RIZAL LAW "Anti-Church"
REPUBLIC ACT 1425 - also known as "Rizal Law"
Authored by Senator Claro M. Recto
 Sponsored by Senator Jose P. Laurel
 Signed into a Law by President Ramon
Magsaysay
 Enacted in June 12, 1956
 AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE
CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND
PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND
UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE,
WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL,
PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME
TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO,
AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND
DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES
 WHEREAS, today, more than any other
period of our history, there is a need for a
re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and
nationalism for which our heroes lived and
died;
 WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them,
particularly the national hero and patriot,
Jose Rizal, we remember with special
fondness and devotion their lives and works
that have shaped the national character;
The Patriotic Objectives of Rizal Law
 To rededicate the lives of youth to the
ideals of freedom and nationalism, for
which our heroes lived and died
 To pay tribute to our national hero for
devoting his life and works in shaping
the Filipino character
 To gain an inspiring source of patriotism
through the study of Rizal’s life, works,
and writings
 To recognize the importance of Rizal’s
ideals and teachings in relation to
present conditions and situations in the
society.
 To encourage the application of such
ideals in current social and personal
problems and issues.
 To develop an appreciation and deeper
understanding of all that Rizal fought
and died for
To foster the development of the Filipino
youth in all aspects
1. Senator Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo
2. Senator Mariano Cuenco
3. Senator Decoroso Rosales
“Whatever our condition might be then, let
us love our country always and let us wish
nothing but her welfare. Thus we shall
labor in conformity with the purpose of
humanity dictated by God which is the
harmony and universal peace of His
creations
 Letter of Rizal to Dr. Ferdinand Blum
RIZAL AS A FILIPINO HERO
Selection And Proclamation Of National Heroes
And Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures
Executive Summary
No law, executive order or proclamation has been
enacted or issued officially proclaiming any Filipino
historical figure as a national hero. However,
because of their significant roles in the process of
nation building and contributions to history, there
were laws enacted and proclamations issued
honoring these heroes
Even Jose Rizal, considered as the greatest among
the Filipino heroes, was not explicitly proclaimed as
a national hero. The position he now holds in
Philippine history is a tribute to the continued
veneration or acclamation of the people in
recognition of his contribution to the significant
social transformations that took place in our
country.
Aside from Rizal, the only other hero given an
implied recognition as a national hero is Andres
Bonifacio whose day of birth on November 30 has
been made a national holiday.
Despite the lack of any official declaration explicitly
proclaiming them as national heroes, they remain
admired and revered for their roles in Philippine
history. Heroes, according to historians, should not
be legislated. Their appreciation should be better
left to academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt,
would be recognition enough.
Filipino historical figures to be recommended as
National Heroes
1. Jose Rizal
 2. Andres Bonifacio
3. Emilio Aguinaldo
4. Apolinario Mabini
5. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
6. Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat
7. Juan Luna
8. Melchora Aquino
9. Gabriela Silang
Criteria for choosing a National Hero
 Heroes are those who have a concept of
nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for
the nation’s freedom.
 Heroes are those who define and contribute
to a system or life of freedom and order for
a nation.
 Heroes are those who contribute to the
quality of life and destiny of a nation. (As
defined by Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz)
 A hero is part of the people’s expression.
But the process of a people’s internalization
of a hero’s life and works takes time, with
the youth forming a part of the
internalization.
 A hero thinks of the future, especially the
future generations.
The choice of a hero involves not only the
recounting of an episode or events in history,
but of the entire process that made this
particular person a hero. (As defined by Dr.
Alfredo Lagmay)
Nationalism
 a feeling that people have of being loyal to
and proud of their country often with the
belief that it is better and more important
than other countries.
 Nationalism is a belief that your nation sits
that the top of a hierarchy of nations. You
believe your nation's interests are is
inherently more important than those of any
other country in the world. Nationalists in
government are reluctant to engage in
global cooperation because they
see geopolitics as a zero-sum battle of
nations.
Patriotism
 love that people feel for their country
 Patriotism is the love of your country and
culture. Patriots know that you can love your
own nation without thinking it's objectively
better than anyone else's. Patriots will
usually engage in global cooperation
because they believe cooperation, treaties,
and the global spread of ideas can benefit
everyone.
Why Rizal was considered as a hero
 He was the first Filipino to unite and awaken
the Filipino people to peacefully rise for
independence.
 He is a model for being a peacemaker by
his complete self-denial , his complete
abandonment of his personal interest and to
think only of his country and people.
 He was a towering figure in the propaganda
campaign from 1882-1896
 He was martyr at Bagumbayan where he
willingly died for our country.
JOSE RIZAL’S GENEALOGY AND EARLY
EDUCATION
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
Jose- was chosen by his mother who was devotee
of the Christian saint San Jose (St. Joseph)
Protacio- was taken from St. Protacio, who were
very properly was a martyr. That a Filipino priest
baptized him and a secular Archbishop confirmed
him seem fitting.
Rizal- the name was adapted in 1850 by authority
of the Royal Decree of 1849, upon the order of
Governor Narciso Claveria. Rizal was a shortened
form of Spanish word for “second crop,” seemed
suited to a family of farmers who were making a
second start in a new home.
Alonzo- old surname of his mother.
Y-and-Realonda- it was used by Doña Teodora
from the surname of her godmother based on the
culture by that time
Mercado- adopted in 1731 by Domigo Lamco (the
paternal great-great grandfather of Jose Rizal)
which the Spanish term mercado means ‘market’ in November 14, 1827 and died in 1913 in
English. Manila

June 19, 1861 – Jose Rizal was born between Children:

eleven o’clock and twelve o’clock at night in
Calamba, Laguna. Saturnina Eldest child 1850-
Rizal  Manuel Timoteo 1913
Ancestry Clan Hidalgo of
Tanuan,
Domingo Lam-Co- the family's paternal ascendant Batangas.
was full-blooded Chinese who migrated to
Philippines from Amoy, China in the late 17th Paciano  Only brother of 1851-
Century Rizal Rizal. 1930
 -2nd child. Studied
Ines de la Rosa- Domingo Lam-Co's wife who at San Jose
have traces of Japanese, Spanish, Malay, and College in Manila.
some Negro ancestry.  Became a famer
and later a general
Captain Juan Mercado- Jose Rizal's grandfather of the PH
and was a Gobernadorcillo or Mayor of Binan revolution

Cirala Alejandra- Jose Rizal's grandmother, Narcisca  3rd child 1852-

daughter of Maria Guino Rizal  Married Antonio 1939
Lopez at Mornong
Children: Rizal a teacher
Olympia  4th 1855-
 Petrona Mercado
Rizal  Married Silvestre 1887
 Gabino Mercado
Ubaldo
 Potenciana Mercado
 Died in 1887 from
 Leoncio Mercado
childbirth
 Tomasa Mercado
 Casimiro Mercado Lucia Rizal  5th 1857-
 Basilia Mercado  Married Matriano 1919
 Gabriel Mercado Herbosa
 Fausta Mercado
 Julian Mercado Maria Rizal  6th 1859-
 Cornelio Mercado  Married to Daniel 1945
 Gregorio Mercado Faustino Cruz of
 Francisco Mercado Binan Laguna

Francisco Mercado Jose Rizal  7th 1861-

 father of Jose Rizal  He was executed 1896
 Youngest of 13 offsprings of Juan and Cirila by the spaniards
Mercado on dec 30 1896
 Born in Binan Laguna on April 18, 1818 Conception  8th 1862-
 Studied in San Jose College, Manila and Rizal  Died at age of 3 1865
died in Manila
Joseja Rizal  9th 1865-
Teodora Alonso  An epileptic, died 1945
 Mother of Jose Rizal who was the second a spinster
child of Lorenzo Alonso and Brijida de
Quitos. She studied at the Colegio de Santa
Rosa. Trinidad  10th child 1868-
 She was a business-minded woman, Rizal  Died spinster and 1951
courteous, religious, hard-working and well- the last of the
read. She was born in Sta Cruz Manila on family to die
 Soledad  Youngest 1870- How, God-child, hast Thou come
Rizal  Married to 1929
Pantaleon To earth in cave forlorn Does fortune new
Quintero
deride Thee When Thou art scarcely born?

