
J~ ..JY::-~j_.,;~u r!-~ X'Ju r'vJ" ~uy...J<J J~.
" and I will bestow ·this city on · her father, whenever these
" aifairs shall be finally settled : and if she should bear unto me ·•
" a son, the empire of Persia and of-Cheenistan shall be his. · I -
" shall first, as an earnest, send-her, by night, the chests of
"gold; and afterwards espouse her."

The man having gone - into Samarcand the same night, de- '
livered this message· to the damsel, who deliberated on it, and
then sent bac~ that person to ratify the bargain ; and to ·desire
Samat' that he should on the following -night send the chests of
gold into the city, and come there himself in such a manner that
.no one might perceive it. Sa~arcand had four gates, and she
told him which of these gates should be opened.

-- •
 ~PPENDIX, No. III. 201

On the next day Samar brought out fol,Jr thousand chests, and·
put into each two men completely armed; and when the night
became dark, he placed each chest on the back of an ass, and to
each he appointed a man as a superintendant, likewise completely
armed : thus there were to the amount of twelve thousand men.
These he sent on into Samarcand, and told them that he would place
his army in proper disposition, and station them all round the
castle; and he directed them, that when they should be within
the city, they might open the lids of the chests, and come out,
and ring bells (for he had given a bell to every man), so that he
might know how matters went; and then they were to open the
gate and let him enter with the army. When it was midnight, a
messenger came from the damsel, sayil)g, " The gate of the city
" is opened; let some of the chests be now sent." Samar placed .
QQ
208 APP~NDI~ No. ill,

.J w<.MT i.:.,.J~ yy.u jf ~ w~J J ~ ~~ ~~

~ o~ ~ ~ .J w~~ J'r <$~JO .J wZ_fou..) ~_r
.-I • t.:; v.:.
,'-,?c...=... ~ _,; • , t.:,· .J IAioY• ,wt p;.Ac-~. -.-
••~;. ( ,',:--'_,I-' __,, .i;. .J <.MT...,,..,...
., \. ii
~1 J~.J ~J½ L, c.r~o-.J ~ L, I-CL. .J ~r- o..,=i-
~.J i.:.,T ~~~ AJ ~ I 0 f<->..4Jf ~·;yl.i:..(.Jo .J wl.-!
~~~ .J c..>Juy. o~~T .JU t J ~ .J ($~~ ~
~J4 oy <.?-:Y- r-lJ r- 1;;,f i.:.,T p»' .J I.No~ o'¼
~tu/($)~ i.:.>ft _;~ uy. w.J~ c_/'.; i.:.>~.r- .J <.MJ~
~ - .J~Jc..>JI 0 1.:i-.f~.J~ 04- ~ ~ ~y. u,;:;rr-
the chests on the asses, and took his station with the army. When
the chests arrived at the castle, all the men came forth from them.,
and began to ri~g their bells, and threw open the gates of the
city ; and Samar entered with his troops, sword in hand, and they
continued to slaughter until it was day; so that blood ran in
streams: the king was slain and the damsel taken prisoner; and
Samar : remained in this city one year. In the book entitled
Tesmiah al Boldan, it is mentioned, that in those times Samar-
cand ~as called Gheen, and the Cheenians were there ; and these
people first made the paper of the Cheenians. But Samar called this
city after his own name. In Persian Samarkand ( with the letter .f ).
Kand (~ ) in the Tartar or Turkish language signifies a city.
But when this name was used in Arabick, it became Samarcand
,.>,.;:;~, (with the letter i.) After this Samar led forth his army
and proceeded into Turkestan and to Tibbet, &c. &c.
 APPENDIX, No. III. 200

The ancient tradition, here recorded, is unknown to most of

the modem Persian writers, or, at least, unnoticed by them•.
Emir Rauzi, however, in his excellent geographical compilation,
the Heft Aklim, or Seven Climates, informs us that

"a person named Shamar who was of the family of the Tobba,
" or sovereigns of Yemen, destroyed that city, so that no vestige
" remained of its (principal) building, (a castle of immense extent,
"and said to have been erected by Gurshasp, and repaired, at
'' different times, by Lohorasp and Alexander the Great). After
" that it acquired the name of Shamarkand ( with the letter .f)
" which the Arabs, according to their idiom, call Samarcand,
" Wl'th ~.
··)"

The same account is given in the Ajaib al boldan and other

manuscripts, which agree in assigning to this city the highest
degree of antiquity. If the tradition preserved by Tabari is
founded in historical fact, we may suppose the gate on which the

• I must also acknowledge that in one copy of Tabari, in my possession, it is not

found: but the other two preserve it. From the more ancient of these, transcribed
A. D. 1446, this extract has been given.
Q Q 2
300 APPENDIX, No. III.
Hamayritick inscription was fixed, to.have been thafwhicb the
avaricious princess opened to the wily Samar; and it is probable
that this inscription commemorated =n the language of that Arab,
the success of bis stratagem, although we only learn · from Ehn
Haukal that it mentioned the distance from Samar to Samarcand ..
Seepage 254-287, and Preface, p. ix, x, xi.

.
The paper of Samarcand, to the manufacture of which Tabari
alludes in the preceding extract, is celebrated by various writers►

Although ~e Arabians do not pretend to have known the inven-

tion of it before the eighty-eighth year of the Hegira (A. D. 700),
yet the use of paper was universal among the Persians and Chi-
nese in ages of more remote antiquity *. According to Ali be11,
Mohammed ~ ~ ~ (quoted by the learned Casirl) the
art of making paper was introduced at Samarcand in the thirtieth
year of the Hegira (A. D. 050); and he adds,

" heretofore the use of paper was only known at Samarcand and
" among the Chinese. n And Casiri t thinks it most probable
that the Arabians learned it from the Persians or Chinese. " Unde
" verisimile profecto est Ara.bes hujusmodi usum a Persis et

• Biblioth. Arabico-Hisp. Casiri, Tom. II. p. 9.

t Bibi. Arab. Hisp. Tom. II. p. 9.
 APPENDIX, N~ IV. 801

" Sinensibus, · 4110mm ~giones partim. exp~amnt partim per-

" histrarunt ja.mdiu accepisse; id ipsum luculentissime demon-_
" s~t complures codices manuscripti Escurialensis 1:lihliothecre,
'! quorum aliqui exarati suiit anno Egirre 400 (Christi 100g); alii
~' anno ooo, Christi vero 11 oO .."

No .. IV..

IN pages 235, 245, 254, the reader is referred for some account
of the Samanian Dynasty to this article ·of the Appendix ; and in
the Preface also, p. x, a passage is quoted from Abulfeda, which.
. mentions a prince of this _family.

· The learned D'Herbelot, in his account of the Samanians •~

(which he collected from a chronicle, expressly written on the
subject of their history, and another excellent work, the Leb-
tarikh) notices a difference of calculation in respect to the dura-
_tion of this dynasty, which commenced in the year of the Hegira
261 (A. D. 374), and terminated in the year 388, (A. D. gg8.)

• BibHot~- Orient. Article Samaniah ..

•
'
302 APPENDIX, No. IV.
I find that, according to the Tarikh G~zideh, it luted 102
years, 6 months, and 20 days : according to the Tarikh Kipchak
Khani, 10a years, 2 months, and 11 days: there are still greater
variations in other accounts ; but all may be reconciled by ob-
. serving that some historians do not consider Ismael as king,
although he possessed all the power of one, until his government
was acknowledged by the Khalif.

The names of the Samanian princes in the order of their suc-

cession are here given according to the Tarikh Gozideh, the K.he-
lassut al Akhbar of K.hondemir, and other manuscripts.

1. ~, c.H~~'
Ismael hen Ahmed.

2. ~l.-,..1 c.H~'
.Ahmed hen Ismael.

3. ~,~~
Nasser ben Ahmed.

4. r~~
Nouh hen Nasser.

6. ~ (:.H LU..,.H~
Abdalmalek hen Nouh.
 APPENDIX, No. IV. aoa
a. uljl~ c,-!.J~
Mansour ben Abdalmalek.

7. )~~~
Nouh hen Mansour•.

- 8. ~~_)~
M.ansour hen Nouh•.

g. ~~uljl~
Abdalmalek hen Noub.

The Tarikh Jehan Ara and some other chronicles add the name
of another tf ~ ~ywl Ismael ben Nouh; b~t the Sama..
nian Dynasty is generally said to consist of nine princes, those·
who are above enumerated.

The third, Nasser ben Ahmed, is the person who, according·

to our author, Ehn Haukal, rebuilt the Gate of Samarcand (see
'
p. 254 ), and under whom a respectable person at
.
Maweralnahr
.
is
said (in p. 235) to have borne arms. This prince is styled, by
Abulfeda (see a passage qµoted in- the 'Preface, p. x), Mohammed
Ebn Locman Ebn Nasir hen .Ahmed,. And, in the 1'arikh
•
Kipchak Khani, I find him entitled, Saied Abou' l' hassan Nasser
ben Ahmed ~I~ r ~ I y.l ~ - He succeeded his
father in the year of the Hegira 301 (A. D. Q13), and died Anno
 304 APPENDIX, No. IV.

Hegira 330, _(A. D. {)41.) According to Kipcbak. Khan, the poets

l.s5u.JJ Rudeki a n d ~j <.r4--Jf y.f Abo,t l'abbas Zeichi
- -
flourished in the time of Nasser Ahmed.

· The Cazi Ahmed al Ghuffari, in his Tarikh Jehan Ara, informs

us, that

JU ~ I A!.j t>L.l.w Ai ~ f ..)__,..(Jw t>fv.4Jf ~ ..)O

&c. ~.r ~ o ~ .J ~~
• " in the geographical work, entitled Moajem al Boldan, it is
'~ ob5Crrved that Saman was a town belonging to Samarcand, or,
" according to some, ~ place in the territories of Balkh, from
"which the ancestor of the Samania~ family derived his name."