Ah woe! Celestial king Who mortal form

Early Education
 Rizal had his early education in Calamba doesn’t keep, Would’t rather than be
and Biñan.
Sovereign, Be shepherd of Thy Sheep
4 Rs
2. A La Virgen Maria” ( To the Virgin Mary)
 Reading  “To the Virgin Mary” is a sonnet that was
 Writing said to have been written in December 3,
 Arithmetic 1876 while Rizal was studying in Ateneo.
 Religion
3. “ Alianza intima la religion y la
Rizal’s private tutors educacion” ( An Intimate Alliance of
 Maestro Celestino Religion and Education)
 Maestro Lucas Padua  This poem was written by Jose Rizal when
 Leon Monroy he was only 15 years old. In this poem, he
expressed the importance of religion in
education and to him, education without
Early Religious Formation God is not true education

 Rizal grew up a good Catholic The Inspiration of the parable of the Moth

Father Leoncio Lopez "The Parable of the Moth

 The Real Padre Florentino of El
Filibusterismo (NHCP, 2012)
 Filipino priest at the church across the
street (San Juan Bautista parish church of
Calamba), and a friend of the Mercado
family
 June 6, 1868 - Jose and his father left for
Calamba to go on a pilgrimage to Antipolo,
in order to fulfill his mother’s vow which was
made when Rizal was born.
 It was the first trip of Jose across Laguna de
Bay and his pilgrimage to Antipolo.
 After praying at the shrine of the Virgin of
Antipolo, Jose and his father went to Manila.
The story is about a daughter moth who was
warned by her mother against going too near
a lamp flame.
Though the young moth promised to comply,
she later succumbed to the pull of the light’s
mysterious charm, believing that nothing bad
would happen if she would approach it with
caution.
The moth then flew close to the flame. Feeling
comforting warmth at first, she drew closer
and closer, bit by bit, until she flew too close
enough to the flame and perished"

 The greatest influence on Rizal’s

The Early Religious Writings and Experiences development as a person was his mother
Teodora Alonso (Lolay)

1. Al Niňo Jesus(To the Child Jesus)
 Was written in Spanish by Jose Rizal in
1875 at the age of 14. The poem is an
octave real or a short poem with eight
verses only.
 To impart essential lessons in life, Lolay
held regular storytelling sessions with the
young Rizal (also called Pepe). Doña
Teodora loved to read to Pepe stories from
the book ‘Amigo de los Niños’ (The
Children’s Friend).
  One day, she scolded his son for making
drawings on the pages of the story book. To
teach the value of obedience to one’s
parents, she afterward read him a story in it.
Sa Aking mga Kababata ni Dr. José Rizal
Kapagka ang baya'y sadyang umiibig
sa kanyang salitang kaloob ng langit,
sanlang kalayaan nasa ring masapit
katulad ng ibong nasa himpapawid.
Pagkat ang salita'y isang kahatulan
sa bayan, sa nayo't mga kaharian,
at ang isang tao'y katulad, kabagay
ng alin mang likha noong kalayaan.
Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita
mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda,
kaya ang marapat pagyamaning kusa
na tulad sa isang tunay na nagpala.
Ang wikang tagalog tulad din sa latin,
sa ingles, kastila at salitang anghel
sapagka't ang Poong maalam tumingin
ang siyang naggawad, nagbigay sa atin.
Ang salita nati'y huwad din sa iba
na may alfabeto at sariling letra,
na kaya nawala'y dinatnan ng sigwa
ang lunday sa lawa noong dakong una.
JOSE RIZAL :His Education & Career
Teodora
- The hero’s first teacher. The first teacher of
Rizal was his mother, who was a remarkable
woman of good character and fine culture.
- On her lap, he learned at the age of three the
alphabet and the prayers. "My mother," wrote
Rizal in his student memoirs, "taught me how
to read and to say haltingly the humble
prayers which I raised fervently to God."
As a tutor, Doña Teodora was patient,
conscientious, and understanding. It was she who
first discovered that her son had a talent for poetry.
Accordingly, she encouraged him to write poems
Early Education
This lesson presents the early education of Jose
Rizal which was an important aspect of his political
thought.
Like many children of the well-to-do, Jose received
his early education at home. He had private tutors,
but it quickly became obvious that he was
advanced beyond his teachers.
Although he attended school in Calamba, young
Jose primarily educated himself in the family library
and through conversation with family and friends.
Finally, it was decided that he would attend the
prestigious Ateneo Municipal School in the walled
Intramuros, part of Manila. Thus, began the early
education of the future Filipino nationalist
Ateneo De Manila
The Finest School in the Philippines; Top
Performing College
 Formerly Escuela Pia; inside the walled city
of Intramuros.
 Managed by the Jesuits after coming back
in the Philippines in 1865.
 Ateneo was a secondary school that offered
rigorous courses, almost equivalent to
college academics.
 Considered the finest school in the
Philippines because of the rigorous
intellectual standards of the Jesuits.
RIZAL WON A SPECIAL PRIZE FOR A La
Javentud Filipina
“It motivates the youth to free Filipinos from
ignorance, and to seek freedom and human
dignity.“
“Alza tu tersa frente, Juventud Filipina, en este día!
Luce resplandeciente Tu rica gallardía, Bella
esperanza de la Patria mía!
(Hold high the brow serene, Youth, where now you
stand; Let the bright sheen Of your grace be seen,
Fair hope of my motherland!”
Rizal as a first-rate student
 Original thinker, creative scholar & student
leader
 Developed skills in Fencing & Gymnastics
 Mastery in Spanish
Father Francisco De Paula Sanchez
 Remarked that Rizal was becoming
proficient in Spanish.
 Recognized Rizal’s talent as a poet and
encouraged him to practice this craft.
Father Jose Villaclara Philosophy and Letters
 FRESHMAN YEAR
 Rizal’s instructor in sciences and philosophy.
 Believed that Rizal was wasting his time with Reasons:
poetry.  His father, Don Francisco wanted for him.
 Developed a scientific curiosity in young Rizal  Failed to seek advice from Father Ramon
that lasted until his death. Pablo.
 Convinced Rizal to take a “scientific attitude”
about life. Subjects:
 Cosmology & Methaphysics
 Theodicy
Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through  History of Philosophy
Education the Fatherland Receives Glory)

 Education is an integral part of the national

character.
 The Friars, by not educating the Filipinos
properly, Rizal argued, prevented the full
implementation of civil rights.

Ambeth Ocampo
MEDICINE
 Filipino revisionist historian, is a popular writer  UNIVERSITY COURSE
and general debunker of local history, suggests
that Rizal was not a good student. Change of heart factors:
 He went into Ateneo archives and found that  Father Ramon Pablo advised him
Rizal was an excellent student.  Rizal’s mother, Dona Teodora failing
eyesight
University of Sto. Tomas
 UNIBERSIDAD DE SANTO TOMAS Rizal’s unhappy at UST
 DOMINICAN SCHOOL Main Factors:
 1877-1882  Dominican professors hostility.
 Only University in the Philippines during 19th  Discrimination to Filipino students.
century.  UST method of instruction was obsolete and
 Rizal continued his vision of Philippine repressive.
Nationalism.
Rizal’s struggling academic performance.
Why was UST influential upon Rizal’s intellectual Main Reasons:
development?  Unsatisfaction with the system of education.
 Distractions.
History of University of Sto. Tomas.Rizal:  Medicine’s not his true vocation.
 Continued to work on his political ideas.
 Remained poet at heart.
 Education goal: Liberal Arts

Jesuit Priests:
 Rizal former mentors
 Advised him to take farming or be a man of
cloth

Rizal Interests:
 Law
 Literature
 Medicine
ARTS - RIZAL’S REAL CALLING
JOSE RIZAL’S TRAVELS ABROAD
JOURNEY TO BARCELONA AND MADRID
1. RIZAL IN BARCELONA
June 16, 1882.
 Rizal traveled from Marseilles to Spain,
reaching Barcelona
"Amor Patrio," (“PAG-IBIG SA
TINUBUANG LUPA”)
 His first work on Spanish soil.
2. RIZAL IN MADRID
 Rizal enrolled at the Universidad Central de
Madrid undertaking studies in Medicine and
Philosophy and Letters.
 Despite financial limitations, he maintained
discipline and academic rigor during histime
in Madrid.
CONSUELO ORTIGA Y PEREZ
 Rizal then had a love affair with Consuelo
Ortiga y Perez, the daughter of Don Pablo.
Rizal, being a lonely man in a foreign
country and far from his natal land, was
attracted by Consuelo’s beauty and
vivacity.
 Their love did not flourish because he was
still engaged to Leonor Rivera and a
friend of Rizal is also in-love with
Consuelo.
3. RIZAL VISIT TO PARIS
June 1883
 Rizal left Madrid to visit Paris. He stayed at
the Hotel de Paris but then moved to a
cheaper hotel. Like all tourists, Rizal was
charmingly titillated by the attractive scenery
of Paris such as the beautiful boulevards, the
Opera House, the Place de la Concorde, the
Arch of Triumph, the Bois de Boulogne, the
Madelaine Church, the Cathedral of Notre
Dame, the Column of Vendome, the
Invalides, and the Versailes.
March 1883
 He joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia
in Madrid. His reason for joining was to
secure Freemasonry’s aid in his fight
against the friars in the Philippines.
November 15, 1890
 Later he was transferred to Lodge
Solidaridad where he became a Master
Mason.
 Still later, he was awarded the diploma as
Master Mason by Le Grand Orient de France
in Paris.
November 20, 21 and 22, 1884,
 Rizal was involved in student demonstrations.
They were fighting for Dr. Miguel Morayta who
proclaimed that “the freedom of science and
the teacher”. Such liberal view was
condemned by the Catholic bishops of Spain.
Dr. Miguel Moyarta Sagarao (1833-1917)
 A Chair of Spanish History at the University
and Masonic Grandmaster of the Gran Oriente
Espanol
 Professor of Rizal
June 21, 1884
 Rizal completed his medical course in Spain.
 In the next academic year, he studied and
passed al subjects leading to the degree of
Doctor of Medicine. Rizal also finished his
studies in Philosophy and Letters with
excellent ratings.
In 1885
 After completing his studies at Central
University of Madrid, he went to Paris in order
to acquire more knowledge in ophthalmology.
 Rizal spent many happy hours in the studio of
Luna. Luna discussed with Rizal various
problems on art and improved his own painting
technique. Rizal posed to some painting of
Luna. He was one of the Egyptian priests in
Luna’s painting “The Death of Cleopatra”.
4. At Heidelberg
February 1, 1886,
  Rizal left Paris on, after acquiring enough
experience in the clinic of Dr. Weckert. He
was set to go to Germany. He visited
Strasbourg and other German towns.
April 22, 1886
 He wrote a poem to the beautiful blooming
flowers at the Neckar River. Among those
was his favorite flower—the forget-me-not.
July 31, 1886
 Rizal wrote his first letter in German to
Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt. Rizal heard
that Blumentritt was interested in the
Philippine languages.
August 6 of 1886
 Rizal was fortunate to be sojourning in
Heidelberg when the famous University of
Heidelberg held its fifth centenary
celebration
Noli Me Tangere published in Berlin
Maximo Viola
 Noli Me Tangere during Rizal’s stay in Berlin
was unable to be published. But with the help
of Maximo Viola, who gave him the necessary
funds to publish the novel, Noli Me Tangere
was published.
March 21, 1887
 The Noli Me Tangere came off the printing
press. Rizal immediately sent copies to his
intimate friends, including Blumentritt, Dr.
Antonio Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and Felix R.
Hidalgo.
RIZAL AND VIOLA
5. In Dresden
 Rizal and Viola visited Dresden during a
regional floral exposition. While in Dresden,
Rizal focused on studying botany, including
visits to Dr. Adolph B. Meyer and the Museum
of Art.
 During his time at the Museum of Art, Rizal was
particularly impressed by the painting
"Prometheus Bound."
6. Treschen
 Rizal and Viola traveled to Teschen during
their journey. Upon arriving in Teschen, they
sent a wire to Blumentritt, following the advice
given by Dr. Jagor.
7. Leitmeritz
 Rizal and Viola reached Leitmeritz, Bohemia,
on May 13, 1887.
 They received a warm welcome from
Professor Blumentritt and his family upon
their arrival.
 It was the first meeting between Rizal and
Blumentritt, and they enjoyed the hospitality
of Blumentritt's home.
8. Prague
 Rizal, accompanied by Viola, visited Prague,
carrying recommendation letters from
Blumentritt.
 They toured historic sites in Prague. During
their visit, they also met with Dr. Willkomm, a
professor of natural history.
9. Vienna
 Rizal and Viola arrived in Vienna on May 20.
 They presented a letter of recommendation
to Norfenfals from Blumentritt. Additionally,
Rizal received his lost diamond stickpin while
in Vienna.
10. Lintz
May 24
 Rizal and Viola departed Vienna for Linz.
 They traveled on a river boat along the
Danube River.
 During the journey, they observed various
sights along the way.
11. Salzburg, Munich, Nuremberg
 In Nuremberg, he observed torture
machines.
 Additionally, he witnessed the manufacture
of dolls during his visit.
12. Ulm, Stuttgart, Rheinfall
  Rizal traveled to Ulm, Stuttgart, and
Rheinfall.
 At Rheinfall, they witnessed the famous
waterfall.
13. Switzerland
 Rizal crossed the frontier to Schaffhausen,
Switzerland.
 He visited Basel, Bern, Lausanne, and
Geneva during his travels.
14. Madrid Exposition
 Rizal received news of the deplorable
conditions of primitive Igorots
 exhibited at the Madrid Exposition.
15. Italy
 Rizal visited Turin, Milan, Venice, Florence,
and Rome, where he was thrilled by the
sights and memories.
16. First Homecoming
 After five years in Europe, Rizal returned to
the Philippines in August
1887.
 He practiced medicine in Calamba despite
threats to his life.
17. Hong Kong, Macao
 In February 1888, Rizal left for Hong Kong.
 He briefly visited Macao during his travels.
18. Japan
 Rizal stayed in Japan for one and a half
months.
 During his time in Japan, he studied the
language, drama, arts, and customs.
 He visited various cities in Japan.
 Rizal fell in love with Seiko Usui during his
stay in Japan.
SEIKO USUI
 It was during Rizal’s second trip abroad
when he met Seiko Usui. From Hong Kong,
he arrived in Japan in February 1888 and
moved to the Spanish Legation in the Azabu
district of Tokyo upon the invitation of an
official in the legation.
19. Across the Pacific
 Tetcho Suehiro- a Japanese journalist,
novelist and a champion of human rights, who
was forced by the Japanese government to
leave the country.
20. Rizal in America
 April 28, 1888 His arrival was marred by racial
prejudice for he saw the discriminatory
treatment of the Chinese and the Negroes by
the white Americans.
Rizal’s trip to America started on April 28, 1888
to May 16, 1888.
 Rizal lived in London from May, 1888 to March
1889. He chose this English city because of
three reasons:
1. To improve his knowledge of the
English language,
2. To Study and annotate Morga’s
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, which he
heard to be available in the British
Museum and
3. London was a safe place from the
attacks of Spanish tyranny.
21. Life in London
 Dr. Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and an authority on Malayan
languages and customs. He called Rizal “a
pearl of a man” he became the honorary
president of a patriotic society cooperating
for reforms called Asociacion La Solidaridad.
It was inaugurated on December 31, 1888.
Rizal also wrote his first article in La
Solidaridad, a patriotic newspaper founded
by Graciano Lopez Jaena, entitled Los
Agricultores Filipinos which was published
on March 25, 1889
 Rizal wrote several works while in London
including:
 La Vision del Fray Rodriguez, Letter to the
Young Women of Malolos, he also
contributed some articles to Dr. Rost’s
 journal entitled Specimens of Tagal Folklore
and Two Eastern Fables.
GERTRUDE BECKETT
 Gertrude was the daughter of Rizal’s
landlord—Charles Beckett who is an organist
at St. Paul’s Church in London. Coming from
brief stay in Japan and the United States of
America, Rizal chose to live in the capital city
of the United Kingdom on May, 1888.
 On March 19, 1889, Rizal bade goodbye to
the Beckett family and left London for Paris.
22. Rizal in Madrid
August 1890
 Rizal arrived in Madrid.
 Leonor Rivera married a British engineer.
 Rizal rallied the Filipino colony against
injustices in Calamba.
 Received news of eviction orders and
deportations of family members. Learned of
his co-worker the Propaganda Movement
Jose Panganiban's death.
 Almost dueled Antonio Luna over remarks
about Nellie.
NELLIE BOUSTEAD
 Nellie Boustead, also called Nelly, was the
younger of the two pretty daughters of the
wealthy businessman Eduardo Boustead, son
of a rich British trader, who went to the Orient
in 1826.
Completion of El Filibusterismo
23. Biarritz
 Completed the last chapter of his second
novel, El Filibusterismo, there.
 March 30, 1891: Rizal traveled to Paris by
train, leaving the Propaganda Movement and
La Solidaridad. In Brussels, Rizal revised and
prepared El Filibusterismo for printing.
24. Ghent
 Pawned his jewels for the down payment and
received money from Basa and Arias for
Morga's Sucesos copies.
 Ventura provided necessary funds upon
learning of Rizal's situation, enabling the
printing of El Filibusterismo to resume.
 Dedicated El Filibusterismo to the martyrdom
of Gom-Bur-Za.
25. Hongkong
 After publishing El Filibusterismo, Rizal left
Europe for Hong Kong, residing there from
 November 1891 to June 1892.
October 18, 1891
 he boarded the steamer Melbourne in
Marseilles bound for Hong Kong, where he
began writing his third novel in Tagalog,
among other unfinished works.
 Rizal practiced ophthalmology in Hong Kong,
becoming a well-known medical practitioner.
Rizal ‘s Exile, Arrest and Execution
 Four days after the civic organization's
foundation, Jose Rizal was arrested by the
Spanish authorities on four grounds:
1. for publishing anti-Catholic and anti-friar
books and articles;
2. for having in possession a bundle of
handbills, the Pobres Frailes, in which
advocacies were in violation of the Spanish
orders;
3. for dedicating his novel, El Filibusterismo
to the three “traitors” (Gomez, Burgos and
Zamora) and for emphasizing on the novel's
title page that “the only salvation for the
Philippines was separation from the mother
country (referring to Spain)”; and
4. for simply criticizing the religion and
aiming for its exclusion from the Filipino
culture.
26. Dapitan
 Rizal lived in Dapitan for four years, initially
staying with Captain Carnicero instead of the
Jesuit Church. Engaged in religious debates
with Father Pastells and met his Ateneo
teacher, Father Sanchez, but remained
friends despite their differences.
 Practiced medicine in Dapitan, treating many
patients and providing free medicine to the
poor, including operating on his mother's
eye.
 Developed a relationship with Josephine
Bracken, eventually marrying her and having
a son who tragically lived only three hours.