 •

I ,
INDEX.

N. B. This It,de.-r does not refe1· to any Article, of t/,e PreftJCe or

Appendix.

A.·
AuixA.1'DEJt TIIE GirEAT, 70, Barzouieh the celebrated phy-
116, 215 . sician, 216
Abbassides, I 6, 66 Bolouches, a people of Kirman,
Abraham, 40, 58, 70, I SO 140, 143
Asses not larger than sheep, 37 Barbud the musician, 216
Animal (uncommon), 25 Basrah (num~erof streams at), 63
Altar of l>avid, S9 c.
Apostles, 39
Apple (extraordinary), H?9 Curds, SS, 9i, 97
Crocodiles, 31, 36, 155
B. Castles (impregnable), 94
Babylon, ancient capital of the Christians, 13, 14, 23, 26, 36, 42,
Persian Empire, 3 43, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 160,
Balsam, S6 161, 186, 187, 188, 191, 218,
Bodies of the dead, at Teneis, in 251, 265
Egypt, 36 D.
Bodies of the dead burnt by the
Russes, 191 Daniel the prophet, his bones
Book purchased for I 000 dinars, found, 76
119 Dolphin, 35
RR
300 INDEX.
F. K.
Fertility of Maweralnahr, 233 Kaaba, 2, 128
Fatemites, 20, i 1 Kouche, a people, 140, 143
Fish without bones, 1SS Kings of Spain, 28
--uncommon, S 1 Khacan, or King of Khozr, 189
Fire temples, SS, 95, 116 Kermez, the dyer's worm, 161
-worshippers, 116, 146, &c.
extraordinary L
rites, 95, 173
iire issuing from a mountain, 77 Language---Pehlavi, 114
-----Parsi, 114
G. - - - - - - u f Khuzistan, 76
-----Pars, 114
Grecian philosophers, 41, 52 - - - - -1 Ghawr, 227
Gog and Magog, 8, 9 -----Tabaristan, 174
Gypsies, SS -----Kirman, 143.
Guebres. See Fire-worshippers -----Makran, 152
-----Derbend, 159
H. -----Ardebil, 16S
----Bokhara, 251
Hospitality of the Transoxanians, -----ithe Kouches and
234 Bolouches, 143
Hamyaritick inscription, 254 Land of Lot, 46

I. M.
Idols (worshipped), IS, 146 Mary (Virgin), 39, 127, 237
Idol at Moultan, 148 Magick and sorcery, ISO
Jews, 10, 42, 116, 160, 186, Mummy, 133
187, 188, 190, 221, 224 ·
Jewish king, 185, 189 N.
Jesus, 39, 67, 127, 237
Israelites, 29, 38, 171 Nimrod, 70, I 30
Joseph, 31 Noah's Ark, 60
 INDEX. 801

N oushirvan, 69, 158 Soffarian dynasty, 77

Scull set in silver, I 23
0. Statues of kings, 129
- - - a t Bisutoun, I 73
Ommiades, 24, 26, 60, 119, 124 - - - i n the desert of Shour, 197

P. T.
Palace of N oushirvan, 69 Temple of the Sabeans, 42
Pyramids of Egypt, SS - - - o f Solomon at Persepolis,
Pharaoh, 37 or lstakhar, •I 29
----his villa, S6
Paper of Samarcand, 23S w.
Wall at Derbend, INilt by Nou-
shirvan, 158
Rosewater of Shiraz, 132- Water of the Caspian Sea; dark
Romances of the Persians; 172 coloured, 181
Ruins of Baalbek, 43 Wealth of the inhabitants of Si-
raf, 115, lSS
s.
Y.
Shapour·or Sa.pores,. 74, 100
Sassanides, 71, 1S4 Yezdegird slain in a mill, 216
Samanides, 121, 245, 251
Sabeans, 42, 58 z.
Scorpions, 20, 56, 17, 171
Sea fights, 54 Zohak, 70, 116, 172

:PRINTED, 4'T THE ORIEN'T4L PRESS, BY WILSON & CO.

wu... cova.T, LUICOLlf'I Jlfll FIii.Di, LONDOlf,
 ERRATA.
. Page. Line,
28 2, . 3 • • For comlexion, • • • • • • • • • • Read complexion.
84 12 • • • • • • • • Derayi, • • • • : • • • • • • • • • • • . •Deryai.
90 3 • • • • • • • • after ~ , ,:. add , •, f .., • • • • • •and read the English
• ' '-'.-I•'
Shaab-bouan, as one name.
100 1.6 • • • •, • • .• •Ot, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••••Of.

146 8 • • • • • • • •possessors, , ... • • • • ...••• • •professors.

172 16 · · • • • · · · never, · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • · not.
19621 · · · · · · · · Kei::..t, · · ... · ... · · · · · · · · · • · Rebat.
iiO 1O• • • • • • • • then, • • . • . • . • , • • • • • .• • • • •· • .· • than.
228
241 9 . • • • . • . . Chereh • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •·• • ~ •Cbehreh.
, I
I

Pages 258, 259, 260, ( et passim,) for

•
ipsb,
I
reu Kaah.
 ( aoo )

•
SECOND INDEX.

N. B. As the preceding Inde.r has not appeared sufficiently copious for thi,
Work, the Names of Places are added in that which follows. The re-
ferences to the Preface are e.rpressed in Roman numerals.

A. Abisgoun, 176,180, 185, 190, Aicn Arbah• s8

AAJI, 265 I 91 Ailck, 87
Aalia, 248 Abshour, I !)7 Aikan, 1s9
Aanch, 60 Abdallah, 21 o Aidah, 74
Aaien, 10!) Aberkcnd, sn6 Aidcj, 75, so, llS
Aamil, 207 Abncz, J6 Airi, 147
Aarian, 218 Aden, 14 Aicn Alhcm, 175, 188
Aaaim, HS Aderch, 40 Ailak, vii, 288, 250, 264,
Aarcz, 247 Adcib, 15!) 265, 5166, 267, 268, !77
Aayeth, 72 Adnch, 45 Aikcren, 274
Abadan, 11, 61, 64, 7S, 75 Adcraa, 49 Ailah, xiv
Abadeh, 86 Adithah, 50 AjJa, lBS
Abad, 217 Adeki, 210 Akarcb, 110
Abarkct, 27S, 274 Ader, 217 Akcrch, 194
Abdikerd, 274 Adedalek, 165 Akhscikh, HO
Aby11inia, 4, 1s, 14, H lEgypt. See Egypt Akcbsch, 49
Abcndiau, 87 Africa, t, 4, 51 1, 151 16, 19, Akrunim, .S5
Ablah, xiv, xv, 64, 7!) 21,281 lSlt Akritcs, 58
Aberkouh, 86, 102, 10s, 108, Afadeh, so Akbera, 71
111, ISO, 132 Afarcsk, l8S Aklid, 86
Abdarrahman, 86, I 07, 12!) Agcmi, 165, 168 I Akdeh, 112
Abdejan, IS9 Ahmah, 65 Aljczirch. See Jezirch
Aboughancm, l S!), 140, 148 Ahouam, SS Allami, IS
Ahaus, t44 ,\hwaz, 74, 75, 80 Al Botem, viii
Aberi, 154 Ahcf, 120 Alsour (lake), 84
·Abenjan, 160 Ainar, 51 Allan, 4, 5, l 56
Abcrkcndman, 164 Aicn al Shc!DI, 86 Alexandria, 29, 81 1 N, '651
Abher, 1651 16g, 170 Aien Zarich, 54 50, u, 70
S 8
810 S.ECOND INDEX.
Alias, 189 Arou, 260 Armeh, 17
Allepo. See Haleb Arkand, 248 Arbilah, 15, eo
Almour, 90 Ardan, 248 Arjan, I JO
AJaudket, 265 Ardejrr, !lf l Asas, 52, 274
Almerasek, 17 5 Arhcr, 223 Asker Mokrem, eo, 78, 7g
Ali Abad, 182 Ardenjan, 218 Asijeh, 19
·AJouban, 277 Ardvar, 215 Assat, IS
Amarket, 279 Arsel, 199 Asker al moladi, 67
Amoui, 289, tu, 27$ Arthai, 191 Ase), 71, 79, 90
Amad, 270 Artha, 191 AsoJan, 87
Amedi, 165 Arinou, 177 Asclan, 87
Amadeh, s9 Arjeidi, 162, 165 Astourah, 26
Ameden, 88 Armi, 162, 165 Asouan, 29, 85 1 87
Ameniah, 249 Armia, 162 AscaJon, 48
Amar, 221 Aras, 161, 162 Ashmoucin, 85
Amo), 175, 179, 181, 181', Ardebil, 64, 135, 156, 157, Astadan, 90
1881 I 90, 19 I, l~, ilS, 158, 160, 161, 1621 168 Ascljar, 90
226, 228, 229 Armen, 4, 5 1 156 Astehajan, 118
Amrouilou, 188 Aran, 155 1 156, 159, Asdejan, 88
Amid, 55, 57 163, 179, l 88, 262. Aatefahaian, 89
Ambouran, 90 Armenia, xxiii, 78, 155 1 156, Asknoon, 95
Anbarbanan, 87 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, Asfendrud, I 61
Antakiah, 44, 49, 51, 5t 163, 188 Aaedabad, 166, 5?28, 169., lH
Anbas, 50, 51 Armaiel, 15 I, 154 Asterabad, 17 5 1 176, 180
Anbar, 55, 56, 59, 61 Arjan, 90, 91, 95, 96, 104, Astele1ht, 201
Anar Meherje, 1 1 1 110 Asferar, 209
Andi, 150 Arghan, 78, 79, 82, 105 1 l lt, Asfjai, 212
Anderab, 15 7 131, 185 1 ISO, 12!), 118, Asfcrin, 218, 215, Ha
Andemesh, 168 133, LJ6, 11 Ascrinan, 217, 219
Anberch, 198 Arzen, 99 Ashran, 217
Anderabeh, 228, 224, H8, iS 1 Arem, 74 Ascnk, 218
Andenjaragb, 289 Arghan (Koureh), 90 Asfcran, 5? 19, 5?80
Andcrbaz, 248 Ardeshir (Khcrch), 88, 185 Ashiket, 270
Andidan, 248 A~shri (Koureh), 87, 9-1, 99 Aabejan, 272
Anduke11t 272 Ardeshir (Dereh), 82., 9•, as, Ashcreh, 272
AndaJus, ii, 4, 5, 7, u, 16, 104, 131 Ashourket, 274
81, 25, 26, 27, !28, 51, 58 Ardeshir, 82, 83, 9-1 Ascher, 279
Aoud, 167 Arirah, 89 Aatcrouabtch, 5?79
Arch, 271, 272, it80 Ardeshirgird, 1 2 1 Atlah, it68
Attnjcr, 279 Arzu, 90 IAtrar, 250
Arkan, 86, 279
Arhen, 276
Arden, s9, 401 47, 48,- 49
Arhadoub, 26 I Atel, i85 1 186, 1871 lH
Auda6, 120
 .:

SECOND INDEX. 3J 1

Aulenjan, llS Barkah, 15, 16, 19, 29 Bamieh, 182

Aurd, 97 Basirch, 15, 17, 20, 51 Bayel, 183
Auhileh, 16s Bakour, 11, 20, /l l Bakeil, 184
Auber, or Auhar, 1ts7 Batileh, 18 Bashkouth, 192
Aobgir, 2413 Basna, 2 I Buekh, 202
Aubeh, 217 Bab al Tauk Resafeh, 67 Barghis, 213, 2551 256
Aulad, 2&7 Bab-alia Scrtheh, 67 B.ihmanabad, 215 1 229, 5130
Aoraar, 171 13.uan, 79, 74, 89 Badghis, 2 19
Awlas, 46, 50 Bazar, 73, 74, 79• 80 Baghelan, 22s, 231
Aweis, 109, 270 Bakhtegan (lake), H Badakshan, 223 1 2251 228,
Awerkend, 271, 175?, 171 Baman, 87 230, 232, 1188, 276
Awent, 271 Bagheras, 47, 49 Bamian, 213, 225 1 226, f'l7,
Awesh, t71 Baherah, s9 223
Ayoub, 166 Baalbek, 48 1 49, 129 Baverd, 228,. 230
Azhaman, 86 Balis, 44, 58 Barmis, 255
Azzeh, 48 Barmah, 481 57, 71 Barkeit, 257, 258
Azerbai, 144 Balousa, 56 Baloam, 264
Azend, 152 Bardoun, 80 Benat, 79
Azerbaijan, xxiii, 8, 60, 62, ~rah, xiv, xvi, 61;' 62;· 6s; Beiza, 86, 91, 98,. I0S, II I,
155, 156, 159, 161, 162, I
64f 6.s,.,..11, 19 l lS, 121, 127, lH
16s, 165, 161, 112, 174, Barem, 142, 145 Behour, s9
178, 188 Badcnjan, 8S, 91, 123 Beit al Mokeds, SJ, 48. See
Azziah, 114 Balaien, 90, 196 Jerusalem.
Azsour, 210 Bajircm, 88 Bethlehem, sg,. 40
Aaenk.er, t66 Bazem, 89, 110 Beniah, 49
Azedlcnd, i6g, 21e> Bahalouk, 90 Besirin, 51
Bahelsegan, go . Beled, 55, 56
Ba.zrick, 96, 1 1s Bctaiah, 61, 65, 68, 71
Balkh, 121, 2131 214, 2u, Berdan, 11
B. 217, 218, 223, 224, i i 5, Bermasir, 1Sg, I 941 l.!0t
25?6, 227, 228,- 2301 28 I, Besa, 104, _109, 111, IU, .
Babel (Babylon), s,. •o., 10, 2s9, _259, 260, 21s, soi 115, 116, 125, 132, 18~
ISO Badergan,. 106 Berdoun, 74, 77, 86
Baarin, 24 Bam, 144, 145 Beinoul, po
Baghdad, 9, 61, 61', Ci6) 67,. Barco, 1s9 Besmeil, go
68, 69, 70, 71,- '17, 711, Banias, 49 Bendi), 110.
116, 120, 126, 127, 185_, Bardan, 71 Beshadour, I oo, 11 s
172, 176, 178, 208 Baloui, 147, Ho Behrch, 1851 197
Barab, 9, 221, tS'8, 270 Bales, 154 B!nd, 108
Bahrcin, 1 1, 1 I 9, H8, 1:31- Baku, •Oo, llSi Bcrje, 96
Barbasy,. 19,. 21, Bar, 167 ( Bchouleh, 89
Bajch, IS, :lg, S7. Bardestan, 17, f Bcnjeman, 1 o.;
 3'1:2 SECOND INDEX.
Benn, l IS Best, 220 Bourmah, 26
Behar, 144 Bcnhir, Hg Bosi, so, 74, 77
Bclid, 55, 56 Beikend, 245, 250, 'l52, 169, Bokhara, I H, I 85, 1st, 136,
Bcher, 106 273, 278 237, 'lS8, 145, 247, 249,
Beaker, 'l66 Bcrkend, 'l46, ,z.17 150, 151, 96t, 258, 176,
Bchaket, 'l67 Beni Asad, 248 278
Bedheket, 268 Bekhajemr, 948 Bou (or Aboo) Ghanem, 143
Bcily, 'l68 Besteh, 249 Bolouje, or Boloocbe, ISB, 140,
Beatay Zeirin, 271, 'l72 Berkaa, 249 141, 143, 146, 288, 199,
Bcaoukh, 'l7 l Bergher, 255 291
Beiket, 1?74, 280 Benner, 257 Boudenjan, I 07
Benaket, 2i4, 'l80 Belanderin, 260 Boukur 85, 86
Berankein, 278 Berdeh, 261 Bouheket, 245, 165, 180
Belheket, 279 Berjin, 262 Bounnakct, t58
Berdt-.h, 2i9 Beshaghir, 264 Boua, 255
Benaketh, 280 Besenk, 264 Boumeh, 248
Benker, 'l80 Benagur, 265 Bourek Ferghaneh, 148
Beherje, · 147, 150 Berkous, 265 B111tam, 178
&.meid, uo, 154, 15o Bijerm, 11, 112, 119
Bein, J 68, 154, 220 Bilbileh, I 8, 'l7
Beldan, 154 Bilcroun, 150 c.
Be~vanan, 157 Bilkan, 160, 16s
Bezettnd, 15 7 Biautoon, 166, 172 Carcoub, 74, 80, 188
Berdaa, 157, 160, 161, 163, Bireshk, 19s Cazvin, I i i
i64, 185 Biheket, 'l55 Cazeroun, H, 95, I os,
Bcktan, 157 Boukeseh, 24S 1121 ll3, ISt, ISS, 136
Bcrzenje, 160 Bour, 168 Canaan, ISO, 70
Bcrzend, I 63 Bourkan, 215 Cadcsia, 6 I, 6t, 65, 66
Bcrkeri, 165 Bou, 248, 242 Caaba (or Kaaba) 'l
Bedlia, 16.s, 182 Bouzgan, 'l28, 229. Caspian (or Deryai Khozr).
• Berah, 167 Boushek, 2i8 Sec Khozr
Bcni, 169 Bom, 'lll Canouge, 9
Berdabad, I O1 Bost, 'lOS, 206, 2071 208, Carmourah, 18
Berta,, 187, 188, 190, 191 'l09, !llO, 211 Cashmere, 4
Bcjibal, 192 Bordan, 169 Cairo 11, SO
Bcdreh, 195 Bouket, 279 Caiaariah, 48
Bclein, 196 Bounket, 266 Ca.zi, i 11

I
Berdair, 197 Bumeheket, 2H, 262, 278 Cashan, 168
Beisha Daran, 20 I Busheng, 217 China. Sec Cheen
Bcrnaraduieh, 20 I Bulgar, 185, 187, 190, 191, Cheilak, 10 .
Berir, 101 192, 5, 7, 9, 10 Checo, 4, s, 6, s, 9, 10, 1,,
. Bcrin, 211 Bostam, 188, 175 70, 250, 198
 SECOND INDEX. 313

Cbdcrd, 267 Damghan, 175, 178, IH, 194, Debieh Giran, 195
Cbaje Rud, 259 i98 Deir Aber, 96
Cbend, 148 Danehy, 196 Deir Kaheim, 195, 19'i
Cbeghagber, 144 Dargbcs, 207 Dcrjend, 90
Cherch, 241 Davcr, t08 Dcmarzari, 188
Cheghanian, ts8, HO, 155, Daruk:, 11 I Deidelout, 90
161, 177, 179 Daven, 215 Dcher, 180
ass, t85, 188, us,
Cbaje, vii. Daahan, 217 Denney ah, 17 8
!44, 152, 261, 168, 165, Dai, 242, !48 Dcrbcran, 17 8
166, 267, 269, t70, 17 ♦, Dar Zingi, 277 Dcra, 177
21!0
Chun, H2, 280 28 I
Cbungalabad, . 21 o
Dchckan, 280
Dcrkct, 280
Dcrghes, 279
Dcnein,
Dcmch,
177
177
Dchestan, 176, 180, 185, 19'
..