July 31, 1896,
 Rizal's exile in Dapitan ended, and he, along
with Josephine, family, and pupils, boarded
the steamer España, bidding farewell to the
town.
JOSEPHINE BRACKEN
 Marie Josephine Leopoldine Bracken (August
9, 1876 – March 14, 1902) was the common
law wife of Filipino nationalist Jose Rizalduring
his exile in Dapitan.
Last trip Abroad
27. September 7 (Singapore)
 Don Pedro and his son stayed at
Singapore. He advised Rizal to stay behind
too and take advantage of the protection of
the British law.
September 30
 He was officially notified by Captain Alemany
that he should stay in his cabin until further
orders from Manila. He obeyed orders.
Bernardino Nozaleda
 Archbishop of Manila who clumored for the
arrest of Rizal
October 3
 The Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona,
with Rizal as prisoner on board. Rizal was
kept under heavy guard in his cabin for 3
days.
Rizal’s interviewed with Despujol he would
be shipped back in
Manila.
28. Last Homecoming
November 3
 Colon arrived in Manila, greeted by Spaniards
and friars for bringing soldiers and supplies;
Rizal transferred to Fort Santiago.
November 20
 Preliminary investigation began, Rizal
presented with 15 documentary evidences.
 Rizal chose Don Luis Taviel de Andrade,
brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade, his
former bodyguard in Calamba.
 Rizal charge with three crimes: Rebellion,
Sedition and Formation of Illegal
Association.
December 15
 Rizal wrote manifesto urging people to
achieve liberties through education and
industry, not bloodshed.
December 25, 1896
 Christmas, Rizal was alone and depressed in
his prison cell.
Trial and Death
December 26
 Rizal's trial marked by Spanish injustice and
prejudgment, court ignoring his defense and
condemning him.
On December 28
 Polavieja approved the decision of the court-
martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at 7:00
o’clock in the morning of December 30 at
Bagumbayan Field.
 Governor General Polavieja
 For Filipinos, he was responsible for the
execution of Jose Rizal, as he was the chief
executive of the colony when Rizal’s trial and
execution took place.
December 29
 Rizal visited by family, Jesuit priests, Spanish
correspondent, friends; finished last poem and
farewell letter.
December 30
 Rizal heard mass, confessed sins, bid
goodbye to Josephine, gave her a religious
book.
"Consummatum est"
 6:30 A.M.: Trumpet sounded at Fort Santiago,
soldiers aligned for execution. Rizal dressed in
black, kissed crucifix, requested to face firing
squad but denied.
 Turned back to squad, faced sea; not afraid to
die.
 At 7:03 A.M., firing squad shot Rizal,
 he fell dead facing the morning sun..