Cbesbmeh Sirab, 202 Dcrkhas, 278 191, 208, 220
Chcndwar, 150 Dcrbend, 158, 159, 160, 161, Dcheihlour, 168 ·
Cortubab, I 8, 27 164, 180, 185, 187, 190, Dcheih Abou Ayoub, .1 66
Costatiaeh (Constantinople) 9, 191, 192, 277 Dcilman, 165, 172, 174, l1Ji,
10, 51, 5t Dcrgban, 27 5 178, 180, 183, 184
Corcoub, 80 Dcirkcn, 275 Dcinour, 94, 16b, 167, atie,·
Cobadian, 28 8 Dciruk:, 274 169
Ca~ 155, 15S, 171 Dcbcl, 272 Deir Khcrkan, 164 . • • . . •• ,.
Curdistan; uii Dcinkct, 268 Ddnel, I 60, 162, 164, Uis'
Cuntan, 56, 97 Dcbzck, 262, 263 Derituk, 160
Cufab, 61, 6t, 65, 66, ·67, Dcbouai, 2!it Derck, 158, 147
08, 71; 1s1 Dcrban, 141, 142, 157 Debeirch, 86
Dcnjaneh, t52 Demcshk (Damascu) xiii, DY,
D. Dcaht Varcin, 1801 181, IS2 xv, xvi, 40, 431 .441 47,
Darabjerd, 89, 94, 104, 11 o, Dcnuen, 148 48, 49, 237, 2H
111, 112, 118, 133, 184 Dcrwazcb Samarcand, 148 Deirgan, 87
Dartak, 89 Dcizah, 248 Dcjcil, 71
• Darein, 1 I 2 Dcha, 241 Dcbmeb, 177
Daurak, 11 Dcraan, HI Deahkcreh, 6g, 71
Dadicn, 97 Dclouan, 91 Deabt (lake) 84, 88
Daibul, 12 Dekhan, ·289 Dciralaakoul, 71
Damiat, 84 Dcihan, 97 Dcidan, 79
Damavcnd, 172, 178, 177, Dcria, 282 Derjcnd (RiYcr) 64
178 Dcndalckan, 280 Dcilman, s, 8
Darcnjan, 90 Dcrab, 224 Dcjleb (or Tigria) 11, 16, 81,
Damascus. Sec Demeshlc Dcreh, i09, 2t8, H 54, 56, !i7., 59, . 60, 66,
Danbul, 147, 148, uo, 154, Derman, 142 · 66, 67, 70, 71, 71, 7i,
U5 Deir Berk.ban, 198 78, 79, 161
Daloai, 160 Deber Houmah, 1s9 Dchkdlan, 110
TT
 SECOND INDEX.
Dcrijan, 88 F. Fenjan, 174
Dehcin Seifomareh, 88 Ferjench, -275
Destekan, 88 Fars, Farsietan, or Pars, xxiii, 1''irc:,uzmcnd, 5108, 110
Dcrtek, 89 2, S, 8, 8 I, 82, 84, 85 1 86, Firou2:. (Kam) go, 911 1 aa,
Dhey Nemeh, 181 95, I 08, 140, 165, 192, 126, 185
Dhey Digur, 201 198, 194, 211 1 IU, 116 Firkh, 110, 111
Dhey, 209, 210 227 Fioum, s1
Dhebek, 209, 21 o Fanek, 86 Forat. See Eupbrata
Dheyaoum, 21 O Farkhan, 88 Fomapalab, 71
Dbey Jumah, 210 Fardck, go Foruab, River, 84
Dhey Moured, 9s Fahas (Alilout), 18, .t6 Fostar, so, ss, 36
D~ey Kurdan, 228 Falestine. See Palestine. Frat. See Euphratca
l>iarbekre, xxiii Faz (or Fez) 17, 11
Diar Mod.bar, 58 Fataih, so
Divesy, 278 Famhcl, lbO, I.SI, I.St, 154 G.
Divemaker, 165 Faloui, I 54 Gaza, SS, 40
Dileshkird, 261 Farah, 2s2, 26o, 168, t6g Gaw Khatth, Ht, Ma
Dilem, 161, us, t i t Farghi, 288 Gerbadcan, 169
Doumish, 164 Famurgh, 256, 267 Ghurghaz, 9
Dourek, 72, 79, 80 Fetrioun, 158 Ghurneh, 9
Doukak, 108 Feldi, 154 Ghuz, 9, 10, HS, IH, t68,
Doubein, 1 ots Ferascndeh, 168 268, 269, 270, 187, 190
Dorenjan, go Ferch, 207, 20a, 209, 111, Ghafek, 18, 26
Duzdin, 166 212. Ghira, 144
Dur, 169 Ferouan, 216 Ghour, 89, 40
Durreh, 194, 195 Ferghanah, 6, tSt, ISS, 285, Gbouteh, xiv, xv, xvi, 40, 481
Duardeh, 198 .238, 148, 250, 5!52, 261, 287, 288
Durak, 199 268, t6S, 264, 268, 169, Gherahelm, 44
Duar, 215! 270, 271, 172, 174, 276, Gherasem, 49
280 Ghersiran, 268
E. Fenna, 85 Guhzl, 265
Ebber, 175, lH Feik, 48, t74 Gherk, 2611
Egypt (Mi.ar) ii. xxvii, 2, 4, 6,
Ferdin, 189 Ghurgeatan, S?56, 11s, 111,
7, IS, 14, 19, 22, 5!9, SI, Fertast, 90 225
84, 87, 88, 51, 53, 40, Fermoun, 147 Gherban, 255- 258
45, 46, 129, 182, 292 Fermouiah, 18 Ghehar, 248
Emessa, 48 Feikerah, 27 Gharan Murgh, 247
:Eskanderiah (Alexandria), SS Feserdeh, 247 Ghar al Naiah, 241
Ethiopia, 4, 14, si2 Ferazan-al.Sefli 248, 249 Ghurnein, 280
Euphrates, 81, 87, SS, 44, Ferin, 248 Ghaznih, 21 I
z;o, 54, 55, 67, 58, 59, Feranah, Hg Ghizni, 210, H5 1 H61 ii7,
lo, 65, 6s, 69, 12, &c. Ferghour, 164 2281 HI
 SECOND INDEX. •

Ghaznein, IOI?, ISO, 1811Hadejan SbapPOr, 89 HCIIIII, 217, 119

188 Hairah, 62, 66 Hejrai, 211
. I
Ghaor, 205, 107, 111, iii, Barch, 97 Hezar, 26, 109, 110
116, 917 Haran, 86 Hestan, 21 0 .J

Gilan, 174 Hajr, 46, 89 Heruri, 109

Giran, 195 Harouniah, 88, 45, 60 Herin, tl9, 209
Gird, 89 Haleba 47, 49 1 Heirmcnd, 205, 206, 107, ltt
Gibraltar, 7, 19, to, 25, 51 Haairmenje (or J.ui.rmenje) 55, · Herat, 111, ~01, 109, 118,
Gondi Shapour. See Jondi Sba-· 59 I 217, 118, 119, H8
pour, 77 Hameres, 88 I Hemaneh, 19S '
Gouz, 109 Habbesh(Abby11inia) +, 1s, 21 1 Heft Der, 181
Goured1 _IIS Hamrah, so : Heban, 164, 166
Gourkam, 21 l Hamadan, 166, 167, 168, J0g : Heilabshar, 159
Goukanan, !US Hamdan, 167, 171 Hesn Ehn O.mareh, u, 111.,
Gouvi, 211, tit Hafs, IH 111
Gouid, to6 Harmeh, 196 Herman, 152
Gozi, 197, 198 Hamr, 200 Helbeh, 150
Gounabeh, 191, 19t Hareh, 97, 211, 219 Heidour, 147
Gounaieh, 191, 191 Hasker, 141 Hebab, 144
Gurki, U8 Hamdounah, 248 Hemed, 144
Garkan, 8, 9, 110, 121., ug., Hancrket, t66 Hey, 61, 68, 64, 1,, 77, 119
i74, 175, 176, 179, 180, Hamcrcl, 266 Hemaigan Sdly, IH
182, 188, 188, t0S. Ill., Hawe., 274 Hedim, 87
11 ♦, tu, Hl Hallured, 276 Heyaz, 46, 90
Gullar, 18S Heikct, 280 Heilouieh, et, 90
Guebran, 196 Herkaneh, 279, 280, 289 Hesouah, 89
Gurkouneh, 109 Hejareh, 178 Hefi'n, 86, 160
Gub Pelenk, lll I Heireh, 65, 66,178, tu, 108, Heakan, 88
Gurigar, 11 ~ 111 Heir, 11i,
Garbah, IU Hennigan, 177 Herbazan, I 07
Heileh, 276 Herieh, IOI
Hebek, 276 .Heifan, 97
H. Hezarasp, 141, 1u, 175, 178 ·Hembeir, 89
Hedali, 270, 171 Heraje, 11 t
Hawr, 108 Herket, 266 Hemeid, 88
Haneid, 6g Hedinket, 165 Herah, 26, 05, 66
Hadithah, 57, 60 Heran, 26c, ·Hcith, 59
Hafieb, 89 Hethwan, 148 Hejr, 46
Haijan, 88 Heriat, 2Si Hemesa, 48, 47, 48, 49
Habeirah, 68, 71 HeliJ, HS Hemah, 44
Bawer Ableh, 64 Hellaverd, HS · Hejaz, 46, lH, Hg, tgO,
Harah lludgan, 86 Habeb, HS 191
- 810 SECOND INDEX. '
Hedim, 87 Jasermcnje (or Hatermcnjc) 55 Jedan, 68
Herdcb (River) 84 59 Jebal al Kellal, ss, 5'
Hhoumah, 87, 113 Jarour, 9s Jerjeraya, 71
~arur, 220 Jarouen, IS8 Jirefr, 1s9, uo, 141, 10,
Hind, 2, 147, 208 Jarianch, 225, 280 144, 145
Hindoostan, 8, 4, 5, 9, 12, Jaum, 228 Ji.roukan, 189
18, !03, 207, ! u, 225, Jczireh, 47, 54, 55, 56, 59, Jirdch, 1s9
126, 282, 292 127, 156, 161 ' Jirouan, 145
Hejar, 46, 89 Jesmcden, 160 Jibcl (Tuck) 20 •
, Hije, 89 Jebal, 40, 74, 127, 161, 172, Jihoun (River) 1551 178, 187,
Homer, xi 181, 192, 194, 277 225, 226, 228, 182, lf88,
Houbakan, 86 Jehan (River) 45 2s9, 240, HS, H4, H5,
Holwan, 6 I, 62, 69, 71, 162, Jehudiatan, 169 251, 260, 278, i75, i78
167, 168, 170, 172 Jerth, 17s Jouakend, 271
Houran, 49, 50 Jcrmjcry, 182 Jouibari Aarcz, H7
Houman, ss, 34 Jcrhan, 182 Jondi Shapour, 78 1 "5, 77, 7g,
Honadah, 27 Jchineh, 188 so, 168
Hormuz, 1-z, 88, 1ss, 1s9, Jerjcr, 187 Joubcndan, 96
14.0 , l l 1, 142, 14S, 14.S Jellabch, I 91 Jouim, 89, 85
Houran, 97 Jchr, 200 Joumeh Mcschan, 11e
Hormuz Kcran, 1 12 Jcfan, 241 Jouein, llO
Houmah, 111, 1s9 Jclal Dcizch, 248 Joudi, 60
Husnabad, 144 Jerghaneh, 248 Jauidan (River) 84
Houmah al Net, 74 Jerghan, 248 lrak (Arabi) xxiii, 1, 2, 6, 88,
Houmah al San, 74 Jcnncsk, 249 46, 61, 62, 6s, 66, 71, 1~,
Housket, 265 Jerjcrch, ss, 250 76, 79, 125, li7, 18S, i4~1
Hust, 217 Jeran, 259 156, 157, 158, 165, .~.,
Humdan, 9 Jcrjeir, ss 168, 171, 176, JS<>, ~~.
HysnMohdi, 11, 74, '15, 78, Jenuder, 265 207, 214, i58
79, so, 129 Jegherket, 206 lsfahan, 75, 81, 91, 96, 101,
,
Hysn Ebn Omarreh, I z, 111, Jermaiah, 274 JOO, 112, 12S, ISS, 1571
112 Jerbcnd, 275 l9i. l9S, 194, 195, lg@,
Hysn Mansour, 44, 50 Jcladan, 97 201, 165 ..
Hysn Mosclamah, 60 Jchrcm, 111, ll6, 1s2 Iskandercb, 224
Jehreh, 11s lspahan, 169, 172, 17s, 199
Jcnabah, 90, l05, 106, 111, htakhar, xxv, 82, 86, 91, 9s,
112, 11s, 192 94, 98, 99, 100, lOt, IOS,
I. J. Jemgan, 97 t 107, 108, 111. HS, 1161
Jeran, 11s, 60, 259 t 119, 128, Jig, JS4, 185,
Jawr, 821 881 94, 100, 111, Jerusalem. See Bcit al Mokcds 187
112, llS, ISO, 182, 198 s9; 48; 52' Iskenkejr, !62
Jarin, 86 Jezirch Ebn Omar, 57 lwhab, uo
 SECOND INDEX. · 311 ·

lataldwan, 109 Kab, HI Kendman, t 64

lakanderiah. See Alexandria Kafer Kam, HO Kelkaterin, 164
Jurmcb, 194 Kafra al Alia, 87 Kdilgoun, 1~
~rin, 44, 49 Kerkhan, I 64
K. Kahira (Note) so Keser Duadan, I 66, I 6,
Kakour, 87 Kcsralberadin, I 69
KandabiJ, '147, 151, us, 154 Karma, as Kdlar, 87, 110, 175
Kair, 151 1 lH Kucoub, 61 Kestaneh, 181
K.anteli, 158 Kattah, 86 Kdazil, 181
Kapcbak, 159 Kales, ·s6 Kehrcst, 181
Kablah, 160 Kanna, as Keruihan, 211
Kanjab, 160 JCarcoub, 61 Kerbin, f l t
Kantereh al Numan, 166 Kattab, s6 Kemkh, 217
Kashan, 169, 171, 172, 19s, Kaa (River) 84 Kehcndiz, j I 7
194; 195 Kales, 86 Keroukh, t 19
Karen, 174, 175, 176 Karma, SS Keif, HO
Karges, 198, 196 Kafra al Sefti, 87 Kescher, tSO
Kahein, 195 Karzein, 88 1 97, 96, IOt, Keiach, 247
Kah, 195, 2i8, ts I I It Kcndaman, 248
Kabul, i07, H8, H6 Karian, 91, li8 Kcrjinct, 250
Kariz, i09 Kattab, 86, 102, 108, 111 Kerin, 251, i7S
K.antueh Kinnan, t 11 Kadban, 94 Kerminiah, 252, t7S
Kandcruthan, 2 u Kaaba (or Cuba) 2 1 128 Keisanch, 258
Kaberoun, HO Karkheh, 74 Kcsaban, 259
Kaloun, HO Kazeroun (Cazroun) a9, 90, Kenk, 260
Kankouan, 265 94, 97 Kcshteh, 261
Xatek, i66 Kakan, go Kebout Mcheket, 279
lCaimakber, 272 Kantmb, 89, 1 H Kcnd Gab, 276
Kankan, 277 Kam Firouz, 90, 95, 9a, 11s, Kendil, t75
Kuan, 279 126, 185 Ketran, 11,
Kan, HI Kaahgird, 145 Kend, t7S
Kandcnn, HI Kaba, ( Alilont) 18 Ke,ouan, i71
Xaein, 222, H8, HB, H9, Kabuliatan Keba, 270, 271
HI Kaimak, 9, 10 Kcnjideh, 269
Kaweil, H8 Kelaabereh, 147 Kczr, t68
Kabul, iiS, 8!6 Kcniabeh, ,151, lH, 15" Kehcahm, 266
Kuan, H4 Kdwan, 151 Kcdal, 266
Kash, vii, ix, xi, :ni, t581 Kehr, 1581 15" Kqneh, t65
H9, t6o, 219 Kear, 158, 175 Kelenjek, t65
Kanderim, H9 Keadan, tH Ketaiab, SO
Kalef, i89 Kerieh, 157 Kenamah, 17
Xanjnh, Hl Kcnjah, 162, 16, Kesrbend1 10
uu
318 SECOND ffiDEX.
Kesisan, 145 Kharizan, 78 Khust, l 09, 9a I
Kcraoun, 144 Khorasan, 3, 67, 81 1 108, 111, Khebcia, 199, iOI
Kellan, 110 132, 188, 157, 165, 169, Khiljc, 207, 227, i6g
Keri, 139 172, 181, 192, 19s, 194, Khorasaneh, 2 1o
Kclcs, 86 165, 197, 199, 200, 101, Khabzar, 21 o
Kclid, 86, 9s 203, 208, 212, 214, tu, Khcsajy, 210
Kcari, 88 216, 217, 2 l 9, tt6, 127, ·Khavcran, 211, e,g
Kchcrjan, 88 229, 282, 233, 137, HO, Khuarczm, uiii, i 1s, 916,
Kcfcrisa, 89 244, 245, 251, 5161, 196 227, 278
Kcliwazi, 67 Khouarch, J 1o Khosrugird, t l 5, 119, at9
Kcliwan, 74, 77 Khcmrud, 145 Khcrinan, 215
Kefcr, 105 Khozr, xxvi, s, 5, 8, g, u9, Khcrki, 218
Kcrar, 112 162. 180, 188, 117, 188, Khulm, HS, ISO
Kcrch, 109 190, 191 Khcah, 224 ,
Kchrgan, I 09 Khoorsan 88 Kharaam, 230, 282, 188, ts9,
Kcloudcr, 107 Khebis, 1s9 241, tu, HS, 244 1 H6,
Kciawcm, 89 Khan, 87, 106 865, 270, ll75
Kear Aaicn, l 09 Khan Daouid, 105 Khorl, 282
Kclimah, 52 Khosruhein, ISO Khoslan, 288, S!lg, t76
Kclimiah, 5t Khcis, 1u Khozar, 241, 244
Kesr Ehn Hobcireh, 6a Khanifcn, 88 Khonaa, 141
Kcllal, 53, 54 Khem, 88, 107 Khcrdour, 141
Kcrbcla, 68 Khcrik, 88 Khiljan, HS
Kcdah, _t6 Khcir, 121, 1s2 Khcbek Rud, t51}
Keisa, 45 Khan Shur, 106 Khojcnd, i6S, ll71, 171, 118
Kcnisa, 50 Khan Khamad, 110 Khas, 260
Kcbcr, 87 Khur Khiz, 9, 1 1o Khcrsab, 270
Khcmardcgan, 87 Khuzn. jiah, 9 Kbenlam, 272
Khan, 87 Kbedcrge, g, 1o Khcscbirt, 17S
•
Khan Badich, I 06 Khcroujc, 152 Khetl, 277
Khar, 177, 178, 181, Jg4 Khowiab, 157, I 64, 5100 Khcrsalikct, 180,
Khouf, 36 , Khoui, 157, 166, 198 Kishtch, 278
Khefa, 87 Khaberan, 157, 158 Kitdan Khaa, 178
Khcfar Kar, 87 Khullat, 165 Kish, 238, 250, 258, 119,
Khcnascrah, 44 Khuaat, 167, 168, 171, 171, 260, 261. 275, 179
Khabour, 59 210 Kirdan, 241, 241, 111
Khabouran, 57 Khan Lckhan, 169 Kinnan, 2, 12, 46, 68, ea,
·Khoshbu, 84 Khosru, 177 86, 61, 98, 99, 101, 107,
Kawmak, 65 Khorumia, 180 Ill, 118, 168,!1661 l!)S,
Khuziatan (Susiana} xxiii, ll, Khclawah. I 62 194, 196, 198, 201, tot.