RIZAL'S NOVELS
NOLI ME TANGERE
 Noli Me Tangere is Latin for "touch me not,"
an allusion to the Gospel of St. John where
Jesus says to Mary Magdelene: "Touch me not,
for I am not yet ascended to my Father.
“Do not hold on to me, for I have not yet
ascended to the Father. Go instead to my
brothers and tell them, ‘I am ascending to my
Father and your Father, to my God and your
God.’”
- Rizal entitled this novel as such drawing
inspiration from John 20:13-17 of the Bible,
the technical name of a particularly painful
type of cancer (back in his time, it was
unknown what the modern name of said
disease was).
- He proposed to probe all the cancers of
Filipino society that everyone else felt too
painful to touch.
- Noli is a critique against both Spaniards and
Filipinos. In Noli Me Tangere, it portrays about
the ills of the society which can be observed
not only during the Spanish times. It shows
how oppressive are the people in power and
gullible and powerless the masses are. It
shows the corruption in the Church and the
State and the power of hope.
Theme
 Longing & Unfulfillment
 There is no more tragic love and of course no
greater love than of two beings unable to reach
each other, since such a love eternally remains
unblemished.
 It manifests both in Ibarra and Maria Clara’s
love for one another and Elias’ love for reform
and freedom. (“to never bear witness to the
sunrise”)
BACKGROUND
 is an 1887 novel by José Rizal during the
colonization of the Philippines by Spain to
describe perceived inequities of the Spanish
Catholic friars and the ruling government
 Originally written in Spanish, the book is more
commonly published and read in the Philippines
in either Tagalog or English.
 Early English translations of the novel used
titles like An Eagle Flight (1900) and The
Social Cancer (1912), disregarding the
symbolism of the title, but the more recent
translations were published using the original
Latin title.
 It has also been noted by the Austro-Hungarian
writer Ferdinand Blumentritt that "Noli Me
Tángere" was a name used by local Filipinos for
cancer of the eyelids; that as an
ophthalmologist himself Rizal was influenced by
this fact is suggested in the novel's dedication,
"To My fatherland"
 José Rizal, a Filipino nationalist and medical
doctor, conceived the idea of writing a novel
that would expose the ills of Philippine society
after reading Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle
Tom's Cabin. He preferred that the prospective
novel express the way Filipino culture was
perceived to be backward, anti-progress, anti-
intellectual, and not conducive to the ideals of
the Age of Enlightenment. He was then a
student of medicine in the Universidad Central
de Madrid.
 Inspired by Uncle Tom’s Cabin By Harriet
Beecher-Stowe, portrays the brutalities of
American slave-owners and the pathetic
conditions of the enslaved
 In a reunion of Filipinos at the house of his
friend Pedro A. Paterno in Madrid on 2 January
1884, Rizal proposed the writing of a novel
about the Philippines written by a group of
Filipinos. His proposal was unanimously
approved by the Filipinos present at the time,
among whom were Pedro, Maximino Viola and
Antonio Paterno, Graciano López Jaena,
Evaristo Aguirre, Eduardo de Lete, Julio
Llorente and Valentin Ventura.
 However, this project did not materialize. The
people who agreed to help Rizal with the novel
did not write anything. Initially, the novel was
planned to cover and describe all phases of
Filipino life, but almost everybody wanted to
write about women. Rizal even saw his
companions spend more time gambling and
flirting with Spanish women.
 Because of this, he pulled out of the plan of co-
writing with others and decided to draft the
novel alone.
PUBLICATION
 By December 1886, Rizal was deprived,
broken-hearted, hungry, and worried about the
novels. By the end of 1884 Rizal began writing
the novel in Madrid and he finished one half of
it. In 1885, he continued writing the novel,
finishing the one half of the second half. In
Germany 1886, while his spirit was at its lowest
ebb, he almost threw the manuscript into the
fire The novel was almost finished.
 Rizal finished the novel in February 21, 1887.
At first, according to one of Rizal's biographers,
Rizal feared the novel might not be printed, and
that it would remain unread. He was struggling
with financial constraints at the time and
thought it would be hard to pursue printing the
novel. He wrote it in three countries- Spain,
France, and Germany.
 Financial aid came from a friend named
Máximo Viola; this helped him print the book at
Berliner Buchdruckerei-Aktiengesellschaft in
Berlin. Rizal was initially hesitant, but Viola
insisted and ended up lending Rizal ₱300 for
2,000 copies.
 The printing was finished earlier than the
estimated five months. Viola arrived in Berlin in
December 1886, and by March 21, 1887, Rizal
had sent a copy of the novel to his friend,
Blumentritt. The first edition of the novel would
have been released.
 The book was banned by Spanish authorities in
the Philippines, although copies were smuggled
into the country.
 The first Philippine edition (and the second
published edition) was finally printed in 1899
in Manila by Chofre y Compania in Escolta.
COVER MEANING
1. CROSS- sufferings
2. POMELO BLOSSOMS AND LAUREL LEAVES-
honor and fidelity
3. SILHOUETTE OF A FILIPINA- Maria Clara
4. BURNING TORCH- rage and passion
5. SUNFLOWERS- enlightenment
6. BAMBOO STALKS – resilience
7. A MAN IN A CASSOCK WITH HAIRY FEET-
priests using religion in a dirty way
8. CHAINS- slavery
9. WHIPS and FLOGS- cruelties, allusion to Doña
Consolacion and the Alferez
10.HELMET OF THE GUARDIA CIVIL- arrogance
of those in authority
Influence on Filipino nationalism:
 Rizal depicted nationality by emphasizing the
positive qualities of Filipinos: the devotion of a
Filipina and her influence on a man's life, the
deep sense of gratitude, and the solid
commonsense of the Filipinos under the
Spanish regime
 The work was instrumental in creating a unified
Filipino national identity and consciousness, as
many natives previously identified with their
respective regions. It lampooned, caricatured
and exposed various elements in colonial
society.
 The book indirectly influenced the Philippine
Revolution of independence from the Spanish
Empire, even though Rizal actually advocated
direct representation to the Spanish
government and an overall larger role for the
Philippines within Spain's political affairs.
 In 1956, Congress passed Republic Act 1425,
more popularly known as the Rizal Law, which
requires all levels in Philippine schools to teach
the novel as part of their curriculum. Noli me
tangere is being taught to third year secondary
school (now Grade 9, due to the new K-12
curriculum) students, while its sequel El
filibusterismo is being taught for fourth year
secondary school (now Grade 10) students.
The novels are incorporated to their study and
survey of Philippine literature.
 Both of Rizal's novels were initially banned from
Catholic educational institutions given its
negative portrayal of the Church, but this taboo
has been largely superseded as religious
schools conformed to the Rizal Law
CHARACTERS
Juan Crisostomo Ibarra
 commonly referred to in the novel as
Ibarra or Crisostomo, is the novel's
protagonist. The mestizo (mixed-race) son
 of Filipino businessman Don Rafael Ibarra,
he studied in Europe for seven years. Ibarra
is also María Clara's fiancé
Maria Clara de los Santos
 commonly referred to as María Clara, is Ibarra's
fiancée and the most beautiful and widely
celebrated girl in San Diego. She was raised by
Kapitán Tiago delos Santos, and his cousin,
Isabel.
 In the later parts of the novel, she was revealed
to be an illegitimate daughter of Father
Dámaso, the former curate of the town, and
Doña Pía Alba, Kapitán Tiago's wife, who had
died giving birth to María Clara.
 At the novel's end, a heartbroken yet resolved
María Clara entered the Beaterio de Santa
Clara (a nunnery) after learning the truth of her
parentage and mistakenly believing that her
lover, Crisóstomo, had been killed. In the
epilogue, Rizal stated that it is unknown
whether María Clara is still living within the
walls of the convent or is already dead
(however, it is later confirmed that Maria Clara
is still alive in El Fili)
 A character of Leonor Rivera who was Rizal’s
longtime love interes
Kapitán Tiago
 Don Santiago de los Santos, known by his
nickname Tiago and political title Kapitán
Tiago, is said to be the richest man in the
region of Binondo and possessed real
properties in Pampanga and Laguna de Baý.
 He is said to be a good Catholic, a friend of the
Spanish government and thus was considered
a Spaniard by the colonial elite. Kapitán Tiago
never attended school, so he became the
domestic helper of a Dominican friar who gave
him an informal education. He later married Pía
Alba from Santa Cruz
Padre Dámaso
 Dámaso Verdolagas, better known as Padre
Dámaso, is a Franciscan friar and the former
parishcurate of San Diego. He is notorious for
speaking with harsh words, highhandedness,
andhiscruelty during his ministry in the town. An
enemy of Crisóstomo's father, Don Rafael
Ibarra, Dámaso is revealed to be María Clara's
biological father.
 Later, he and María Clara had bitter arguments
on whether she would marry Alfonso Linares de
Espadaña. However, Maria Clara wanted to
enter the nunnery instead.
 At the end of the novel, he is again reassigned
to a distant town and later found dead in his
bed.
Padre Salvi
 Padre Salvi was the town curate of San Diego
and the successor of Padre Damaso.
Possessing a rivalry with the town's alferez, he
later orchestrated the downfall of Crisostomo
Ibarra, manipulating the townspeople in the
process.
 At some point, he began lusting after Maria
Clara. Around this time, he also discovered
Padre Damaso's letters to Maria Clara's mother,
Doña Pia, learning that Padre Damaso was in
fact Maria Clara's real father.
Elias
 Elías is Ibarra's mysterious friend and ally. Elías
made his first appearance as a pilot during a
picnic of Ibarra and María Clara and her friends.
 Elias worked as a boat pilot during Ibarra's
fishing trip. Seeing a crocodile entangled in the
nets, Elias jumped in to kill it, although
struggling. With his life soon after saved by
Ibarra, Elias fled the picnic, knowing he was
being pursued by the Guardia Civil.
 Elias was born to a rich family in Manila
alongside his twin sister, with his father being
the son of a prostitute and his mother being the
daughter of a rich man. Told that their father
was dead, the twins also witnessed their mother
die in their youth. Raised by their maternal
grandfather, the two lived happy lives.
 One day, Elias antagonized a distant relative
and they taunted him with his supposed
illegitimacy. As Elias was insulted, the relative
later made Elias' heritage known to the public
using Elias' family servant, which was actually
his father in disguise.
 At some point, he came into contact with the
group of bandits led by Capitan Pablo in
Tanauan, Batangas. He also at one point
discovered that the root of his family's
misfortune was the rich man his grandfather
worked for, Don Pedro Eibarramendia.
Pilósopong Tasyo
 Filósofo Tasio (Tagalog: Pilósopong Tasyo)
was enrolled in a philosophy course and was a
 talented student, but his mother was a rich but
superstitious matron.
 Like many Filipino Catholics under the sway of
the friars, she believed that too much learning
condemned souls to hell. She then made Tasyo
choose between leaving college or becoming a
priest. Since he was in love, he left college and
married.
 Persons of culture called him Don Anastacio, or
Pilósopong Tasyo, while the great crowd of the
ignorant knew him as Tasio el Loco on account
of his peculiar ideasand his eccentric manner of
dealing with others
Doña Victorina
 Doña Victorina de los Reyes de de Espadaña,
commonly known as Doña Victorina, is an
ambitious Filipina who classifies herself as a
Spaniard and mimics Spanish ladies by putting
on heavy make-up.
 The novel narrates Doña Victorina's younger
days: she had lots of admirers, but she spurned
them all because none of them were Spaniards.
Later on, she met and married Don Tiburcio de
Espadaña, an official of the customs bureau ten
years her junior. However, their marriage is
childless
Sisa
 Narcisa, or Sisa, is the deranged mother of
Basilio and Crispín. Described as beautiful
andyoung, although she loves her children very
much, she cannot protect them from the
beatings of her husband, Pedro.
Crispin
 is Sisa's seven-year-old son. An altar boy, he
was unjustly accused of stealing money from
the church. After failing to force Crispín to return
the money he allegedly stole, Father Salví and
the head sacristan killed him. It is not directly
stated that he was killed, but a dream of
Basilio's suggests that Crispín died during his
encounter with Padre Salví and his minion.
Basilio
 Basilio is Sisa's 10-year-old son. An acolyte
tasked to ring the church's bells for the Angelus,
he faced the dread of losing his younger brother
and the descent of his mother into insanity.
 At the end of the novel, a dying Elías requested
Basilio to cremate him and Sisa in the woods in
exchange for a chest of gold located nearby.
 He later played a major role in El filibusterismo.
Salome
 Elías' sweetheart. She lived in a little house by
the lake, and though Elías would like to marry
her, he tells her that it would do her or their
children no good to be related to a fugitive like
himself. In the original publication of Noli Me
Tángere, the chapter that explores the identity
of Elías and Salomé was omitted, classifying
her as a totally non-existent character.
 This chapter, entitled Elías y Salomé, was
probably the 25th chapter of the novel.
However, recent editions and translations of
Noli include this chapter either on the
appendix or as Chapter X (Ex)
El Filibusterismo
 (transl. The filibusterism; The Subversive or The
Subversion, as in the Locsín English translation,
are also possible translations)
 El filibusterismo , also known by its alternative
English title The Reign of Greed, is the second
novel written by Philippine national hero José
Rizal. It is the sequel to Noli Me Tángere and,
like the first book, was written in Spanish.
 It was first published in 1891 in Ghent, Belgium.
 The novel centers on the Noli-El fili duology's
main character Crisóstomo Ibarra, now
returning for vengeance as "Simoun".
 The novel's dark theme departs dramatically
from the previous novel's hopeful and romantic
atmosphere, signifying Ibarra's resort to solving
his country's issues through violent means,
after his previous attempt in reforming the
country's system made no effect and seemed
impossible with the corrupt attitude of the
Spaniards toward the Filipinos.
 The novel was banned in some parts of the
Philippines as a result of their portrayals of the
Spanish government's abuses and corruption.
These novels, along with Rizal's involvement in
organizations that aimed to address and reform
the Spanish systemanditsissues, led to Rizal's
exile to Dapitan and eventual execution
 Both the novel and its predecessor, along with
Rizal's last poem, are now considered Rizal's
literary masterpieces.
 Both of Rizal's novels had a profound effect on
Philippine society in terms of views about
national identity, the Catholic faith and its
influence on the Filipino's choice, and the
government's issues in corruption, abuse of
power, and discrimination, and on a larger
scale, the issues related to the effect of
colonization on people's lives and the cause for
independence.