11, .20, 29, 78, ao, 1n, 161, Khedaweh, 132 203, 205, 206, 1081 fl I,
H>5, 166, 16S> Khubcis, 1~4, l 90 218, 227, Hg '
 SEOOND INDEX. 810

Kirdcr, HI Kousein, 177 L.

Kiaaban, 259 Kouim, 176 .•. .,i

Kishtch, 279 Kouµiis, 175, 178, 1gs, 194, Laristan, xxiii ·-1

Kihscst, 181 212,228, li9 Lattian,' H ,r

Kirasan, 218, H8 Kom, 168, 169, 170, 171, Lahout; SI

Kibrakanan, 147 172, 176, 19s, 194, 195 Lawco, 87 ·•
Kirkanan, 158 Koumcnjan, 167 Ladikiah, 38, 49
Kipchak, 156 Kohhcndcz, 181 Lamcs,52
Kipshak, u6 Koukour, 199 Laahgird, 148
Kirman Shahan, 169, 191 Kouacn, 209 Laghcriatan. 88
K.i~, 16, 17, 20, H, so Kouahck Ahef, HO Lahcin, 97
Kirouan, 16, 17, 10, 11, so Kouacf, 2 17 Lanjan, 164
K\rdman, 89 Kouscri, 219 Laahtcr, 167
Kirdgan, 1 o Kouh-scim, HO Lansin, 167
Kibrea, 5S Kouh Ummabad, HO Lawzcr, 181 ,.. '
Kiasah,,S7 · Kobadian, 2s9, 240,177 Lavakcnd, HS
Koua, 49, 50, 245 Korkanjc, HO, HI, HS, 178 Laian, 158
Kouh, 72, J7S, 176,184, 185, Korasan, 241 Laurast, 177 • A
19s, 194, 196, 109 Koragh, 2u Laabck, 265 ~
Kouhcstan, s, 78, 123, 14S, Kourek, 256 Lcshkur, so, to, 74, 79• 100$
156, 165, 166, 169, 171, Kourghed, 258 213 ~

11s, 176, 19', 206, 11s, Koukib, 262, 16s Lest, 198, 201 .•
114, HS, 127, 1s1, 177 Koureh of Kimjidch1 168 Lckhan, 169, t6t ;..
i
Kouin, 86. 88, 11, JSl Kouraat, 177 Lcbcz, 160 •
Kounein, 145 Kuakcnd, 173 • Lcniran, 159 ,'
Kouz, 144 Kubabch, HI Lckzan, 159, 1U
Kouingan, 88 Kurmcidch, 'l"8 Lcsout, 157
Koum, 89 , Kur, lb&, 110 Lcbnon, SS) Ji
Kouhcftan abu Ghancm, 181> Kurgc, 159 · Libnan, s9
Koumin, 1s9 Kurrch, l 67, I 68, 169, 170 Lour, 73, 78, 168, 171
Koujc or Koucbc, 140, 141, KuarczOJ, 18S, 218, HO Lourdegan, 87
289, 290 Kurrccn, 211, IU Louar, 143
JSoureh, 97 Kunjc Reshak, 11s
Kohcndez, 108 Kuaran, 217 M.
Kouar, 105 Kubuk, 218
Kowndb, I i i Kurkhch, 7S Malaca, 2, 19
Korkh, 67 Kumar, 109 Mardah, 18
Kolzum, 4, 6, JS., 19, 89, Kurich, 108 Magrcb (Part of Africa), 1, t,
184 Kumah Alias, gs 7, 8, 15, 16, 22, 27, 18, 51,
Komouifah, 18 Kumbuz Malgan, 90 53,132
Kourieh, 18
Koulca, 17 IKushein (River), 84
Kufcrtouma, u, 56, 57
Mansoureh, t,4, u, 14'1, 1'1,
150,151,154, 165

•
320 SECOND INDEX.
Mawcralnahr (Tranaoxania), 8, Marain, 167 Mcrda, 241
4, O, 121, 212, 217, 223, . Makran, 146 Mcrsan, Hg
H6, 227, 2s2, iS8, 2S5, Maderan Roud, 167 Mcmur-rodd, H8
!36, 2s7, ts8, 2s9, uo, Maset Khouh, 173 Meru Shahjnn, iH
241, 245, 248, 249, 250, Malet, 182 Mcshkan, 86
251, tH, 25S, i57, 264, Mabin, 194, 196, 201 Mcrdin, 7i ·
t65, 268, 271, 21s, 270, Mahiah, t 8 Mcroni, 147
SOS Mahin, I 94 Mei, 106
Madaien, 69, 10, 11 Maaun, 210,214 Mcaouahi, 147, 160
Mahirouian, 1 1, 7 2 Masi, 211 Meron, Ul
Macheeo, 51 I 2 Malga ..., 90 Mcshari, 147
Marouan, 89 Malef, 217 Mcimoun, 147,151, Ilk
Majouge, 8 Marabad, 217,219 Mcaihan, 1-u
Madaicn, 11, 69, 10, 71 Maaheran, 2 1 7 Mekran, 151, 1.st, 1581 166,
Maraafah, 27 Malan, 219 l9t, 198, 208
Mardah, 26 Mank, H4,H5 Mcahkancth, I 13
Muenn, 97 Malez, 228 Meakeni, 158
Mardein, 56 Markand, 132 Mcd, 153
Marhein, 86 Madoun, 248 Mcahkan, 86
Marm, 141 Manferenje, 255 Maabah, 154
Mumoudab, 21 Makakhct, 212 Meibcd, 86
Marein, 112 Maberbouaar, 174 Mchabari, 154
Maaidan, 58 Mah, 280 Mcraghah, 157, l6i, 16', 165
Malghan, 90 Meket, 280 Merab, 166
Mazem, 28, s6 Mcdmamcheket, t78 Mcmcid, 88, 111, 11st
Masanan, 89 Mcbaderal Kebri, 74, 78 Mchil, 175
Masisa, 45, 50 Meidangan, 278 Mesich, 17 5 1 1st
Manein, 88, 95, 96, I 09, 112, Melenk, 276, 224, H5 Memkan, 88
I IS, IS4 Menck, 276, 289 Meruta, 175
Matout, 80 Mcrdumen, 275 Meskoubch, 181
Mahein, 86 Mcsalkal, 274 Mcbein, 181
Muouref, 86 Meughch, .278 Merdan, 90
Mahan, 159 Medina, 66, 1 1 7 Merasik, 182
Matoub, 80 Medonanch, 272 Mezraiek, I 96
~~an, 1s8, 140, 141 Mcrghenl>an, 272 Meila, 206
Manoui, 147 Mcmarujan, i71 Meru, IIS, 215, 116, 917,
Maaeh, 147 Mcrink_ct, 266 HI, tt7, tts, 130
Manah, 151, u2 Mesck, 264 Mcscrkan, 1s9
I

I
Majch, 18 Menunjan, 145 Merualrud, 218, 914, HO,
Marend, 157, 164 Melakhcs, 248 221, H2, 231
Maaoun, 145 Mcdcminiah, 143 Medar, 64
Mahmud Abad, 162 , Memha, 241 Mcntah, 64
 SECOND INDEX. 321

Mdti, 87 Miougan, 14 1 Nahiah, 18

Mchaian, s6' Miafarckin, 161, 165 Nahia, 26
Meibcd, s6 Mires, 164 Nabolis, 40, 48
Mesihar, 97 Mianeh, 164 Nasedan, 58
Mebaderal Kaberi, 741 78 Mohar wan, 175 Natdia, 45
Merzend Khan, 11 o Moghkcn, '152, 27 8 Nahr Saics, 71
Meden beni Salem, ll6 Moumajez, '156 Nahr Ailah, xiv
Mesoul, 97 Moghaneh, 27 5 Neamaniab, 71
Mekianah, 21 Moan, 47 Netirah, 50
Mediounah, '17 Mousul, 55 1 56 Nerhenan, 45
Meileth, 56 Moukan, 183 1 162 Nesrin, 24
Mesopotamia, 2, ss, 54 1 &c. Mourjan, 182 Nehr Tiri, 74, 77, 80
Medah, 89 Mabirooiaa, 75,111,112,116 Nehrwan, 69
Meltiah, 38, 471 50, S4. 55, Mahrooian, 86, 90, 105 Ncbulis, 90
57 Mourid, 9s, 107 Nedeheh, 146, 15 1, 154
Meraash, ss, 41, 49, 50 Mouje Maiha, 97 Nedeh, 154
Merzingan, 1s9 Mouje, 97 Neshoui, 157
Menajah, 1s9 Mour, 99 Nchavcnd, 167, 170
Mc!breje, 1s9 Mouronan, 145 Nemek, 181
Memches, SS Mohdi, 110 Nesa, 21s, 22~, '128
Mefrah, 73 Mouekaf, 30 Neshkukan, 'l 18
Mesjed Ibrahim, 40 Mourouan, 145 Neshin, 221
Medar, 7S Modhar, 58, 59 Nekin, 241
Mesrcs, 44 Mohediah, 15, 17, I 9, 29 Neshamein, 264 1 26~
Mcsakenat, 89 Multan,4, 147, 1501 151, IH, Nehaket, 265
Menje, 44, 47, 49, 58 154, 155, 203. Neskan, 267
Mecca, 128 Muskchan, 197 Nejeb, 275
Mes, 96 Mushirkan, 74, 75 Neaoukh, 275
Mediterranean Sea, 2, 6, 7, s, Nesef, f79
15 1 19, 25, '19, S7, 51 1 51 Nishapour, un, 17!1 1811 194,
Mekeb, 102 N. 197, f01 1 2081 113, 1141
Mekia, 18 215, 217, 221, !23, ffl,
Mehsah, 19 Nadonan, 88 228,229
Mifr (Egypt), 2, ~, 5 1 7, 16, Naiel, 15S Nile (River), 141 so, S 11 st,
SI Nabul, 158 SS, S4, 85 1 S6, S7
Mihra, 15!?, 169 Nader, 90 N'uibin, 55 1 561 60
Miao, 26s Nakhjevan, 165 Noah Kherik, 88
Mihran, 1481 1501 151 1 154, Numan, 166 Nourman, 2s9
155 Naas, 212 Nouran, HI
Mihrjan, 229, 2s0, 1401 215 Naksheb, 2881 260, 261, '175, Nubia, 4 1 71 9, IS, 14, 29, SI