 These novels later on indirectly became the
inspiration to start the Philippine Revolution.
 A social document of late 19th Century
Philippines
 The theme and plot of El Filibusterismo was
changed to convey the message that the
present system of government in the Philippines
through corrupt officials, dominated by the friars
can lead to the downfall of Spain.
 In El Filibusterismo, we can observe that in the
end, revolution brought only by ambition and
vengeance not by unity will not succeed. Truly,
Ibarra has suffered in the hands of the
Spaniards. However this does not mean that his
means are justifiable. At the end of the story,
we see that he and his plans failed.
Theme
 revolution, responsibility, colonial suffering
 El Filibusterismo addresses topics of great
importance to the movement, namely clerical
abuses, racism against the Philippine people,
and the need for political reform. The novels
resulted in Rizal's exile to Hong Kong, and later,
his execution by firing squad in 1896 at the age
of 35.
PUBLICATION
October 1887 - Rizal begun writing it while
practicing medicine.
1888 - He made changes in the plot and revised
the chapters. He wrote more chapters in Paris,
Madrid, and Biarritz.
March 29 1891- He finished the manuscript in
Biarritz after three years.
From Brussels, Rizal moved to Ghent where
printing was cheaper.
September 1891 - El FIlibusterismo came off the
press.
CHARACTERS
Simoun
 Crisóstomo Ibarra in disguise, presumed dead
at the end of Noli Me Tángere. Ibarra has
returned as the wealthy jeweler Simoun.
 His appearance is described as being tanned,
having a sparse beard, long white hair, and
large blue-tinted glasses. He is crude and
confrontational.
 He was derisively described by Custodio and
Ben-Zayb as an American mulatto or a British
Indian. While presenting as the arrogant elitist
on the outside, he secretly plans a violent
revolution in order to avenge himself for his
misfortunes as Crisóstomo Ibarra, as well as
hasten Elias' reformist goals
Basilio
 The son of Sisa and another character from Noli
Me Tángere. In the events of El fili, he is an
aspiring and so far successful physician on his
last year at university and was waiting for his
license to be released upon his graduation.
 After his mother's death in the Noli, he applied
as a servant in Kapitán Tiago's household in
exchange for food, lodging, and being allowed
to study.
 Eventually he took up medicine, and with Tiago
having retired from society, he also became the
manager of Tiago's vast estate.
 He is a quiet, contemplative man who is more
aware of his immediate duties as a servant,
doctor, and member of the student association
than he is of politics or patriotic endeavors.
 His sweetheart is Juli, the daughter of
Kabesang Tales whose family took him in when
he was a young boy fleeing the Guardia Civil
and his deranged mother.
Isagani
 Basilio's friend. He is described as a poet, taller
and more robust than Basilio although younger.
 He is the nephew of Padre Florentino, but is
also rumored to be Florentino's son with his old
sweetheart before he was ordained as a priest.
During the events of the novel, Isagani is
finishing his studies at the Ateneo Municipal
and is planning to take medicine.
 A member of the student association, Isagani is
proud and naive, and tends to put himself on
the spot when his ideals are affronted.
 His unrestrained idealism and poeticism clash
with the more practical and mundane concerns
of his girlfriend, Paulita Gomez.
 When Isagani allows himself to be arrested
after their association is outlawed, Paulita
leaves him for Juanito Peláez. In his final
mention in the novel, he was bidding goodbye
to his landlords, the Orenda family, to stay with
Florentino permanently.
Padre Florentino
 Isagani's uncle and a retired priest. Florentino
was the son of a wealthy and influential Manila
family. He entered the priesthood at the
insistence of his mother. As a result he had to
break an affair with a woman he loved, and in
despair devoted himself instead to his parish.
When the 1872 Cavite mutiny broke out, he
promptly resigned from the priesthood, fearful of
drawing unwanted attention.
 He was an indio and a secular, or a priest that
was unaffiliated with the orders, and yet his
parish drew in a huge income. He retired to his
family's large estate along the shores of the
Pacific. He is described as white-haired, with a
quiet, serene personality and a strong build. He
did not smoke or drink. He was well respected
by his peers, even by Spanish friars and
officials.
Padre Fernandez
 A Dominican who was a friend of Isagani.
Following the incident with the posters, he
invited Isagani to a dialogue, not so much as a
teacher with his student but as a friar with a
Filipino. Although they failed to resolve their
differences, they each promised to approach
their colleagues with the opposing views from
the other party – although both feared that
given the animosity that existed between their
sides, their own compatriots may not believe in
the other party's existence.
Kapitan Tiago
 Don Santiago de los Santos is María Clara's
stepfather. Having several landholdings in
Pampanga, Binondo, and Laguna, as well as
taking ownership of the Ibarras' vast estate,
Tiago still fell into depression following María's
entry into the convent. He alleviated this by
smoking opium, which quickly became an
uncontrolled vice, exacerbated by his
association with Padre Írene who regularly
supplied him with the substance.
 Tiago hired Basilio as a capista, a servant who
given the opportunity to study as part of his
wages; Basilio eventually pursued medicine and
became his caregiver and the manager of his
estate.
 Tiago died of shock upon hearing of Basilio's
arrest and Padre Írene's embellished stories of
violent revolt.
Kapitan-Heneral
 The highest-ranking official in the Philippines
during the Spanish colonial period. The
Captain-General in El fili is Simoun's friend and
confidant, and is described as having an
insatiable lust for gold.
 Simoun met him when he was still a major
during the Ten Years' War in Cuba. He secured
the major's friendship and promotion to
Captain-General through bribes.
 When he was posted in the Philippines, Simoun
used him as a pawn in his own power plays to
drive the country into revolution. The Captain-
General was shamed into not extending his
tenure after being rebuked by a high official in
the aftermath of Basilio's imprisonment. This
decision to retire would later on prove to be a
crucial element to Simoun's schemes.
Padre Salvi
 The former parish priest of San Diego in Noli
Me Tángere, and now the director and chaplain
of the Santa Clara convent. The epilogue of the
Noli implies that Salví regularly rapes María
Clara when he is present at the convent. In El
fili, he is described as her confessor. In spite of
reports of Ibarra's death, Salví believes that he
is still alive and lives in constant fear of his
revenge.
Padre Millon
 A Dominican who serves as a physics
professor in the University of Santo Tomas
Quiroga
 A Chinese businessman who aspired to be a
consul for China in the Philippines. Simoun
coerced Quiroga into hiding weapons inside the
latter's warehouses in preparationfor the
revolution.
Don Custodio
 Custodio de Salazar y Sánchez de
Monteredondo, a famous "contractor" who was
tasked by the Captain-General to develop the
students association's proposal for an academy
for the teaching of Spanish, but was then also
under pressure from the priests not to
compromise their prerogatives as monopolizers
of instruction.
 Some of the novel's most scathing criticism is
reserved for Custodio, who is portrayed as an
 opportunist who married his way into high
society, who regularly criticized favored ideas
that did not come from him, but was ultimately,
laughably incompetent in spite of his scruples.
Ben-Zayb
 A columnist for the Manila Spanish newspaper
El Grito de la Integridad. Ben-Zayb is his pen
name and is an anagram of Ybanez, an
alternate spelling of his last name Ibañez. His
first name is not mentioned. Ben-Zayb is said to
have the looks of a friar, who believes that in
Manila they think because he thinks. He is
deeply patriotic, sometimes to the point of
jingoism.
 As a journalist he has no qualms embellishing a
story, conflating and butchering details, turning
phrases over and over, making a mundane
story sound better than it actually is. Father
Camorra derisively calls him an ink-slinger
Padre Camorra
 The parish priest of Tiani. Ben-Zayb's regular
foil, he is said to looklikean artilleryman in
counterpoint to Ben-Zayb's friar looks. He stops
at nothing to mock and humiliate Ben-Zayb's
liberal pretensions.
 In his own parish, Camorra has a reputation for
unrestrained lustfulness. He drives Juli into
suicide after attempting to rape her inside the
convent. For his misbehavior, he was
"detained" in a luxurious riverside villa just
outside Manila.
Padre Irene
 Kapitán Tiago's spiritual adviser. Along with
Custodio, Írene is severely criticized as a
representative of priests who allied themselves
with temporal authority for the sake of power
and monetary gain.
 Known to many as the final authority who Don
Custodio consults, the student association
sought his support and gifted him with two
chestnut-colored horses, yet he betrayed the
students by counseling Custodio into making
them fee collectors in their own school, which
was then to be administered by the Dominicans
instead of being a secular and privately
managed institution as the students envisioned.
 Írene secretly but regularly supplies Kapitán
Tiago with opium while exhorting Basilio to do
his duty.
 Írene embellished stories of panic following the
outlawing of the student association Basilio was
part of, hastening Kapitán Tiago's death. With
Basilio in prison, he then struck Basilio out of
Tiago's last will and testament, ensuring he
inherited nothing.
Placido Penitente
 A student of the University of Santo Tomas who
would have left school if it were not for his
mother's pleas for him to stay. He clashes with
his physics professor, who then accuses him of
being a member of the student association,
whom the friars despise.
 Following the confrontation, he meets Simoun
at the Quiapo Fair. Seeing potential in Placido,
Simoun takes him along to survey his
preparations for the upcoming revolution.
 The following morning Placido has become one
of Simoun's committed followers. He is later
seen with the former schoolmaster of San
Diego, who was now Simoun's bomb-maker.
Paulita Gomez
 The girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of Doña
Victorina, the old Indio who passes herself off
as a Peninsular, who is the wife of the quack
doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña.
 In the end, she and Isagani part ways, Paulita
believing she will have no future if she marries
him. She eventually marries Juanito Peláez.
Kabesang Tales
 Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former kabesa of
Barrio Sagpang in Tiani. He was a sugarcane
planter who cleared lands he thought belonged
to no one, losing his wife and eldest daughter in
the endeavor.
 When his son Tano was conscripted into the
Guardia Civil, again Tales had no money to pay
for Tano's exclusion from the draft. When in
spite of all Tales lost the case, he not only lost
his farm but was also dealt with a heavy fine.
 He later joined the bandits and became one of
their fiercest commanders. Tandang Selo, his
father, would later on join his band after the
death of Juli.
Tata Selo
 Father of Kabesang Tales and grandfather of
Tano and Juli. A deer hunter and later on a
broom-maker, he and Tales took in the young,
sick Basilio who was then fleeing from the
Guardia Civil. On Christmas Day, when Juli left
 to be with her mistress, Selo suffered some
form of stroke that impaired his ability to speak.
After Juli's suicide, Selo left town permanently,
taking with him his hunting spear.
 He was later seen with the bandits and was
killed in an encounter with the Guardia Civil –
ironically by the gun of the troops' sharpshooter
Tano, his grandson.
Juli
 Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and the
youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales. When
Tales was captured by bandits, Juli petitioned
Hermana Penchang to pay for his ransom. In
exchange, she had to work as Penchang's
maid.
 Basilio ransomed her and bought a house for
her family. When Basilio was sent to prison, Juli
approached Tiani's curate, Padre Camorra, for
help. When Camorra tried to rape her instead,
Juli jumped to her death from the church's
tower.
Tano
 Kabesang Tales's son, second to Lucia who
died in childhood. He was nicknamed"Carolino"
after returning from Guardia Civil training in the
Carolines.
 His squad was escorting prisoners through a
road that skirted a mountain when they were
ambushed by bandits. In the ensuing battle,
Tano, the squad's sharpshooter, killed a
surrendering bandit from a distance, not
knowing it was his own grandfather Selo
 Juli's mother-figure and counselor. She
accompanied Juli in her efforts to secure
Kabesang Tales' ransom and later on
Basilio's release.
 Báli was a panguinguera –a gambler – who
once performed religious services in a
Manila convent. When Tales was captured
by bandits, it was Báli who suggested to Juli
the idea to borrow money from Tiani's
wealthy citizens, payable when Tales' legal
dispute over his farm was won.
NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO
 The debate of which is the superior novel-Noli
or Fili- is purely subjective.
 Both are good novels from the point of view of
history
 Both depict with the actual conditions of the
Philippines and the Filipinos during the days of
Spanish rule
 Both are instrumental in awakening the spirit of
Filipino nationalism
 Both are responsible in paving the ground for
Philippine Revolution that brought about the
downfall of Spain
 El Fili is a true twin of Noli

Hermana Penchang
 One of the "rich folks" of Tiani who lent Juli
money to ransom Kabesang Tales from the
bandits. In return, Juli will serve as her maid
until the money was paid off. Penchang is
described as a pious woman who speaks
Spanish; however, her piety was clouded over
by the virtues taught by the friars.
 While Juli was in her service, she made her
work constantly, refusing to give her time off so
she can take care of her grandfather Selo.
 Nevertheless, when the rich folks of Tiani
shunned Juli because to support her family in
any way might earn some form of retribution
from the friars, Penchang was the only one who
took pity upon her.

Hermana Bali