Misan, 157 ,19 Nubehar, 2H, !47
Mihra, 152, 169 Nat, 78 Nukendeh, 247, 249
X X
 322 SECOND INDEX.
Nuskeen, 21 o R. Remin, 97
Nu Khani, 196 Resendgah (Keloudar), 1079
Nubendejan, go, 10s, 1051 Rahouk, I.SI 109
1101 111 1 112 Rasek, 147, 1.;2 Rekisa, 109
Rakan, 167 Rehan, 89
Ramer, 168 Reshak, 89, 112, 144
0. Rasi, 169 Resasil, 153
Rasal Kibb, 1 s 1 Reyan, 160
Ravan, 198 Renjan, 169
Oman, 11, 12,128, 184, 19s
Ram Sheheris.tan, 205 Rengan, 122, 175
Omarch, 12, 88, 94, 111, 112
Rawer, 228, 168 Rebat Kass, 482
Omru (Lake), 128
: Rasiman, 260 _ Rchat Wedareh, 182
Omru Bcrserch, 197
Rast, 261 Rebat Bcdreh, I 95
Ord (or Aurd), 97
Rabein, 144 Rebat Alibcn Rustam, 195
Orthani, 191
Ram Hormuz, 7S, 79 Rebat Vi ran, I 98
Ordeo. See Arden,
Ramuz, 79, 80 Rebat Gouran, 200
Oxus. See Jihouo.
Rasein, 110 Rebat Gurrch, 200
Radan, 86, 87 Rcheje, 207
Ramjerd, 86 Reha, !/101 21 I
P. Rahban, llS Remvadeh, 215
Ramleh, sg, 47, 48 Rebat Kirdan, 218
Pars, 2, s, I 1, 12, 46, 72, 73, Razika, .:18 Rebar, 247, 248, t50
75, 77, 1a, 79, s2, as, 84, Raccah, 55, 58 Reihestan, 248
~5, 86, 87, gs, g+, 98, 100, Rus.al-aien, 55, 56, r,7 Rebich, 248
105, 14.;, 169, 184, 192, Rahabah-malek.ben Tawh, 59 Rendich, 2.;2
194, 20s, 206, 201,, !14, Ramnan, 11 Rebond, !57
227 Raai, 15 Resmajen, 262
Palestine, s9, 40, 48 Rabey, 17 Rebat Khedifh, 26s
. Pelenk, 211 Rebaiah, 27 Rcsban, 271
Peir, 209 Red Sea (Sea of Kolzum), 4, 6, Rendwamcs, !7!
Penjehir, 223, 224, 225, sn6, 29 Rebat Soghd, 27s
"I, 28S Rebehi, 15, 20, 21 Rebat Ahmed, 27 4
Persian Sea, 2, 4, 5 1 6, 7, a, Rebaaia, b!) Rebat Abou Al Abassi, !74
14, 81 Remah, 47 Rebat Azik, 275
Persepolis. See lstakhar. Remaa, s9 Rik Desht, 277
Pirouz, 154 Rekem, 49 Rile, 200
- Pir Kurieh, I 08 Resajeh, 67 Roum, 2, s, 4, 6, 7, 81 14; S7,
PouJ.i-meimoun, I 64 Rey, 122, 127, lb7, 161, 165, S8, 4S, 45, 46, 47, 501 5 I,
Pool.Senkin, 277 167, 168, 172, 174, 175, 52, 54, 78, 161, 188, 190,
Pu! Andcmcsb, I 68 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 192
Pusheng, 217, 218,219, 2221 19s, 194, 19s, 196, 201, Rous (Russia), 4, 51 10, 1851
288 212 186, 188, 190, 191
 SECOND INDEX. 323

Roumiah, 51, 52 s. Saman, 304

Rouad, 40 Samjir, 248
Roudan Hcmcd, 144 Sabel al Arab, 130 Samjer Maweralnahr, 24 8
Roubin, 145 Sarsan, 68 Sawat, 255 1 256
- Rondan, 111, 112, 140 ! Samcrch, 6s, 69, 11, 72 Sarouan, 257
Rouz, I IS : Saidabad, 94 Samckct, 262, 263
Roustai Zcm, 96 Samarcand, ix, x, xi, 157, 232, Sabat, 262, 263, 273
Rouicst, 148 233, 234, 237, 238, 248, Sarin, 262
Rouiah, 89_ 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, Saker, 265
Roust.;i Reshak, 89, lSO 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, Saoudad, 265
Roustak, I IS, ISO 260, 261, 262, 268, 26s, Sailaa, 267
Roud, 167 278, 275, 'l76, 278 Sawekct, i73
Roha, 210, 211 Sahelal Kcbri, 86, 107 Safcroun, 27 8
Rohaje, 210 San, 89, 110, 221 Sabat, 280
Roustaka, 248 Samgan, 88 Scythian, 1 so
Roulejc, 262 Sarour, 98, 10s Sclavonia (Siklab), 4, s, 7, 9,
Rudi Turkcstan, 267 Sasan, 79 10, 37
Rudi Kcsaban, 2 59 Saf.bcni.al Segbar, 85 1 88, 91, Scbourket, 280
Rudeki, ts6 118 Seber, 279
Rud Bascgan, 247 Saicd, 82, 38, 87 Scdoun, 27 5
Rudi Kurd Khouas, 249 Salimiah, 48 Selkct, 274
Rud Ailch, 2s7, 288 Samereh, 60, 6t Scnjan, 274
Ruzen, 229, 231 Salem, 26, 202 Sclab, 212
Rud Kasan, 224 Saiheh, 44 Sclikend, 272
Rud Anderabch, 224 Samisat, 44, so, 54, 55 1 57, Scnjat, 268
Rudi Haas, 224 59 Schaket, 266
Rud Yarkhoui, H~ Sanjan,· 56 Sckct, 265
Rudi Amo), 216 Sarbanana, 177 Scmendeh, 268, 264
Rudi Sek, 207 Sarrah, 26, 'l7 Scliscdch Bclis, 262
Rud Aamil, 207 Sarfassch, or Sarkassass, 1 s Senk Kcrdch Bcroubin, 260
Rud Mcila, 206 Saveh, 167, 168, 131 Senk Kcrdcb Deroubcin, t6o
Rud Shaabch, 206 Sarien, 175 Sctrushtah, 257, 258 1 161,
Rudi Hcirmcnd, 205 Sari, 175, 179, 182 262, 263, 264, 269, i76,
Ruzi, 194 Salous, 175, 183 280
Rudbar, 174 Sarbanan, 177 Sehckcr, 262
Rudch, 169 Sarkhes, 213, 219, 221, 222, Senaa, 254
Rud Rawer, 167, 168, 170 228, 230 Seif Omarch, 88
Rugird, 167 Sarnan, 215 Sdli, 87, H?2, !US, 24!)
Rud, 154, i_ss, 164, 206 Satri, 2, 3 Seroukeseh, 246
Sa, 229 Serigan, 138, 139, 143
Safzoun, 241 Sckinch, 239
Sam Kons, 245 Scdrch, H
 324 SECOND INDEX.
Sebenjan, 230 Seiestan, s, 138 1 139, 1401
Shushtcr, 75,"76, 77 1 79
Serakiah, 1 16 192, 193, 194, 202, 208, Shaab Bouan, xiv, xv, 90, 10.;
Serscr, 11s 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, Shekireh, 90
Serdcr, 113 211,212,218, 283 Shek Kinnan, 102
Setoudcr, 113 Semid, 188 Shapour, 82, 89, 90, 91, 95,
Sef.areh, 88 Scmender, 185 97, 99, 103, 1~9, 185, 168
Selumed, 229 Scruje, 60 Shabaleg, vii
Selmisa, 43 $erain, 183 Shehran, 88
Sekanat, 88 Sendancst, 183 Shekeir, 88
Sekan, 229 Selimiah, 48 ShukaLrcshak, 89
Seghur Sham, S8, 50, 57 Scmnan, 169, 17 5 1 176, 178, Shuk.al-masanan, 89
Sekandcreh, 223, 224 182, 194, 196 Shehr Lcshkur, 73
Seif.bcni Zoheir, 118 Scist, 177 Shushter, 78, 74
Serai Aasim, 223 Scilan, 133, 156, 178 Shir, 108
Seghur Jczirah, 38, 50 Semireh, 78, 169, 170, 171, Shcrazu (Zmi), 89
Schekcmest, 22s 172 Shiraz, 82, 88, 87, gs, 99,
Senjan, 82, 90,280, 231, 238 Schcnch, 167 100, 1011, 104, 106, 107,
Sekilkcnd, 229 Scrouah, 16J 108, llO, ll3 1 ll6, Ilg,
Scnjar, 56 Scirwao, 61, 62 1221 1251 128 1 181 1 1821
Selsan, 74 Scrir, 1.s9, 184, 187, 188,192 1~5, 137, &c • .
Scmengan. 22s Servan, 156, 168, 169, 170, Shahrung, 87
Sey; 64 171, 172,212 . Shehristan, 87, 205
Seim, 220 Scimereh, 61 1 62 Shadafzai, 97
Serskek, 86 Sclmas, 157, 164, 165 Shabcran, 159
Seida, 49 Senja, 69 Shirvan, 160, 163, 164, 186
Sejcstan, 46 1 218 Scidan, 147 Shamakhy, 160,168
Seradsin, 87 Scjelmarah, 17, 21 Shabcran, 160
Seirahian, 218 Sedusan, 147, 150, 151 1 154 Shemkour, 160, 162, 164
Serdcn, 87 Serio, 4, 5 Shrousend, 160
Semeran, ~8, 112 Scrlaier, SS Shahan, 166, 169
· Sepid Asenk, 218 Sham (Syria), 2, 4, 7, 85, 87, Sherwend, 167, 1 71
Selutik, 2 1.; 38, 39, 42, 45, 47, 48, 49, Shabcr Khuast, 167, 168, 171,
Serout, 47 51, 53 172
Schfaao, 2 I J Sherah, 28, 40, 48, 78 Shehrud, 169
Senkin, 211 Shebirz, H Shehmar, 17 5
Serur, 209 Shehrzour, 61, 62. 69, I 68, Shelineh, 177
Sek, 207 171, 172 Shour, 197, 198, 199, 201
Seibud, 206 Shatcif, 16, 22, 27 Shanbeh, 206
Sebirud, 206 Shehr, 145 Sheker Kbaran, 21 7
Scbaaid, 200 • Shirkan, 144 Shiurkan, 221
Scis, 90 . Shemasiah, 67 Shehran, 22s
Sekan, 106 Shourab, 105 Shcbanguch, uiii
 SF£0NDIND~. a2s

Shiukan, es 1 ' T.
Shash, vii, !!SS 245, 249, 251, 5162, U8,
Shuman, 240 15', e&a. 2§2, ~ 2Ci8, Tarfah, 17
Shak, 248 264, 265, sn~, 219 Tanousah, 19, 51, 53
Sheman, 261 Sourbah, 154 Tanjah., -20, 5.1-
Shuk Hosein, t;4 Souk.al.au.m.., ,67 Tahooth, 15, 17, 21, 21, !l7,
Shuk Kenmd, 274 Soura, 68 28
Shouman, 279 Souk Asunbcil, '" Tarck (Gibraltar), 1g, to
Sheer, 106 Souk.aJ. arba~ 71, Tabcrtha, « Tibcriab, 411._lOO
Sikaliah (Sicily), 68 Sow.al Khcsa, 1oe Tab (River), 84
Singe, 1s9 Soak, 74, 88 Tangien. · Sec Tanjah.
Sir Kouh, l 06 Souanjan, 8g Tarkhinfan, 86
Sihan (:River), 45 Solymanan, 74, 75 Tabariatan, s, .UI, us, 159,
Sirin, 18, 25 Sourdadi, 90 174, 175, 178, 179, l.SO,
Siraf, 11, 82, 88, 104-, 10,5, Sourdan, 145 182, 188, 211, 117, &c.
111, lli., 118• 1151 lSS Sous, 61 Taiboul al XawiaDc' 87
Sinir, I 1, 105 Souad, 61 Taberah, 89
Sind, 2, 4, 6, -1;2, 11,7., us, Sodom, 47 Tanous, 48, 45, 46, so, 11 .
1!>5, 19s, 205 Spain. See Andalus. Tacrith, 56 1 59, 61, 6.1, tip.
.Siklab (Sclavonia)., ~ 51 'J., n, Spahawn, or hpahan, 72, 78, 72
10, 97, 244 167, 168, 169, &c. Tawh, 59
Siah .Kouh (BJ.ck Mountain), Surudch, 260 Tarkhinaan, or Tarjenuu, 86,
8, 184, 1851 194, 209 Surim, 262 118
Sirouab, 87 Sunckh, 279 Talat, 89
Sinn Kan, 107 Surch, 147 Tasimoun, J 51
Seif-al Abi, 88 Sutcmder, 191, 1g2 Tabriz, 157, 164
SiuehR.ud, 106 Somtcder, 191 Tairberan, 159
Sibarch, 2i>6 Sumsider, 192 Tarem, t 62, t 7 4
Sirab, 210 Sur Duardch, 198 • Tawet Souarco, 1 IU
&iacab, 118 Sunnin, 221 Taknn, 169
Siavcshan, 218 Susikan, 280 Talekan, 176, 208, HO
Siabgud, .114 Sus, 15, 78, 76, 77,SO Tauk, 908, 211., 212
Siroushtch, 288 Sumbeil, 77, 78 Taikan, 22s, 224, 2so, .181
Sindiah, 147 Sonnek, so, 11s Taheriah, 141, fil75
Sindan, 154 Sunnch, 86, 98 Tejeket, 974
Sinai, 29 Sus Aksi, •17, 20 Teh, 74
Simrch, 168 Syria(Sham), t, 4, 7, 85, 51, Tdb, 61, 71, 80
Siam, 259 55, 129, 1st, 1s7 Tcaoujc, 17
Sinkbab, 265 Tebisan, 8g
Sour (Ty,e), 40, 48, 11'74 Tel Dcilemi, 1s 1
Soakh, 271 Tcsoukh, 98
Souaren, 164 Tcmiun, 110

TY
 320 SECOND INDEX.
Tcrkan, 144
Tel bcni Sciar, 60
Touabcs, 248
Tous, 215
I )

Wadi al hcjar,
Wahat, 54
Tchiaihah, 27 Touavcis, 249, 2501 252, 21s, j Warghcs, 2u
Teran, 87 278 . Waakcs, 262
Tcncis (Tunis, or Tcinisc, S41 Touan, 'l71 Wanker, 271
s6 Trabolis, 48, 48, 49 Waaikct, 2711
Tcrkoom, S6 Trablis, 16, 19 Waakcth, 2s2
Tctar, 154 Trabzoun, 161 Wchmch, 177
Tcflis, 160, 162, 164 Turczhumch,169 Wcdarch, 182
Tcraa, I6'il Turkcstan, 9, I SO, 212, 222, Wcrwa, 223
Tcmscir, 176 226, 2s2, 2s5, 2s8, 2s9, Wckshab, 282, 2s9, !76
Tcrjy, 182 259, 265, 267, 270, 27 I, Wckhsh, 259
Tcmishch, 18! 272, 27s, 298, &c. Wcishkird, 2s9, 240, 277
Tcrka, 106 Tuskccn, 2 1o Wcra, 247, 248
Tclis, 197 Turkan, 218 Wcrkailch, 249
Tcl-i-siah vc Scpccd, 200 Tuncat, vii Wcddan, 255, 258, 279
Tel, 207 Tyre, 40, 48 Wcrd, 260
Tcisin, 222 Wclankct, 265
Termed, 225, 228, 229, 2S8, Wcrdil, 265
2s9, 2to, 277 u. Wchckct, 266
Tcbscin, 231 Wc!rkan, 278
Ummabad, 220
Tcbscin Merlan, 2S I Wirdgird, 167, 16s, 170
Teran, 238
Tclcngan, Hg v.
Tcraz, 268, 269, 27~ Y.
Tharcb, 49 Varcin (Dcsht), ISO, lSl, 181
'Thcmabin, 6o Vamciz, 177 Yajougc, uvii, 7, 8, 9, 10
Tirar, 87 Valcin, 280 Yar, 167
• Tir Mcrdan, 90 Vashir, 145 Yarkhoui, 218
Tibcriah, 20, 40, 48, 160 Vcrnan, 16s Yemen, l 1, IS, 14, 1s2, 194,
Tigris (sec Dcjlch), 162 Vcrin, 218 292, 293, 299
Tibet, xx, 4, 10, 12, 2ss, 2s9, Vcis, 248 Yczd, 86,102,111, i1s, 182.
298 Vcirch, 275 1s9, 194 ·
Tiah bcni Israel, 29 Viran, 19s Ycmamch, 19s
Tokharcstan, 41 213, 223, 224 Vest, 198, 200
Tolctiah, 18
Tolctilah, 2b, 26, 27 w.
Tour Sina (Mount Sinai), 29 z.
Toujc, 10(), 112, 182 . Wasct, 61, 62, 65, 66, 71, 72,
Touran, 146, 151 1 154, 'l32 79, 80 Zareid, 154, 145, 14S
Toshcrcth, l 92 Wazin, 88. Zawich, 78
Toghahi, 267 Wahh, 22, 29, 34 Zakoureth, 8 7
 SECOND INDEX. 327

Zabein, 59 Zebidiah, 166, 27e Zem Shehrazu, 89

Zaar, 48 Zeitoun, 277 Zerend, 1s9
Zarieh, 45 Zerian, '27S Zingbar, 14, SI
Zamin, 274, 276, !?80 Zeirin, 27 1, 27!1 Zingan, 162
Zalinkiet, 2so Zeidin, jl5 Zingy, !a!Ol
Zadakhour, 201 Zerinje, 205, 207 Zozen, 215
Zadakherft, io 1 Zemgcn, 164, 165, 179, 180 Zoha, 58
Zarinje, 200 Zemgan, 162 Zouilah, 15, 17, 21, 22, 27
Zam, 21s, 226,229, 2s9. HO Zeitrah, 45 Zouialah, 27
Zarkah, 250 Zeilaa, 14 Zubidieh, 166
Zarghem, 255, 237 Zem, 82, 112 Zualien, 22s, 224
Zamkird, t57 Zeif, 3S, S7 Zyad Abad, 107.

.ADDI'J'ION.AL ERR.AT~.
[ Su thoft 11/rt11d.J 11,ticttl i11 pagt SOS.]
Preface, Page iv, line 20, for it, read It.
- - - Page 42, • • 2s, for Moll, read Maltl.
68, 5, for Moll, read Maltl.
84, 7, for Koshhu, read Khoshhu.
----160, 16, for Kaujah, read K111rj11h.

279, 10, for ~-'I read JF1_.1f

NOV 2 7 1~?."
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